Pe wert COOLING SYSTEM CATERPILLAR’Contents ‘Understanding Cooling Systems Function 4 Function of Components. 4 Cooling System Temperature 6 Factors That Affect the Cooling System 8 Sources of Heat... “8 Oil Coolers 8 Aftercoolers, 9 Transmission, Marine Transmission, or Torque Converter Oil Coolers 9 Retarder Coolers 10 Water Cooled Exhaust Manifolds and Water Cooled Turbocharger Shields .. ve lO Hydraulic Oil Coolers... - 10 Safety Recommendations . Cooling System Maintenance . cesses Coolant ce i a 12 Heat Transfer. 12 Protection Against Freezing of the Coolant .... 12 Corrosion Resistance. . se Seale and Deposits 2 Compatibility 2 Non-Foaming 12 Sediment 12 Cylinder Wall Pitting ...... - 1B Coolant Properties. Waters... Additives Glycol . Testing Glycol Concentrations Coolant Recommendations .........-....4...17 Catt ELC (Extended Life Coolant) ...........19 Cat ELC Cooling System Maintenance 20 Cat ELC Extender. - 20 Cat ELC Cooling System Cleaning 21 Changing to Cat ELC 21 Cat ELC Cooling System Contamination. ..... 22 Commercial Extended Life Coolant 2 Diesel Engine Antifreeze and Coolant Additives Cat DEAC Supplemental Coolant Additive Conventional Coolant/ Antifreeze Cooling System Maintenance... 23 Cooling Systems with Larger Capacity ........25 Adding at the Initial Fill ‘Adding for Maintenance Cleaning of Heavy-Duty Coolant/Antitieeze Systems 26 Commercial Heavy-Duty Coolant/Antifieeze and Supplemental Coolant Additive 26 ‘Water and Supplemental Coolant Additive .....27 Cooling Systems with Larger Capacities ...... 28, ‘Adding the Cat SCA to Water at the Initial Fil, 28 ‘Adding the Cat SCA to Water for Maintenance 28 ‘S*OsS Services Coolant Analysis ... 29 New, Refilled, or Converted Systems 29 Recommended Interval for $*O+S Coolant Sampling SO*S Coolant Analysis (Level 1) S+OrS Coolant Analysis (Level 2) Caterpillar® Conditioner Elements Functional Effects . Pitting and Cavitation-erosion ..... 238 Rust vee 35 Acidity Imbalance 36 Galvanic and Electrolytic Corrosion. =. 36 Seale and Deposit Formation 37 Aeration. ..... - - 2-37 Coolant-Related Failures -38 Cracked or Warped Cylinder Heads... 38 Cylinder Block 39 Piston Seizure 39 Cold Operating Temperatures 40 Service and Periodic Maintenance . ol Periodic Maintenance 4 Troubleshooting Checklist 42 ‘Troubleshooting Overheating . <3 Visual laspections for Overheating od Cooling System Tests ......- 46 ‘Test Water Temperature Regulators . -- 46 Check Air Velocity 7 Check for Air, Gases, and Steam in the Cooli System. a Check the Cooling System Relief Valve. 48 Test During Machine Operation 48 Measure Manifold and Aftercooler Temperatures48, Summary of Overheating Problems and Causes 49 Troubleshooting Overcooling . Engine Overcooling Causes of Overcooling . SEBDOSIS-09Contents Reconditioning the Cooling System ........+.51 Cleaning the Outside of a Standard Radiator Core... o o sed Cleaning the Outside of a Folded Radiator Core 52 Cleaning the Outside of a Multiple Row or AMOCS Radiator s4 Cleaning Inside Parts of the Cooling System... 54 Components that Affect the Cooling System ... 56 Battery Ground Connections. - 36 Sea Water Inlet Screens 56 Oil Cooler Cores... - - 56 After Cooler Cores ..- se 5T Radiator Cap 38 Relief Valve 58 Fan Belis........ - - 38 Pulleys... we 58 Fan Assembly... - - 58 Fan Shroud and Bales. wi 58 Radiator Mounts 58 Fan Guards o i ve 58 Water Temperature Regulators 58 Hoses and Clamps. 59 Temperature Gauges... - 59 ‘Water Pump. we 59 Cylinder Heads 60 Cylinder Block ... - - 61 Cylinder Liners 6. Test Equipment... - - 61 Cooling System Maintenance Products 62 Cat ELC .. o ve Supplemental Coolant Additive a Supplemental Coolant Additive Elements ..... 62 Antifreeze 6 Cooling System Cleaners 63 Coolant Sampling Tools 64 Fluid Sampling Bottle 64 ‘Vacuum Pump 64 Probe Adapter Groups. - ve 6S Coolant Condition Test Tools . Cat ELC Dilution Test Kit Coolant Condition and Ethylene Glycol Test Kit... o v6 Coolant Condition Test Kit 66 Coolant/Battery Tester or Temperature Testing T00ls .....e02eeceee04 + 68 Infrared Thermometer (High Temp) 68 Infrared Thermometer. o oe 68 Multimeter with Infrared Thermometer 68 Digital Thermometer Group 69 Thermocouple Temperature Adapter Recorder Group, ‘Thermometers . Air Flow Test Tool. : 10 Multitach II Tool Group. 70 Blowby/ Air Flow Indicator 0 Pressure Test Tools . . a7 Pressurizing Pump ..... 71 Pressure Probe. nm Pressure Gauge 1 Digital Pressure Indicator 1 Engine Pressure Group . - wT Leak Detection Tool 73 Ultraviolet Lamp Group B Attachments ..... cet eteeeeeeeee TA Hood and Engine Enclosures 74 Abrasion Resistant Grid for Radiators and Ejector-type Fans ™ Crankcase Guards... - 27S Reversible Fan. B Hinged Radiator Guard 76 Coolant Flow Indicators 6 Jacket Water Heater 76 ‘Summary an Reference Material Available an Foreword Diesel engine manufacturers have increased engine operating temperatures to improve engine efficiency. This increase in temperature means proper cooling system maintenance is especially important Overheating, overcooling, pitting, cavitation-erosion, cracked heads, piston seizures, and plugged radiators are classic cooling system failures Proper coolant selection and maintenance are your choice, and coolant is vital to successful engine service life, In fact, coolant is as important as the quality of your fuel and lubricating oil This booklet tells the coolant story: its composition, contamination, and typical consequences. This booklet also offers preventive measures to help you avoid the costly effects of coolant related failures. NOTE: Always check the latest Service Information for updates to ensure that the most ‘current specifications and test procedures are used. SEBDOSIS-09Understanding Cooling Systems Proper cooling system design and maintenance is an important part of the satisfactory operation and service life of an engine. Understanding how the cooling system works can help reduce owning and operating costs Function The temperature of burning fuel in Caterpillar Engines can reach 1927° C (3,300° F), However. only about 33% of this total heat is converted into crankshaft horsepower. Approximately 30% is expelled through exhaust, while another 7% is radiated directly into the atmosphere from engine surfaces. The remaining 30% must be dissipated through a carefully designed cooling system. The cooling system must remove heat in order to keep the engine at the correct operating temperature. The cooling system must not remove too much heat or the engine will run cold. Fig. 1: Proportional amount of heat dissipated from engine. In addition to removing heat generated from fuel combustion, in some applications. the cooling system must also remove heat from other sources Other components that transfer heat to the coolant inckude: + transmission oil coolers + hydraulic oil coolers + aitercoolers + water-cooled exhaust manifolds + water-cooled turbocharger shields and housings + marine gear oil coolers + torque converter/retarder coolers The cooling system has a ditect effect on the operation and service life of the engine. Overheating or overcooling can result from the following conditions; + The cooling system is not the correct size + Poor maintenance of the cooling system. + Incorrect operation of the engine Overheating or overcooling can shorten the engine service life, Overheating of overcooling can also cause poor engine performance. Find the cause of any problem in the cooling system and correct the problem. immediately. Ths, the function of the cooling system is to remove the proper amount of heat fo keep the engine running at correct operating temperatures. This function is vital to the operation of an internal combustion engine Function of Components There are many types of cooling systems. Most cooling systems tse a radiator and a fan to remove the heat from the engine and other systems on a machine. Other types of cooling systems use a heat exchanger, keel coolers, or cooling towers to remove heat. Figure 2 shows the basic components of most cooling systems, These basic components are: coolant, the water pump, the engine oil cooler, water temperature regulators in the thermostat housing, the fan, and the radiator. In normal operation, the Water pump pushes coolant through the engine oil cooler and into the cylinder block. The coolant then flows through the cylinder block and into the cylinder head or heads where it flows to the hot areas of the cylinder head, After flowing through the cylinder head or heads, the coolant goes into the thermostat housing, ‘When the engine is cold, the temperature regulators prevent the flow of coolant to the radiator and direct the coolant back to the water pump. As the temperature of the coolant becomes Warmer, the temperature regulators begin to open and permit some flow of coolant to the radiator. The regulator opens to maintain the correct engine temperature. The amount that the regulator opens and the percent of coolant flow to the radiator depends on the temperature of the coolant that in tum is determined by the load on the engine and the outside air temperature SEBDOSIS-09The fan pushes ot pulls air through the radiator and around the tubes and fins that go from the top to the bottom of the radiator. (Some machines, such as lift tucks and highway trucks, can have cross flow radiator cores.) When the hot coolant goes through the tubes in the radiator, the flow of air around the tubes and fins lowers the temperature of the coolant. The coolant then flows back through the water pump. cee roe ~— ee a ‘ Sor Fig 2: Typical Cooling System. In many applications, there are other components that transfer heat to the coolant. These components can be aftercoolers, water cooled exhaust manifolds, water cooled turbocharger shields and housings, transmission oil coolers, torque converters, and marine transmission oil coolers. In some cooling systems, a shunt line is used to maintain a positive water pressure at the water pump inlet, The shunt line also provides a path for filling the cooling system. Some cooling systems use a radiator cap that seals the opening in the top tank or overflow tank and Limits the pressure in the cooling system, Other cooling systems have a separate pressure relief valve to limit the pressure in the cooling system. An orifice may be used between the thermostat and the radiator top tank for flow balance. If your cooling system is equipped with this system, it must not be changed or removed. Most marine engines have an expansion tank and keel cooler or a heat exchanger instead of a radiator or fan. A second water pump is used to push sea water ‘through the heat exchanger and, in some applications, through an aftercooler. In heat exchanger cooling systems, an expansion tank and heat exchanger perform the same function as the radiator. However, instead of transferring leat into the air, a heat exchanger system transfers coolant heat to an external water supply. In marine applications, a keel or skin cooler is used as an outboard heat exchanger, This cooler is either attached to the submerged part of a vessel's hull or built as part of the hull Fig. 3: Schematic of typical heat exchanger cooling system. 