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Study on Genetic Variability and Seed
Quality of Groundnut (Arachis
hypogaea L.) Genotypes
sollem suma muktha
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
Study on Genetic Variability and Seed Quality of Groundnut
(Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes
Mukesh Kumar Maurya1, Prashant Kumar Rai2, Arvind Kumar3 and Bazil A. Singh4, A. K. Chaurasia5
2
Assistant Professor, 5Associate Professor, 3,4Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Allahabad School
of Agriculture
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad- 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract-- Fifteen groundnut genotypes (including check) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is believed to be the
obtained from ICRISAT, Hyderabad evaluated for qualitative native of Brazil. It was introduced into India during the first
parameters. The crop was sown during wet season 2013 at half of the sixteenth century from one of the Pacific islands
Field Experimentation Center of the Department of Genetics of China, where it was introduced earlier from either
and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, SHIATS,
Central America or South America. India is the second
Allahabad Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in
Randomized Block Design with three replications, 13 largest producer of groundnut after China. Groundnut is the
quantitative parameters were studied. The analysis of largest oilseed in India in terms of production. Groundnut
variance revealed the prevalence of significant different is one of the most important cash crops of our country.
among the genotypes for all studied parameters viz. Field Groundnut has other anonymous each peanut, earthnut,
emergence, Days to 50% flowering, Plant height, Number of monkey nut, goober, panda and manila nut. Groundnut is
primary branches, Days to maturity, Pod yield per plant, Pod the also known as “The king of oilseeds”.
yield, Seed yield per plant, Seed index (Hundred kernels Groundnut contains on the average 12-15%
weight), Shelling percentage, Kernel yield, Sound matured carbohydrates, 25-30% protein and 45-50% oil. The nuts
kernels and Kernel uniformity. Based on per se performance
may be chewed uncooked, but are usually eaten boiled or
genotypes ICG 2772, ICG 2777 and ICG 3027 were found to
best for pod yield per plant. High to moderate estimates of roasted. The nuts can also be boiled, fried, ground into
GCV and PCV were exhibited by kernel yield q/ha, pod yield groundnut butter, or crushed for oil. Groundnut butter is
q/ha, pod yield per plant(g), plant height(cm), indicating that extensively used in the preparation of soup and as bread
these character could be used selection indices for crop spread (Tsigbey, et al. 2004).
improvement. The exhibited high values for heritability India is largest grower and second producer after china,
(broad sense), seed index, Days to 50 % flowering followed by the average productivity of groundnut is about 0.98 tones/
matured kernel and plant height. Exhibited high values for ha, which is very much lower than the world average of
genetic advance pod yield per plant, seed yield per plant 1.62 tones/ha. In India its cultivation mostly confined to the
followed by field emergence and seed index. Depicted high
southern states viz., Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
values for genetic advance as mean percent kernel yield, pod
yield followed seed yield per plant and pod yield per plant. Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. The other important states
Data was submitted to BOLD for selected groundnut growing groundnut area were Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
genotypes with genotype ICG 2381 identified as best genotype Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. The area under groundnut
for pod length and Genotype ICG 2106 identified as best cultivation in Uttar Pradesh during 2011-2012 was 0.17
genotype for pod width. Genotype ICG 2381, ICG 2511 and million hectare and production was 0.39 million tons
ICG 2857 identified as very testy. “Groundnut SHIATS” title (Anonymous, 2012).
to derived specimens with authoritative taxonomic Genetic variability is essential for initiating an effective
identification. So these genotypes are better preferred for and successful breeding programmed and it became
consumed directly by humans.
imperative to study the level of genetic variability available
Keywords-- Groundnut, GCV, PCV, Heritability, Genetic in the existing genotype. The study of genetic advance with
Advance, Quantitative Parameters. heritability estimates further clarify the nature of character
which can be improved through selection. Therefore, the
I. INTRODUCTION present investigation was undertaken to study variability,
heritability and genetic advance in three independent
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), family, Leguminosae
populations of groundnut (Savaliya et al., 2009).
an important crop among oilseeds, is a self pollinated,
chromosome no. (2n=40) grown in tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the world.
