GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
•is a development perspective that recognizes
the unequal status and situations of women and
men in society.
•a global strategy for ensuring that the
government pursues equality in the
development process.
PREMISES OF GENDER
AND DEVELOPMENT
PREMISES OF GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
•GAD is not anti-male;
•GAD is not a war of the sexes;
•Both men and women are victims of
gender inequality, although victims are
more often women than male; and
•Both women and men have a share in
the struggle for gender equality
Topic 1: Defining Sex and Gender
Topic 2: Gender Concepts
Topic 3: GAD-responsive Community
Engagement
Topic 1: Defining Sex and Gender
What is sex?
What is gender?
What is the difference between
the two?
Sex Biological
Universal
Permanent
Biological
Hormones
Reproductive
System
Chromosomes
Sex Cells
Female Reproductive System
Male Reproductive System
Sex Cells
Sperm Cell
Egg Cell
SPERM CELLS from MALES fertilize
EGG CELLS of FEMALES.
Sex is a biological term. It is
how people categorize
people and
animals as male or female.
Sex is the physical, biological
difference between men and
women. It refers to whether
a person is born male or
female. It is a label based on
the nature of genitalia and
reproductive organ of the
individual
MEN and WOMEN ACCORDING TO BIOLOGY
Besides the fact that male produce sperm
and female egg cells, Male & Female
differ from each other:
➢external genitalia (sex organs)
➢ secondary sex characteristics
patterns of body hair distribution
voice pitch, muscular development
diseases (hemophilia, colorblindness
Adams apple, breasts
15
Chromosomes
X XX
or X or
Y XY
XX = Female
XY = Male
Two types of sex chromosomes: X and Y.
Female egg cells contain only X
Male sperm may have either X or Y
An XX combination produces a female
An XY combination, a male
Sex chromosomes present in the sperm
determine whether offspring are
genetically male or female.
18
Hormones
The main function of hormones is to
stimulate the development of primary
sex characteristics, so that individuals
become capable of reproduction.
Hormones are also responsible for the
development of secondary sex
characteristics
20
Sex Biological
Universal
Permanent
Gender Social
Cultural
Learned
Gender is socially
constructed.
Gender “describes how society
determines and manages sex
categories”.
Dr. Zuleyka Zevallos, Sociology of Gender
Gender is culturally
inclined.
Gender is culture-specific set of
characteristics that identifies the
social behaviour of women and
men and the relationship between
them.
World Bank, GAD, A Trainers Manual
Gender is learned.
Gender changes across time
and space. Social, economic,
cultural and political forces
determine gender.
World Bank, GAD, A Trainers Manual
Attributes of Attributes of
Sex Gender
Maleness and Masculinity
Femaleness and Femininity
Sex Gender
Physical Social
Universal Cultural
Congenital Learned
Unchanging Fluid
Unvarying Varying
People, females and males, are
ascribed with roles as they live by their
culture in their respective
communities. However, males and
females also have innate roles related
to their biological make-up.
Sex Roles
Sex Roles are related to
physiology of an
individual’s make-up.
Female Sex Roles is
her capacity to:
• Menstruate
• Gestate
• Lactate
Gender Roles
Gender Roles are socially ascribed
and culturally defined functions of
individuals in their family and
society.
Question…
Are women born
feminine?
Are men born
masculine?
GAD ISSUES
AND CONCERNS
Manifestation of Gender Bias
Let us learn some concept on Gender…
Sexism
The system and practice of discriminating
against a person on the basis of sex.
Prejudice against women, regarding women
as stereotypes, defining them with regard to
their sexual availability and attractiveness to
men, and all conscious or unconscious
assumptions which lead to the treatment of
women as being not fully human.
Patriarchy
The “rule of the father”, or a universal
political structure that favors men over
women. It was originally used by
anthropologists to describe the social
structure in which one old man. The patriarch,
has absolute power over everyone else in the
family.
Male domination of political power and
domination that maintains an unjust system
for the benefit of the rulers at the expense of
the ruled.
Gender Stereotyping
Society’s perceptions and value systems that
instill an image of women as weak,
dependent, subordinate, indecisive,
emotional and submissive. Men, on the other
hand, are strong, independent, powerful,
dominant, decisive and logical. Unexamined
images, ideas or beliefs associated with a
particular group that have become fixed in a
person’s mind and are not open to change.
For example, women’s roles, functions and
abilities are seen to be primarily tied to the
home.
Gender Subordination
Submission, sometimes due to
force or violence, or being under the
authority of one sex. It often results
in women having no control over
available resources and having no
personal autonomy.
Gender Marginalization
Women being considered a non
essential force in the economy despite
their crucial role in production. Their
contributions to development remain
unrecognized or undervalued.
Double / Multiple Burden
A situation referring to the heavy
workload of women and the many,
overlapping tasks involved, which if
computed in terms of hou8rs would total
more than 24 hours. This workload
consists of unpaid reproductive work, paid
productive work, community
management, and all other work
necessary for the survival of the family.
THANK YOU!