4. turbocharger 7. kool cooler 2 aftercooler, jacket water cooled 8. bypass filter 3. Jacket water outlet connection 9. duplex fulltow strainer 4 Jacket water inlet connection 10, shut-off valve 65. expansion tank 11, auxiliary expansion tank 6. jacket water pump 42. flexible connection Fig. 4: Schematic of typical keel cooler cooling systemSome machines use other cooler cores (radiators) 10 lower the temperature of transmission oil, hydraulic oil or air conditioning refrigerant. In most cases, the cores are upstream of the air flow to the radiator to get the coolest air. The additional cores increase the ‘temperature of the air that passes through the radiator as well as increase the resistance to air flow. The additional cores also make it more difficult to thoroughly clean the radiator core. Recent design changes on some machines allow these additional cores to be easily swung to the side to allow better access to clean the radiator core. Cooling System Temperature Cooling systems are designed to keep an engine operating within a desired temperature range. The temperature of the coolant must remain high to allow the engine to operate efficiently. However, the ‘temperature must stay low enough to prevent the coolant from boiling. A cooling system regulates temperature by transferring heat from the engine to the coolant and, eventually, into the air (or external water supply). How quickly the system transfers heat from the coolant into the air direcily affects the system's temperature. This rate of heat transfer at the radiator depends on many different factors. A.major factor of heat transfer is the difference between the temperature of coolant inside the radiator and the temperature of surrounding air. When the difference between coolant temperature and ambient ‘temperature increases, the rate of heat transfer increases, Altematively, when this temperature differential decreases, the rate of heat transfer declines. If the coolant starts to boil or steam, coolant is pushed out of the radiator's pressure relief valve. This action lowers the level of coolant and leads to engine overheating. Once overheating begins. continued operation only worsens the condition. Three factors can change the boiling temperature of the coolant. + The amount and type of coolant + The pressure in the cooling system + The altitude or barometric pressure Cooling System Pressure © 8 1012 4 pst Altitude Feet Meters] 9 2 4 0 14 28 41 55 69 82 97 KPa 140004300) 120003700 100003000 ‘30002400 6000 1800 4000 1200 2000 600 seatevel 0 180 790 200 210 220 230 240 250 °F 82 88 93 99 104 110 115 121 Bolling Point of Water Fig &: Pressurettempersture chart Increasing the pressure of the cooling system raises the boiling point of the coolant. For this reason, most cooling systems are designed to operate under pressure. The maximum amount of pressure is controlled by a valve in the radiator cap or the pressure relief valve. A higher altitude causes a lower boiling point. Figure 5 shows the relationship of the altitude and the pressure in the cooling system with the boiling point. This chart is for water with no coolant For example, at 1800 meters (6,000 feet) above sea level, water boils at 93°C (200°F), But at 3700 meters (12,000 feet), water boils at only 88°C (190°F), Boling Point of Gootant at Varying Give Concentrations x Temperature at which Concentration | RRC Ngai 20 103° (217° F) 2 toF cai A © 100" 62s" A) 5 toe" c 26" A oo: ii case A Atsea level * Caterpillar Recommends not to excoed 60% concentration Fig 6: Coolant boiling point concentration chart, SEBDOSIS-09Along with altitude and pressure, the type and the amount of coolant that is added to water also changes the boiling point. The boiling point is higher with higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in water when compared to propylene glycol based antifreeze in water. However, ethylene glycol is less effective than water at transferring heat. Use the correct concentration of ethylene glycol because of the effects on boiling point and heat transfer SEBDOSIS-09Factors That Affect the Cooling System The rate of heat transfer from the radiator to the air is directly related to the difference between the coolant and air temperatures. High ambient air temperature causes the coolant temperature to be higher. Air density decreases as the altitude increases. Therefore, the rate of heat transfer to the air will decrease as the altitude increases, Because of this, higher altitudes cause higher coolant temperatures. However, ambient air temperatures normally dectease at higher altitudes, so the effects often counterbalance one another: Sources of Heat Operation of the machine in an overload condition can also cause overheating. The correct selection of gears is Very important. Ifthe machine is operated for a long period in a speed range that is near the stall speed of the torque converter, the cooling system can overheat. ‘Under such conditions a large amount of heat is generated by the engine and/or torque converter while the speed of the fan and water pump are decreased. Fuel combustion creates heat in all intemal combustion engines. How much heat is determined by the API density and the amount of fuel used. Cooling systems are generally designed to maintain proper operating temperature of the engine at full load conditions. If the load is increased with a drop in the ‘pm of the engine or if the rpm of the engine is decreased with no change in the load, the cooling system can overheat. In many applications, the cooling system must absorb heat from several other sources. Among those sources are: Engine Oil Coolers, Aftercoolers, Transmission or Torque Converter Oil Coolers, Retarder Coolers, Water Cooled Exhaust Manifolds, Water Cooled Turbocharger Shields, and Hydraulic Oil Coolers Fig. 7: Typical engine oil cooler. Ofl Coolers. ‘Many engines, especially engines with turbochargers, have engine oil coolers. Most of the heat in the oil ‘comes from oil that is sprayed on the bottom side of the pistons. The coolant must absorb enough heat in the oil cooler to prevent the oil from overheating. High ‘temperature of pistons is caused by high inlet air ‘temperatures, wrong injection timing, incorrect fuel settings, of low turbocharger boost, all of which increase the temperature of the oil SEBDOSIS-09Fig. B: One type of aftercooler Afftercoolers The air at the outlet of the turbocharger is at a higher ‘temperature than the air atthe inlet of the turbocharger. Some engines have an aftercooler to Jower the temperature of turbocharger outlet ait. Coolant is used in many afiercoolers to absorb the heat from the turbocharged air. If the aftercooler core has dirt or oil in it, the coolant cannot absor’ as much heat as it does normally. This can raise piston temperature and Lower engine horsepower. Fig. 8: Typical transmission oll cooler. ‘Transmission, Marine Transmission or Torque Converter Oil Coolers ‘The operation of transmissions, marine transmissions, and torque converters generates heat. Most of the heat in transmissions and marine transmissions is caused by the churning of oil. Normally, the amount of heat will increase with load, because some heat is generated by gears meshing. For torque converters, much of the heat is caused by shearing of oil between moving parts. The greatest amount of heat is generated when the torque converter operates near stall speed. A significant amount of heat is also generated in the torque converter when the machine runs at high speed with no load - usually downhill SEBDOSIS-09Fig. 10: Combination retardertransmission ell cooler. Retarder Coolers Some machines have a retarder that can be used to help slow the machine on a downslope. Use of this retarder causes heat in the retarder oil. It is important that proper engine speed and transmission speed range are used when using the retarder. Fig tt: Water cooled turbocharge ‘Water Cooled Exhaust Manifolds and Water Cooled Turbocharger Shields Some engines, especially marine engines, are equipped with water-cooled exhaust manifolds and/or water- cooled turbocharger shields. Incorrect fuel settings or injection timing, excessive load on the engine, high inlet air temperature, or restrictions in the inlet or exhaust air flow can cause high exhaust temperatures and high coolant temperatures. -10- Fig 12: Hydraulic ol coolers. Hydraulic OM Coolers Some machines have hydraulic oil coolers. Generally, these are radiator-type coolers. On some machines, the cooler core is between the fan and the radiator. The air inmist pass through the cooler before it goes through the radiator. Ifthe hydraulic oil overheats, so can the cooling system. Hot hydraulic oil is normally the result of @ cycle time that is too rapid, the relief valve pressure set t00 low or exceeded, or the hydraulic system operated in an overload condition, SEBDOSIS-09Safety Recommendations Always wear eye protection when you perform any service work on a cooling system. Fig. 13: Care must be taken during removal of the raator cap. Release the pressure in the cooling system before performing any service work. Ifthe pressure in the cooling system is not released or the temperature of the system is not permitted to cool, steam or hot water may be released when you remove the radiator cap. This may cause personal injury, To release the pressure in a cooling system, let the system cool, put a heavy cloth over the cap and loosen it SLOWLY. + Do not allow undiluted corrosion inhibitors or diluted/undiluted