By

Manhuru Gibson-
HBSc /MBA/MSc
gibalo@edumail.co.za or gmanhuru05@gmail.com
or manhuruowen@yahoo.co.uk

0772 610 512 or 0713 044 057 or 0735 410 219

 PRACTICAL ASSIGNEMENT
1. TOPIC

 An assessment of…………

 An investigation of ……..

 An analysis of………………..

 A study of ……………………..

 An evaluation of……………
 EXAMPLE OF A GOOD TOPIC

 An analysis of the social, economic &

environmental impact brought by rampant

prostitution by Bulawayo Polytechnic girls from

HB9 hostel, along Parerenyatwa Street in

Bulawayo metropolitan during 2008 academic

year
 Example 2

 An assessment of the social-economic &

environmetal developments brought by the land
distribution exercise in the Umguza District
during 2008, with reference to Mr. O. Dube’s
farm
 2. Objectives
 To Identify  To Illustrate
 To List  To Compare
 To State  To Contrast
 To Explore  To Measure
 To Suggest  To Explain
 To Outline  To Describe
 To Differentiate  To Determine
 To Highlight  To Establish
 To Distinguish  To Quantify
 To Prove
 EXAMPLES OF PROPER OBJECTIVES
Example 1
❑To explore the various social factors which led
girls from HB9 at Bulawayo Polytechnic to engage
in rampant prostitution, along Parerenyatwa
Street in Bulawayo Metropolitan , during the 2008
academic year.
Example 2
❑To outline the various economic challenges faced
by HB9 girls at Bulawayo Polytechnic during the
rampant prostitution, along Parerenyatwa Street
in Bulawayo Metropolitan during the 2008
academic year.
CONTINUED

Example 3

❑To suggest the various social, economic &

environmental measures that could have been
implemented to reduce the rampant prostitution
by Bulawayo Polytechnic Girls from HB9 Hostel ,
along Parerenyatwa Street in Bulawayo
Metropolitan during the 2008 academic year.
3. Methodology

❑Questionnaire

❑Interview

❑Sample survey

❑Observation

For example

❑The researcher used a questionnaire as a research

technique due the following advantages….NB.
Write the advantages for the selected two methods
4. THE RESEARCH FINDINGS

 Through
interviews, the researcher or the
study……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
 5. CONCLUSION

 Make a short summary of the findings

 6. RECOMMENDATIONS

 The students should give solutions to the

social, economic and political challenges
encountered during their research or practical
assignment
 PRACTICAL TOPICS

 ALL PRACTICAL TOPICS from CIVIC

RESPONSIBILITY, which comprise the following
topics;

 Defence of the realm-National Youth Service, Draft

/ Conscription

 Community Development-Sanitation, Aforestation,

Crime Prevention, Recycling Waste, Etc.

 Citizen Duties-Paying Tax, Voting, Political, Ethnic

And Religious Tolerance
 CONTINUED
 HIV Safe Practices

 Environmental Safe/Friendly Practices- Gully

Erosion, Prevention/ Reclamation, Recycling of
Plastics, Paper & Metal

 Sustainable Exploitation of Resources

 Disaster Participation-Epidemics, Floods,

Earthquakes

 Gender Equity & Assistance to disadvantaged

groups, e.g. The physically challenged and the
elderly
 HISTORY

 PRE-COLONIAL

 COLONIAL

 INDEPENDENT

 POST INDEPENDENT
 INTRODUCTION

There is no educational system that is silent on the

values that are accepted and cherished by that
society. Educational values are behaviour changes
in all the domains of education that is:

❑ the psychomotor

❑ the cognitive

❑ and the affective.

 NAS
Introduced in 2003 by the Government of
Zimbabwe due to the following :

❑Loss of identity by both the old and the young

❑Irresponsibility & unaccountability

❑Lack of patriotism

❑Selfishness

❑Corruption

❑Greed

❑Collapse of extended families

 NAS-DEFINITION
❑NAS can be defined, as civic educations designed to
make all Zimbabweans who go through tertiary
education become responsible citizens who are
patriotic and can therefore be mobilised to
participate in national development.

❑Civic education involves teaching of the values that

can be cherished by the society.

❑ Zimbabwe was the odd case in that it did not have

this kind of emphasis in its education in relation to
national service.
 THE MEANING OF NATIONAL STUDIES
National Studies is an initiative with the prime
focus of moulding and refocusing Zimbabwean
citizens in a desire to enable them to retain and
cherish
❑ patriotism

❑ self discipline

❑Professionalism

❑Good behaviour

❑A commitment to National Development

❑For the above attributes to be exercised, all

Zimbabweans must be proud citizens
 NAS AND THE FUTURE
 The future of National Studies is clear and
beneficial that it will be a happy return of the future
to have:
❑An uncorrupted society
❑A generation with the will to commit themselves to
their country
❑A Zimbabwe free of poverty as a result of
Entrepreneurial Development and indigenisation
❑A vibrant national cadre able to shrug off intrusions
by imperialistic forces of any nature
❑Solution to our own programmes /problem as a
country and not wait for prescriptions from other
wait
 NAS COMPONENTS

NAS

Legal & International

History Relations
Parliamentary
 ZIMBABWE HISTORY AND HERITAGE

❑Is a module designed to enable the students to

appreciate an understanding of the beginnings
of Zimbabwe as a nation and the various
indigenous resources that form our heritage. It
seeks to create an awareness of the underlying
factors that resulted in the present Zimbabwe.
 CULTURE
Culture can be defined as community who share
and cultivate behaviours, reflecting a common set
of beliefs, religion, ethnicity or some other common
thread.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
(1) Culture is social:

❑Culture does not exist in isolation. It is a

product of society. It develops through social
interaction. No man can acquire culture
without association with others. Man becomes
a man only among men.
 CONT

(2) Culture is shared:

❑Culture is not something that an individual alone

can possess. Culture in sociological sense is
shared. For example, customs, traditions, beliefs,
ideas, values, morale etc. are all shared by people
of a group or society.
CONT..

(3) Culture is learnt:

❑Culture is not inborn. It is learnt. Culture is often

called "learned ways of behaviour". Unlearned
behaviour is not culture. But shaking hands,
saying thanks' or 'namaskar', dressing etc. are
cultural behaviour.
 CONT
4) Culture is transmissive

❑Culture is transmissive as it is transmitted

from one generation to another. Language is the
main vehicle of culture. Language in different
form makes it possible for the present
generation to understand the achievement of
earlier generations. Transmission of culture
may take place by imitation as well as by
instruction.
CONT

(5) Culture is continuous and cumulative:

❑Culture exists as a continuous process. In its historical
growth it tends to become cumulative. Sociologist
Linton called culture 'the social heritage' of man. It
becomes difficult for us to imagine what society would
be like without culture.
 CONT

(6) Culture varies from society to society:

❑Every society has a culture of its own. It differs

from society to society. Culture of every society
is unique to itself. Cultures are not uniform.
Cultural elements like customs, traditions,
morale, values, beliefs are not uniform
everywhere. Culture varies from time to time
also.
 CONT..
(7) Culture is dynamic:

❑No culture ever remains constant or changeless. It

is subject to slow but constant change. Culture is
responsive to the changing conditions of the
physical world. Hence culture is dynamic.
 CONT

(8) Culture is gratifying:

❑Culture provides proper opportunities for the

satisfaction of our needs and desires. Our
needs both biological and social are fulfilled in
the cultural ways. Culture determines and
guides various activities of man.
 HERITAGE

❑Heritage can be defined as the handing down of

practices, tradition and customs from one
generation to another. In addition, it is a birth
right or status that is often acquired from the
past generation.
 CULTURAL HERITAGE

❑Cultural heritage is defined as the legacy left behind by

a group of people, tribe or society in the form of physical
artefacts and other elements which shall be used by
future generations for purposes of education. Examples
of cultural heritage include the Great Zimbabwe,
Chinhoyi Caves, Khami Ruins, etc.
 CONT..
❑Cultural heritage includes tangible culture (such as
buildings, monuments, landscapes, books, works of
art, and artefacts), intangible culture (such as folklore,
traditions, language, and knowledge), and natural
heritage (including culturally significant landscapes,
and biodiversity).
 CONT..

❑Cultural heritage is unique and irreplaceable,

which places the responsibility of preservation on
the current generation.

❑Smaller objects such as artworks and other

cultural masterpieces are collected in museums
and art galleries.
 TYPES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Cultural Heritage

Natural
Tangible Intangible Heritage

Buildings Social Values Landscapes

,Traditions
Monuments Biodiversity
Customs & Practices,
Books
Aesthetic & Spiritual
Art Beliefs , Artistic
Artefacts Expression, Language &
Other Aspects of Human
Activity.
 Intangible Cultural Heritage
❑Is defined as the practices, representations,
expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the
instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces
associated with communities, groups and, in some
cases, individuals.
❑Intangible cultural heritage is transmitted from
generation to generation, is constantly recreated
by communities and groups in response to their
environment, their interaction with nature and
their history, and provides them with a sense of
identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for
cultural diversity and human creativity.
 CONT
❑"Intangible cultural heritage" consists of non-
physical aspects of a particular culture, often
maintained by social customs during a specific
period in history.
❑The ways and means of behaviour in a society, and
the often formal rules for operating in a particular
cultural climate.
❑These include social values and traditions, customs
and practices, aesthetic and spiritual beliefs,
artistic expression, language and other aspects of
human activity.
❑Naturally, intangible cultural heritage is more
difficult to preserve than physical objects.
 Tangible Cultural Heritage

❑Tangible cultural heritage (cultural property), such as

buildings and historic places, monuments, books,
documents, works of art, machines, clothing, and other
artefacts, that are considered worthy of preservation for
the future.

❑These include objects significant to the archaeology,

architecture, science or technology of a specific culture.
 Cultural Heritage Sites & Symbol

❑The Zimbabwean Flag

❑Khami Ruins

❑Great Zimbabwe Ruins

❑Matopo Hills

❑Matopo National Park

❑Victoria Falls

❑Mana Pools National Park

❑Eastern Highlands
 Heritage Sites

Cultural Natural

Mana Pools National Park

Great Zimbabwe National
Monuments Sapi & Chiwore Safari
Areas
Khami Ruins National
Monuments Victoria Falls
Matopo Hills Abundant Game/Wildlife
 Great Zimbabwe National Monument

❑The capital of the Queen of Sheba, according to

an age-old legend

❑Is a unique testimony to the Bantu civilization of

the Shona between the 11th and 15th centuries.

❑The city covers an area of nearly 80 ha

❑Was an important trading centre

 CONT

Rough granite rubble-stone blocks form distinct

enclosures, accessed by narrow, partly covered,
passageways.

❑This acropolis is generally considered a 'royal city‘

❑the west enclosure is thought to have been the

residence of successive chiefs

❑ the east enclosure, where six steatite upright

posts topped with birds were found, considered to
serve a ritual purpose.
Scientific Research on Great Zimbabwe

❑Scientific research has proved that Great

Zimbabwe was founded in the 11th century on a
site which had been sparsely inhabited in the
prehistoric period, by a Bantu population of the
Iron Age, the Shona.

❑In the 14th century, it was the principal city of a

major state extending over the gold-rich plateaux

❑ its population exceeded 10,000 inhabitants.

 CONT

❑About 1450, the capital was abandoned because the

hinterland could no longer furnish food for the
overpopulated city and because of deforestation.

❑ The resulting migration benefited Khami, which

became the most influential city in the region, but
signalled waning political power (was divided between
the rival powers of the kingdoms of Torwa and
Mwene-Mutapa
 Archaeological Excavations
❑Have revealed glass beads and porcelain from
China and Persia

❑ Gold & Arab coins from Kilwa testified the long-

standing trade with the outer world.

❑Potsherds and ironware, gives a further insight to

the property’s socio-economic complexity

❑ farming and pastoral activities.

❑A monumental granite cross illustrates community

contact with missionaries.
❑Criterion (i): A unique artistic achievement, which
has struck the imagination of African and European
travellers since the Middle Ages.

❑Criterion (iii): The ruins of Great Zimbabwe bear a

unique testimony to the lost civilisation of the Shona
between the 11th and 15th centuries.

❑Criterion (vi): The entire Zimbabwe nation has

identified with this historically symbolic ensemble
and has adopted as its emblem the steatite bird,
which may have been a royal totem.
 Integrity

❑The Great Zimbabwe is considered relatively intact

and of an appropriate size to maintain the diverse
cultural needs, functions and interactions of the
traditional and urban communities in an ongoing
process.