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II. MATERIALS AND METHODS PCV and GCV were calculated by the formula given by
Fifteen groundnut genotypes were received from Burton (1952), heritability in broad sense (h2) was worked
International Crop Research Institute for the Semi Arid out by using formula suggested by Lush (1949), Burton
Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, Andhra and Devane (1953) and genetic advance i.e. the expected
Pradesh, India were evaluated at field experimentation genetic advance were calculated by using the procedure
center, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, given by Lush (1949), Johnson et al., (1955).
SHIATS, Allahabad, during wet season 2013. The
experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design III. RESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
(RBD) having three replications with 35 cm inter and 10 The analysis of variance for different characters is
cm intra row spacing. The observations were recorded on presented in Table 1 the mean sum of squares due to
five randomly selected plants from each replication for genotypes showed significant difference for all 13
various characters viz. field emergence percentage, days to quantitative characters studied. The mean sums of squares
50% flowering, plant height, primary branches/plant, days were suggesting that the selected genotypes were
to maturity, pod yield/plant, pod yield, seed yield/plant, genetically variable and considerable amount of variability
hundred kernel weight, sound mature kernels, kernel existed among them. Similar results were also reported by
uniformity, shelling percentage, kernel yield. Analysis of Korat et al., (2009) and Savaliya et al., (2009).
variance to test the significance difference among
accessions for each character was carried out as per
methodology suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1967).
Table 1.
Analysis of variance for 13 quantitative Characters in 15 Groundnut genotypes (including check) during Wet season 2013.
S. Characters Mean sum of squares
No.
Replications (d.f. =02) Treatment (d. f.=14) Error =28
1. 86.67 380.00* 150.95
Field emergence
2. 2.289 29.49* 1.932
Days to 50% flowering
3. 15.764 119.47* 9.191
Plant height
4. 0.128 0.60* 0.146
Number of primary branches
5. 0.022 5.30* 1.141
Days to maturity
6. 340.366 2128.76* 259.929
Pod yield per plant
7. 4.232 46.84* 6.599
Pod yield
8. 45.774 1170.99* 130.100
Seed yield per plant
9. 0.961 152.08* 0.972
Seed index (Hundred kernels weight )
10. 94.088 78.81* 36.920
Shelling percentage
11. 0.066 23.93* 2.671
Kernel yield
12. 4.356 36.18* 2.498
Sound matured kernels
13. 3.756 19.69* 3.898
Kernel Uniformity
* Significant at 5% Level of significant respectively
819
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The genotypic coefficient of variation provides a Heritability is a measure of extent of phenotypic caused
measure to compare of genetic variability present in 13 by the action of gene. For making effective improvement in
quantitative parameters. Moderate estimates of genotypic the character for which selection is practiced, heritability
coefficient of variation was recorded for kernel yield has been adopted by genetic variability, which is
(44.51), Seed yield per plant (42.99), Pod yield (41.36) and transmitted from parent to offspring is reflected heritability.
low genotypic coefficient of variation value was observed The estimates of heritability in broad sense for 13
for Pod yield per plant (39.24), Seed index (20.77), Field quantitative traits ranged from shelling percentage
emergence (16.80), plant height (14.04), Days to 50% (27.44%) to Seed index (98.11%). Higher estimates of
flowering (10.42), Number of primary branches (6.77), heritability were observed for characters like Seed index
Shelling percentage (5.73), Sound matured kernels (4.95), (98.11%), Days to 50% flowering (82.63%), Sound
Kernel uniformity (3.85), Days to maturity (0.99). (Table matured kernels (81.80%), Plant height (80.00%), Seed
1). Similar finding were reported by Venkataramana et al. yield per plant (72.73%), Kernel yield (72.63%), Pod yield
(2001). Nath and Alam (2002) also resulted low genotypic per plant (70.56%), Pod yield (67.03%). Moderate
co-efficient of variation for days to maturity. Injeti (2008) estimates of heritability were observed for characters like
reported for days to maturity for low genotypic coefficient Kernel uniformity (57.46%), Days to maturity (54.89%),
of variation. Phenotypic coefficient variation which Number of primary branches (51.34%), Field emergence
measures total relative variation was moderate for Kernel (33.59%). The low estimate of heritability was observed for
yield (52.22), Pod yield (50.52), Seed yield per plant character like shelling percentage (27.44%). (Table 2).
