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Analysis of Phisiological determinants during an International Brazilian Jiu-

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Article in International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · July 2015

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 International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport
2015, 15, 489-500.

45-344.

Analysis of physiological determinants during an

international Brazilian Jiu-jitsu competition

Francisco Javier Diaz-Lara1, Juan del Coso2, José Manuel García1 and Javier Abián-
Vicén3

1Sport Training Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences. University of Castilla-La

Mancha, Toledo. Spain.
2
Exercise Physiology Laboratory. Sport Science Institute. Camilo José Cela University.
Madrid, Spain.
3
Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences.
University of Castilla-La Mancha. Toledo. Spain.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the physical and physiological
demands of a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) competition. Twenty-six expert
male BJJ athletes competing in the 2013 European Open Jiu-Jitsu
Championship participated in the study. Before and after an official fight,
maximal handgrip strength and maximal height during a
countermovement jump (CMJ) were measured. Blood samples were
obtained just after the fight and after 10 min of passive recovery to assess
blood lactate concentration and clearance. Handgrip force (from 49.65 to
44.85 kgf; P < 0.01) and maximal CMJ height (from 34.0 ± 5.2 to 30.8 ± 6.7
cm; P < 0.001) were significantly reduced from pre-to-post fight. Lactate
concentration at the end of the fight (14.8 ± 3.2 mmol·L -1) was progressively
cleared at a rate of 0.45 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1·min-1. In conclusion, an official
BJJ fight causes measurable muscle fatigue in both upper- and lower-body
extremities. Moreover, energy production during a BJJ fight greatly relies
on the glycolytic pathway and thus the rate of blood lactate clearance could
be a determinant physiological factor for success in this sport.

Key words: Muscle performance, combat sports, training load, blood lactate,
glycolysis.

1. Introduction

Brazilian Jiu-jitsu (BJJ) is a self-defense art and competitive sport based on taking your
opponent to the ground, achieving positional control by continuous grappling, and
applying submission holds involving joint locks and chokeholds until one of the
contestants surrenders. In the absence of a submission at the end of the fight, the winner
is declared according to the number of points gained (Del Vecchio, Bianchi, Masashi
Hirata, and Trainá Chacon-Mikahil, 2007; Jones and Ledford, 2012). Like other combat

489
sports, most of the grappling is performed with both opponents on the mat where physical
differences in strength can be offset using the mechanical advantage provided by
submission techniques. Once the opponent is on the ground, a number of maneuvers and
counter-maneuvers are available to manipulate the adversary into a suitable position for
the application of a submission technique. At present, BJJ is practiced by thousands of
athletes worldwide, however, very few scientific studies have been designed to gain an
understanding of the physical and physiological demands of this sport (Jones and
Ledford, 2012; Andreato et al., 2011).

The duration of a BJJ fight in official championships for adults graded as purple, brown
and black belts are 7, 8 and 10 minutes, respectively (International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
Federation, 2014). During the fight the athletes perform high intensity actions, most or
many of which are based on strong isometric as well as dynamic contractions (concentric
and eccentric), in both the upper and lower extremities, interspersed with short periods
of pauses (when the participants leave the mat) or lower intensity actions. A BJJ fight
comprises periods of 170 s of activity followed by 13 ± 6 s pause (Del Vecchio et al.,
2007). Thus, much of the energy production during the fight mostly relies on the
glycolytic pathway because the effort/pause ratio is not sufficient to fully restore the
phosphagen systems (Andreato et al., 2013). Furthermore, the ability to tolerate low
intramuscular and blood pH values is crucial during a BJJ combat in order to maintain
muscle strength and power during the fight, especially given the high demands of official
competition (Jones and Ledford, 2012).

During an official tournament, a successful fighter has to perform several fights in a row
as he/she reaches successive rounds. In international competitions, the winner has to
compete in between 4 and 6 fights on the same day where the recovery time between
combats is relatively short: up to the semi-finals, the time between consecutive fights
could be only 10 min but a 20 min recovery is allowed between the semi-final and the
final (International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation, 2014). Therefore, not only the
production capacity but also the rate of blood lactate clearance might be a decisive
physiological factor for determining success in BJJ. Superior blood lactate clearance
could facilitate the attainment of an appropriate intramuscular pH before the next fight
(Pereira et al., 2011).