❑It is well protected from modern environmental

pressures and alternative land uses by
surrounding cultural and traditional barriers, and
by the traditional communities themselves.
 CONT

❑The natural environment within and around

the Great Zimbabwe Estate is important for the
survival of the archaeological remains and the
understanding of the relationship between the
built environment and its setting.
 AUTHENTICITY
❑The authenticity of the property is
unquestionable, particularly the fossil localities
which need to remain undisturbed.

❑It is a non-functional sacred archaeological site

that is still being used by contemporary
communities for spiritual reasons.

❑The method of construction is unique in African

architecture and is distinguished and imposing.
 CONT

❑The Shona word Zimbabwe means the house in

stone.

❑The divine soapstone figurines, the Zimbabwe

Birds, found within the ruins are testimony to the
use of the site as place of worship spanning from
the ancient past to the present day.

❑Provisions should also be made to accommodate

rituals and practices that substantiate the
associative values of the property.
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

❑Cultural heritage can give people connection to

certain social values, beliefs, religions and customs

❑It allows them to identify with others of similar

mind-sets and backgrounds.

❑Cultural heritage can provide an automatic sense

of unity and belonging within a group and allows
us to better understand previous generations and
the history of where we come from.
 CONT

❑Understanding our cultural heritage can give a

sense of personal identity and Image

❑Can give communal support, that is, those that

identify strongly with a certain heritage are
often more likely to help out others in that
same community
THE CONTRIBUTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

❑The link between tourism is the most visible

aspect of the contribution of cultural heritage to
local development.

❑The sites contributes directly to providing basic

goods, security and health through access to clean
air, water, food and other key resources as well as
by attracting investments and ensuring green,
locally-based stable and decent jobs, which may
be related to tourism.
THE THREE FACETS OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

The three facets of sustainable development are:

❑ Economic

❑ Social

❑ Environmental Development.

Economic development involves trades connected

with conservation, building and the development
of open spaces.
❑Social development is the promotion and
enhancement of a feeling of belonging to a
community.

❑Environmental development focuses on improved

physical conditions and energy savings.

❑Cultural heritage resources are capable of

generating exports and jobs and monuments,
museums, festivals and art fairs are regarded as
levers of growth.
❑Cultural heritage can be used by community as an
economic resource and it generates significant:
❑Tourism revenue

❑leads to creation of employment.

❑Indirect jobs are held by persons in the fields of

conservation and restoration of heritage.

❑ Induced jobs are performed by persons using

heritage as a source for example arts and crafts,
cultural industries and even some types of non-
cultural activities (Greffe 2004: 302).
IMPACT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ARE:

❑ Jobs and household income

❑ Centre city revitalisation

❑ Heritage tourism and small business incubation.

❑ The sites generates revenue for the national museums &

monuments of Zimbabwe and the national coffers.

❑ Cultural heritage sites play a major role in economic

development through tourism
 BENEFITS FROM HERITAGE SITES TO
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
❑The sites have been used for economic & educational
benefit to local communities

❑Potential for profitable domestic industries-hotels,

restaurants, transport systems, souvenirs and handicrafts
and guide services.

❑There are chances of employment creation and there is

money earned from informal employment such as street
vendors, informal guides, selling of curios to tourists.
 CONT
❑unemployment rate reduction
❑income generation
❑poverty alleviation
❑reduction in the emigration rate
❑non-erosive development
❑preservation of cultural heritage by means of self-
sustained development due to material component-
based strategies
❑Heritage sites also contribute tremendously to the
enrichment of both the spiritual and material
culture which helps to boost the country’s
economy and local communities around the site
 CONT
❑Heritage sites satisfies a variety of needs as
artistic, aesthetic, cognitive and even recreation

❑For owner of public and private monuments, it is

a means of mobilising resources necessary for the
conservation of monuments.

❑Traditional ceremonies could be performed at the

sites. e.g. Local communities surrounding
Domboshava heritage site were permitted to
conduct spiritual rainmaking ceremonies and as
such locals were employed as tour guides.
❑The private companies, heritage sites are a
means of earning profits from the spin-offs of
tourism or of obtaining know-how and
references for innovation and for district
authorities;

❑ it is a means of creation of positive image of

the area and improving the living environment.
 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION &
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

❑Sustainable development could make sense if

there is more participation of the community in
decisions that affect their lives and more
consultation should be done.

❑Control over resources can be facilitated by

establishing secure property rights to land and
other resources.
❑Participation implies to partake, aid, share, and
concur or to have a part in something.
❑ The locals should be involved in development
projects or programmes that affect their lives.
❑The local and indigenous communities who have
lost rights to heritage sites should be empowered
❑The locals would realize that they are sole
beneficiaries of the site
❑Community involvement is also crucial in social
sustainable development because it also
underscores the importance of using local
sources of knowledge such as oral traditions,
myths and legends as well as ethnographies to
gain insight into local perspectives (Damm
2005)
 CONSERVATION & PRESERVATION
❑Conservation & preservation help us preserve
cultural heritage both for us and for future
generations.

❑Also help to create a sense of shared human

identity, contributing to the quality of life of those
who engage with it.

❑Research into the context and significance of an

object can help the public understand and identify
with the object.
Cultural Heritage Conservation Methods
Conservation Methods

Architectural Media Natural

Conservation Conservation Conservation

Painting Restoration
Digital Preservation Textile Preservation
Film Preservation
Photograph Record
Preservation
ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION
 Architectural conservation describes the
process through which the material, historical,
and design integrity of humanity's built
heritage are prolonged through carefully
planned interventions. The individual engaged
in this pursuit is known as an architectural
conservator. Decisions of when and how to
engage in an intervention are critical to the
ultimate conservation of the immovable object.
Ultimately, the decision is value based: a
combination of artistic, contextual, and
informational values is normally considered. In
some cases, a decision to not intervene may be
the most appropriate choice.
❑Preservation, "places a high premium on the
retention of all historic fabric through
conservation, maintenance and repair. It
reflects a building's continuum over time,
through successive occupancies, and the
respectful changes and alterations that are
made.”
❑Rehabilitation "emphasizes the retention and
repair of historic materials, but more latitude is
provided for replacement because it is assumed
the property is more deteriorated prior to work.
(Both Preservation and Rehabilitation
standards focus attention on the preservation
of those materials, features, finishes, spaces,
and spatial relationships that, together, give a
property its historic character.
❑Restoration focuses on the retention of
materials from the most significant time in a
property's history, while permitting the removal
of materials from other periods.

❑Reconstruction establishes limited

opportunities to re-create a non-surviving site,
landscape, building, structure, or object in all
new materials.
 DIGITAL PRESERVATION
❑In library and archival science, digital
preservation is a formal endeavour to ensure that
digital information of continuing value remains
accessible and usable.

❑ It involves planning, resource allocation, and

application of preservation methods and
technologies, and it combines policies, strategies
and actions to ensure access to reformatted and
born digital content, regardless of the challenges
of media failure and technological change.
 FILM PRESERVATION OR FILM
RESTORATION
❑Film preservation, or film restoration, describes a
series of ongoing efforts among film historians,
archivists, museums, cinemathiques and non-profit
organisations to rescue decaying film stock and
preserve the images which they contain.
❑In the widest sense, preservation nowadays assures
that a movie will continue to exist in as close to its
original form as possible.
❑The goal of a preservationist was to create a durable
copy without any significant loss of quality. In more
modern terms, film preservation now includes the
concepts of handling, duplication, storage, and access.
❑The archivist seeks to protect the film and
share the content with the public.

❑Film preservation is not to be confused with

film revisionism, in which long-completed films
are subjected to outtakes never previously seen
being inserted, newly inserted music scores or
sound effects being added, black-and-white film
being colourised or converted to Dolby stereo,
or minor edits and other cosmetic changes
being made.
 PAINTING RESTORATION
❑Painting restoration is the art and science of
restoring old and/or damaged paintings back to
their original or a near-original state.

❑This may include "resetting" a painting if it is set

on damaged wood.

❑Also "relining" the painting: attaching a new

canvas to the back of the painting, if the original
canvas is too fragile and damaged.
 TEXTILE PRESERVATION
Textile preservation refers to the processes by
which textiles are cared for and maintained to be
preserved from future damage. The field falls
under the category of art conservation as well as
library preservation, depending on the type of
collection. In this case, the concept of textile
preservation applies to a wide range of artefacts,
including tapestries, carpets, clothing, flags and
curtains, as well as objects which contain
textiles, such as upholstered furniture, dolls etc
❑Conservation makes an essential contribution to
the whole of society, to education, to the
advancement of knowledge, to tourism and to the
economy;

❑It ensures that our shared heritage is cared for

and protected for the benefit, use and enjoyment
of the public today and for generations to come.
 ARCHAEOLOGY

 Archaeology is the study of human activity in

the past, primarily through the recovery and
analysis of the material culture and
environmental data that they have left behind,
which includes artefacts, architecture, bio-
facts (also known as eco-facts) and cultural
landscapes (the archaeological records).
 CONT..
❑Archaeology studies human pre-history and
history from the development of the first stone
tools in eastern Africa 4 million years ago up
until recent decades.

❑ It is of most importance for learning about

prehistoric societies, when there are no written
records for historians to study, making up over
99% of total human history, from the
Palaeolithic until the advent of literacy in any
given society.
 GOALS OF ARCHAEOLOGY

❑Studying human evolution

❑Culture evolution

❑Human evolution

❑And understanding culture history

 CONT

❑The discipline involves surveying

❑ Excavation

❑ And eventually analysis of data collected to

learn more about the past.

❑In broad scope, archaeology relies on cross-

disciplinary research
 PRE-COLONIAL

Pre-Colonial

Great Mutapa Ndebele

Zimbabwe Rozvi State
State State
 THE GREAT ZIMBABWE STATE
❑Was most powerful before the 14th century(1500).

❑ The state could raise an army & forces the

payment of tribute

❑The state was involved in international relations

❑ The state was built by wealth Shona people

❑ The stone capital became known as the Great

Zimbabwe, which became the centre of social,
political, economical and religious

❑ The king was called the mambo

 HISTORICAL EVIDENCE

❑The historians have the oral traditions to try

to explain the history of the Great Zimbabwe
State.

❑ However, there is little that we normally get

from the oral traditions because the Shonas
have no written records.

❑Documentary evidence written during the

Mutapa State by the Portuguese and records
found in Arab writings have an account of the
Changamire and Mutapa States.
❑However, the archaeological evidence is there in the
form of clothing, bones, copper iron tools to show
the social, economic and political activities of the
people at Great Zimbabwe

❑ The structure at the ruins consists of 2 complexes

“the acropolis” or temple area and the external
enclosure, which consists of a large number of
stone buildings. Exactions in the external
enclosure yielded stone, glass, bead and brassware,
seashells, ironware, iron axes and hoes.
 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS
❑By 1200 a ruling class had emerged, which was
strong enough to organise almost the whole
population to build a high surrounding wall, made
of granite blocks.

❑The Great Zimbabwe rulers exercised power to a

number of chiefdoms that paid tribute to the
Mambo at Great Zimbabwe.

❑Other chiefdoms may have been independent but

connect through marriage and trade. The ruling
class controlled the trade.
PURPOSE OF THE STONE STRUCTURE

❑Security

❑Religion

❑Prestige monument

❑Occupy slave labour

 CAUSES OF DECLINE OF THE STATE
❑The State had become overpopulated leading to a
shortage of resources.

❑ There was increased emigration.

❑Shortages of resources such as salt, civil Wars,

declining soil fertility

❑ Dispute that Nyatsimba Mutota left Great

Zimbabwe because he had failed to succeed and
left to the north and formed the Mutapa State.
 THE MUTAPA STATE
❑The founder of the Mutapa State was Nyatsimba
Mutota who left Great Zimbabwe in search of salt

❑ or after a succession dispute according to oral

history.

❑ Mutota went to the Zambezi Valley where he

defeated some weak communities who were
already settled there such as the Tavara or the
Dzivaguru people.
 CONT…
❑Mutota as a result earned the title “Munhumutapa” a
praise name, which means Lord of Conquering.

❑ Before the succession dispute, King Chibatamatosi,

Mutota’s father had ordered Mutota to find salt.

❑ Prince Mutota travelled north leading a large Army. He

built his capital a “Zimbabwe” on the slope of Chikato
Hill near the Utete River.
❑ Part of this Zimbabwe remains at the bottom of the
escapement north of Guruve.

❑Mutota formed an alliance with the Tavara High Priest,

Dzivaguru.