radiator cleaners to come in contact, with the skin or eyes. * Do not use chromate corrosion inhibitors or any ‘other cooling tower treatment chemistries in an engine cooling system. The use of these inhibitors in the cooling system can produce deposits that will lead to poor heat transfer. + Always follow the manufacturer's instructions when handling corrosion inhibitors, radiator cleaners, or antifreeze. Be especially sure to follow the manufacturer's recommendations conceming toxicity. + Glycol may catch fire when it is hot or exposed to an open flame. Do not weld, cut or use an open flame near leaking coolant that contains antifreeze, + Do not use alcohol in place of antifreeze. Alcohol has a lower boiling temperature and flash point. ae + Do not operate a machine or perform any service work around the area of the fan with the fan guards removed. Moving fan blades can cause personal injury. Moreover, anything that may fall into a moving fan can be thrown out with force. + Do not work near fan belts with the engine running. + Do not attempt to tighten any hose clamps while the cooling system is hot or under pressure. If there is a failure of the hose clamp when itis tightened, a sudden loss of hot coolant or steam could result, SEBDOSIS-09Cooling System Maintenance Coolant Coolant generally consists of water combined with corrosion inhibitors or water combined with antifieeze and corrosion inhibitors. The correct selection of coolant has a direct effect on the efficiency and/or service life of both the cooling system and the engine. Coolant must be able to transfer heat from hot engine components to a radiator or heat exchanger where the heat is dissipated Heat Transfer ‘Heat transfer describes the tendency of heat to move from a hot area to a cooler area. Rate of heat transfer is measured by the specific heat properties of a given liquid. (Specific heat is the ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of an amount of a specific liquid 1° compared to that required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of water 1°). In coolant, the rate of heat transfer also depends on the temperature difference between the outside air and the coolant itself, plus the conductive properties of the material that surrounds the coolant. A coolant mixture of 50% ethylene glycol, which has a specific heat of .880, and 50% water, will increase the atmospheric boiling temperature of the mixture to approximately 107°C (25°F). The heat transfer of an ethylene glycol mixture is less than the heat transfer of water. The temperature at which the glycol mixture will boil is higher. This means some loss in cooling capability is recovered by obtaining a higher ‘temperature in the radiator top tank without loss of coolant because of boiling. Protection Against Freezing of the Coolant The best protection against coolant freezing is the correct mixture/ratio of the coolant. Use the correct mixture‘ratio of ethylene glycol and water or the correct mixture/ratio of propylene glycol and water as a coolant. The most common antifreezes that are available use ethylene glycol to provide freeze protection. NOTE: Use a mixture of water, ethylene glycol (antifreeze), and cooling system conditioner. Pure, undiluted antifreeze will freeze at -23°C (-9°F). -12- Corrosion Resistance The coolant must prevent the formation of rust and pits in the engine and other components. Since all ‘water can cause corrosion, water should not be used: alone. Any type of water is unacceptably corrosive ‘when corrosion inhibitors or antifreeze are not added, Always add Cat SCA (Supplemental Cooling Additive), ot equivalent to the water antifreeze mixture at the time of the initial fll of the cooling system, [Adding Cat SCA is not necessary when using Cat ELC (Extended Life Coolant) or Cat DEAC (Diesel Engine Antifreeze/Coolant), The Caterpillar fornmula in these products inchides all necessary inhibitors for initial fill] NOTE: Do NOT use conventional SCA with Cat ELC. Use only Cat ELC Extender with Cat ELC. NOTE: Conventional Coolants DO require periodic additions of SCA to maintain cooling system protection, Water alone is corrosive. If water alone is used (not recommended), itis extremely important that Cat SCA. be added. Refer to this publication, "Water and Supplemental Coolant Additive” topic Scale and Deposits ‘The general characteristics of the water used as a coolant determine scale and deposit formations. It is impossible to inhibit "poor" water completely so as to ‘make it usable as a coolant mixture. The water must be pretreated ‘Compatibility The coolant must not damage seals, hoses or any of the materials used in the construction of cooling systems such as copper, aluminum, and steel. Inhibitors in Cat ELC, Cat DEAC, and Cat SCA are designed to protect these materials Non foaming ‘The coolant used in a system must not foam or make sludge that can damage the cooling system. Sediment The coolant must be clear and not have mud or an oil residue in it. SEBDOSIS-09Cylinder Wall Pitting Proper cooling system maintenance helps to control cylinder wall pitting. Cylinder wall pitting is the result of the combined action of cavitation-erosion and corrosion. Essentially. during the normal course of engine operation, the cylinder wall flexes causing small air bubbles to form on the coolant side of the wall, Cavitation occurs when these bubbles break or implode and remove the cylinder wall’s protective oxide film. Once this film is removed, corrosion is free to develop and eventually the cylinder wall surface deteriorates. Erosion-corrosion is a combination of mechanical and chemical of electrochemical action that cause corrosion. Cavitation is a particular type of erosion- corrosion and a common cause of cylinder wall pitting, Cylinder wall pitting can be controlled if the cooling system is regularly replenished with Cooling System Conditioner. If, however, conditioner is not added at the proper intervals (see page 24) and in the correct quantities, pitting will worsen, ultimately allowing Coolant to penetrate the combustion chamber and. cause major engine damage. -13- SEBDOSIS-09Coolant Properties General Coolant Information NOTICE These recommendations are subject to change Without prior notice. Contact your local Caterpillar Dealer for the most up to date recommendations. NOTICE ‘Never add coolant to an overheated engine. Engine damage could result. Allow the engine to cool first. NOTICE Ifthe engine is to be stored in, or shipped to an area with below freezing temperatures, the cooling system must be either protected fo the lowest outside temperature or drained completely to prevent damage caused by freezing coolant. NOTICE Frequently check the specific gravity of the coolant for proper freeze protection or for anti-boil protection. Clean the cooling system for the following reasons: + Contamination of the cooling system + Overheating of the engine + Foaming of the coolant NOTE: Air pockets can form in the cooling system if the cooling system is filled at a rate that is greater than 20 L (5 US gal) per minute. fier you drain the cooling system, and after you refill the cooling system. operate the engine. Operate the engine without the filler cap until the coolant level stabilizes. Ensure that the coolant is maintained to the proper level. NOTICE ‘Never operate an engine without water temperature regulators in the cooling system. Water temperature regulators help to maintain the engine coolant at the proper operating temperature. Cooling system problems can develop without water temperature regulators. Removing the regulators allows some coolant to bypass the radiator, potentially causing overheating. a4 Many engine failures are related to the cooling system. The following problems are related to cooling system failures: overheating, leakage of the water pump, plugged radiators or heat exchangers, or pitting of the cylinder liners, These failures can be avoided with proper cooling tem maintenance. Cooling system maintenance is as important as maintenance of the fuel system and the lubrication system. Quality of the coolant is as important as the quality of the fuel and the lubricating oil Coolant is normally composed of three elements: water, additives, and glycol. Water NOTICE All Caterpillar diesel engines equipped with alt-to- air aftercooling (ATAAC) require a minimum of 30 percent glycol to prevent water pump cavitation, NOTICE ‘Never use water alone without Supplemental Coolant Additives (SCA) o without inhibited coolant. Water alone is corrosive at engine operating temperatures. Water alone does not provide adequate protection against boiling or freezing. ‘Water is used in the cooling system in order to transfer heat Distilled water or detonized water is recommended for use in engine cooling systems. SEBDOSIS-09hard water sofened water that hasbeen conditioned with salt, and seawater. systems: If distilled water or deionized water is not available, ‘use water that meets or exceeds the minimum, acceptable water requirements listed in Figure 14, Caterpillar Minimum Acceptable Water Requirements Property Maximum Limit, ASTM Test cnewaeien | gagainausaan | “Buz sanaets0 | esgemmts oat | pase ee ee Tori soiss | ag OURS gay | eet ity piterastoaa “ia (9) Total dissolved solids dried at 103-108°C, "Standard Method for the Ekmination of Water and Wastemrater” American Public Health Assoctation, etal, 1018 15th Street, ‘NAV, Washington, DC 20008 Fig. 14: Caterpillar Minimum Receptable Water Requirements For a water analysis, consult one of the following sources: + Caterpillar dealer + Local water utility company + Agricultural agent + Independent laboratory Additives Additives help to protect the metal surfaces of the cooling system. A lack of coolant additives ot insufficient amounts of additives enable the following conditions to occur + Corrosion + Formation of mineral deposits + Rust + Seale + Pitting and erosion from cavitation + Foaming of the coolant Many additives are depleted during engine operation. These additives must be replaced periodically. This can be done by adding SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additives) to Cat DEAC (Diesel Engine Antifieeze/Coolant) or by adding Cat ELC Extender to Cat ELC (Extended Life Coolant). Additives must be added at the proper concentration. Over concentration