Another key characteristic of this sport is the need for high values of isometric strength
in the upper extremities to maintain a continuous grip on the opponent’s gi (e.g, uniform).
In the course of a fight, the athlete maintains a strong grip on different parts of the
opponent’s body in order to perform new ways of attack, defense, counter-attacks, etc.
(Oliveira, Moreira, Godoy, and Cambraia, 2006). Recently, it has been suggested that
expert BJJ athletes (with great experience, training status, and competition level)
presented higher values of isometric handgrip strength than a group of novice BJJ fighters
(Diaz-Lara, García, Monteiro, and Abián-Vicén, 2014). For these reasons, static and
dynamic grip strength, and gripping endurance (the capacity of the muscles responsible
for the grip on the gi to perform a maximal or submaximal contraction for an extended
period) are necessary to compete effectively in this sport.

Apart from maintaining strength in the upper limbs, the continuous movements across the
mat to attain an advantageous position over the opponent require high values of explosive

490
strength in the lower limbs. In fact, it has been suggested that the decisive
movements/actions that determine the result of the fight (guard passes, sweeps,
submissions etc) are based on explosive strength and power (Andreato et al., 2013; Del
Vecchio et al., 2007); and expert BJJ fighters have more power and explosive strength in
their leg muscles than novice fighters because they are able to generate more peak power
and more height in a countermovement jump (CMJ) (Diaz-Lara et al., 2014). Based upon
this previous scientific information, the aim of this study was to investigate the physical
and physiological demands of a BJJ fight, by determining how a BJJ competition affects
upper- and lower-body muscle strength and maximum production and clearance of blood
lactate.

2. Material an Methods

2.1. Participants
A total of 26 male BJJ athletes (age: 28.9 ± 4.2 yr, height: 176.1 ± 6.1 cm, body mass:
75.4 ± 9.7 kg, body fat: 9.5 ± 2.1 % and body muscle: 71.2 ± 8.9 %) volunteered to
participate in this investigation. The participants, from 9 different countries, competed in
the 2013 European Open Jiu-Jitsu Championship celebrated in Lisbon (Portugal)
organized by the International Brazilian Jiu-jitsu Federation (IBJJF). All the participants
were categorized as experts in BJJ following the criteria of Diaz-Lara et al. (2014), they
had more than 4 years of BJJ experience (experience: 7.4 ± 3.6 yr.), were from purple to
black belt level (12 were black belts, 6 were brown belts and 8 were purple belts) and had
trained for ~ 2 h · day -1, 4 days · week-1 during the previous year. All this information
was obtained by questionnaire. All participants were informed about the nature and the
purpose of the study, as well as the measurements which were going to be taken. After
that, participants signed a consent form to allow the researchers to take the measurements
and use their data for scientific purposes. The study was approved by the local Research
Ethics Committee, in accordance with the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki
(World Medical Association, 2002).

2.2. Study design

The 2013 European Open Championship (IBJJF) was celebrated in the Casal Vistoso
Pavilion. The organization made available a room near to the competition mat to take all
the measurements. Participants arrived at the measurement room 60 min before the onset
of their first fight in the championship. At this time, body height (SECA Ltd, Germany
with a sensitivity of ± 0.1 cm) and body mass (Radwag, Poland with a sensitivity of ±
0.05 kg scale) were measured. Body composition was calculated by bioimpedance (BC-
418. Tanita Corp. Tokyo. Japan) using established standards and calculating body fat and
body muscle composition for each participant (Moon et al., 2009). Then they performed
a specific warm-up for 20 minutes that replicated their habitual pre-competition routines.
After this, participants performed a maximal hand grip test with a dynamometer and
finally a CMJ test. Once the athletes had finished their first fight in the competition, they
quickly returned to the measurement room to start the post-fight measurement. Within 2
min of the end of the fight, a blood sample was withdrawn from a fingertip to assess post-
fight blood lactate concentration, just after the participants performed the hand grip
strength test and CMJ test. At this time, the athletes made only one attempt, both hand
grip as CMJ, because we wanted this, did not affect much their recovery. Just 10 min after

491
the fight another blood samples was obtained to assess blood lactate clearance during the
recovery period (Figure 1). This recovery time was selected because it represents the
time between combats in official BJJ competitions (International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
Federation, 2014). The athletes were previously familiarized with the measuring
instruments and the protocols used in this investigation.