❑ Upon the death of Mutota, his, son, Nyanhehwe

Matope took over and co-ruled with his half sister
Nyamhita often referred to as Nyamhita Nehanda.

❑ The two ruled the Mutapa Empire stretching from the

Angwa and Manyame Rivers, north to the Zambezi
and west to the Musengezi and Mukumbura rivers.
 MUTAPA LANGUAGE AND CUSTOMS
❑They spoke the same Shona language, customs &
culture similar to the peoples of the Great Zimbabwe

❑ The term Shona was not used until the 19th

century. Nowadays the term Shona is representative
of a number of related dialects in Zimbabwe one of
which is Katanga.

❑ They believed in a god whom they called ‘Mwari”

who is claimed to have spoken through the spirits of
the ancestors and they listened carefully to spirit
mediums, that is the Mondoros.
❑Religious ceremonies were held to honour the
spirit mediums (bira).

❑The senior spirit mediums were

Dzivaguru(northeast), Nehanda(central) and
Chaminuka (west).

❑ The cultural level of the society was closely knit

with the family being the nucleus of the society as
well as being the foundation of the nation.
❑a high degree of morality with crime, starvation,
delinquency, prostitution, divorce and almost
all known present day social ills being unknown.

❑ Criminals or murderers were even rehabilitated

with the law seeking to reconcile the injured and
the culprit and compensate the victim or his
relatives in the case of murder.
 THE MUTAPA ECONOMY
❑They traded with the Swahili and the Portuguese
in ivory stock and gold reserves.

❑Mining -mined gold, iron, copper and silver.

❑Agriculture-live stock & crop production

❑Hunting & gathering (iron spears, arrows and

knobkerries).

❑Tribute system

❑Raiding

❑Art craft
 MUTAPA POLITICAL STRUCTURE

❑The king or mambo led the state;

❑ Had advisors and ministers to govern the state.

❑Emperors’ wives were also officials, greeting

visitors & wore expensive jewellery and clothes
made from cotton and silk.

❑A large army was maintained which travelled long

distance, patrolling and collecting taxes and
cattle and brought new communities into the
empire
 THE ROZWI STATE
❑The State arose from the plundered wealth by the
Rozwi under Changamire Dombo (1634)

❑He was wealthy and claimed that his father was a

Mwari and his mother a virgin.

❑The Rozwi capital was at Thabazikamambo near

Bulawayo.

❑ By 1680 the state was spread between the Zambezi

and the Limpopo rivers and into areas like
Mozambique such as the Sena.

❑ By 1830-1860 the State existed by name only.

 DECLINE & COLLAPSE OF THE STATE
❑The collapse of the Rozwi State was a result of
Mfecane or “ time of trouble” caused by Nguni
tribes who had fled from Tshaka. (NATAL)

❑ Zwangendaba crossed the limpopo with his group

and fought the Rozwi ruler Chirisamuru.

❑The State was further weakened when Kololo

Sebitwane in 1836 fought and defeated the Rozwi.

❑Mzilikazi turned west into Gaza and then north

with his group and finished the remnants of the
Rozwi State between 1837-1840
 THE NDEBELE STATE

❑The Ndebele State was a product of the

Mfecane.

❑ The Khumalo clan were a small dominion

under the Ndwandwe of Zwide.

❑Around 1817 Zwide killed Matshobana, chief

of the Khumalo; accusing him of conspiring

with the Mthethwa to fight the Ndwandwe.

❑His son Mzilikazi was made chief of the Khumalo
clan. At the

❑ Mhlatuse River battle Mzilikazi decided to

change sides and he joined Tshaka as a way of
avenging the death of his father against Zwide.

❑Since Mzilikazi had voluntarily joined Tshaka, he

was given some privileges.

❑ He was allowed to continue ruling his Khumalo

people and Khumalo Army.

❑ He was also made a general of Tshaka’ s armies.

 MZILIKAZI’S REVOLT 1821

❑ He felt that he and his Khumalo people could

make it alone without Tshaka and become rich
and powerful.

❑ He felt the need to labour to create his own

State independent of Tshaka.

❑Thus, in 1821 he went to raid a neighbouring

Sotho tribe and collected a large booty, which
he decided to keep it for himself.
❑His own people advised him to hand over the
booty or risk severe punishment from Tshaka.

❑ Tshaka sent messengers to remind him of his

obligations, but Mzilikazi ill treated the
messengers instead and sent them back.

❑Tshaka then sent an Army to punish the chief,

but Mzilikazi beat off the expedition. A second
Army was sent which defeated Mzilikazi and
sent him fleeing with only three hundred
soldiers, women and children.
 JOURNEY TO BULAWAYO
(EKUPHUMULENI 1822/23)

❑From Zululand the Khumalo moved

northwards attacking and raiding Sotho
tribes they came into contact with, looting for
cattle, women and children to strengthen
their State.

❑In about 1822/23 they reached the upper

Olyphant River and settled in Nzundza area at
a place they called Ekuphumuleni (a place of
rest).
❑It was too close to Tshaka who was determined
to punish Mzilikazi.

❑The Pedi people nearby were also a threat to

the Khumalo; furthermore the area was not
good for the cattle especially after the 1823/24
droughts.
 EMHLAHLANDLELA 1826
❑Between 1826 and 1830 the Khumalo, now called
the Ndebele, settled in Northern Transvaal at a
place called Emhlahlandlela.
❑ From here they carried out raids as far as
Botswana, Lesotho and Zimbabwe to enlarge
their State.
❑This was a good raiding and cattle rearing area.
Also here Mzilikazi met the missionary, Robert
Moffat at Kuraman Mission and the two became
friends.
❑ However, it was still too near to Zululand and
Dingane, who had succeeded Tshaka in 1828, and
also wanted to punish Mzilikazi.

❑In 1830 the Zulu Army attacked the Ndebele. The

Khoisan, Kora and Kwena groups also bothered the
Ndebele.

❑The Rolong and Griqua Warriors who captured

Ndebele cattle also raided them.
 MOSEGA 1832
❑The Ndebele then settled at the headwaters of
Morico in Hurutsheland in about 1832.

❑Mosega was close to Kuraman and also a good

cattle country.

❑ However, the Ndebele were attacked by

Tswana-Griqua and Kora-Griqua force in
1834.

❑ In 1836 Potgieter’s Boer attacked them and

they decided to move on.
 CROSSING THE LIMPOPO
❑From Mosega the Ndebele split into two groups:

❑The Induna, Gundwane Ndiweni that contained the

Ndebele cattle, women and children led the first group.

❑The group had Mzilikazi’s sons Nkulumane and

Lobengula. The group took a direct route crossing the
Motloutse and Shashe Rivers.

❑And went to the Mzingwane valley which they followed

until they came to a place near Matopo Hills in Western
Zimbabwe.
 CONT..
❑ The second group under Mzilikazi assisted by
senior Indunas including Maqhekani Sithole
took a westward direction. They went to the
Ngwato territory towards Lake Ngami on the
edge of the Kalahari Desert.

❑ They then moved towards Zambia to raid the

Kololo in Balozi. It was here that Mzilikazi
heard of the installation of Nkulumane as King
of the other group.

.
❑ Mzilikazi rushed to Matopo and had Ndiweni

and other Indunas killed at Ntabayezinduna.

❑ The fate of Nkulumane is not known. Some

say he was sent back to Zululand and others

say that he was secretly killed

 NDEBELE SPHERE OF INFLUENCE
The Ndebele established their Headquarters at
Bulawayo. The sphere of influence could be
divided into four zones:

❑The area within 80km of Bulawayo was under the

direct administration of the Ndebele and comprised
people who had come with Mzilikazi and the
assimilated Rozvi

❑The second area was the areas around Bulawayo

not under direct Ndebele administration but whom
the Ndebele had defeated (Shona & Kalanga)
 CONT…
❑The third area included those parts of Zimbabwe,
Botswana and South Africa, which had not been
defeated but were subject to occasional Ndebele raids.

❑Lastly, was the North-Eastern part of Zimbabwe never

experienced any Ndebele raids. They only heard stories
of the Ndebele but never came in contact with them.
The area was too far from the Ndebele capital so the
Army could not wonder that far without exhausting and
weakening itself.
 NDEBELE SOCIAL SYSTEM

❑ABEZANSI CLASS- had come from Zululand with

Mzilikazi. Comnprised About 300 Warriors,
women and children . The royal Khumalo class
came all the kings and other Nguni elements
occupied such top positions as Army generals and
Indunaenkulu.
❑ABENHLA CLASS

These were the Sotho and Tswana elements

that had been absorbed before crossing the

Limpopo. These could only rise to such

positions as Indunas and advisors

❑AMAHOLE class was the lowest and servant/
commoner class in the society. This group
constituted the Shona and Kalanga people that
had been defeated and had adopted Ndebele
custom, religion and language. They were
distinct from the other group by their totems.
Their totems were derived from names of
animals (Shumba – Sibanda, Nzou – Ndlovu,
Shoko – Ncube, Mhofu – Mpofu including
Dube, Mpala, Nyoni, Nyathi, Siziba etc)..
 THE NDEBELE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Their main economic branches were:

❑ Pastoralism & Cultivation

❑ Raiding

❑ Tribute Payment

❑Trade

❑Basketry , Pottery & Smiting

❑Mat Making & fishing

❑Hunting & Gathering

 NDEBELE POLITICAL SYSTEM
❑The State was ruled by a king and a complex
network of Indunas (chiefs).(had power over life
and death of his subjects)

❑The king was had absolute power.

❑He raised the amabhuto (soldiers) & Co-ordinated

military strategy

❑distributed captives and cattle, allocated land

❑He was the Commander in General of the
forces, the Chief Judge and Chief Priest.

❑The King was assisted by the advisory Council (

which consisted Mphakhathi and Zikhulu)

❑ The Umphakhathi was the higher body

consisting of selected and trusted indunas.

❑There was standing Army whose main tasks

were raiding, collecting tribute and herding
the King’s cattle when not raiding.
 THE LINEAGE SYSTEM
❑ At the death of the King, the eldest son with
his eldest wife of royal lineage was supposed to
take over.

❑Sons of wives not royal lineage were not

eligible for Kingship as they were regarded as
being of commoner blood.

❑Thus when Mzilikazi died in 1869 there was a

problem over succession as Nkulumane the
eligible heir was nowhere to be found.
❑Lobengula, the eldest then, had a mother from the
Enhla class, therefore did not qualify to inherit the
throne.

❑ It was not until 1871 that Lobengula through

bribery and alliance with the Nyangas of the
land managed to take over the throne.
THE PARTITION & COLONISATION OF
AFRICA
Economic Reasons

❑Need for raw materials to feed the new

industries of Europe e.g. groundnuts for oil,
rubber, cotton, minerals etc,

❑Need for new markets to absorb European

manufactured goods, which had over flooded
the European market.
 Political & Prestige Reasons

❑ The struggle for supremacy in Europe extended

in the scramble for colonies and colonies became
a yardstick used to measure power / strength of
the mother country.

❑Wealth and power were expressed in for the

number of colonies. Even power states such as
Italy who had nothing to sell took up colonies
because of this, the defeat of France in the 1870
Franco-Prussian War.
❑ Strategic Reasons

❑Africa was colonised for the convenience of

European states.

❑Europeans colonised Africa to safe guard their

possessions and trade routes e.g. the British
occupation of the Cape and Egypt was to
safeguard her routes to India through which
her ships sailed from the Mediterranean Sea
into India and the Suez Canal respectively
❑Humanitarian reasons

❑The Europeans claimed that occupation of

Africa would enforce the abolition of the trade
in humans i.e. slave trade, Missionary work
i.e. the White Man’s burden when Africa
resisted Christianity
❑Adventures, Hunters & Explorers

❑They toured Africa and wrote exaggerated and

glittering reports about Africa’s wealth.

❑This forced the capitalist class to encourage their

governments to colonise Africa.

❑Technological Development

❑Europe led to the invention and improvement

of steamboats, which could penetrate in the
interior of Africa using rivers enabling them to
gain access to inland territories and avoiding
hostile territories.

❑Modern guns/weapons gave the Europeans an

enormous advantage over the Africans who were
mainly using backward weapons .
 BERLIN CONFERENCE OF 1884-1885
❑Is a conference which was called and facilitated by
Otto Von Bismarck, the Germany Chancellor to
discuss how Europeans states divide Africa
without fighting each other for the colonies.