of additives can cause the inhibitors to drop out-of-solution. The deposits can enable the following problems to occur: + Formation of gel compounds + Reduction of heat transfer + Leakage of the water pump seal + Plugging of radiators.coolers.and small passages Glycol Glycol in the coolant helps to provide protection against the following conditions + Boiling + Freezing + Water pump cavitation (ATAAC equipped engines) For optimum performance, Caterpillar recommends a 1:1 mixture of a water’glycol solution. NOTE: Use a mixture that will provide protection against the lowest ambient temperature, NOTE: 100 percent pure glycol will freeze at a temperature of -23° C (-9° F). -15- SEBDOS16-09Most conventional heavy-duty coolant/antifreezes use etliylene glycol. Propylene glycol may also be used. In a 1:1 mixture with water, ethylene and propylene glycol provide similar protection against freezing and boiling. See Figures 15 and 16. Ethylene Glycol Concentration | Freeze Protection | Boil Protection(™ 0 Percent ar C135) 06" ¢ (25° F) 60 Percent 3F car st €@3 F) Me: Fig. 16: Ethylene Glycol Concentration Chart NOTICE Do not use propylene glycol in concentrations that exceed 50 percent glycol because of propylene gtycol's reduced heat transfer capability. Use ethylene glycol in conditions that require additional protection, against boiling or freezing. Do not use ethylene glycol in concentrations that exceed 60 percent glycol. Propylene Glycol Concentration | Freeze Protection [Boil Protection(*)] ‘Testing Glycol Concentration To check the concentration of glycol, use the 245-5829 Coolant/Battery Tester/Refractometer. The tester gives readings that are immediate and accurate in both degrees Celsius and degrees Falirenheit. The tester can be used with ethylene or propylene glycol Freezing Point-* F @ 6 & 2 8 8 Freezing Poi & 7 4 6m 100 Etnyione Glycol Antitoeze- Percent by Volume Fig. 17: Freezing point curve for typical ethylene glycol solution. 50 Percent s2rc(-2erF) | 106°C (223°F) (Boting protection is increased with the use of a pressurized radiator Fig. 16: Propylene Glycol Concentration Chart. NOTE: Propylene glycol coolant that is used in the cooling systems for Caterpillar diesel engines must meet "ASTM D6210-04," "Fully-Formulated Glycol-Based Engine Coolant for Heavy-Duty Engines." When propylene glycol coolant is used in heavy-duty diesal engines, a regular addition of SCA is required for protection against liner cavitation. Consult your Caterpillar dealer for additional information. -16- Freeze Protection Temperatures for Antifreeze Concentrations!) Protection ti Concentration 15°C (5° F) 30% glycol, 70% water 28 C11" F} 40% glycol, 60% wator “37 6 (35°F) 50% alycol, 50% water, “52°C (62°F) 60% glycol, 40% water etnyione glyeo-based antivooze Fig. 18: Protection Temperatures for Antifreeze Concentrations. SEBDOSIS-09Coolant Recommendations The following two types of coolants may be used in Caterpillar diesel engines. Preferred — Cat ELC (Extended Life Coolant) or a commercial extended life coolant that meets the Caterpillar EC-1 specification Acceptable ~ Cat DEAC (Diesel Engine Antifreeze/Coolant) or a commercial heavy-duty coolanvantifreeze that meets "ASTM D4985" o "ASTM D6210" specifications NOTICE ‘Do not use a commercial coolant/antifreeze that only meets the "ASTM D3306" specification. This type of coolant/antifreeze is made for light duty automotive applications. Use only the coolant/antifreeze that is recommended. Caterpillar recommends a 1:1 mixture of water and alycol. This mixture of water and glycol will provide optimum heavy-duty performance as a coolantantifieeze. NOTE: Cat DEAC does not require a treatment with an SCA at the initial fll. However, a commercial heavy-duty coolanv/antifreeze that only meets the "ASTM D4985" specification WILL require a treatment with an SCA atthe initial fll. A commercial heavy-duty coolantiantifreeze that meets the "ASTM. 16210" specifications will NOT require a treatment with an SCA at the initial fill. Read the label or the instructions that are provided by the manufacturer of the commercial heavy-duty coolant/antifreeze NOTE: These coolants WILL require a treatment with a supplemental coolant additive on a maintenance basis. In stationary engine applications and marine engine applications that do not require anti-boil protection or freeze protection, a mixture of supplemental coolent additive and water is acceptable. Caterpillar recommends a six percent to eight percent concentration of Cat SCA in those cooling systems. Distilled water o deionized water is preferred. If distilled water or deionized water is not available, use water that meets or exceeds the minimum acceptable water requirements listed in Figure 14 a17- OTICE All Caterpillar diesel engines equipped with air-to- air aftercooling (ATAAC) require a minimum of 30 percent glycol fo prevent water pump cavitation. NOTE: Caterpillar recommends a minimum of 30 percent glycol in diesel engine cooling systems. Refer to engine specific Operation and Maintenance Manuals for exceptions Coolant Service Life Coolant Type Service Lifelti 12000 Service Hours Cat ELC or Six Years ‘Commercial Coolant that ‘meets the Caterpillar [EC-1 Specification 6000 Service Hours ‘0 Six Yoars 3000 Service Hours Gat DEAC ‘or Three Years. ‘Commercial Heavy-Duty CoolantiAntifreeze that ‘meets “ASTM D6210" ‘Commercial Heavy-Duty CoolantiAntifreezo that ‘meots “ASTM D4985" 3000 Service Hours ‘or Two Years 3000 Service Hours ‘or One Year 3000 Service Hours Cat SCA‘ and Water ore vee ‘Commercial ‘supplemental coolant additive” and Water® ‘2000 Service Hours ‘of One Year (1) Use the interval that occurs est. {@ Refer tothe specific ongine Operation and Maintonance Manual, "Maintenance interval Schedule” forthe correct Interval for replacement ofthe Cooling System Water ‘Temperature Regulator. (@)Cet ELC Extender must be added at 6000 service hours or ‘one half ofthe servi if forthe ELC. (4) Requires the adaltion of an extender at 3000 hours oF ‘one half of the service life for the coolant. (6) The Cat SCA concentration ina cooling system that uses Cat ‘SCA and water should bo €t0 8 poreont by volume. (6) Refer to ths pubieation, "General Coolant information” under the section that dicurcos water fr requiremonts (Consult the supple for the commercial SCA for Instructions ‘on usage. Also, refer to this Specia! Publication, “Water and Supplemental Cotant Aadtive" tople for adcitionsl information, Fig. 19: Coolant Service Life Chart NOTE: These coolant changes are only achievable with the annual S-O-S Services Level 2 coolant sampling and analysis. Cat ELC can be recycled into conventional coolants. SEBDOSIS-09Containers of several sizes are available. Recommended Coolant/Antifreeze for Caterpillar Gas Engines Coolant Part Numbers NOTICE Do not use Extended Life Coolant (ELC) with Caterpillar Gas Engines. ELC was not formulated for use in Caterpillar Gas Engines. Use only the coolant/antifreeze that is recommended, Preferred - Caterpillar Natuaral Gas Engine Coolant (NGEC). Alternatively, use Caterpillar Diesel Engine Description Size Part Number") (Gat DEAC Buk | 23868 or 156-2688 (Concentrate) 20820 (65S gal) aaL (1S gat) cate Bulk (60180 Premix) 7020 (555 ga) 189i 29.2151 (SUS gat) 28-864" 3a sor2aae (10S ga 233.8608" Cat ELC 3aL “19-5150 (concentrate) | _(1 US gal) 2se-scs* Cat ELC Extender | 0.946 L(1 at) 9.5152 SL (taal) 210-0786 Antifreeze/Coolant (DEAC) or a commercail heav * with embitorment. Embitorment makes the coolant arte bad. This is ‘done in odor to dteracldonal human er nial ingestion oolannireer. (hme avaabty of part numbers wil ary by raion. Consul your Caterpillar dealer Fig. 20: Coolant Part Numbers Chart. duty coolant/antifreeze that meets "ASTM D6210" or ASTM D4985" specifications. The preferred coolant antifreeze can contain either ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. The coolant/antifreeze must be low in silicates. The coolant/antifreeze must be mixed with water that meets the properties that are listed in the table in the "General Coolant Information” topic. The coolanvantifreeze must also have the correct concentration of Supplemental Coolant Additive (SCA). NOTICE Do not use a commercial coolant/antifreeze that only meets the STM "D3306" specification. This, type of coolant/antifreeze is made for light duty automotive applications. Use only the coolant/antifreeze that is recommended. -18- SEBDOSIS-09Cat ELC (Extended Life Coolant) Caterpillar provides Cat ELC for use in the following + Heavy-duty diesel engines + Automotive applications When Cat ELC is compared to conventional coolants the Cat ELC anti-corrosion package is based on a totally different additive system. Cat ELC has been formulated with the correct amounts of additives in order to provide superior corrosion protection for all metals that are in engine cooling systems. Cat ELC extends the service life of the coolant to 12000 service hours or six years. Cat ELC does not require a frequent addition of a SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additive). An Extender is the only additional maintenance that is needed at 6000 service hours or one half of the ELC service life. Cat ELC is available in a 1:1 premixed cooling solution with distilled water. The Premixed ELC provides freeze protection to -37°C (-34°F), The Premixed ELC is recommended for the initial fill of the cooling system, The Premixed ELC is also recommended for topping off the cooling system. ELC Concentrate is also available. ELC Concentrate can be used to lower the freezing point to -52°C (-62°F) for arctic conditions. See Page 18 for available quantities and part numbers NOTE: Caterpillar developed the EC-1 specification. The EC-1 specification is an industry standard. The EC-L specification defines all of the performance requirements that are needed for an engine coolant to be sold as an extended life coolant for Caterpillar engines. Cat ELC can be used in most OEM engines of the following types: diesel and gasoline. Cat ELC meets the performance requirements of "ASTM D4985" and "ASTM D6210" for heavy-duty low silicate antifreeze/coolants, but does not require treatment with conventional SCA. Cat ELC also meets the performance requirements of "ASTM D3306" for automotive applications, -19- SEBDOSIS-09Cat ELC Cooling