1

Foundations of Environmental
Understanding

UNIT SPECIFICS
This unit is based on following topics for basic understanding related to environmental studies and its
importance both in ancient age and modern era.
 Definition and concept of Environment
 Human influence on the Environment
 Scope and importance of Environmental Studies
 Prominent Environmentalist of Modern India
Here, in this unit, the main focus is to make aware the learners the concept of environment in Indian
Knowledge system essential principles and multifaceted concept of environment, tracing its etymology and
elucidating its broad meaning as the encompassing entity surrounding all living and non-living elements. It
delineates the environment's components—lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere—and
discusses the intricate interrelationships among them. Furthermore, the chapter underscores the significant
impact of human activities on the environment, elucidating how anthropogenic actions have altered natural
landscapes, polluted the atmosphere and water resources, and disrupted biodiversity. This section serves as
a foundational exploration of the environment, setting the stage for a deeper understanding of its
complexities and the need for sustainable management practices.
Moreover, the chapter highlights environmental science as a multidisciplinary field, integrating various
scientific disciplines, engineering, social sciences, economics, law, and management. It emphasizes the
role of different branches of science in comprehending and addressing environmental challenges, ranging
from biology and geology to physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Additionally, it outlines the broad scope
and importance of environmental studies, encompassing research and development, green marketing,
advocacy, consultancy, media, policymaking, and education. By elucidating the historical development of
environmentalism and traditional Indian perspectives on environmental conservation, this chapter provides
a comprehensive overview of the environment, laying the groundwork for a holistic exploration of
environmental issues and solutions in subsequent chapters.

RATIONALE
This unit gives the comprehensive exploration of the environment lies in its critical role as the foundation
for understanding the complexities and interconnections within the natural world and human society. By
delving into the etymology and components of the environment, elucidating human influences, and
highlighting the multidisciplinary nature of environmental science, the chapter sets a robust groundwork
for readers to comprehend the myriad challenges facing the environment today. Furthermore, by discussing
the historical context of environmentalism and traditional Indian perspectives, the chapter fosters an
appreciation for the diverse cultural and historical approaches to environmental conservation. Overall, this
chapter serves as a vital primer, equipping readers with the knowledge and perspective necessary to engage
with the broader discourse on environmental issues and solutions in subsequent chapters.

PRE-REQUISITES
Basic Knowledge of Science and Geography of X-XII standard
UNIT OUTCOMES
List of outcomes of this unit is as follows
U1-O1: To demonstrate understanding of environmental concepts and human impacts.
U1-O2: To recognize the multidisciplinary nature of environmental science.
U1-O3: To gain awareness of global environmental issues and potential solutions.
U1-O4: To develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills in environmental contexts.
U1-O5: To appreciate diverse cultural and societal perspectives on environmental conservation.
Unit EXPECTED MAPPING WITH COURSE OUTCOMES
Outcomes (1- Weak Correlation; 2- Medium correlation; 3- Strong Correlation)
CO-1 CO-2 CO-3 CO-4 CO-5
U1-O1 3 2 2 2 -
U1-O2 1 1 1 1 -
U1-O3 3 3 3 1 -
U1-O4 2 2 2 1 -
U1-O5 2 3 2 2 -

What is Environment?
The word Environment is originated from the French word Environner, which means surrounding. Environ
means surrounding Hence, “Everything surrounding us is called environment.” All the living and non-
living entities encircle us are the part of environment. Environment includes lithosphere, atmosphere,
hydrosphere and all living and non-living things present on them.
Environment Protection Act 1986, describe, Environment as the sum total of land, water, air,
interrelationships among themselves and also with the human beings and other living organisms.
Some definition of the environment given by different thought of schools is given below
"A person's environment" is defined by Boring as "the aggregate of the stimulation which he experiences
from his conception till his death." demonstrating the presence of a variety of influences in the
environment, including physical, intellectual, mental, economic, political, cultural, social, moral, and
emotional forces.
"The term environment is used to describe, in aggregate, all the external factors, influences and conditions,
which affect the life, nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturity of living creatures,"
according to Douglas and Holland.
Components of the environment: natural environment includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere,
and biosphere
Atmosphere: The earth is surrounded by a layer of gases called the atmosphere, which shields the planet's
surface from the Sun's dangerous UV rays. It keeps life on earth alive. Additionally, it controls the earth's
temperature, keeping it from getting excessively hot or cold. It protects it from the hazardous atmosphere
of space. In addition to argon, carbon dioxide, and trace gases, the atmosphere is mainly composed of
nitrogen and oxygen. The energy balance at the Earth's surface is significantly influenced by the
atmosphere. There are five strata of atmosphere the closed layer of atmosphere from the earth is called
troposphere, followed by the stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere from lowest to
highest.
Fig. 1. 1. Components of Environment