❑The purpose of the Berlin Conference was to try

and stop Wars against each other in Europe since
the industrial revolution in Europe had created
shortages of raw materials, hence the meeting was
held to iron out the possibilities of future conflicts
amongst themselves
PARTIES TO THE BERLIN CONFERENCE
❑Germany

❑Belgium

❑England

❑France

❑Italy

❑Portugal

❑Spain

❑Holland.
 TERMS/ AGREEMENT
❑Effective occupation to be done as proof of any
claim laid on an African state

❑ All major rivers in Africa were declared open

international waterways

❑ signatories agreed to stop the slave trade

❑ King Leopold ii of Belgium recognised as the

rightful ruler of Congo Free State (D.R.C)

❑African map was drawn to show the areas

unclaimed and claimed
 CONTENTS OF PROTECTORATE AGREEMENTS
BETWEEN EUROPEAN POWERS & AFRICAN
CHIEFS

❑Parties to the agreement included the African

Chief and the European Commercial Company

❑Surrender of title to land

❑Surrender of all political, judicial and political

power

❑Creation of monopoly trade area

 EFFECTS OF THE CONFERENCE
❑It led to the scramble for Africa by European
states

❑It had laid the rules of the game

❑The nations rushed to Africa to prove their claim

through conquest, signing of treaties and effective
occupation.

❑ Effective occupation included sending of

administrators, soldiers, and citizens to settle
down and raising their flags.
 RESULTS OF COLONISATION
❑Loss of political power and new government

❑ Destruction of traditional and political structures.

❑The native commissioner took over and replaced

chiefs by company loyalists, expropriation of
resources

❑ Exploitation of resources, new laws, urbanization,

loss of land, monetary economy, taxes, racial
discrimination and the destruction of traditional
instructions and cultural imperialism.
THE HISTORY OF ZIMBABWE 1885 – 1965
❑Cecil Rhodes came SA suffering from weak lungs

❑Was an imperialist at heart

❑He joined his brother in Natal (growing cotton)

❑ He became wealthy and powerful from diamond

❑ He believed in the superiority of the British race

and felt that Britain had the duty to spread
civilisation to all parts of the world.

❑ He dreamt of Britain colonising the whole of Africa

and from Cape to Cairo.
 REASONS FOR THE OCCUPATION
❑Out of the prevailing spirit of imperialism

❑Economic potential as a source of raw materials

❑A potential market & Abundance of wildlife

❑Good climate & fertile soils

❑Cool climate and a high rainfall

❑To prevent the Boers of the Transvaal from taking

it.

❑ To stop her from having a seacoast

 HOW ZIMBABWE WAS COLONISED

❑The colonisation of Zimbabwe was a process,

which began slowly during the days of Robert

Moffat

❑Through the years the colonising process was

characterised by a competition for this land

between the Boers and the British.

 STEP 1: THE GROBLER TREATY 1887
❑“Friendship Treaty”was signed between Piet Grobler
and King Lobengula in 1887

❑It stipulated there would be everlasting peace

between the Ndebele and the Boer Republics.

❑ The treaty recognised Lobengula as the paramount

Chief / King

❑The treaty committed Lobengula to provide military

❑to be a permanent representative of Transvaal in

Bulawayo
 CONT…
❑King Lobengula was required to catch and
repatriate all criminals who escaped from the
Transvaal.

❑Hunters and adventurers would be allowed into

Lobengula’s territory without hindrance.

❑The Boer Republic would appoint a representative

who would stay in Lobengula’s Kingdom.

❑Lobengula was not allowed to administer justice to

the Boers in his Kingdom .
CRITICAL ANALYSIS (GROBLER TREATY)

❑Wanted to colonise Zimbabwe

❑Wanted to spread the Boer influence ahead of the

British

❑Looking for a seaport north of the Limpopo

❑ wanted to exploit raw materials

STEP 2:THE MOFFAT TREATY (FEB 1888)

❑C. J. Rhodes decided to send Rev. John Smith

Moffat to ask Lobengula to drop or cancel the
Grobler treaty.

❑The Rev. John Smith Moffat was aware of Rhode’s

intentions of grabbing Zimbabwe by cheating so
was behind the British evil motives as well
 CONT..

❑Moffat succeeded in persuading Lobengula to

cancel the Grobler Treaty and entered into a new
agreement with the British.

❑Lobengula agreed to be a friend of the British

Queen and promised not to enter into any
agreement without the knowledge and consent
of the British High Commissioner at the Cape.
Lobengula hoped to gain British protection.
 CRITICAL ANALYSIS

❑British wanted to colonise Zimbabwe

❑Wanted raw materials

❑Wanted to realise Rhodes dream-Cape to Cairo

❑Wanted to stop Boers from having a seaport

❑Spread British Influence ahead of the Boers

 STEP 3 RUDD CONCESSION 1888
OCTOBER)
❑It is also referred to as the Mineral Concession.

❑The Treaty was signed between Charles Rudd and

Lobengula

❑The delegation was led by Charles Rudd

❑The second one was Rotchford Maguire (a lawyer )

❑The third member was Francis Thompson

(interpreter)

❑It took the delegation 6 weeks to meet Lobengula

❑Lotshe and Sikombo were bribed (Charles Helm )

 TERMS OF THE RUDD CONCESSION
❑Lobengula to receive ‘a monthly pension of ₤100.

❑ King to receive 1000 Rifles and 100 000 bullets

❑ A gunboat to patrol the Zambezi or 500 Pound

❑He in return granted the whites ‘complete and

exclusive charge over all metals and minerals in my
land ---- together with full power to do all things they
may deem necessary ---- to procure the same --- and
undertake to grant no concessions of land or mining
rights without consulting Rhodes’.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS (RUDD ONCESSION)
❑By putting the X on the document Lobengula signed
away his :

❑Social

❑political

❑and economic power.

❑Lobengula was cheated because he was illiterate

❑This document led to the Colonisation of Zimbabwe

❑Most of the things the were said verbally were not

part of the Rudd Concession
❑Lobengula was made also to believe that Rhodes’
group was the best selection.

❑The legal language used during the discussions was

beyond the poor King’s understanding.

❑He had to make do with a white interpreter who also

had interests in the outcome of the deliberations.

❑ He thus signed not knowing what it “deem

necessary,” meant for him and his people.
❑The money and guns promised to Lobengula were
accepted with the hope of using them to strengthen
the State.

❑ Little did Lobengula know that they were just baits

to lure the fish.

❑ These promises some of which never came (the

gunboat never came and was actually meant for
British to use or to keep out Portuguese) were not at
all equivalent to what Lobengula had given out in
economic and developmental value.
THE (B.S.A.C) & THE ROYAL CHARTER 1889

❑With the Rudd Concession, Rhodes quickly formed a

company, British South African Company (BSAC), to
operate under and use in the negotiations with the
British government for a colonising charter.

❑He then proceeded to London for negotiations.

❑In Britain he faced opposition from Philanthropists

believed that only Britain not a company should
colonise Zimbabwe.
❑A company, they feared, would exploit the Africans
but Britain would develop the country for the
advantage of local people.

❑The other groups feared that the country was going

to create a tax burden on the taxpayer.

❑Rhodes convinced the government that he would not

need the taxpayer’s money since rich mining
companies such as the De Beers, Rothschilds and
the Consolidated Gold Fields supported him.
❑He also bribed senior officials in the British
government to get his way through.

❑The Charter gave Rhodes and the BSAC power to

make treaties, promulgate laws, preserve peace,
maintain a police force and acquire new
concessions, to make roads, railways, harbours and
undertake public works, to own or charter ships,
engage with all the intention and ability to Act but
helplessly bound by the fear of the re-percussions of
such move.
 INVASION & OCCUPATION BY PIONEER
COLUMN
❑After the granting of the Charter in October 1889:

❑Rhodes hurried to S.A. and gathered a gang of

mercenaries, (Pioneer Column).
❑The group was made up of the 200 settler
volunteers from 1000 applicants from all over
Europe and S.A.
❑They were supported by 500 troops.

❑The group was promised 3000 acres and 15 gold

claim mines.
❑The leader of the Pioneer Column was Starr
Jameson

❑Fredrick Selous guided the settlers because of his

knowledge of the country as a hunter.

❑ It was decided to enter the country along the

eastern borders of the Ndebele

❑Marched into Mashonaland so as to avoid a direct

clash with Ndebele Army.
❑In June 1890 the Pioneer Column crossed the
Limpopo River and arrived at fort Tuli (Beitbridge).

❑The Pioneer Column proceeded northwards and

arrived at Fort Victoria (Masvingo) in Early August
1890.

❑From there on they further proceeded northwards

and arrived at Fort Charter(Mid August)

❑ On 12 September 1890 the Pioneer column finally

arrived at Fort Salisbury and quickly raised their
Union Jack Flag, and started pegging off large tracts
of land using horsebacks.
 WHITE SETTLEMENT IN MASHONALAND
❑Upon reaching Mashonaland they pegged large
farms

❑Towns began to take shape as Houses were built

along neatly laid out streets.

❑ Africans in these areas soon found themselves

squatting on white farms.

❑ They were given two choices, either to move or pay

for being allowed to remain on the land.

❑They paid either by providing cheap labour or in the

form of grain or cattle.
❑Many of the settlers began searching for gold and
other precious metals.

❑mines were established and shafts sunk.

❑However, very little gold was found.

❑Most of the mines they took were former Shona

mines in their trade with the Portuguese.

❑ Moreover, African labour was provided

❑They tried to resist by hiding the mines but with
little success.

❑ Other treaties had also been signed with the Shona

Chiefs in the area between the Sabi and Odzi
Rivers.

❑These treaties greatly challenged Lobengula’s claim

that he ruled all the Shona people.

❑It thus weakened the Rudd Concession whose

power was based in this claim. Lobengula and his
Ndebele people could do nothing to stop the whites
 THE 1893 ANGLO-NDEBELE WAR (THE
WAR OF DISPOSSESSION)
The causes of the 1893 War between the whites
and the Ndebele were borne in the relationship
that existed between the two groups and could be
summarised as follows:

❑Friction

❑Desires

❑Determination

❑Rhode’s dream of cape to Cairo

 CAUSES OF THE ANGLO-NDEBELE WAR
❑The Ndebele regarded Mashonaland as their
traditional raiding ground while the white regarded
Mashonaland as their areas of cheap labour.

❑ Shonas were becoming disloyal to the Ndebele King

some even stopped paying their annual tribute.

❑ A tentative compromise reached was the creation of

a boundary between Matabeleland and the area
under company rule. the boundary was constantly
shifting towards Matabeleland
The Victoria Incident

❑Some Shona leaders thought that the coming of

white settlers meant that Ndebele raids had ended.

❑Some of them even stopped paying tribute.

❑Chiefs Nemakonde and Chivi were actually killed by

Lobengula. These Acts were not acceptable to white
settlers because they frightened the Shona who
were their main source of cheap labour.

❑ Stealing of about 500 yards of the telegraph wire,

possibly to make snares.
❑Stealing of Lobengual’s cattle by Headman, Bere

❑Lobengula sent a raiding Army under the command

of Manyawo assisted by the young Commander,
Mgandani. On 9 July, Ndebele Warriors were seen
burning homes, killing men and driving away
women and girls in the Bere, Zimuto and other
areas surrounding Fort Victoria.

❑Jameson had made up his mind that the Ndebele

would be driven by force, Mgandani and eleven of
his group were killed. The rest of the Ndebele fled.
EFFECTS OF THE WAR ANGLO-NDEBELE
❑The major effect of the war was that it had destroyed the
Ndebele nation

❑ Marked the total colonisation of Zimbabwe

❑The Ndebele king fled the palace northwards

❑The Ndebele people for the first time were without a king

❑The war drastically altered the Ndebele political and

economic way of life.

❑ Politically, without a king, they were now subjected to

colonial rule
❑The Army was destroyed and instead of raiding it had to
contend with either farming or providing cheap labour in
farms and mines.

❑Economically, the Ndebele lost their major economic bases.

❑Raiding and receiving of tributes had ended

❑the Ndebele had been squeezed into the drought stricken

Gwaai and Shangani reserves.

❑In Matabeleland they went further to seize Ndebele cattle.