(50.41), Pod yield per plant (46.71), Field emergence Similar observations were made by Khote et al. (2009),
(28.99), Seed index (20.97), Plant height (15.70), and low Sumathi et al. (2009), Chaurasia et al. (2012), Kumar et
estimate of phenotypic coefficient of variation value was al. (2012), Verma et al. (2013) Singh et al.(2013) . The
observed in Days to 50% flowering(11.46), Shelling results are in according with findings of Venkataramana
percentage (10.94), Number of primary branches (9.45), et al. (2001), Mahalakshmi et al., (2005) and John et al.
Sound matured kernels (5.47), Kernel uniformity (4.39), (2008) for hundred kernel weight.
Days to maturity (1.34), (Table 2) Similar finding were
observed for days to maturity by John et al. (2008)
Table 2.
Genetic Parameters of 13 Quantitative characters in 15 Groundnuts Genotypes (including check) during Wet season 2013
Characters Mean Range VG VP GCV PCV h2 GA GG=GA %
Min. Max.
Field emergence 52.89 36.67 90.00 76.35 227.30 16.80 28.99 33.59 29.50 56.74
Days to 50% flowering 29.09 25.33 35.67 9.19 11.12 10.42 11.46 82.63 6.53 22.44
Plant height 43.17 22.17 51.41 36.76 45.95 14.04 15.70 80.00 13.27 30.73
Number of primary branches 5.80 5.13 6.40 0.15 0.30 6.77 9.45 51.34 1.07 18.50
Days to maturity 118.76 116.00 121.67 1.39 2.53 0.99 1.34 54.89 3.11 2.62
Pod yield per plant 63.61 18.08 121.67 622.94 882.87 39.24 46.71 70.56 58.15 91.41
Pod yield 8.86 2.58 16.50 13.41 20.01 41.36 50.52 67.03 8.75 98.87
Seed yield per plant 43.33 10.08 81.11 346.96 477.07 42.99 50.41 72.73 42.74 98.66
Seed index (Hundred kernels 34.17 24.43 45.73
weight ) 50.37 51.34 20.77 20.97 98.11 14.02 41.04
Shelling percentage 65.20 55.12 72.34 13.97 50.89 5.73 10.94 27.44 13.96 21.41
Kernel yield 5.98 1.43 11.59 7.09 9.76 44.51 52.22 72.63 6.11 102.20
Sound matured kernels 67.71 62.33 72.67 11.23 13.73 4.95 5.47 81.80 7.25 10.71
Kernel uniformity 68.89 65.33 73.33 5.27 9.17 3.33 4.39 57.46 5.92 8.60
Where, VG = Genotypic variance, VP = Phenotypic variance, GCV = Genotypic coefficient of variation, PCV = Phenotypic
coefficient of variation, h2 = Heritability, GA = Genetic advance.
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A perusal of genetic advance for different traits revealed Moderate estimates of genetic advance as percent of
that it varied from 1.07 (Number of primary branches) to mean was observed for Pod yield (98.87), Seed yield per
58.15 (Pod yield per plant). Low genetic advance was plant (98.66), Pod yield per plant (91.41), Field emergence
observed for all the traits like Pod yield per plant (58.15), (56.74), Seed index (41.04), and Plant height (30.73). The
Seed yield per plant (42.74), Field emergence (29.50), Seed low estimate of genetic advance as percent of mean was
index (14.02), shelling percentage (13.96), Plant height observed for character like Days to 50% flowering (22.44),
(13.27), Pod yield (3.47), pod yield (8.75), Sound matured Shelling percentage (21.41), Number of primary branches
kernels (7.25), Kernel yield (6.11), Kernel uniformity (18.50), Sound matured kernels (10.71), Kernel uniformity
(5.92), Days to maturity (3.11), Number of primary (8.60), Days to maturity (2.62). (Table 2). Similar finding
branches 1.07). (Table 2) Similar finding were observed by were reported by Saraswathi et al.(2010). High heritability
Rani et al. (2005) for pod yield and shelling percentage. coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean in
Genetic advance as percent of mean for various the present set of groundnut genotypes was recorded for
characters are presented in table and noticed that high kernel yield indicating predominance of additive gene
genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for effect and the possibilities of effective selection for the
Kernel yield (102.20). improvement of these characters.