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Hydrosphere: All sorts of water resources, ocean, seas, rivers, lakes, streams, reservoirs, polar ice caps,
glaciers, and groundwater are included in the hydrosphere. About 2% of the world's water resources are
frozen in polar icecaps and glaciers, while 97 percent of the planet’s water is found in the oceans. The
amount of fresh water that is available for
human use as surface water in rivers, lakes, streams, and groundwater is just approximately1%.
Lithosphere: The solid earth's outer mantle is known as the lithosphere.
It is made up of minerals found in the soil and in the crusts of the earth, such as minerals,
Organic matter, air, and water.
Biosphere: The term "biosphere" refers to the area in which all living things, including plants, animals,
and microorganisms, reside and interact with the environment, namely the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and
lithosphere.

Human influence on the environment

Natural environment is different from the environment influenced by human activities. We can understand
the difference by comparing the rural and urban environment. Human actions have changed the natural
landscape of the urban regions for construction, agricultural, industrial and other purposes. Atmosphere
and water resources are also affected by human activities. Various anthropogenic activities cause pollution
in atmosphere and hydrosphere. Biodiversity of the natural environment is also changes by human action
in the urban environment. Both species' richness and diversity are affected by human activities.
Environmental Science is a multidisciplinary branch of science that deals with different components of the
environment, its life support system, and interaction among different components, its problems and their
solutions. To understand environmental science, the knowledge of different disciples like sciences (Life
science, physical science, chemical science, geology, and mathematical science), engineering, social
sciences, political science, economics, law, policy and management is required.
In biological sciences, zoology, botany, microbiology, genetics, biochemistry and biotechnology are
helpful in understanding the biosphere and life-related issues of the environmental sciences.
In natural sciences geology, metrology, hydrology tell about the non-living components (soil, air and
water) of the environment. Physics, chemistry and mathematics help understand the essential elements of
the environment. The transfer of mass and energy in the ecosystem is also studied with the help of basic
science. Atmospheric science, metrology, geology, geography, geophysics, oceanography, hydrology tells
about the different components of the environment. Mathematics, statistics, and computer sciences are
essential tools to use in environmental studies and modelling.
Different streams of engineering provide solutions to diverse environmental problems. Civil engineering
helps in the construction of eco-friendly green buildings restoration of degraded ecosystems. Chemical
engineering, water resource engineering, and nanotechnology provide technical solutions of environmental
problems. The computer science division is helpful in ecological modelling, simulation and future
forecasting.
The social science deals with the social issue of the environmental sciences. Social awareness is the most
effective tool in environmental management. Different social issues are generated due to the environmental
crisis. The climate-induced migration and associated social and political conflicts are one of the examples
of close relations between environmental science with social studies. Political science is also helpful in
resolving transboundary ecological issues. Subjects like economics, business studies and management also
provide input in dealing with socio-economic aspects linked with environmental studies.
Environmental law and policy also provide the guideline and legal measures to handle the ecological issue,
better management and conservation of the environment.
Environmental education, eco journalism and green politics are the tools of spreading environmental
awareness among common people.
Environmental ethics, environmental history and environmental culture, tell about the roots of human
civilization associated with the nature and environment.
Thus environmental science is a multidisciplinary subject that deals with different aspects to take a holistic
approach to nature and the environment. Figure given below shows the multidisciplinary nature of the
environmental studies.

Fig. 1. 2.Disciplines related to Environmental Studies

Scope and Importance of Environment Studies
The environment consists of four segments of the earth, namely the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
and biosphere. These four spheres interact with each other forming a complex system. Therefore, the
scope of environmental studies is very wide, and it deals with many areas like the Study of natural
ecological components, conservation and management of natural ecosystems, study of pollution aspects in
different components of environment, social, political, legal, policy based and economical aspects of
environmental issues.