Of the 250 000 Ndebele cattle only 40 930 head were left
and of these many were still being taken through taxation.
THE FIRST CHIMURENGA / MVUKELA

Causes of the 1st Chimurenga (1896-7)

❑Forced Labour(Chibharo)

The whites needed cheap labour in their farms

and mines. Thus in 1896 the two groups rose in
protest against these deplorable working
conditions and the idea of being forced to work
against their will.
❑Taxation-to facilitate the recruitment of more
labourers the whites came up with a series of
taxes to bind the Africans. In 1894 for
example, the hut tax was introduced. Every
male adult was to pay tax amounting to 10
Shillings. Failure to pay this and other taxes
was a crime, which saw one being arrested to
go and work for the State. In 1895 officials
collected 2 611 heads of cattle for hut tax.
❑Loss of cattle- Africans lost a number of their
cattle on account of the tax. Those that tried to
resist had their homes burnt and cattle seized by
force and they being taken into forced labour.

❑Settler brutality- In 1896 the Africans were rising

not only against the taxation but also the
injustices, which went with it.

❑Portuguese trade-was stopped in favour of

expensive British goods. Thus when the Shona rose,
it was in attempt to restore this trade with the
Portuguese
❑Oppressive administration was one of the evils the
Africans fought against in 1896. Punishment for whites
in comparison to those dealt out to blacks was
minimal. The law was thus biased in favour of the
whites and any white had authority to exercise any
justice he felt fit on Africans in such cases as desertion,
stock theft, and quarrels with the bosses. The blacks
were viewed not as subjects of human beings but as
objects.
❑Natural Disasters- Africans believed that a bad
omen does not befall a person or a nation unless
inflicted by any angry spirit. When the people have
wronged the ancestors, the spirits remove their
protection on them and let evil spells terrorise the
people.

❑Severe Drought throughout the land between

1895-96. The crops which survived the drought
were destroyed by swarms of locusts the type
which had not been seen on the land for a long time.
❑Devastating Cattle Disease (Rinder-pest) -officials
in an effort to eradicate the disease ordered the
killing of the affected animals.

❑people were not allowed to eat the meat of the dead

cattle.

❑Natural disasters was an expression of Gods

(Mwari/Mlimu)’s anger. Traditional religious
authorities warned that unless the whites were
fought and driven out of the land, the Africans
would continue to suffer.
 Loss of Land
 Jameson’s Raid
THE ROLE PLAYED BY RELIGION
 There were three main religious cults:
 the Mwari and Njelele cults in Matabeleland
 the Mhondoro cult in Mashonaland.
 Religious leaders gave religious sanction to the risings.
 They helped in organising and mobilising people for
action.
 The spies and messengers spread War information,
encouraging people to fight, telling them of successes
in other areas.
 Cont…
 They provided medicine to chiefs for various problems on
their lands

 They kept the chiefs lighting War fires on top of

mountains shouting the War cry “Chimurenga”

 The Nehanda and Kaguvi mediums warned people against

not taking part in the rebellion. They told people not to
touch or use white men’s tools especially guns..

 It was not until the capture of Gumboreshumba and

Charwe in 1896 that the people began to surrender.
RESULTS OF THE 1ST CHIMURENGA

NEGATIVE RESULTS
 Africans were defeated because of the inferior
weapons that they used which included spears,
shields, bows and arrows against the white men’s
machine guns, cannons and the seven ponders,
disunity and disorganisation among the Africans as
some collaborated with the whites
 leaders and spirit mediums were captured and
killed thereby leaving the Africans directionless and
leaderless
 Africans lost faith in their spirit mediums in
particular and their religion in general leading to many
Africans being converted to Christianity.
 POSITIVE RESULTS

 It was the first time that they had fought a common

enemy as a united people and a War of such
magnitude.
 It was important in that it laid the foundation for
future Wars of resistance that is the 2nd Chimurenga.
 The notable heroes of the first Chimurenga were
people like Nehanda, Kaguvi, General Magwegwe
and Mkwati of the Ndebele Army, Chief Chingaira,
Mashonganyika, Muzambi, Maremba, Zvidembo,
Mazhindi, Manyongori, Gunduza, Mvenuri and
Guti.
 COMPANY OCCUPATION/ COLONIAL
ADMINISTRATION FROM 1894-1923
 Conquest of the Ndebele in 1894 led to company
rule under British responsibility.
 Leader Star Jameson the 1st Administrator of the
Colony and ruled with the assistance of a
Legislative Assembly chosen by the Whites and
Company.
 Africans could vote theoretically but practically
they could not vote because many could not meet
the qualifications, which included completion of
form in English.
 Owning a House worth 75 pounds or an annual
salary of 50 pounds property qualification doubled
in 1912 when it appeared as many Africans could
vote.
Cont..
 Administration of colonies left in the hands of Native
Commissioners, Magistrates of African Chiefs
were left with no political power except collecting
taxes and providing labour force.
 Settlers for failing to present settler’s interests
accused company Government.
 Company rule ended in 1923 and settlers were given
option of joining South Africa or to form a
Responsible Government and they chose the latter
 The Country came under settler rule on 1 October
1923.
 COLONIAL ACTS
LAND APPORTIONMENT ACT OF 1930
 Divided the land between whites and blacks (all
good land reserved for whites and poor land to the
Africans)
 Out of the 96 000 000 acres :
 Approximately 48,1 million acres to whites (app. 50
000)
 Approximately 21,1 million acres to Africans(app. 1
081 00)
 Approximately 7 million acres was set aside for the
purchases
 The rest of the land was declared land set aside for the
unborn settlers and parks.
Cont..
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC & POLITICAL
MARGINALISATION: -

 Africans became overcrowded in reserves

 Many Africans failed to get land.

 There was over grazing and soil erosion and the quality
of African cattle was greatly reduced

 Poor crop yield destroyed competition between Africans

and Settlers.

 Many Africans became poor and easily exploited.

 LAND HUSBANDRY ACT 1951
 Was passed in order to redress some of the negative effects
of the LAA (Land Apportionment Act) like soil erosion
and poor crop yield so as to avoid an eminent hunger
disaster.
 It was also used to force more Africans into reserves it
reduced the number of aces and cattle owned by each
family.
 Not more than 8 hectors and not more than 6 cattle. It
also stipulated good farming methods e.g. contour
digging. Agric extension officers were sent to teach
Africans good farming methods.
Cont…
RESULTS
 More Africans failed to get land and migrated to
towns
 Workers also cut of from land
 Poverty In sensed nationalism
 Expropriation of Cattle/Loss of Cattle, Settlers took
cattle from Africans by force e.g. after defeat of the
Ndebele in 1893-4 213 of their cattle were confiscated
by BSAC and Cattle were also lost to the settlers
through payment of tax and fines for petty offences.
 AFRICAN REACTIONS TO SOCIAL, ECONOMIC &
POLITICAL MARGINALISATION
 In 1955 –formation of the City Youth League

 by impatient young politicians such as

 George Nyandoro

 James Chikerema

 Edson Sithole, among others.

 It organised protest marches

 AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
 In 1957- New ANC (African National Congress)
was a merger between old ANC and the City Youth
League

 led by Joshua Nkomo.

 It demanded majority rule.

 It organised mass resistance against the Land

Husbandry Act urging Peasants not to cooperate
with he settler government.

 In towns it organised mass protests and

 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY
 In 1960-January-National Democratic Party (NDP) was
formed

 Michael Mawema as President holding on for Joshua

Nkomo who was elected President

 The leadership of the party consisted of Ndabanengi Sithole,

Herbert Chitepo, Robert Mugabe, Bernard Chidzero, George
Silundika, Jason Moyo, Leopold Takawira, Josiah
Chinamano, and Enoch Dumbutshena etc.

 They demanded one-man one vote and majority rule,

held mass demonstrations.
n allowed the Blacks into Parliament
EFFECT OF THE COLONIAL CONSTITUION
he NDP, as some were happy with the constitution and others we

n 1961.
 ZIMBABWE’S AFRICAN PEOPLES UNION
 In 1961-Zimbabwe’s African peoples Union (ZAPU) was
formed with the same leadership as NDP.

 They encouraged Acts of arson and sabotage.

 Members agreed to remain as ZAPU even if it was banned.

 However, ZAPU split when Joshua Nkomo suspended

some members, e.g.

 Malianga

 Mugabe

 Sithole and Takawira.

 ZAPU

 1961 ZAPU was formed in December after the NDP

was banned.

 1962 September ZAPU was banned.

 The People Caretaker Council (PCC) was formed by

the late Joshua Nkomo in 1963

 ZIMBABWE AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION

 In 1963-Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)

was formed due to disillusionment with the politics
of tolerance and accommodation

 Ndabaningi Sithole leads the party.

 R.G. Mugabe was elected first Secretary

 1964 ZANU is banned and all prominent nationalists

including the PCC leadership are either imprisoned
or forced into exile.
BEGINNING OF VIOLENT AFRICAN RESISTANCE

 1964 saw the beginning of violent African resistance to

colonialism with many Acts of sabotage.
 Of note is the Action by self styled General Chedu
who led 100 youths calling themselves the Zimbabwe
Liberation Army.
 The same year ZANU recruited and trained the first
Crocodile group which drew first blood when they
attacked a police station and killed a white farmer in
Chimanimani (Melsetter).

Cont..
 1964 Ian Smith was elected premier of the settler

government.

 1965 November 11th Ian Smith’s Rhodesia Front made a

Unilateral Declaration of Independence.

 UDI led the nationalists to adopt armed resistance as

the first option to gain.

 AFRICANS REACTED THROUGH

 In short the Africans reacted through the following:

 Dissertation
 faking illness
 go slow in order to reduce profits
 Absenteeism
 destruction of machinery and tool
 accidental injury of bosses
 nicknamed mines and Warned job seekers
 forging, faking and altering passes to make them
appear as if they finished contracts, also changed
wages written on passes, strikes, demonstrations
 PROSECUTION OF THE LIBERATION WAR

 By 1963 the Nationalist had secured external bases in

independent African countries like Egypt, Tanzania
and Zambia to train their armed wings.
 ZANU’s armed wing became the Zimbabwe National
Liberation Army (ZANLA) and ZAPU’s armed wing
became known as the Zimbabwe People’s
Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA).
 Training also took place outside Africa in places like
Cuba, China and Russia.
 1966 at Chinhoyi the first externally trained ZANLA
combatants clashed with the security and all seven
members of the group were killed.
 Mass mobilisation became the preferred tool of the
armed resistance and this met with Great success
 CONTINUED

 December 1966 Aboard a British Warship HMS Tiger

the British government negotiates with the Rhodesians
and offers them the choice of a broad based
government and a referendum to decide the future of
blacks.

 Smith rejected the offer.

 CONTINUED
 August 1966 ZIPRA in alliance with the South African
National Congress’s armed wing Umkhonto Wesizwe
deployed four groups of 20 combatants each group.
 The majority of combatants were killed in and
around Wankie district.
 Rhodesia’s air force began to violate Zambian airspace
and another large group of about 150 combatants was
deployed by the alliance and again was decimated.
 The South African government in response sent troops
into Rhodesia and the Smith government passed the
law and Order Maintenance Amendment Bill – 7
September 1967. The law provided for a death sentence
on any one caught with arms of War.
 CONTINUED
 In October; the British premier Harold Wilson
convenes another conference on another Warship
HMS Fearless
 Smith again rejects the proposals.
 Late 1969 / early 1970 the Front for the liberation of
Mozambique fighting the Portuguese in Mozambique
formed an alliance with ZANLA
 and with more experience they provided training and
logistical support which proved invaluable and led to
the opening of the eastern front.
 CONTINUED
 Rhodesia and Portugal began joint operations in 1968.
 Dambaza Chikerema, Nathan Shamurarira and
others break from ZAPU and form a separate armed
resistance organisation called the Front for the
Liberation of Zimbabwe (FROLIZI), citing the need to
circumvent what they perceived as tribal limitations
within ZANU and ZAPU.
 The group gradually fizzled out and the leadership
either joined ZANU or went back ZAPU.
 CONTINUED
 1971 / 1972 The British present proposals known as the
Pearce Proposals, which among other things had
fifty-year framework for majority rule and an end to
racial discrimination.
 Lord Pearce was sent to conduct the referendum
 In December of that year ZANU and ZAPU arrange
the formation of the African National Congress
(ANC)under Bishop Abel Muzorewa to oppose the
proposals and this they successfully do.
 December ZANLA scores military successes with the
attack on Alternate farm in Centenary.
 CONTINUED