Figure 1. Research design. (HGS = Hand grip strength; CMJ = Countermovement

jump; LA = Blood lactate sample)

2.3. Handgrip test

In the hand grip strength test, the participants had to grip a manual dynamometer (Takei
scientific instruments co. Japan with an accuracy of 1 N), as hard as possible (maximal
force production). Two attempts were made with the elbow extended, the arm parallel to
the body and the wrist in neutral position according to the indications of several authors
(Espana-Romero et al., 2010; Iglesias, Clavel, Dopico, and Tuimil, 2003; Segura-Orti and
Martinez-Olmos, 2011), and the muscle contraction was maintained for 4 s. There was 1
minute of rest between attempts and the highest value was chosen for the analyses.

2.4. CMJ test

For the CMJ test, the participants jumped on a Quattro Jump force platform (Kistler,
Switzerland; sampling rate of 500 Hz) with their hands on their waist at all times. The
angle of knee flexion during the CMJ was freely chosen by the participant. The highest
jump recorded out of three valid attempts (with 1 min of rest between them) was chosen
for statistical analysis. Average leg muscle power output during the impulse phase, jump
height from flight time, velocity of the center of gravity and force at which peak power
was reached, vertical path of the center of gravity between the first instant of the landing
and the lowest position of the center of gravity during the landing and second peak of
vertical force during the landing were measured.

2.5. Blood lactate measurement

For each blood lactate measurement, a 0.2 µl sample was taken from the fingertip at 2
and 10 minutes after the first fight of the competition. To obtain data on maximum
production of blood lactate, we took as a reference the second minute after the end of the
combat as the peak of lactate production usually occurs between the first and second
minutes after finishing a fight (Bonitch-Dominguez, 2006). The data on blood lactate
clearance was calculated as the difference between the first (2-min post-fight) and the
second measurement (10-min post fight) divided by the time between both measurements
(e.g., 8 min) . The blood lactate concentration was determined using a portable blood
lactate analyzer (Lactate Scout, Germany) with an enzymatic-amperometric biosensor as
the measuring element.

492
2.6. Variables
The dependent variables in the study were, in the hand grip test, maximum force
production generated by the dominant and non-dominant hand (kgf). In the CMJ test, the
following measures were analyzed: Jump height (H) calculated from the flight time
measured in cm; Position of the center of gravity at the highest point in the flight phase
(Hf) measured in cm; Velocity at peak power (V pp) measured in m·s-1; Force at peak
power (Fpp ) measured in N; Average Power (AP) measured in W·kg -1; Vertical path of
the center of gravity in the landing (Lr) measured in cm; and Second peak vertical force
in landing (F2) measured in body weight (BW). The dependent variables analyzed in the
lactate samples were: maximum production of blood lactate before the first fight,
measured in mmol·L -1 and blood lactate clearance, measured in mmol·L -1 per minute. The
moment of testing, before and just after the first fight of the competition, was established
as the independent variable.

2.7. Statistical analysis

The SPSS v. 19.0 program (SPSS Inc., USA) was used to perform the statistical
calculations with descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Initially, normality was tested
in all variables with the Shapiro-Wilk test. After that, Student’s t test for dependent
samples was used to establish the differences in the normally distributed variables
between pre and post fight. For the non-parametric variables, differences between pre
and post fight were established with the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. The
criterion for statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. The effect size was calculated in
all pairwise comparisons according to the formula proposed by Glass, McGaw, and Smith
(1981). The magnitude of the effect size was interpreted using the scale by Cohen (Cohen,
1988): an effect size of lower than 0.2 was considered as small, an effect size of around
0.5 was considered as medium and an effect size of over 0.8 was considered as large. All
the data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