Research and Development: Research and development in different aspects of environmental studies is
the prime scope of the environmental studies. Skilled environmental scientists and researchers have an
important role in finding the source of various environmental crisis and providing eco-friendly, economical
and energy-efficient solution for sustainable development.
Environmental scientists and engineers can research basic science and technical aspects of environmental
issues. Investigation in ecological restoration, pollution reduction and environmental management is the
need of the present time. The energy-efficient technology also needs major input in research and
development. There is a big market for pollution control devices. The research activities in big data
handling, simulation and climate forecasting are the merging field in environmental sciences.
Management of waste and recovery of waste is also need major research activities for sustainable
development. Research work in urban environmental planning is also a big market in the present scenario.
Green Marketing: Green marketing is also a new but prominent scope in environmental studies. There is
a big market of eco-friendly products at both governmental and individual level. Environmental friendly
products have eco mark or ISO 14000 certification. Environmental auditing, carbon trading, costing of
ecosystem services, and environmental management will have a big demand in the coming future.
Green Advocacy: Green advocacy has the big scope in the current time as there is a great need of the
implication of environmental law. Many industries and firms need to advocate for solving environmental
issues. In governmental sectors also advocates are required for the handling of different air water, forest
and environmental laws.
Environmental consultancy: Government organisations, NGOs, industries and the corporate sector need
environmental consultants to handle environmental issues. Many projects need consultants to take the
different environmental clearance, early environmental auditing and manage the ecological crisis. Thus
there is enormous scope in environmental consultancy for environmental professionals.
Green Media: Green media spread awareness among ordinary people regarding the environmental issue
through television, radio, magazines newspaper and social media. Now a day’s use of social media is an
effective tool to spread information. Professional of the media sector has a great scope in the
environmental industry.
Policymakers: Experts of social sciences, political sciences, and economics and management studies can
help in policy making of different environmental issues. Different government departments,
intergovernmental agencies, NGOs, and corporate sectors require experts to make environmental policies.
The figure given below shows the scope of the environmental studies
Fig. 1.3 Scope of Environmental Studies
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Importance of Environment Education

The environment belongs to all, effects all and is important to all. Every creature on the earth is affected by
the environment and can affect the environment. There are three levels of the importance of the
environment.

Individual-level
Environmental studies are critical as it deals at the individual level. Basic individual need are related to an
ecological issue like the need of safe drinking water, clean air, pollution, less soil, food and healthy living
conditions. The basic knowledge of the environment is essential for every human for healthy life and deals
with the environmental crisis.
Local and Global importance of the Environment
Issues like global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, loss of global biodiversity, deforestation and
dwindling of energy resources are global environmental issues. Climate change is also a global concern for
humankind. Climate-induced environmental crises like extreme weather, flood and drought
affect the human population globally.
However, some environmental problems have local impacts like the impact of dams or mining
activities, water pollution in the lake, and rivers, geogenic pollution in groundwater, issues of
solid waste disposal, soil contamination, soil erosion, salinity and water logging are examples of local
environmental issues.
Need for Public Awareness
Environmental awareness is the understanding of the natural processes operating in the environment. It
equips us with better knowledge of the natural systems and their optimalperformance and also alerts us of
any deviation leading to environmental issues. In today’s world industrialization and overpopulation have
led to rapid consumption of natural resources. This overexploitation of resources on earth has rapidly
degraded our environment. Thus, environmental protection has become the need of the hour. It is not just
the government’s duty to protect the environment but public participation is strongly needed. Nevertheless,
public participation is possible only if the public is aware of the environmental issues. Environmental
awareness is important because it can help minimize ecological problems such as pollution, global
warming, etc. The public needs to be educated about the fact that if they keep on degrading the
environment, they are actually harming themselves and ultimately jeopardizing their own existence. Mass
media plays a vital role in disseminating information related to the environment and is very important to
make people aware of the environment. Various academic institutions also play a positive role in making
people aware of the environment. Environmental awareness is also needed to effectively manage our
planet by utilizing the available resources judiciously. It is very important to aware people that sometimes
the adverse impact on the environment may inadvertently lead to an environmental disaster. Environmental
awareness is also required to evade legal or punitive actions as it equips us with better knowledge of the
country's environmental laws. Lastly, the idea of sustainable development largely depends upon people’s
participation and their awareness of the environmental issues resulting from their actions.