Table 3.
Scoring based Quality characters of 14 Groundnut Genotypes.
S. Genotypes Characters.
No. P.L. P.Wt. P.C. P.B. P.R. Sl.Th. Sl.H. No. S.L. S.W. Ta.C. S.T. 100-
(mm) (mm) of (mm) (mm) S.W.
S/P (gm.)
1. ICG 1973 17 8 3 3 3 2 2 3 8 6 1 2 5
2. ICG 2019 21 9 3 3 5 1 1 1 10 5 1 2 3
3. ICG 2106 32 12 7 3 7 1 2 6 10 5 1 3 5
4. ICG 2381 33 11 7 5 7 2 2 6 12 6 4 1 5
5. ICG 2511 30 10 3 3 5 1 1 6 12 7 2 1 5
6. ICG 2772 29 11 5 3 7 1 1 6 14 7 1 2 5
7. ICG 2773 28 10 3 3 3 1 2 3 14 5 1 2 5
8. ICG 2777 30 9 3 5 7 2 1 6 12 7 4 2 5
9. ICG 2857 23 12 3 0 7 1 2 3 13 8 2 1 5
10. ICG 2925 25 10 3 3 5 1 1 6 14 5 2 1 5
11. ICG 3027 30 11 3 3 5 2 1 3 15 6 1 3 5
12. ICG 3053 21 10 3 3 5 1 2 3 13 8 2 3 5
13. ICG 3102 25 12 5 3 5 1 1 3 13 7 1 2 5
14. ICG 3240 22 10 5 3 7 1 2 3 11 7 1 2 5
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P.L. - Pod length (mm), P. Wt. - Pod width (mm), P.C. - Taxonomy and image data of groundnut genotypes was
Pod constriction, P.B. – Pod beak, P.R. - Pod reticulation, successfully submitted for bar coding to the BOLD
Sl. Th. - Shell thickness, Sl .H. - Shell hardness, No. of S/P database with the title “Groundnut SHIATS”. The bar-
- No. of seeds per pod, S.L. – Seed Length (mm),S.W. – coding has established a standardized approach across
Seed Width (mm),Ta .C. - Testa colour, S.T. - Seed taxonomic group facilitating fast accurate species
test,100- S.W. (gm.) - 100-seed weight (gm). identification. The goal is that anyone, anywhere, anytime
Genotypes that had maximum pod length like ICG 2381 be able to identify quickly and accurately the species of a
(33 mm), followed by ICG 2106 (32 mm), ICG 2511 (30 specimen whatever its condition.
mm), ICG 2777 (30 mm), ICG 1973 (17 mm) and
genotypes that had maximum pod width like ICG 2106 (12 Acknowledgements
mm) and ICG 2381 (11 mm), followed by ICG 2772 (11 Authors are thankful to Department of Genetics and
mm), ICG 2511 (10 mm), ICG 2777 (9 mm). Genotypes Plant Breeding/ Seed Science and Technology, Allahabad
that had maximum seed length like ICG 3027 (17 mm), School of Agriculture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of
followed by ICG 2772 (16 mm), ICG 2381 (15 mm), ICG Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad. Sincere
2381 (14 mm), ICG 2925 (14 mm), ICG 2857 (13 mm) and thanks to all the members of Department of Genetics and
genotypes that had maximum seed width like ICG 2857 Plant Breeding / Seed Science and Technology for their
(8mm),ICG 3053 (8 mm), ICG 2772 (8 mm),ICG 2019 (7 encouragement and support.
mm), ICG 1973 (6 mm), ICG 3027 (5 mm), 2925 (5 mm),
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