3. Results

Handgrip force was significantly reduced from pre-to-post fight from 49.65 to 44.85 kgf
(P < 0.01). The results of the handgrip strength test measured before and just after the
fight are shown in Table 1. The BJJ fight caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in
handgrip strength production in both, dominant and non-dominant hands. The results
obtained in the variables analyzed during the CMJ test are shown in Table 2. Again, the
BJJ fight produced significant reductions in jump height, velocity at peak power and
average power during the push-off phase (P < 0.05). There was a tendency for a greater
value of F2 when comparing pre- and post-fight measurements. Maximal blood lactate
concentration after the fight was 14.8 ± 3.2 mmol·L-1. Blood lactate concentration
significantly decreased until 11.2 ± 2.9 mmol·L-1 in the measurement performed 10 min
after the fight (P < 0.05). This change in blood lactate concentration represented a blood
lactate clearance of 0.45 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1 ·min-1.

493
Table 1. Handgrip force before and just after an official Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fight. Data
are mean ± SD for 26 expert Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighters.
Effect
Variables Pre-fight Post-fight % Dif. P value
Size

Non-Dominant (kgf) 48.5 ± 5.6 43.7 ± 6.5 -9.2± 7.1 < 0.001* 0.7

Dominant (kgf) 50.8 ± 5.2 46.0 ± 6.1 -9.7± 9.9 < 0.001* 0.8

(*) Different from pre-fight at P < 0.05

Table 2. Performance variables measured during a countermovement jump before and

just after an official Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fight. Data are mean ± SD for 26 expert
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighters.
Effect
Variables Pre fight Post fight %Dif. P
Size
H (cm) 34.0 ± 5.2 30.8 ± 6.7 -9.8 ± 12.4 < 0.001* 0.6

AP (W·kg-1) 26.2 ± 5.0 24.6 ± 4.9 -5.8 ± 12.5 0.023* 0.3

Vpp (m s-1) 2.4 ± 0.2 2.3 ± 0.2 -4.6 ± 6.4 < 0.001* 0.6

Fpp (N) 1546.5 ± 231.2 1579.2 ± 246.9 2.3 ± 6.6 0.122 0.1

Lr (cm) -16.5 ± 8.5 -15.8 ± 8.8 -1.9 ± 33.0 0.501 0.6

F2 (BW) 5.4 ± 2.2 4.6 ± 1.9 -8.4 ± 35.7 0.064 0.3

(*) Different from pre-fight at P < 0.05; H= maximal jump height calculated from flight time;
AP= average power during the impulse phase of the jump; Vpp =velocity of the center of gravity
at which peak power was reached; Fpp = force output at which peak power was reached; Lr=
vertical path of the center of gravity between the first instant of the landing and the lowest
position of the center of gravity during the landing; F2 = second peak vertical force during the
landing.

4. Discussion

In this investigation, BJJ fighters competing in the 2013 European Open Jiu-Jitsu
Championship (IBJJF) obtained handgrip strength values of 50.8 ± 5.2 kgf in the
dominant hand and of 48.5 ± 5.6 kgf in the non-dominant hand (Table 1). These values
are higher than those obtained in elite BJJ athletes (Andreato et al., 2011), and very near
to those obtained by BJJ brown and black belts (Oliveira et al., 2006). Nevertheless, these
values are slightly lower than the ones found for BJJ black belts (Franchini, Takito, and
Pereira, 2003; Franchini, Bezerra, RSF., LC., and DL., 2005). If we compare the values
obtained in the present investigation with other combat sports of similar characteristics,
like Judo, our results are below those of senior judokas and the Canadian judo team
(Little, 1991; Thomas, Cox, LeGal, Verde, and Smith, 1989). Some investigators that
494
have studied hand grip strength in BJJ athletes have concluded that participants in this
sport do not have high hand grip strength results, especially if data are compared with
those of high level judokas, they explain that gripping endurance could be more important
for this sport (Franchini et al., 2003; Oliveira et al., 2006; Andreato et al., 2011).
However, Bonitch-Gongora, Almeida, Padial, Bonitch-Dominguez and Feriche (2013)
suggest that elite judokas are able to develop higher levels of hand grip strength and also
have better strategies to resist successive contractions. Furthermore, in a recent study,
hand grip strength results have been a useful tool to discriminate between expert and
novice BJJ athletes (Diaz-Lara et al., 2014). All this information suggests that reaching a
minimum value of hand grip strength might be necessary to compete at a high level in
BJJ.