 1971 / 1972 the keeps or cantonment camps – Nazi style

so called protected villages are introduced in order to
deny guerrillas access to food and a political base
from the rural peasants.
 CONTINUED
 1973 Muzorewa claims the ANC as his brainchild and
negotiates with Ian Smith
 He agrees to conditions similar to those rejected in the
Pearce Commission.
 April in a coup in Portugal General Espinoza deposed the
premier Salazar and brought immediate independence to
Mozambique, Angola and Guinea Bissau.
 John Vorster, the South Africa’s Boer Premier with
Zambia’s President Kenneth Kaunda initiated Détente
policy of accommodation, which on Vorster party was to
neutralise the armed struggle by promoting internal
reactionary African nationalists in Zimbabwe.
 Muzorewa; Nkomo and Sithole are flown from prison
 CONTINUED
 in Rhodesia to Lusaka and are forced to sign the
declaration of unity by Kaunda on pain of loosing
Front line States support.
 Except for Joshua Nkomo the rest of the signatories
were not genuine African leaders:
 Chikerema signed for the non – existent FROLIZI
 Sithole had declared while on trail in Salisbury that
he had no connection with terrorist and subversives in
ZANLA with the death / assassination of Herbert
Chitepo on 18 March 1975 in Zambia which led to the
arrest of many ZANU
 CONTINUED

 It was during this period that the Mgagao

Declaration (1975) in Tanzania was made
 ‘– if we cannot live as free man then we would rather
die as free man.’
 This set the tone for continued armed resistance by
ZANLA and the document put the signatories to the
Declaration of Unity on the side of the Smith regime
 The imprisoned leaders then appointed Robert
Mugabe as the provisional leader of the party.
 CONTINUED
 Chitepo was the ZANU chairman and became the chairman of
Dare Rechimurenga an organisation formed after the banning
and jailing of the nationalists leaders in 1964 and his task was to
prosecute the War while the leadership was in prison.
 1974 internal rivalry rock both ZANU and ZAPU.
 In ZANU a group calling themselves ‘Vashandi led by such
people as Rugare Gumbo, Henry Hamadziripi among others
cause major headaches for the party.
 December the OAU demand that ZANLA and ZIPRA unite and
the Zimbabwe People’s Army (ZIPA) is formed with a joint
command of eighteen shared equally and the War picks up
momentum in Gaza and Manica provinces on the ZANLA front.
 March 1976, Ian Smith and Joshua Nkomo separate peace
negotiations and as a result of mounting criticism of these talks
by African leaders especially Julius Nyerere and Samora
Machel and following Smith’s no majority rule in a thousand
years speech Nkomo discontinued talks with Smith.
 CONTINUED

 1976 March, American secretary of state Henry Kissinger

initiates the Geneva talks.
 ZANU and ZAPU from the Patriotic Front to oppose the
talks.
 The talks are adjourned in December and never resume.
 The joint command and ZIPA also collapse during that
year.
 1976 September 26 Smith announces acceptance of
majority rule as long as the Army ad police remain under
white control and began to negotiate with the internal
black collaborators or those who had abandoned the armed
struggle were opposed to it e.g. Ndabanengi Sithole, Abel
Muzorewa and Chief Chirau.
 CONTINUED

 In 1976 Ian Smith made bombing raids on camps in

Mozambique
 Rhodesians killed many refugees and guerrillas at
Chimoio and Nyadzonya in Mozambique and
Freedom camp Mulunguish and Chifombo in
Zambia.
 On 3 March 1978 the so – called Internal Settlement
was reached between anti-War and reactionary
black groups in Rhodesia.
 CONTINUED

 April 1979 the ANC ‘s Bishop Muzorewa was elected

Prime Minister in sham elections and temporarily the
Zimbabwe-Rhodesia hybrid state existed and it was
not recognised by any state except South Africa.
 It was during this period that some of the most
gruesome murders were perpetrated against refugees
and the armed resistance with the authority and
concurrence of Bishop Abel Muzorewa’s
government.
 1979 October the British under International pressure
convened the Lancaster House talks.
 CONTINUED

 The parties to the talks were:

 The British Government
 Patriotic Front (ZANU and ZAPU)
 Muzorewa’s ANC
 and Smith’s Rhodesia Front.
 The talks could not reconcile the demands of the
parties especially on land but both groups’ gains
hope that they would win and be able to maintain
their claims and positions from a legalized position.
POST INDEPENDENCE DEVELOPMENTS (1980)

 1980 March under internationally supervised

elections:
 Muzorewa won three seats in parliament
 ZANU (PF) swept the board with 57 seats out of the
80 common seats
 ZAPU (PF) got 20 seats from all of Matabeleland
 ZANU –Ndonga got one seat.
 Independence saw many unrepentant whites
emigrating to New Zealand, Australia, and Britain
 On 18 April 1980 Zimbabwe became an independent
state with Robert Mugabe as premier.
 CONTINUED

 The new prime Minister formed a government of national unity

 offered Joshua Nkomo the position of President a titular or
ceremonial head of the state position but he declined
 several ministries were headed by ZAPU colleagues
 whites also headed several key ministries.
 1980 Notorious security units of the Smith Regime flee to South
Africa and carry out Acts of sabotage like blowing up air force
planes.
 1981 Some former ZIPRA units rebelled at Entumbane in
Bulawayo and other places and the new Army quickly brings the
rebellion under control.
 Massive arms caches belonging to ZIPRA and which were
supposed to have been surrendered to the new Army are
discovered and ZAPU properties with caches are confiscated by
the state and ZAPU is removed from the government of national
unity.
 CONTINUED

 In 1982 some former ZIPRA elements went to the bush

and for five years waged an armed insurrection in
which many people of Shona extraction were killed in
Matabeleland and the Midlands died at the hands of
dissidents
 The military action by units of the Zimbabwean
Army, resulted many more civilians being killed.
 CONTINUED

 The apartheid South African regime takes advantage

of the dissident problem and its agents and
saboteurs and against provocateurs is apprehended in
Zimbabwe.
 South Africa unleashed a War of military
destabilisation of all frontline states with rebel
movements RENAMO in Mozambique and UNITA in
Angola wrecking havoc to the economies of all
Frontline states.
 CONTINUED
 1987 December 22 after protracted negotiations
spearheaded by Zimbabwe’s first Non-executive
President Mr. Canaan Banana, a unity agreement is
signed between ZANU PF and ZAPU PF.
 A new party ZANU PF is created and Joshua Nkomo
became a Co-vice President with Simon Muzenda.
 All dissident Activity stops and they are
incorporated into society and no charges to be
preferred against them and similarly no charges are
preferred against any member of the Fifth Brigade.
 CONTINUED
 1980 saw the end of all formal or legal racial segregation
but this evil and immoral practice continued and exists
unabated to date.
 The new government made strides to correct the colonial
evils in the following areas; -
 Universal free primary and secondary education
 Free medical and health care
 Policy of reconciliation towards the former settler
colonialists to which they have to date spurned.
 Land distribution under the willing buyer basis
 Indigenisation – enabling the native Africans to own
and control business
 Black empowerment
 Expanding trade with the region and the world at large.
 CONTINUED

 1981 Zimbabwe Conference on Reconstruction

(ZIMCORD) was convened and donors pledged about
one and half Billion USA $ in aid and loans.
 1986 The fie-year economic development plan is
launched in an attempt to restructure the economy to
meet the needs of the whole population instead of
the needs of a few settlers.
 1991 Following a severe drought and pressure from
Western Donors and the Breton Woods Financial
Institutions the government adopts the foreign
initiated Structural Adjustment Plan.
 CONTINUED

 ESAP-The Programme required Zimbabwe to:

 liberalise trade, that is allow free movement of goods
from outside
 restrict or cut government expenditure in health,
education and defence
 evaluate or allow the local currency to float.
 Serious economic problems begin to develop and
come to head by 1996.
 1998 due to ESAP food rationing took place in the
major towns due to the negative effects of ESAP.
 CONTINUED

 1998 August the Zimbabwe Defence Forces are deployed to

the DRC to help the beleaguered Kabila Regime.
 1998 November Nearing the end of the restrictive 20 – year
non compulsory acquisition of land clause in the
Lancaster agreement, a Land Donor Conference is
organised and many foreign donors pledge to assist
Zimbabwe but not a cent is remitted by the end of 1999.
 1999 The labour leadership breaks ranks with government
and threatens to form a political party under the leadership
of Morgan Tsvangirai and in September the same year
this actually happens in the form of the Movement for
Democratic Change.
 CONTINUED
 War veterans receive lump and monthly gratuities in
the build up to the 2000 elections.
 The Labour Leadership cum Opposition Party
sides more and more to the right and is seen
supporting settler colonial interests in land,
commerce and industry
 Receives massive monetary and moral support from
the same quarter.
 This alliance also receives massive external assistance
from foreign interests like the USA and UK
Governments Directly or indirectly though such
organisations as the Westminster Foundation etc.
 CONTINUED

 February 2000 a new Draft Constitution is taken to

the people in a referendum and the labour leadership
cum opposition together with Civic Organisations
mobilise the electorate to reject it because it allegedly
it confers too much power on the President but really
because of the ‘no compensation for land
compulsory acquired for settlement’ clause in the
draft constitution.
 CONTINUED

 2000 February realising the near success of the

landed white class in derailing the land
redistribution by using political parties the Veterans
of Zimbabwe’s 2nd Chimurenga and landless peasants
occupied white owned farms and forced government
to make Appropriate Legislation to fast track land
distribution through the Land Acquisition Act 2000.
Thus beginning the Third Chimurenga.
 PROBLEMS FACED BY WORKERS/FORMS OF ILL
TREATMENT
 Long working hours and low wages
 Lived in dirty overcrowded
 Badly built lit accommodation
 Given poor/rotten food
 Suffered from malnutrition
 No medical treatment
 Mine workers forced to work under control of the police
 No protective clothing
 No compensation if injured
 Cheated so that they would not receive wages
 Beaten by supervisors
 Heavily taxed
 No pensions
 Lack of representation
 No unions or representation in parliament
 Job colour bar, workers given derogatory names.
 THE THIRD CHIMURENGA

Introduction
 The First and Second Chimurenga were armed resistance
against settler s
 The Third Chimurenga is a legal and political assertion
of the second Chimurenga
 The 2nd Chimurenga brought one-man one vote and that
is democracy.
 The 3rd Chimurenga is a tool for economic translation
and is not an end in.
 The Third Chimurenga therefore is making democracy
make political sense by using it to bring about economic
emancipation to the historically disadvantaged through
the mechanism of law made in this country and with the
objective of undoing colonial injustices and wrongs.
 CAUSES OF THE 3RD CHIMURENGA
 THE LANCASTER HOUSE AGREEMENT
 The agreement was very faulty in that it maintained and
sought to legalise the criminal gains of colonialism with
respect to social and economic privileges of former
colonisers at the expense of the native Africans especially
with respect to land. The “willing seller, willing buyer
clause”, in the agreement together with the no compulsory
acquisition of land for twenty years clause’ not only limited
but it also restricted and proscribed the legislative
competency and sovereignty of the new state. The clauses
also suspend for twenty years the translation of victory in
armed combat into social and economic victory. From 1980
to 2000 No willing seller offered government useful land in
regions 1,2 and 3 most of the little land made available was
in regions 4 and 5.
CONTINUED ECONOMIC MARGINALISATION
 From 1980 to 2000 few Africans in Zimbabwe had the
opportunity to be entrepreneurs due to
institutionalised conditions in the financial sector that
tended to work against blacks especially with respect
to collateral security.
 Affirmative Action by the government and by
individuals remained meaningless without paradigm
shift in the established money lending institutions as a
basis for lending and without an historical even that
could provide Africans with the property base to use as
collateral security.
 THE LAND DONOR CONFERENCE 1998