System Maintenance NOTICE Use only Caterpillar products or commercial products that have passed Caterpillar’s EC-L specification for pre-mixed or concentrated coolants. ‘Use only Cat ELC Extender with Cat ELC. Do NOT use conventional SCA with Cat ELC. Mixing Cat ELC with conventional coolants and/or conventional SCA reduces the Cat ELC service life. Do NOT mix brands or types of coolant. Do NOT mix brands or types of SCA. Different brands or types may use different additive packages to meet the cooling system requirements. Different brands or types may not be compatible. Failure to follow the recommendations can reduce cooling system components life unless appropriate corrective action is performe In order to maintain the comrect balance between the antifreeze and the additives, you must maintain the recommended concentration of ELC. Lowering the proportion of antifieeze lowers the proportion of additive, This will lower the ability of the coolant to protect the system fiom pitting, from cavitation, trom erosion, and from deposits During daily maintenance, use the premixed Cat ELC as a cooling system top-off. This action will bring the coolant up to the proper level. Check the specific gravity of the coolant system with the 245-3829 Coolanv/Battery Tester’Refractometer. This tester gives readings that are immediate and accurate in both degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit. Use Cat ELC Concentrate to restore the proper glycol concentration {in the coolant system. This action should be done before the engine is exposed to freezing temperatures. ;OTICE Do not use a conventional coolant to top-off a cooling system that is filled with Cat ELC. Do not use standard conventional SCA or an SCA maintenance element, Only use Cat ELC Extender in cooling systems that are filled with Cat ELC. -20- Cat ELC Extender Cat ELC Extender is added to the cooling system halfway through the Cat ELC service life. Treat the cooling system with Cat ELC Extender at 6000 hours or one half of the coolant service life. A 119-5152 Container (0.946 L) (1 gt.) of a 210-0786 Container (3.79L) (1 gal) of Cat ELC Extender are available for convenient use, Containers are available in metric liter sizes. Consult your Caterpillar dealer for the part mumbers Use the formula in Figure 21 to determine the proper amount of Cat ELC Extender for your cooling system. Refer to Operation and Maintenance Manwal, "Refill Capacities and Recommendations” in order to determine the capacity of the cooling system, Formula for Adding Cat ELC Extender to Cat ELC Vx0.02=X Vis the capacity ofthe cooting system, Xis the amount of Cat ELC Extender that is required Fig. 21: Formula for Adding Cat ELC Extender to Cat ELC. Figure 22 is an example for using the formula that is in Figure 21 Example of The Equation for Adding Cat ELC Extonder to Cat ELC “Amount of Gat ELC Extender that is Required ci v9 (5US ca Multiplication Factor 946 e250 us gat xoa2 Fig. 22: Example for using Formula for Adding Cat ELC Extender to Cat ELC. NOTICE ‘When using Cat ELC, do not use conventional SCA’s or SCA maintenance elements. To avoid SCA contamination of an ELC system, remove the SCA element base and plug off or by-pass the coolant lines. SEBDOSIS-09Cat ELC Cooling System Cleaning NOTE: If the cooling system is already using Cat ELC, cleaning agents are not required to be used at the specified coolant change interval. Cleaning agents are only required if the system has been contaminated by the addition of some other type of coolant or by. cooling system damage. Clean water is the only cleaning agent that is required ‘when Cat ELC is drained from the cooling system. Cat ELC can be recycled into conventional coolants. The drained coolani mixture can be distilled in order to remove the etlylene glycol and the water. The ethylene glycol and the water can be reused. This led material does not contain the additives that are requited to be classified as either Cat ELC of Cat DEAC. Consult your Caterpillar dealer for more information. Afier the cooling system is drained and after the cooling system is refilled, operate the engine while the cooling system filler cap is removed, Operate the ine until the coolant level reaches the normal operating temperature and until the coolant level stabilizes. As needed, add the coolant mixture in order to fill the system to the proper level. Changing to Cat ELC To change from heavy-duty coolantiantifreeze to the Cat ELC, perforin the following steps: NOTICE Care must be taken to ensure that fluids are contained during performance of inspection, maintenance, testing, adjusting, and repair of the product. Be prepared to collect the Muid with suitable containers before opening any compartment or disassembling any component containing fluids. Refer to Special Publication, NENG2500, “Caterpillar Dealer Service Tool Catalog” and to Special Publication , GECJ0001 "Cat Shop Supplies and Tools” guide for tools and supplies suitable to collect and contain fluids on Caterpillar products. Dispose of all fluids according to local regulations and mandates. 1. Drain the coolant into a suitable container, 2, Dispose of the coolant according to local regulations -u- 3. If equipped, remove the empty SCA maintenance element and remove the element base, Plug the coolant lines or bypass the coolant lines. NOTICE Do not leave an empty SCA maintenance element on a system that is filled with ELC. The element housing may cor an engine failure. de and leak causing Remove the SCA element base and plug off or by- pass the coolant lines. 4 Flush the system with clean wai remove any debris. 5. Use Caterpillar cleaner for cooling systems in order to clean the system. Follow the instruction on the label. in order to 6, Drain the cleaner into a suitable container. Flush the cooling system with clean water. NOTE: Deposits that remain in the system may be loosened and removed by the Cat ELC 7. In systems with heavy deposits, it may be necessary to disconnect the hoses. Clean the deposits and debris from the hoses and the fittings. Install the hoses and tighten the hos Refer to Specifications, SENR3130, "Torque Specifications" for the proper torques. Pipe threads, may also need to be cleaned and sealed. Seal the threads with SP-3413 Pipe Sealant. 8. Fill the cooling system with clean water and operate the engine until the engine is warmed to 49°C to 66°C (120°F to 151°F). NOTICE Improper or incomplete rinsing of the cooling system can result in damage to copper and other metal components. To avoid damage to the cooling system, make sure to completely flush the cooling system with clear water, Continue to flush the system until all signs of the cleaning agent are gone. SEBDOSIS-099, Drain the cooling system into a suitable container and flush the cooling system with clean wate NOTICE The cooling system cleaner must be thoroughly flushed from the cooling system. Cooling system cleaner that is left in the system will contaminate the coolant. The cleaner may also corrode the cooling system. 10, Repeat Steps § and 9 until the system is completely clean, 11. Fill the cooling system with Cat ELC. 12, Operate the engine until the engine is warmed, While the engine is running, inspect the engine for leaks, Tighten hose clamps and connections in order to stop any leaks, 13, Attach the Special Publication, PEEPS027, "Label" to the cooling system filler for the engine in order to indicate the use of Cat ELC. NOTE: Clean water is the only flushing agent that is, required when Cat ELC is drained from the cooling system. Cat ELC Cooling System Contamination NOTICE Mixing ELC with other products reduces the effectiveness of the ELC and shortens the ELC service life. Use only Caterpillar products or commercial products that have passed the Caterpillar EC-1 specification for premixed or concentrate coolants. Use only Cat ELC Extender with Cat ELC. Do NOT mix brands or types of coolants. Failure to follow these recommendations cam result In shortened cooling system component lite. Cat ELC cooling systems can withstand contamination to a maximum of ten percent of conventional heavy-duty coolantiantifteeze and/or SCA before the advantages of Cat ELC are reduced. Ifthe contamination exceeds ten percent of the total system capacity, perform ONE of the following procedures: -2- + If cooling system contamination is caused by cooling system damage, follow the procedures under the "Changing to Cat ELC” heading. Also follow the procedures under the "Changing to Cat ELC” heading if the engine bas been operated since being contaminated with more than ten percent conventional heavy-duty coolant/antifieeze and/or SCA. Certain types of cooling system contamination may require cooling system. tear-down and manual cleaning of system components. If the cooling system is contaminated with m than ten percent conventional heavy-duty coolant/antifreeze and/or SCA, but the engine hasn't been operated, drain the cooling system into a suitable container. Dispose of the coolant according to local regulations. Thoroughly flush the system with clean water, Fill the system with Cat ELC. + Maintain the system as a conventional DEAC (Diesel Engine Antifteeze/Coolant) or other conventional coolant. Ifthe SCA concentration is less than three percent, treat the system with an SCA. Maintain three to six percent SCA concentration in the coolant. Change the coolant at the interval that is recommended for Cat DEAC ot at the interval that is recommended for the conventional commercial coolants.” ‘Commercial Extended Life Coolant If Cat ELC is not used, then select a commercial extended life coolant that meets the Caterpillar specification of EC-1 and the "ASTM D6210" specification. Do not use an extended life coolant that does not meet the EC-1 specification. Follow the ‘maintenance guide for the coolant from the supplier of the commercial extended life coolant. Follow the Caterpillar guidelines for the quality of water and the specified coolant change interval. SEBDOSIS-09Diesel Engine Antifreeze/Coolant and Coolant Addit yes Cat DEAC (Diesel Engine Antifreeze/Coolant) Caterpillar recommends using Cat DEAC for cooling systems that require a high performance conventional heavy-duty coolanvantifreeze. Cat DEAC is an alkaline single-phase ethylene glycol type antifreeze that contains corrosion inhibitors and