Previous investigations have found that handgrip strength is reduced between 11 and 16%
during a BJJ combat (Andreato et al., 2013; Franchini et al., 2003). The handgrip force
reduction is similar to the one reported in Judo, with reductions of between 10 and 15%
(Bonitch-Gongora, Bonitch-Dominguez, Padial, and Feriche, 2012). The present
investigation is novel because it presents the magnitude of handgrip force loss during an
international combat in expert BJJ fighters. The force loss was slightly lower than
previously reported, although it confirms fatigability of the grip muscles in the forearms
of expert BJJ fighters (Table 1). This fatigue in the forearms occurs because the more
continuous grip actions performed in BJJ, require high endurance to maintain constant
levels of force over a longer time (Andreato et al., 2012; Oliveira et al., 2006). It could
be interesting for future investigations, to measure isometric handgrip in successive fights
during a competition to observe if force continues to decrease.

In combat sports, values of jump height in elite fighters are between 30 and 40 cm
although there are some differences among sports disciplines (Bosco, 1994). Specifically
for BJJ fighters, the pre-fight jump height found in this investigation was very similar to
the values found in expert BJJ fighters (Diaz-Lara et al., 2014). CMJ height of BJJ fighters
is also similar to trained Greek judokas (Zaggelidis, Lazaridis, Malkogiorgios, and
Mavrovouniotis, 2012). The high-intensity actions performed in BJJ are predominantly
short (less than 3 s) since the decisive moments of the fight (scores, submissions, etc)
require explosive force and power (Andreato et al., 2013; Del Vecchio et al., 2007).
Therefore, the use of a CMJ could be a good way to record leg muscle power in BJJ and
to assess the effectiveness of power training routines.

When comparing data from before and after the BJJ fight, we found a significant post-
fight decrease in most of the variables measured during the CMJ (Table 2). These data
indicate that a BJJ fight produces measurable muscle fatigue in the lower limbs. There
are few studies in combat sports that have analyzed the acute effect of a fight on jump
performance; Iglesias et al. (2003) did not find significant differences in 8 judokas who
performed a CMJ before and after a combat. These authors argued that explosive actions
during the combat were happening intermittently and with sufficient time for recovery
indicating that a Judo combat does produce lower leg fatigue. Similarly, Bonitch-
Dominguez, Bonitch-Gongora, Padial, and Feriche (2010) found that successive judo
combats (four combats of 5-min ) had no effect on the peak power developed during a
jump. However, Kraemer et al. (2001) in an investigation carried out with wrestlers, found

495
a significant decrease in jump performance but this deleterious effect was found only after
3 fights (not after the first two fights).

An explanation for the lower-limb muscle fatigue found in BJJ after just one fight, when
this has not been present in other combat sports, could be due to the differences in the
effort-pause ratio. Judo and wrestling typically present an effort-pause ratio of
approximately 2:1, 3:1 (Franchini, Artioli, and Brito, 2013; Nilsson, Csergo, Gullstrand,
Tveit, and Refsnes, 2002) while BJJ has a higher effort-pause ratio of approximately 10:1
(Del Vecchio et al., 2007). This means that, in BJJ, the presumably longer sequences of
effort during the fight together with the shorter recovery periods could signify insufficient
time for the restoration of energy substrates that this manifestation of force requires.
Nonetheless, it would be very interesting to further investigate the causes of the leg
muscle fatigue found after BJJ combats.