A brief history of Environmentalism

The industrial revolution occurred between 1760 and 1840, which significantly change the earth in a short
period. Industrial resolution leads to massive destruction to the natural environment. Degradation of
natural environments makes people concern about the environment protection led to the movement known
as “environmentalism. The environmental movement is, also called ecological movement, includes the
conservation of natural resources and the implementation of green policies.
Hornaday was one of the first conservationists to pay attention to the plight of endangered wildlife.
William Hornaday (1854-1937) wrote about our disappearing wildlife (1913). In 1949, Aldo Leopold
(1887-1948) published Sand County Almanac. This is often regarded as the most influential nature
maintenance book ever written.
In 1916, “National Park Service” was founded by US president Woodrow Wilson. The first earth day was
celebrated on 22th April, 1970. Two well-known environmental groups “Friends of Earth” and
“Greenpeace” were established 1971. They launched a flagship campaign for endangered species such as
pandas and tigers to inform the world about the trade in ivory, rhino and seal fur.
The World Wide Fund for Nature is an international non-governmental organisation was founded in the
year 1961at Avenue du Mont Blanc, Switzerland. The mission of WWF was to stop the degradation of the
earth natural environment.
In 1972, the first 10-year Earth Summit was held in Stockholm, Sweden. It is widely recognized as the
most important and decisive event in international environmental protection. The Earth Summit (formally
known as the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment) was initiated by developed
countries to address the environmental impact of industrialization (113 countries participated). Sweden
was worried about acid rain. Japan was worried about industrial poisoning in the sea. Oil tankers spilling
cargo have been a problem all over the world. The conference has produced several outcomes, including
the 26 principles of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the Human Environmental
Action Plan, and the Environmental Fund. Another significant achievement was the establishment of
UNEP (United Nations Environment Program), which aims to promote global environmental practices.
UNEP coordinated the subsequent Earth Summit.
Arne Naess in 1973 firstly used the term deep and shallow ecology. Thus he established two schools of
thought on environmental philosophy.
In 1983, the General Assembly of the United Nations established the United Nations World Commission
on Environment and Development. Gro Harlem Brundtland was the Norway's first female prime minister.
Four years later, in 1987 she published the Bruntland report, coining the term "sustainable development."
The report is renowned for its combination of environmental and economic considerations, which defines
sustainability as follows: "Sustainability" has become a buzzword. The ten-year Earth Summit was again
held in Rio, Brazil in 1992. World leaders have agreed to fight against global warming, protect biodiversity
and stop using dangerous toxins. The recent earth submits was held on 2and 3 rd June 2022 at Stockholm,
Sweden. The 'Only One Earth' theme focuses on “Living Sustainably in Harmony with Nature,” as it calls
for collective, transformative action on a global scale to celebrate, protect and restore our planet.
In 2004 Nobel peace prize was awarded to the Kenyan environmentalist Wangari Maathai
for her contribution in peace, democracy and sustainable development. Wangari Maathai was the deputy
environmental minister in the Kenya government lead the Green Belt Movement. This movement is led by
women who planted 30 million trees across Africa. She gives the famous slogan, “When we plant new
trees, we plant the seed of trees.”
Nobel Prize in 2007 was given jointly to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) led by Dr R
K Pachauri and former US vice president A Gore.