antifoam agents. Cat DEAC is formulated with the correct amount of Cat SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additive). Do not use Cat SCA at the initial fill when Cat DEAC is used, Containers of several sizes are available. See page 18 for available quantities and part numbers. Tf concentrated Cat DEAC is used, Caterpillar recommends mixing the concentrate with distilled \ater or with deionized water. If distilled water ot deionized water is not available, use water whici has the required properties. For the water properties see this publication, "General Coolant Information.” NOTE: The concentrated Cat DEAC and the recommended water must be thoroughly mixed prior to filling the cooling system. Supplemental Coolant Additive The use of SCA (supplemental coolant additive) helps to prevent the following conditions from occurring: + Conrosion + Formation of mineral deposits + Cavitation erosion of the cylinder liners + Foaming of the coolant Cat DEAC is formulated with the correct level of Cat SCA. When the cooling system is initially filled with Cat DEAC, adding more Cat SCA is not necessary until the concentration of Cat SCA has been depleted. To ensure that the correct amount of Cat SCA is in the cooling system, the concentration of Cat SCA must be tested on a scheduled basis. Refer to the specific engine's Operation and Maintenance Manual, "Maintenance Interval Schedule” (Maintenance Section). Cat SCA maintenance elements and containers of Cat SCA are available in several sizes. See page 24 for available quantities and part mumbers. NOTE: Do not exceed six percent maximum concentration of SCA. -23- ‘Conventional Coolant/ Antifreeze Cooling System ‘Maintenance NOTICE ‘Never operate an engine without water temperature regulators in the cooling system. ‘Water temperature regulators hetp to maintain the engine coolant at the proper operating temperature. Cooling system problems can develop without water temperature regulators. ‘Check the coolant/antifreeze (glycol concentration) in’ order to ensure adequate protection against boiling or freezing, Caterpillar recommends the use of a refractometer for checking the glycol concentration. Use the Coolant/Battery Tester/Refractometer (245-5829), The tester gives readings in both degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit that are immediate and accurate. The tester can be used with ethylene or with propylene glycol. Caterpillar engine cooling systems should be tested at 250 hour intervals or at the PM level 1 intervals for the concentration of Supplemental Coolant Additive (SCA). SCA test kits are available from your Caterpillar dealer. Test the concentration of SCA or submit a coolant sample to your Caterpillar dealer at 250 hour intervals or at the intervals for PM Level 1 Refer to this publication "5-0'S Services Coolant Analysis" for more information on this topic. Additions of SCA are based on the results of the test ‘or based on the results of the coolant analysis, An SCA that is liquid or a maintenance element for an SCA (if equipped) may be needed at 250 hour intervals or at the intervals for PM Level 1. Figure 23 lists the amount of Cat SCA that is needed at the initial fll in order to teat coolant/antifteeze. These amounts of Cat SCA ate for systems that use heavy-duty coolantantifieeze. Figure 23 also lists additions of supplemental coolant additive for liquid and for maintenance elements at 250 hour intervals or at the intervals for PM Level 1 The additions are required for Cat DEAC and for commercial coolant/antifieezes. NOTE: Conventional heavy-duty coolant/antifreeze of all types REQUIRE periodic additions of SCA. SEBDOSIS-09Caterpillar SCA Requirements for Heavy-Duty Coolant Caterpillar Liquid SCA ‘Spin-on Element at] Cooling System 250 Service Hour Capacity in L (US Gal) Initial Fut) 250 Service Hour or | or intervals Intervals for PM Level 1" sor PM Level 4 D0 301 (e108) 0.951 (2 floz) 0241 (Blox) 4111-23700) a11038L (10) 1.48 L (40 fl 02) 0.36 L (12 flo) 111-2369) 391049 L(111013) 1.42 L (48 fl 2) 0.36 L (12 fl oz) 4144-23690 30 64L(14t017) 1.90. (64 f1 02) 0.47 L (16 flo) on-33680 esto 891 (181022) 2.37 L (60 fl oz) 0.60 L (20 ft oz) an-23710) 8410 1141 (23 1030) 3.32 L (12 fl oz) 0.95 L (32 fl oz) ona7i8® ‘475 (160 f1 02) 1.18 L (40 fl 0) two units 115 to 163 L (31 t0 43) 444-2371) 7.201 (256 fi oz 1.90 L (64 fl o7 ‘two units 16410 242 | (44 to 64) (256 f1 02) 40m qwounits, (1) when the coolant system is first filed, the SCA isnot required to be used with Cat DEAC or with fully formulated coolants ‘that meet the ‘ASTM D6210-04" specification. (2) Do not exceed the six percent maximum concentration. Check the concentration of SCA with an SCA test kt, or check the concentration of SCA with Cat SOS Coolant Analysis, (©) Do not use the maintenance element for the SCA and the liquid for the SCA atthe same time. Fig. 29: Caterpillar SCA Requirements for Heavy-Duty Coolant. NOTE: Specific engine applications may require Caterpillar Liquid SCAT maintenance practices to be periodically evaluated in Part Numb Size of Conta order to properly maintain the engine’s cooling art Number_| _Size of Container system. ev-3542 0.261 (62) 3 5 87-1569 0.47 L (16 02) Refer to Figure 23 and Figure 24 for part numbers and ap-204e 94 202) for quantities of SCA maintenance elements and liquid : sca 217-0616, 1L G4 02) 237-7673 5L(13US oa) 180-3600 191 (0US gal) 217-0617 201 (5.3 US gal) 52907 208 L (85 US gal) 217-0618, 206 L (55 US gal) (1) he availabilty of part numbers will vary rom one ‘region to another region, Fig. 2¢: Caterpillar Liquid SCA container sizes. 24 SEBDOSIS-09Cooling Systems with Larger Capacities Adding the Supplemental Coolant Additive to Conventional Coolant/Antifreeze at the Initial Fil NOTE: When the coolant system is first filled, the SCA is not required to be used with Cat DEAC or with fully formulated coolants that meet the "ASTM 6210-04" specification, NOTE: Do not exceed six percent maximum concentration. Check the concentration of SCA with, an SCA test kit, or check the concentration of SCA with CAT S-OS coolant analysis. Commercial heavy-duty coolant/antifreeze that meets only the "ASTM D4985" specification WILL require adding supplemental coolant additive at the initial fill. Read the label or the instructions that are provided by the manufacturer of the commercial heavy-duty coolantiantifieeze. Use the equation that is in Figure 25 to determine the amount of Cat SCA that is required when the cooling system is initially filled with fluids that following specification: Equation for Adding the Cat SCA to Conventional Coolant / Antifreeze at the Initial Fill Vx 0.045 =X Vis the total volume of the cooling system. Xs the amount of Cat SCA that is required Fig. 25: Equation for Adding the Cat SCA at Initial Fl Figure 26 is an example for usi in Figure the equation that is, Example of the Equation for Adding the Cat SCA Test the coolanvantifreeze periodically for the concentration of supplemental coolant additive. For the interval, see the Operation and Maintenance ‘Manual, Maintenance Interval Schedule for y engine. Supplemental coolant additive test kits are available from your Caterpillar dealer. Test the concentration of supplemental coolant additive or submit a coolant sample to your Caterpillar dealer. Refer to, in this publication, "S-O'S Services Coolant Analysis” topic Additions of supplemental coolant additive are based ‘on the results of the test or based on the results of the coolant analysis. The size of the cooling system determines the amount of supplemental coolant additive that is needed. Use the equation that is in Figure 27 to determine the amount of Cat SCA that is required, if necessary. Equation for Adding the Cat SCA to Conventional Coolant / Antifreeze for Maintenance Vx0.014=X Vie the total volume ofthe cooling system. is the amount of Cat SCA thats required Fig. 27: Equation for Adding the Cat SCA for Maintenance. Figure 28 is an example for using the equation that is in Figure 27 NOTE: Specific engine applications may require ‘maintenance practices to be periodically evaluated in order to properly maintain the engine’s cooling system. Figure 24 lists part aumbers and the sizes of containers for Cat SCA that is available from your Caterpillar dealer to Gonveionl Golan Antiveces athena il Total Volume Amount of Cat cttne Costing | Mltbleation | See tet ‘system required 6) wwet asoussan) 008 | a Shay Example of the Equation for Adding the Cat SCA to Conventional Coolant / Antifreeze for Maintenance| Total Volume ‘Amount of Cat of the Cooling SCA that is ‘System (V) Required (X) Fig, 26: Example of Equation for adding CAT SCA at initial Adding the supplemental coolant additive to Conventional Coolant/Antifreeze for Maintenance Heavy-duty coolant/antifreeze of all types REQUIRE periodic additions of a supplemental coolant additive -25- 9461 (250 Us gan Fig. 28: Example of the Equation for Adding the Cat SCA for Maintenance. SEBDOSIS-09Cleaning of Heavy-Duty Coolant/Antifveeze Systems Before Caterpillars supplemental coolant additive can be effective, the cooling system must be free from rust, scale and other deposits. Preventive cleaning helps avoid downtime caused by expensive out-of-service cleaning required for extremely dirty and neglected cooling systems. Caterpillar Coolin System Cleaner - Standard: + Dissolves or depresses mineral scale, corrosion products, light oil contamination, and sludge, + Cleans the cooling system after used coolant is drained or before the cooling system is filled with, new coolant. + Cleans the cooling system whenever the coolant is contaminated or whenever the coolant is foaming. + Cleans engine while still in service. + Reduces downtime and cleaning costs, + Avoid costly repairs from pitting and other internal problems caused by improper cooling system ‘maintenance, + Can be used with glycol-based antifreeze + For the recommended service interval, refer to the Operation and Maintenance Manval, "Maintenance Interval Schedule” for your engine. Caterpillar Cooling System Cleaner - Standard is designed to clean the system of harmful scale and corrosion without taking the engine out of service. The cleaners . both "Standard" and "Quick Flush,” can be used in all Caterpillar Engine cooling systems. Contact your Caterpillar dealer for part