Previous investigations have measured blood lactate concentration in BJJ fighters, mostly
after simulated fights (Andreato et al., 2012; Andreato et al., 2013; da Silva et al., 2013;
Franchini et al., 2005). These studies have found blood lactate concentrations of between
9 and 11 mmol·L-1 indicating a moderate activation of the glycolytic pathway during a
BJJ fight. Only one of these research projects measured blood lactate values after a real
competition, albeit at the regional level (10.1 ± 8.0 mmol·L -1 ; (Andreato et al., 2013)).
On the other hand, Pereira et al. (2011) found a higher value (14.2± 5.9 mmol·L -1 ) in
simulated BJJ fights. Our results confirm the reliance on the glycolytic pathways during
official BJJ combats, similar to judo values (Bonitch-Gongora et al., 2012), and also offer
the novelty of indicating higher values of blood lactate concentration (14.8± 3.2 mmol·L -
1
) than previously found during simulated competitions. The higher level of opponent
(international competition) vs training peers during simulated/training competitions could
be another key factor for increased blood lactate in real fights. Besides, the competitive
environment can amplify the stress imposed on the athletes in different sports because of
additional psychological and physical demands (Haneishi et al., 2007; Passelergue,
Robert, and Lac, 1995). Moreira et al. (2012) found that a BJJ competition amplified the
concentration of stress hormones (salivary cortisol and immunoglobulin), when compared
with combat simulations or training sessions. All this information indicates that coaches
should try to simulate the level of opponents and competitive stress in training, through
motivational strategies in order to obtain situations that replicate the physical demands of
a BJJ competition.

Only three investigations have analyzed blood lactate clearance after a BJJ fight. These
investigations obtained values of lactate clearance of between 0.27 and 0.41 mmol·L-
1·min-1 during a recovery period of 15 min after the fight (Andreato et al., 2012; da Silva

et al., 2013; Pereira et al., 2011). In our study, we found slightly higher values of blood
lactate clearance (0.45 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1·min-1), although our values are significantly lower
than the ones found in elite judokas (from 0.55 to 0.98 mmol·L -1·min-1 between 10 and
15 min recovery) (Bonitch-Dominguez, 2006; Ebine, Yoneda, Hase, and Aihara, 1991;
García, 2004). Instead of setting 15 min of recovery, we measured blood lactate clearance
during a 10-min recovery period because we were in a real competition and the athletes
had to fight their second match after a 10 minute rest period, according to the competition
rules (International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation, 2014). According to Sahlin (1992), the
mean return times from maximum lactate to basal values range between 30 and 60 min.

496
Therefore, start the following fight with the best recovery status is a key factor for success
in BJJ and measuring the blood lactate clearance rate could be an excellent indicator to
discover how athletes recover in the course of a competition.

5. Conclusion

This study indicates that the use of the glycolytic pathways during an official BJJ fight is
higher than previously suggested. The rate of blood lactate clearance is essential for BJJ
performance because the recovery time between fights is insufficient to return to pre-fight
blood lactate values. Furthermore, it has been observed that BJJ fighting causes muscle
fatigue in both upper-body and lower-body muscles. Thus, strategies to reduce this
muscle fatigue should be implemented to improve performance in this combat sport.

6. Practical Applications

Data derived from this ecological study could be interesting for coaches and athletes.
Firstly because of the high intensity produced during a BJJ real fight, it is essential for
the athlete to develop physiological adaptations to buffer acidosis, especially during the
recovery time between combats. Therefore it would seem imperative for coaches to
simulate the intensity, the high level of activation and the stress of competition during
practice. Training combat sessions (sparring) that replicate the duration, intensity, level
of opponents and effort:rest ratios of a real fight seem the best option to prepare a fighter
for a competition. In addition, we recommend an individualized analysis of production
and lactate clearance to set the work intensity of each of the athletes. On the other hand,
to counteract the fatigability of handgrip in BJJ, is not enough working the maximum
isometric force, rather it is necessary increase the capacity of the muscles responsible for
the grip on the gi to perform maximal or submaximal contractions for a long period.
Moreover, plyometric training is often integrated and combined to improve power
endurance in lower limbs, with resistance training, conditioning sessions or specific
routines in BJJ (Ratamess, 2011).

7. Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the participants for their contribution to the study. Additionally,
they thank the Federação Portuguesa de Jiu-Jitsu Brasileiro (FPJJB) and International
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF) for its help for the purposes of this investigation.

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest derived from the outcomes of
this study.

497
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Address for correspondence:

Javier Abian-Vicen
University of Castilla-La Mancha.
Avda. Carlos III s/n. Toledo, 45071. SPAIN
Telephone: 34+925268800 (Ext. 5522)
Fax.: 34+902204130
E-mail: javier.abian@uclm.es

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