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Indian View of Environment

Indian civilization has a reputation for being "eco-friendly." It did, at least in the past, demonstrate a deep
understanding of the need to develop a balanced pattern in the interaction between humans and their
environment and most definitely not aim toward "denaturing humanity." Ancient Indians deified nature
and laid down well-formulated rules to define and maintain this relationship devoid of predatory
tendencies to calibrate this man-environment interaction. Since its early history, there have been several
examples; it would be pertinent to look at a few of them.
Indian culture is based on the principles of not only the conservation of nature but also respect every
component of earth and living creature. “Vashudhaiv Kutumbakam” is a Sanskrit phrase found in Maha
Upanishad that means “The world is one family”. This phrase teaches us to live in harmony with nature.
Vedas praise every component of the environment like the Sun, moon, rivers, mountains, and ocean, as
gods and goddesses. Many plants, animals, water bodies, grooves and mountains are considered holy and
used to worship so people have respect and spiritual connection with the environment. Rig Veda tells about
the “Panch tatv” five basic elements of environment, namely earth, water, air, fire and space. Yajur Veda
talks about the peace of all components of the earth. Atharv Veda considers earth as mother and all
creations of her offspring. Charak Samhita tells us that the destruction of vegetation causes drought. Our
rituals and social customs make us protective for flora and fauna. Many Indian festivals are closely
associated with environmental events. Religion like Buddhism and Jainism are known for non-violence
and using minimal resources. In Sikhism, many teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji are environmental
oriented. In Islam also, the necessity of maintaining the harmony between man and nature is very much
stressed.
The teachings of Guru Jambheswar Das Ji have notable importance for nature conservation. Bishnoi samaj
adopted the instructions of his education and followed the path of protection of trees and wildlife. More
than three hundred women and men of the Bishnoi sect scarify their life for the projection of Khejri trees in
Rajasthan.

Prominent Environmentalist in modern India

“The earth has enough resources for our need but not for our greed”. The most famous quoted phrase by
Mahatma Gandhi shows his apprehension for nature and the environment. The Gandhian living approach is
eco-centric and based on moral, spiritual and non violence dimensions. In modern India, our first lady
prime minister, late Indira Gandhi, introduced the concept of Environmental protection in the constitution
of India as a fundamental duty.
Justice Kuldeep Singh is famous as a green judge, while Advocate M C Mehta is a green advocate. In 1991
honourable Supreme Court directives to make a curriculum environment-oriented. Justice Kuldeep Singh
makes environmental studies a compulsory course for all students in response of the Public Interest
Litigation (PIL) filled by advocate Sh. M. C. Mehta. Advocate Sh. M C Mehta was awarded by Padam
Shri in 2016, for his work in the field of environment.
Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna is famous for his Chipkoo movement for plant conservation and Tehri Bachao
Aandolan. Shri Chandi Prasad Bhatt is an Indian Gandhian environmentalist and social activist who
founded Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangh (DGSS) in Gopeshwar in 1964, which later became a mother
organization to the Chipko Movement, in which he was one of the pioneers, and for which he was
awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in 1982, followed by the Padma
Bhushan in 2005.
Shri Rajendra Prasad is famous for his efforts in water conservation and also known as water man of
India. Shree Rajendra Prasad was also awarded by prestigious Magsaysay award for his remarkable work.
Shri G D Aggarwal a renounced scientist and a civil engineer, has been implicated in Ganga Bachao
Aandolan. During his movement his transformed as a saint now named as Gwan Swaroop Sanand.
Dr. Salim Ali known as bird man of India. He is the pioneer in orthonological studies in India. He also
became a key figure behind the “Bombay Natural History Society” and used his personal influence to
garner government support for the organisation to create the Bharatpur bird Sanctuary (Keoladeo National
Park). He was awarded with Padma Bhushan in 1958 and Padma Vibhushan in 1976
Late Shree Anil Aggrawal was the founder chairman of Centre for Science and Environment. Now the
centre is leaded by famous environmentalist Ms. Sunuta Narain.
Anupam Mishra was a writer, journalist, environmentalist, and water conservationist who worked on
promoting water conservation, water management, and traditional rainwater harvesting techniques. He
received the Indira Gandhi Parya Balan Plascar (IGPP) Award in 1996, sponsored by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests of India. He wrote a famous book about a pond named Aaj Bhi Khare Hain
Talab.
Sumaira Abdulali is an environmentalist from Mumbai, India, founder of the NGO Awaaz Foundation, and
chair of the Intimidation, Threat and Revenge Movement (MITRA) against activists. She was the
Honorary Secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society, Asia's oldest and largest environmental NGO.
Jadav "Molai" Payeng is an environmental activist and forestry worker from Majuri, widely known as the
"Indian Forest Man". Saalumarada Timmakka, also known as Aala Marada Timmakka, is an Indian
environmental activist from Karnataka known for her tree-planting activities. Her work was recognized by
the Government of India, and she was awarded the Padma Shri Medal in 2019.
Balbir Singh Seechewal is a Nirmalashik who led a campaign against river pollution in Punjab, India.
Combining his enthusiastic self-help philosophy with the environmental essence of Grubani, he
rejuvenated the 110-mile (180 km) long kali bean River. In 2017 he was awarded the Padmashri Citizen's
Award in India.
Prof. Sayed Zahoor Qasim was an Indian marine biologist and passionate environmentalist. Qasim lead
India exploration to antartica and guided the other seven expeditions from 1981-1988 .He was the member
of planning commission of India and Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia . He was awarded with
highest civilian awards Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan by government of India for his services in the
field of marine ecosystem. & marine biodiversity.