numbers, NOTE: These cleaners must not be used in systems that have been neglected or have heavy scale buildup. These systems require a stronger commercial solvent available from local distributors. Follow label directions for proper usage. -26- ‘Commercial Heavy-Duty Coolant/Antifreeze and ‘Supplemental Coolant Additive If Cat DEAC is not used, select a coolantlantifieeze ‘itt, low silicate content for heavy-duty applications that meets "ASTM D6210" or "ASTM D4985" specifications. ‘When a heavy-duty coolant/antifreeze is used, treat the ‘cooling system with three to six per cent Cat SCA by volume. Maintain a concentration level of SCA in the ‘cooling system that is between three percent and six. percent. For more information refer to, in this, publication, "Conventional Coolant/ Antifreeze Cooling System Maintenance” topic. If Cat SCA is not used, select a commercial supplemental coolant additive. The commercial supplemental coolant additive must provide a ‘minimum of 1400 mg/L or 1400 ppm (82 grains/US gal) of nitrites in the final coolant mixture, ‘Maintain a concentration level of nitrates in the ‘cooling system that is between 1200 ppm (70 grains/US gal) and 2400 ppm (140 grains/US gal), Coolant/antifreeze for heavy-duty applications that meet only the "ASTM 4985" specification WILL require treatment with supplemental coolant additive at the initial fill. These coolants WILL require treatment with supplemental coolant additive on a maintenance basis. Coolant/antifreezes for heavy-duty applications that meet the "ASTM D6210" specification do not require ‘teatment with supplemental coolant additive at the initial fill. Treatment with supplemental coolant additive WILL be required on a maintenance basis. ‘When concentrated coolantantifreeze is mixed, Caterpillar recommends mixing the concentrate with, distilled water or with deionized water. If distilled water or deionized water is not available, water which has the required properties may be used. For the water properties, see. in this publication, "General Coolant Information" topic. SEBDOSIS-09Water and Supplemental Coolant Additive NOTICE All Caterpillar diesel engines equipped with air-to- air aftercooling (ATAAC) require a minimum of 30 percent glycol to prevent water pump cavitation. NOTE: Caterpillar recommends a minimum of 30 percent glycol in diesel engine cooling systems. Refer to engine specific Operation and Maintenance Manwals for exceptions. NOTICE Never use water alone without Supplemental Coolant Additives (SCA). Water alone is corrosive at engine operating temperatures. Water alone does not provide adequate protection against boiling or freezing. Tn engine cooling systems that use water alone, Caterpillar recommends the use of Cat SCA. Cat SCA helps to prevent the following conditions from occurring: + Corrosion + Formation of mineral deposits + Cavitation erosion of the cylinder liner + Foaming of the coolant If Cat SCA is not used, select a commercial supplemental coolant additive. The commercial supplemental coolant additive must provide a minimum of 2400 mg/L or 2400 ppm (140 grains/US gal) of nitrites in the final coolant mixture. The quality of the water is a very important factor in this type of cooling system, Distilled water or deionized water is recommended for use in cooling systems. If distilled water or deionized water is not available, use the recommended water properties in this publication, "General Coolant Information” topic for water that meets the minimum requirement, A cooling system that uses a mixture of supplemental coolant additive and water only needs more supplemental coolant additive than a cooling system that uses a mixture of glycol and water. The supplemental coolant additive concentration in a cooling system that uses supplemental coolant additive and water should be six to eight percent by volume. Refer to Figure 29 for the amount of supplemental coolant additive that is required for various capacities of the cooling system. Refer to Figure 30 for part numbers and for container sizes of SCA. 2. Caterpillar SCA Requirements for Cat SCA and Water Cooling Systems Geeting System | cat ScA at nia Fu | SSCA HP isesga | 175M | aaeLcsmon Ca ee bay | 220L(@0H0H) | osrL omen ry | B00L(eonen) | a7sLasmon (at, | saoLatme | east @encn ee ae gay | 860K Z2Aher) | 165 L 5M 0%) cotese us gay | STL RIA) | 210L eMC eee) | MsoLemnen | 200LEoHon ereIL | tso0t@rzmen | s75uczenen (9) be not exceed ine ight percent maximum concentration, ‘Supplemental coolant adv or perform an SOS Coolant nays Fig. 29: Caterpillar SCA Requirements for Cat SCA in Water. Caterpillar Liquid SCA) Part Number | Size of Container 6v.3542 024 L (8 02) 87-1589 0.47 L (1602) 3P-2048 0.94 L (8202) 217.0616 1L (34.02) 237-7673 5L(1.3US gal) 3¢-3680 19 L (6.0 US gal) 217-9617 20 (5.3 US gal) 5P.2907 208 L (55 US gal) 217-0618 208 L (55 US gal) (1) The availabilty of part numbers will vary from one region to another region. Fig. 30: Catepilar Liquid SCA Container Sizes. Maintain the Cat SCA in the same way as you would ‘maintain a cooling system that uses heavy-duty coolant/antifteeze. Adjust the maintenance for the amount of Cat SCA additions. See Figure 29 for the amount of Cat SCA that is required. SEBDOSIS-09Cooling Systems with Larger Capacities Adding the Cat SCA to Water af the Initial FUL Use the equation that is in Figure 31 to determine the amount of Cat SCA that is required at the initial fill. This equation is for @ mixture of only Cat SCA and water Adding the Cat SCA to Water for Maintenance For the recommended serviee interval, refer tothe Operation and Maintenance Manual, "Maintenance Interval Schedule" for your engine. Submit 2 coolant sample to your Caterpillar dealer. See, inthis publication, $-0°S Services Coolant Analysis Equation Tor Adding the Cat SCA fo Water ‘at the Initial Fill Additions of Cat SCA are based on the results of the Vx0.07 Vis the total volume ofthe cooling system, Xs the amount of Cat SCA that is required coolant analysis. The size of the cooling system determines the amount of Cat SCA that is required. Fig. 81: Equation for CAT SCA atthe Initial Fil Figure 32 is an example for using the equation that is in Figure 31 Example of The Equation for Adding Cat ‘SCA to Water at the Initial Fill Total Volume Amount of Cat of the Cooling ‘SCA that is ‘System (V) Required (X) oo seL@souS aan] x0.07 (ive Fig. 32: Example of the Equation for Acting the Cat SCA at the Initial Fi Use the equation that is in Figure 33 to determine the amount of Cat SCA that is required for maintenance, if necessary’ Equation for Adding the Cat SCA to Water for Maintenance Vx 0.023 = X Vis te total volume ofthe cooling system. Xie the amount of Cat SCA tats required Fig. 33: Equation for adding Cat SCA to Water for Naiintenance Figure 34 is an example for using the equation that is igure 33. Example of the Equation for Adding Cat SCA to Water for Maintenance Total Volume: Amount of Cat Multiplication of the Cooling | Muipreat ‘SCA that is. ‘Systom (V) Required (x) mL 9461 (@s0US gan] x0.023 (60S gay Fig. 34: Example of the Equation for adding Cat SCA to Water {of Maintenance. NOTE: Specific engine applications may require ‘maintenance practices to be periodically evaluated in ‘order to properly maintain the engine’s cooling system. Figure 30 lists part numbers and the sizes of containers for Cat SCA that are available from your Caterpillar dealer. -28- SEBDOSIS-09S:0'S Service Coolant Analysis Testing the engine coolant is important to ensure that the engine is protected from internal cavitation and corrosion. The analysis also tests the ability of the coolant to protect the engine from boiling and freezing. S-O'S coolant analysis can be done at your Caterpillar dealer. Caterpillar $-O- coolant analysis is the best way to monitor the condition of your coolant and your cooling system. $-O'S coolant analysis is a program based on periodic samples. NOTICE Do not use the same vacuum sampling pump for extracting off samples that is used for extracting coolant samples. A small residue of either type sample may remain in the pump and may cause a false positive analysis for the sample being taken. Always use a designated pump for of sampling and a designated pump for coolant sampling. Failure to do so may cause a false analysis which could lead to customer and dealer concerns. ‘New, Refilled, and Converted Systems Perform an $-O'S coolant analysis (Level 2) at the following maintenance intervals. + Every Year + Initial $00 service hours Perform this analysis at the interval that occurs first for new systems, for refilled systems, or for converted systems that use Cat ELC or use Cat DEAC. This 500 hour check will also check for any residual cleaner that may have contaminated the system. Recommended Interval for $-O-S Coolant Sampling Recommended Interval Type of Coolant | Level t Level? CATDEAC | Every 250hours(1)| Yearly (112) CAT ELC ‘Optional (2) Yearly?) (nis the recommended coolant sampling interval ‘conventional heavy duty coolanvantreze, This is ais the recommended coolant sampling Interval for commertat Coolants that meet Cat EC-(Englne Coolant specications - 1) (2)the Level 2 Coolant Analysis should be performed sooner ita problem is suspected or identified Fig. 36: Recommended Interval for 8-08 Coolant Sampling. -29- NOTE: Check the SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additive) of the conventional coolant at every oil change or at every 250 hours. Perform this check at the interval that occurs first. S-O'S Coolant Analysis (Level 1) A coolant analysis (Level 1) is a test of the properties of the coolant The following properties of the coolant are tested: + Glycol concentration for freeze protection and boil protection + Ability to protect from erosion and corrosion + pH + Conductivity + Visual analysis, + Odor analysis, + Water hardness The results are reported, and appropriate recommendations are made. S-O'S Coolant Analysis (Level 2) A coolant analysis (Level 2) is a comprehensive chemical evaluation of the coolant. This analysis is also a check of the overall condition of the inside of the cooling system. The S.0'S coolant analysis has the following features + Full coolant analysis (Level 1) + Identification of the source of metal corrosion and of contaminants + Identification of buildup of the impurities that