 Anticipating the end of the 20-year compulsory land

acquisition clause, government organised an
international Land Donor Conference with a view to
raise funding for a massive land reform programme.
 The UN, the IMF, the World Bank and all major
Western Nations participated in this conference and
pledged hundreds of millions of dollars for the
land reform programme in Zimbabwe.
 Not a single cent was remitted and Government was
compelled to opt for the Third Chimurenga as events
clearly revealed that all major so-called donors were
interested in maintaining the status quo in terms of
land ownership and social inequality in Zimbabwe.
 REGIME CHANGE
 2000 June in parliamentary elections MDC almost
upset the ruling ZANU (PF) party
 ZANU PF won 57 seats
 2000/2001 the MDC near success gives impetus to
Britain to ostracise the Mugabe regime change
 Britain forces her friends to impose sanctions on
Zimbabwe to ruin the economy in order to make the
electorate vote Mugabe out of power.
 Inflation rose steadily and local whites employed
tactics to make the economy intolerable and twist the
electorate to bring about regime change and remove
Mugabe and ZANU PF out of power and derail the
land redistribution programme.
 continued
 2002 Presidential elections are won by the ZANU PF
candidate
 MDC refuses to concede defeat or to recognise the new
Government and goes to court to challenge the election
results and alleges intimidation vote and rigging etc.
 2003 the nation is in a political stalemate with
threatened invasion from Britain and America and court
challenges to the presidency continuing
 the opposition top leadership is arrested and taken to
court for trying to assassinate the President in 2004
 The 2003 scenario continues but inflation begins to fall
and a general optimistic expectation pervades the nation
as preparation and campaigning for the 2005 elections get
underway.
 ZIMBABWE HERITAGE
 A heritage can be defined as an enduring legacy, a definitive
event; achievement tradition or theory to which the peoples of a
specific nation rally around, and have emotional attachments
and for which they are prepared to defend and to go to War over
if threatened or violated.
 In the USA the national heritage is a deep – rooted political
legacy born out of the War and rebellion against Great Britain
and this is embodied in the term Republicanism.
 The French, who are fiercely proud of their heritage, have the
French Revolution
 Similarly the young nation of Zimbabwe has the ethos of the
second Chimurenga as the national and enduring political
tradition. The second Chimurenga ethos embodies political,
cultural as well as economic principles, which define and
continue to sustain us as a nation.
 To destroy any nation all one has to do is undermine the
nation’s heritage, the continuing psychological War by the
enemies of Zimbabwe to distort and demonise not the second
Chimurenga War but those who participated in that War
 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

 Culture in Zimbabwe reflects the major ethnic and

tribal groups in the society.
 The demographic statistics is as follows:
 Shona extraction constitute about 84%
 Ndebele at about 7%
 Tonga; Venda; Kalanga; Chewa; Namibia; Shangani
and other smaller groups constituting about another
7% of the population.
 The white population has dwindled to less than 0.1%
of the population.
 ELEMENTS OF THE ZIMBABWEAN AFRICAN
CULTURE
 Nuclear or extended family
 Recognition and respect for age, parents and authority
 Respect for hard and honest work
 Acceptance of good morals in terms of dress, sex and
marriage
 There has however been a strong negative influence due to
the mass media on the African culture in Zimbabwe.
 Television, radio and the print media have done much
harm in undermining the superior African culture by
encouraging foreign tastes and habits in terms of diet,
dress, the family, marriage, sex and the extended family.
 CONTINUED

 The first culprit has been the African family with:

 divorce (unknown and unthinkable in pure African
culture)
 Disease due to sex before marriage and
prostitution has grown to pandemic levels
 Greed and exclusiveness are the hallmarks of the
white man’s culture
 Unlike the white person in Zimbabwe the African does
not have sufficient expendable cash and as a result
debt and unfulfilled desire and wants are making the
lives of many Zimbabweans miserable
African culture
 African culture remains the superior culture in that it
keeps society and the nation cemented.
 Moreover such social ills as prostitution, pandemics,
street kids, crime and political opportunism
(kutengesa nyika) because of greed would be non-existent.
 All these ills are as a result of lack of self-respect and
lack of personal identity due to wanting to be a white
persons e.g. Michael Jackson
 The legacies we have as Africans in terms of diet are also
unchangeable in that traditional diet consisting of small
grains legumes an African fruits, vegetables and nuts
naturally prevent such diseases as obesity / kusimba – a
common feature of most urbanised woman on the major
cause of high blood pressure, hypertension, osteoporosis
and infertility.
 TRADITIONAL HERBS & RELIGION

 In medicine, traditional herbs and a good diet remain

undoubtedly the panacea for a long healthy life
 In religion opinions vary but the facts remain.
 In African culture the fundamentals of Christianity are
firmly embedded.
 Respect for age, parents and authority, good morals
that is no fornication or adultery, no pervasion that is no
homosexuality, taking care of the need etc are biblical
positions that remain unchangeable.
 In short the white man’s culture is not only incomplete
with Christianity, it is in fact the antithesis and a direct
attack on everything Godly, which is devilish.
 MARRIAGE

 Marriage and the family is the economic base of any

society and nation.
 Premarital sex, divorce and sex for money and
perversions such as lesbianism, homosexuality, drug
taking including alcohol directly attack and
undermine the family and as such society.
 A multiplicity of sexual partners before marriage will
always lead one to either multiple sex partners in
marriage or lack of satisfaction with one partner in
marriage.
 AFRICAN RELIGION V CHRISTIANITY
 The problem between African religion and Christianity is not
lack of morals in African religion but methods of accessing
God or worship.
 Indeed there is lots of superstition with respect to methods of
worship in African religion in as much as most main line
emerging Christian churches are thoroughly paginated.
 It is only right and good therefore to promote and maintain our
morally superior culture
 The values of any society therefore serve to define that society’s
identity.
 History has much been distorted by painting the African culture
as irreligious to the extent that it is almost the accepted value
among most young Zimbabweans to be immoral because a white
Christian has an immoral value or practice for an example,
walking naked or partial naked in public despite the fact that
this violates Christian principles.
 POSITION ON LAND
 White Zimbabweans with believe that land and all ill-gotten
gains from the international crime of colonialism and
accompanying ethnic cleansing and segregation are
legitimately and exclusively the property of those former
criminals.
 Whites do not want to share our land with us.
 We have said we will equitably share our land with whites and
that remains and will always remain the Zimbabwean African’s
morally right and correct position.
 Therefore any who departs from this position is not only a threat
to the the National interest, but is in effect and in essence lead
to a declaration of War.
 Through hard work and self – sustaining economic policies,
Zimbabweans, can engage other nations at the economic level
and benefit from the comparative advantage we have in terms of
skilled disciplined labour, good climate, and abundance of
minerals and varied flora and fauna – domestic and wild.
 NATIONAL RESOURCES

 Zimbabwe is endowed with many natural resources,

which in certain instances places the nation on the
strategic resources map of the world.
Land
 Zimbabwe’s land mass is about 310million square miles
and has a conducive climate being neither too hot nor
too cold and has an average rainfall of about 1500m
 MINERALS

 Zimbabwe has the following minerals chrome:

 Iron
 Coal
 Gold
 Copper
 Tin
 Diamonds
 Platinum
 Nickel
 Uranium, Etc.
 Our Chrome; platinum; nickel and coal reserves are of
Global strategic importance because they are ranked in the
top five in terms of quantity and quality. Unfortunately
control of these minerals is still in foreign land and as a
nation we are also not yet adding value to them.
 WILD LIFE
 The three major game parks in Zimbabwe are second
to the combined Kenyan and Tanzanian wildlife
population of the Serengeti game park.
 The big five wild game elephant, buffalo, giraffe,
lion and rhino are more abundant in our game parks
than in any other park in the world.
 PEOPLE

 With a population of about 14 000 000 people, Zimbabwe

is still sparsely populated considering that our land mass
can sustain seventy million with optimal economic
utilization.
 The plus about this population is its literacy levels – of
about 98% and its varied skills base
 Through many tricks especially after the 2000
parliamentary elections, the Western countries have not
rested in trying to spark a Civil War in Zimbabwe
 Thatchell the infamous homosexual has been quoted as
saying that he is not only organising but also sponsoring a
group consisting of personnel in Zimbabwe’s armed forces
and in the Diaspora to military bring about an end to the
Mugabe regime in Zimbabwe.
 CONTINUED

 The West Minister Foundation and even much

earlier the Heritage Foundation a USA right wing
organisation are trying and had tried to use opposition
parties in Zimbabwe to engage the Zimbabwean armed
forces. On the whole the people of this nation have
refused to be used in this very destructive and
dangerous way and have democratically expressed
their wishes at the polls. The people of this nation save
those who pipe and beat the Crum of this nation’s
enemies remain resolutely united in the face of an
unprecedented onslaught from Europe and the USA
 NATIONAL SYMBOLS

 The National Anthem

 Born and inspired by the War of liberation
 The national anthem is as it were the rallying point
of the nation.
 Authored by Professor Mutsvairo
 It descries and narrates in a few words of origins,
history, beliefs and aspirations (each student to
memorise the song).
 THE NATIONAL FLAG

 The national flag represent the state wood

 together with court of arms they are the official and
visible tokens of the state and its authority and
existence.
 The flag is also the product of the War of liberation
 The red star represents our socialist ideals
 and the Zimbabwe bird proudly points back to our
distant origins and prowess as people
 The white background on which the above two are
superimposed represents our desire for peace and
tranquillity.
 NATIONAL FLAG
 The Red Stripes symbolises the blood of the heroes who died
liberating the country
 Yellow our mineral resources
 Green our flora and fauna
 Black the indigenous African natives of this nation.
NB It is incumbent upon every Zimbabwean and any foreigner on
our soil to acknowledge our state hood by standing at attention
when the flag is lowered where ever and whatever one is doing.
 Standing at attention is not a Religious Act as some over zealous
and misguided so called Christians think. Kneeling or bowing
down in reverence is a religious Act reserved for God that is why
Shadreck and his other two friends were thrown in a furnace.
Nowhere in Christian writing is standing erect an Act of worship
or homage. It would be only right and fair to refuse to kneel to
the flag for every Christian. It is only right and fair for every
Christian to stand erect in recognition not homage of those who
rule them.
 THE GREAT ZIMBABWE MONUMENT

 Located near Masvingo town

 it represents unparallel architectural design and
construction
 stands as a direct insult to those who have ridiculed
Africans of possessing no scientific, psychological
make up, achievements or capability.
 The King of the Great Zimbabwe period and latter
dynasties used it as a palace and a temple.
 THE VICTORIA FALLS

 A natural geological formation formed years of

erosion
 the feature has few rivals if any and has water
plunging a hundred meters forming thunder and
mist from which its more appropriate
 Tonga names is derived from mosi-oya-tunya the
smoke that thunders.
 It is the nation’s Prime Tourist Resort attraction.
 CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES

 Disasters- has technology advanced so as disasters or

accidents have also increased.
 Management of these disasters has become a major science
and the role of each citizen in disasters has become an
imperative.
 Major disasters can be listed as:
 disease pandemic, such as Aids, Sars and Ebola
 floods as a result of usually very high rainfall
 industrialisation or broken dam walls
 drought due to changing weather patterns as a result of
industrialisation
 and accidents at work place, for example, airplane crashes,
gas leaks and nuclear contamination, earthquakes, etc.
 DISEASE MANAGEMENT-
 Disease management- is first and foremost an
individual responsibility
 Correct dietary and sexual habits are the most front
lines.
 Each individual is national resource
 Eating Junk Food or recklessly imbibing in drugs and
alcohol destroys that line
 Immoral Sexual behaviour like sex before marriage or
infidelity within marriage.
 With infectious diseases, each individual should take
note of and report any suspected infections and
quarantine self or the affected victim.
 FLOODS

 Floods- earthquakes and workplace disasters require

the nation to rally behind those affected by donating
food and clothes and shelter.
 It is also necessary to avoid Flood and Quake Prone
areas and to take heed to quake or Flood Warning
 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS-

 Industrial accidents- is a man made problem, which

requires social responsibility to minimise the risks.

 There is no such thing as safe technology. The issue at

stake is risk minimisation and management.
 DROUGHTS
 Droughts have always been there before the white man’s
agriculture and especially exotic crops such as maize.
 A banana plant does not grow in Gokwe as naturally as it
does in Risutu Valley in as much as maize thrives in Peru
but is prone to drought in Zimbabwe.
 Maize grows well in its homeland in South America but is
prone to drought in Zimbabwe.
 This paradigm shift in our dietary habits will go a long
way towards national food self-sufficiency because
eventually sooner rather than latter even irrigated crops
will fail if there is no flow in the dams.
 There is no other credible long lasting solution to
drought at the family or national level than reverting to the
small grains.
 PATRIOTISM
 Patriotism means:
 defending the nation physically and in armed combat
when called upon to do so by the authorities in power
 Defending the nation through positive publicity.
 The nation’s Greatest and most potent enemy today is
the one amongst us who agrees to spread falsehoods
about the nation’s politics and economy.
 Supporting the nation through tax payments,
practice the environmentally friendly countries, for
example avoiding littering graft, crime, corruption,
greed and harmful behaviour such as premarital
sex, respect and tolerate other races, tribes, religious
opinions and beliefs and cherish unity in diversity
among the various stakeholders in spite of differences
in approaches.
 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY
ZIMBABWE SINCE 1980.