,
First row (left to right) Sunder Lal Bahuguna, Anil Agarwal, G D Agarwal, Balbir Singh, Second Row (left
to right) Rajendra Singh, Jadav Payeng, Sumaira Abdulali, S. Zahoor Qasim

For more information regarding prominent

environmentalist in India please scan the QR
code
Major Indian Government Organisations for Environmental
Protection

Ministry of Environmental, Forest and Climate Change

In India, there is a ministry of Environmental, Forest and Climate Change since 1986, taking all
environmental issues. The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is the center
of the central government's administrative structure for planning, promoting, coordinating and supervising
the implementation of India's environmental and forestry policies and programs.

For more information regarding Ministry of Environment,Forest & Climate Change

please scan the QR code

The National Green Tribune

The National Green Tribune was established on October 18, 2010 under the National Green Court Law to
effectively and promptly address cases related to the protection of the environment and the protection of
forests and other natural resources. A specialized institution with the specialized knowledge needed to deal
with environmental conflicts, including interdisciplinary issues.

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Central Pollution Control Board

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a statutory organisation, was constituted in September 1974
under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further, CPCB was entrusted with the
powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. It serves as a field
formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests under the
provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
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Concept of Ecomark
The government of India introduced a scheme of eco-lebelling of products as ecomark in
1991 to in increase the awareness among consumers about environment. The symbol of
eco-friendly products is an earthen pitcher which represents our traditional heritage.

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Eco-clubs
The ministry of Environmental, Forest and Climate Change has introduced Eco-clubs in
schools to involve school children in environmental protection activities.
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SUMMARY
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The environment protection act was established in

a) 1952
b) 1972
c) 1986
d) 1957

2. Earth surface is covered with nearly_______ of water.

a) 70%
b) 79%
c) 82%
d) 45%

3. UNEP stand for

a) United nation Education Program

b) United Nation Ecological Program
c) United Nation Environment Program
d) United Nation English Program

4. Which book is regarded as most influential nature maintenance book ever written.

a) Silent spring
b) A sand country
c) The world without us
d) An inconvenient truth

5.Shri Sundar Lal Bhaguna is famous for

a) Appiko Movement
b) Narmada Bachao Andolan
c) Chipkoo Movement
d) Tehri dam conflict

6. Environment is originated from French word “Environer” which means

a) Safe
b) Nature
c) Surrounding
d) Life

7. Suitable development term was coined in which famous report

 a) Bruntland report
b) The Global Report
c) IPCC report
d) Hirsch report

8. Khejri trees conservation is related to which community of India

a) Lakher
b) Garo
c) Bishnoi
d) Pawai

9. The first earth was celebrated on__________in 1970

a) 5th may
b) 27th april
c) 22nd april
d) 5th jan
10. The chpko movement was originated in _________ in district of Uttarakhand

a) Haridwar
b) Dehradun
c) Champawat
d) Chamoli

Short and Long Answer Type Questions

1. Define environment and its components briefly?
2. Write a note on the importance of environmental education.
3. Write in brief about some prominent environmentalist in India.
4. Discuss environmental studies as multidisciplinary branch of science.
5. Give the importance of environment and discuss its scope in various fields.
6. What is green marketing?
7. Define environment and name its compound?
8. What is National Green Tribunal(NGT)?
9. Gives the concept of Eco mark.
10. What is atmosphere and name its different layer?

References and Suggested Readings