cause corrosion + Identification of buildup of the impurities that cause scaling + Determination of the possibility of electrolysis within the cooling system of the engine ‘The results are reported, and appropriate recommendations are made. For more information on $:0'S coolant analysis, consult your Caterpillar dealer. SEBDOSIS-09Caterpillar Conditioner Elements NOTE: Do NOT use SCA precharge or SCA maintenance elements with Cat ELC. Do NOT use liquid SCA with Cat ELC. When using Cat DEAC. no precharge elements are required. Caterpillar DEAC contains the necessary amount of supplemental coolant additives at initial fill. However, maintenance elements are still available, Using the wrong size element can result in over concentration of additives Supplemental coolant additive maintenance element assemblies are also available from Caterpillar for use instead of liquid coolant additives in some applications. Element assemblies are in a dried state. The contents of these element assemblies dissolve into the coolant when the coolant passes through the element. Use precharge elements at original fill, and use other elements as maintenance items at specific service intervals. Elements can be identified by part number or element length. In marine applications, Caterpillar recommends using a liquid supplemental coolant additive. Fig. 36: Supplemental Coolant Additive Element Assembly. At original fill, precharge elements can be used with commercial coolants that meet only’ "ASTM D4985" specifications for heavy-duty coolants that require a precharge with SCA. The precharge establishes a protection level between a minimum of 0.030 liter per 3.8 liters (1.0 ounce per gallon) and a maximum of 0.059 liter per 3.8 liters (2.0 ounces per gallon). Use precharge elements only at original fll or after the system has been drained and refilled. =30- Precharge elements are necessary at original fill and afier the system has been drained and refilled because ‘maintenance elements do not supply sufficient amounts of coolant additives. If the cooling system lacks the necessary concentration of coolant additives, some surfaces have protection against corrosion and pitting atthe expense of other surfaces ‘Supplemental Coolant Additive Elements By Capacity [Cooling System] _ Initial 250 Hour Capacity | Precharge Maintonance liter (gal) _| Element Qty | Element Qty za0(es) | tzems | 4 | ea | 4 ssaet) | iams | 1) mez | 4 souo(rtas) | ones | 1) tata 4 sosaqrei7) | onsaes | 1 | ONS3S | esas(ie22) | owsuer 1) tttaat e4-114;2390) | eNaseT 1) NSTI | vires @iaa) | owase7 2 | tte | saraesisrasy | twessie 1 | tttaat | a te5.242 (04-64) | ONE) 2 | ONSTIO | 2 (9 wnen using Caterpillar Antifreeze, no precharge eloments are required Fig. 37: Supplemental Coolant Additive Elements by Capacity. NOTE: One 9N-3668 base assembly is required for all capacities listed, except for 117-163 liters (31-43 gallons) and 166-242 liters (44-64 gallons), each of which require two base assemblies. Also, all capacities require two 9N-3666 Valve Assemblies, A 3% to 6% concentration of liquid supplemental coolant additive is required during the original fill of the cooling system mixture. This initial concentration of supplemental additive is vital. Ifthe concentration of additive is too high, insoluble salts form and can cause wear on water pump seal surfaces. Engine damage can also result when the concentration of supplemental coolant additive or antifreeze exceeds recommended levels, NOTE: Higher aluminum content engines require silicates to protect aluminum surfaces. Supplemental coolant additive used on these engines must pass the following tests: ASTM D1384 - Glassware corrosion test ASTM D2809 - Cavitation Erosion Of Aluminum, ASTM D4340 - Hot Surface Corrosion Of Aluminum In addition, the additives must control cast iron cylinder liner and block pitting, and cavitation erosion SEBDOSIS-09Fig. 38: Water Pump Seal Deterioration, Over a period of time, the concentration of coolant additives is depleted. This depletion occurs because additives deplete during the coating of metal surfaces, and from continuously neutralizing acids that form in the system. Therefore, to maintain constant protection, it is necessary to periodically replenish the additive concentration. Either replace the initial precharge element with the maintenance element or add 0.47 liter (1 pint) of additive for every 75.8 liters (20 US. gallons) of coolant at recommended intervals. ‘Normal recommended intervals are 16,000 to 19,000 Kilometers (10,000 to 12,000 miles), or at 250 Service Meter Hours. Follow container instructions for the correct concentration <31- ‘Supplemental Coolant Additive Precharge Element “Ascemblies Avallable from Caterplar PartNo. | Besernion | Amount | Length of ouante | pmcageeemen | ASS | Wane ow3367 | Peta Ement age awerad | Pete Bement Tear W551) | rece Sonent 3an8 ‘isan |_Prochge Bement eer ‘asa | Poche emt ‘ia08 | Pach net ‘Supplemental Coolant Additive Maintenance Element ‘Assemblies Available from Caterpillar Part No. Description eeu | Cent onasee | mantnanca coment | {38 Bam ouaria | waitenance Cement | 2208 a 111206 | maintranee enon | 89, 0m vaso | wamenoneceienent | g28) eae Fig. 38: Coolant Additives and Element Assemblies Chart NOTE: Soluble oil must not be used as a supplemental coolant additive in Caterpillar engines. Soluble oil damages the radiator hoses and certain engine seals, Also, soluble oil does not lubricate pump bearings or protect engine parts from damage caused by cavitation erosion SEBDOSIS-09Functional Effects ‘Without careful selection and maintenance of coolant, certain functional effects can cause problems in the cooling system. Coolant mixtures must be formulated to minimize the possibility of problems like: + pitting and cavitation-erosion + rust + acidity + alkalinity imbalance + galvanic and electrolytic corrosion + scale and deposit formation + eration Using acceptable water and correct additives helps Fig. 42: Rust and scale deposits, due to the absence of prevent these functional effects. supplemental coolant additive, caused temperature regulators tofail, Fig. 40: Cylinder liner walls with heavy external scale may have areas that ate free of seale and are experiencing Cavitation erosion induced pitting corrosion, 43: Corrosion on a water pump passage due to lack of ‘supplemental coolant additive in the cooling system. NOTE: CAT ELC does not require treatment with SCA in order to provide cooling system protection, Conventional coolants DO require periodic additions of SCA to maintain cooling system protection Fig. 4: Careful examination of what appears to be small surface pits in Fig. 37 wll reveal large underlying holes in the liner wall, This is called concentration cell pitting corrosion, -32-Corrosion is a chemical or electrochemical action that gradually wears away metal surfaces in the cooling system. In some instances, corrosion can eventually destroy an engine. All cooling system components need protection from corrosion. Supplemental coolant additives are used to protect metal surfaces. They coat these surfaces and prevent the formation of scale, rust, and cavitation erosion. Types of cooling system corrosion are pitting and cavitation erosion, rust, acidity-alkalinity imbalance caused erosion, and galvanic and electrolytic cortosion. Other functional effects of coolants with no, or low, levels of supplemental coolant additives are aeration and the formation of scale and deposits. Pitting and Cavitation-Erosion Electrical current flow in a localized area is one of the causes of pitting corrosion. Pitting is the most damaging type of corrosion. After pitting has progressed for any appreciable length of time, there is, no practical way to stop pitting before perforation takes place. Because one ampere of current flowing for thirty hours removes one ounce of iron, current flow concentrated on a small area is very destructive, Therefore, prevention is the best policy. Erosion-corrosion is a combination of mechanical and chemical of electrochemical action that causes corrosion. Cavitation is a particular type of erosion-corrosion and a common cause of cylinder wall pitting Fig. 44: Examy of eyinder wall cavitation-erosion. Fig. 45: Example of cylinder wall cavitation-erosion. -33- SEBDOSIS-09Cavitation of the cylinder wall begins when ait bubbles remove the wall's protective oxide film. Flexing of the cylinder wall after the fuel mixture explodes in the combustion chamber causes cylinder ‘wall vibration and creates air bubbles in the coolant. Concentration of air bubbles increases when cooling system pressure is low or when the system leaks. Also, increased vibration amplifies the quantity of air bubbles. Vibration multiplies when the engine is run cold, because of increased piston-to-cylinder clearance. Vibration also multiplies when the engine is Ingged These air bubbles form on the outside of the cylinder wall (perpendicular to the wrist pin) and then explode inward (implode). When air bubbles continue to implode, sufficient energy is released to physically attack the cylinder wall and remove the oxide film. Bal, 20 G 1. Bubble a 4. Eventual aon Fig. 46: Progression of cavitation and pitting on eylinder wall Corrosion and pitting then take place at a high rate Eventually, a pit can become deep enough to break through the cylinder wall and allow coolant to leak into the cylinder, This coolant leak contaminates the lubricating oil. Fig. 47: Eventually a pit can penetrate the cylinder wall and allow coolant to leak Into the cylinder. Supplemental coolant additives coat metal surfaces, and control cavitation-erosion and pitting, Unfortunately, small particles or ferrous scale often shield the surfaces underneath from the protective action of coolant additives. If this condition persists pits can form. Keeping your cooling system clean, along with regularly replenishing your coolant additives, helps prevent pitting, However, if coolant additives are not added at the proper intervals and in correct quantities (see page 24), cavitation erosion and pitting intensifies. Eventually, coolant can penetrate the cylinder wall and cause major damage to the engine. Cat SCA helps prevent pitting when the system is filled with either Cat DEAC or commercial heavy-

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