 Economic problems- need to develop rural areas to

stop rural urban migrations and correct a hundred
years of the colonial rule
 redirect economic priorities to serve the whole
population rather a small white section of the
population
 bring health education and shelter to all Zimbabweans
 recurring droughts 1983, 992,1997, 2002 as it negatively
affects the national economy and agricultural products
 deal with unfavourable terms of trade
 stop the shrinking in the economy and reverse growing
unemployment
 continued
 receive inflation and the devaluation of the
Zimbabwean dollar against major international,
currencies
 gradual increases in prices of basic commodities due
to speculation and profiteering, falling commodity
prices in the international market
 disinvestments due to more vigorous indigenisation
economic approach
 political interference in the nation’s politics through
the sponsoring and creation of opposition parties with
foreign agenda
 the brain drain
 corruption and decline moral value leading to Aids.
 HOW THE GOVERNMENT HAS SOLVED THESE
PROBLEMS

 Drought in Zimbabwe has been partly alleviated by

importing grain from abroad and construction of
dams
 also creating grain strategic reserves seeds packs given
to packs given to peasants to help them recover from
droughts.
 Of major importance has been the redistribution of
land and reducing pressure in the congested rural
areas and settling people in areas with fertile soils and
high rainfall.
 continued
 The Ministry of Employment Creation and Indigenisation
have gone some way in creating employment,
 externally originated and driven economic polices have
been abandoned in favour of home grown solutions
 the government has abandoned ESAP and attention has
been redirected to the East Asian Economies to
encourage investment and cooperation
 SADC and COMESA Union Trade arrangements have
been adopted to encourage an increase in international
trade
 However, Zimbabwe has not managed to solve all
problems. Cost sharing in education and health has been
instituted to alleviate spiralling cost.
 Indigenisation, Affirmative Action, creation of SEDCO, the
land bank, land redistribution, etc, have the long way
towards alleviating the unemployment problem.
 continued

 New monetary polices together with anti corruption

drive have seen inflation decreasing slowly but
gradually during the 2002 period.
 Reawakening of the peoples’ moral values and their
culture as a solution to decreasing and ultimately
wiping out STDs and AIDS infection and the
deliberate thrust towards self-employment through
entrepreneurship.
LEGAL & PARIAMENTARY AFFAIRS

❑Is a module designed to have an awareness of

Zimbabwe’s legal system, statutes and how
these affect their existence as citizens.
 LAW

Law is dgenerally law is defined as:

❑ rules of behaviour enforced by the society

❑or board of established norms for the good

governance of the society

❑usually interpreted by the courts to enforce

justice, consistence and uniform application.
All law is premised on maintaining the Status
Quos (those in power)
 PURPOSE OF THE LAW

 Realistically the purpose of the law is to protect the

interest of those making the law.
 Idealistically the purpose of the law is to bring about
law and order, predictability, stability and peace.
 SOURCES OF LAW

SOURCES
OF LAW

Roman Judicial
Custom Legislature
Dutch Law Precedent

Social Customs
[ratio-decidendi]

Legal Customs
[obita dicta]
 CUSTOMS
 The earliest stage was so-called “natural law”
 Are behaviour patterns developed by man to accord his
instincts and the procedures
 or rules of conduct he adopted for the tribal survival in the
environment.
 These earliest customs were simply habits of life
 Habits of behaviour
 Customs are divided into are and is persuasive since it
entails practices that may be observed and almost certainly
will be observed but do not have to be observed.
 Legal custom is binding and authoritative in the sense that
it entails duties, which must be observed and enforced by
the society or State through the Parliament.
 JUDICIAL PRECEDENT
 It is where a previous judicial decision in a novel case serves as a
rule or guide for similar cases to be heard in the future.
 (In novel cases where a legal rule exists, a case may be decided on
set precedents, that is, used judge’s principles, prudence and
wise counsel). Once a court has given a ruling concerning the
legal position applicable in a particular set of circumstances, this
ruling becomes the law for the future.
 This principle is known as the doctrine of Stare Decisis, that is,
to stay by the decisions and not disturb settled points.
 However, this doctrine follows the hierarchy of authority-
 the supreme courts
 the high court
 magistrates courts
 primary courts
 LEGISLATURE /STATUTE

 Statutes are laws made by the legislature or Parliament

 are governed by 5 basic princes of modern laws:
 Just application-for example, legal rules, “must
direct what is honourable and forbid what is base”.
 Equality –law must be blind to distinctions of class,
wealth, colour or creed, race, which means all citizens
are equal before the law.
 Uniformity-law must behave uniformly or
consistently, that is, not only with regards to people
but also to areas.
 Authority –law must only drive from the proper and
authorised such as the Parliament or Municipalities.
 continued
 Certainty-legal rules must not only be clear and
unambiguous, they must also be declared and mad
known before they are applied. This certainty about
the future is essential if people are to be free to decide
their Actions with the full knowledge of the
consequences.
 And is also necessary if the legal rules are to apply
which “ Ignoratia juris excusat”,” Ignorance of the
law excuses no one”. The law making process through
Parliament, crafting of binding rules of law in a precise
well-defined form by a body legally constituted.
 continued
 Parliament-(A person or body of persons having power to
pass laws that keeps pace with the changing conditions in a
community.)
 Creates laws known as Acts or Statutes
 it has the power to amend or repeal / cancel laws already in
existence.
 It is the most important and modern sources of law.
 Also has statutory instruments or subsidiary legislation,
which are enactments that provide for detailed
Administration of the Act and implementation of
Principles, involved, e.g. Rules Proclamations, By-laws,
Orders and Notices. Debate and passed by Parliament,
Acts, Statutory Instruments Proclamations, By–Laws,
Delegated Authorities, Orders, Statutes etc.
 ROMAN DUTCH/ JURISTS

 Jurists are legal writers who on the basis of

widespread reference to their opinions by the courts
and elsewhere are regarded as authorities on he law.
 Their importance should not be underestimated; for
example, it is the jurists of principals that Roman law
owes its fame and its influence on subsequent
generations.
 The Roman Dutch law is a function of the ancient
Roman law and Dutch customary practices.
 Roman Law spread with the spread of the Roman
Empire.
 continued
 Thus as the Romans occupied the Netherlands, they
spread their law which got infused with Dutch
customs producing Roman Dutch Law.
 When the Dutch colonised the Cape in 1652, they
made the Roman and Dutch law the law of the land.
 Roman and Dutch law was spread to Zimbabwe by
the BSAC, which had been asked by the High
Commissioner at the Cape to make it law of the colony.
 Although we call it Roman-Dutch Law in Zimbabwe,
it also has traits of the English law for example,
Insurance law, Banking Law and Company Law, etc.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LAW

CLASSIFICATION OF LAW

International
National law
Law

Private
Criminal Family law
International

Public
Administrative company
International

Law Of
Constitutional Industrial
Treaties

Civil private Commercial

 continued
 National law is the body of rules and regulations that
govern the behaviour of citizens of or within a specific
country.
 National law has law enforcing agencies
 International Law is that law which regulates
between States and is based on conventions, treaties
 it has no law enforcing agents
 THE CONSTITUTION

 The constitution is the supreme law in the country

 most countries have written constitutions, Zimbabwe
included.
 The UK. Stands out as the odd case that has no clear
document written and termed a constitution.
 A constitution is the body or rules and regulations
that set out the authorities of those in power.
 It also sets out the rights and duties of citizens. It is
important because it establishes the institutions,
which make up the State. These are the Executive, the
Judiciary and the Legislature.
 ARMS OF THE STATE

ARMS OF THE
STATE

Legislature Executive Judiciary

House of
Assembly
[lower house]

Upper House
[Senate]
 The State
 The State consists of three organs:
 the legislature or the Parliament, which makes laws
 the Executive, or Cabinet (sometimes referred to as
Government) which executes public policy (laws and
programmes etc)
 the Judiciary, or the courts which interpret the law and
decide on cases brought before them
 COMPOSITION OF THE PARLIAMENT
(LANCASTER HOUSE CONSTITUTION)
 The Lower House (House of Assembly)
 There were 150 Members of Parliament, who could be
divided as follows:
 120 Constituent Members who were elected by the
people registered in the Common Voter’s Role
 10 Governors-Appointed by the President
 8 chiefs –who are appointed by the Chief’s Council
 12 Non-Constituent Members- who are Appointed by
the President.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE PARLIAMENT

 Parliament is the law making body of the State

institutions;
 it also carries out some equally important functions.
 Parliament is the forum where the nation’s
representatives debate national issues including
critical examinations of the Government’s execution of
public policy.
 This is how the legislature on behalf of the electorate
holds the executive accountable.
 The Parliament of Zimbabwe is now a Bi-cameral
Parliament, which is divided into the Lower House and
the Upper House.
 THE SENATE

 Introduction:
 The Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment Bill No.17
provides for the constituting of Parliament as a
Bicameral legislature consisting of:
 the House of Assembly of 150 members
 and Senate of 66 members.
 SENATE

 Composition:
 Of the 66 members, 5 are elected in each f the 10
provinces [50].
 Plus the President and Deputy President of the
Council of Chiefs.
 8 Chiefs elected by the College of Chiefs Council to
represent the 8 non-metropolitan provinces.
 Remaining 6 are Appointed by the President and these
represent special interest groups.
 ACCORDING TO THE GPA

 There are 93 members

 QUALIFICATION TO BE ELECTED AS A SENATOR

 One shall be eligible for election as a senator if he /

she:
 is a registered voter
 above the age of 40 years
 must be or must have been a member of the Senate or
the House of Assembly
 but who must not be a member of the cabinet, deputy
Minister or provincial governor.
 FUNCTIONS AND ROLES OF THE SENATE

 The Upper House (Senate) ensures that any laws that are
passed are in the ultimate national interest.
 The Senate is the custodian of certain national values and
principles that may have been overlooked, forgotten, or
unknown to the members of the lower House.
 The Senate is a safeguard for all interest, including those
that are not fully represented in the Lower House.
 The Senate provide checks and balances, which help
prevent the passage into law of ill-conceived legislation.
 It is a safeguard against hastily authored legislation that
may not be in the national interest.
 THE LAW MAKING PROCESS IN ZIMBABWE
 There are basically two types of the Bills:
1. Private Bills and Public Bills-have a particular interest or
benefit to any person or group of persons, public company,
corporations or local authority
 Such Bills can only be introduced into the House of
Parliament after a petition and a copy of the proposed Bill
has been presented and adopted.
2. On the other hand Public Bills relate to matters of general
interest
 are introduced upon notice, by a member of Parliament/
Minister.
 Public Bills are further divided into Government Bills and
Private Members’ Bills.
 Government Ministers pilot the former through Parliament
while an individual Member of Parliament can introduce
the latter.
 STAGE 1: THE PRELIMINARY STAGES
 The Minister first put his proposals to the cabinet.
 The cabinet examines the proposals and decides on
matters of policy.
 If the proposals are accepted, the Minister is directed
to prepare a Bill on the broad lines
 The Ministry Officials in turn send a memorandum to
the Draftsman containing a general description of the
of the proposed Bill
 the draftsman, then draws up a Bill.
 This draft Bill is printed and subsequently laid down
before the cabinet committee on legislation for
consideration and approval.
 STAGE 2: FIRST READING:
 the Minister in charge notifies the House of his
intention to do so on a particular day.
 The Bill is then placed on the order paper for the
specific day.
 the secretary reads short title of the Bill.
 There is no debate during the first reading of the Bill.
 Normally time is allowed for members and interested
persons to read and digest the Bill
 discuss it with their colleagues and constituencies and
to prepare for the second reading.
 In essence, purpose of the first reading of a Bill is to
give members and interested persons an opportunity
to study the Bill.
 STAGE 3: SECOND READING
 the Minister explains the principle of the Bill & key issues
of policy involved
 concludes by moving “that the Bill be read a second
time”.
 This motion is followed by a debate on the general
principles of the Bill.
 The debate is restricted to consideration of the general
application and desirability of the Bill.
 no amendments to the Bill itself at this stage.
 amendments may be proposed to the motion,” that the
Bill be read a second time” the usual amendment is “that
the Bill be read a second time upon this day six
months”, which is regarded as the a courteous way of
dismissing the Bills.
 If this amendment is carried, the Bill is dead and buried
and cannot be revived until the next session.
 STAGE 4: THE COMMITTEE STAGE
 The purpose is to consider the Bill in detail
 The whole House goes into committee
 the function of the committee on a Bill is to go through
the text clause by clause.
 The clause may be accepted, amended, or rejected,
with or without debate
 The bill is withdrawn if the amendments changes the
nature and purpose
 Although the committee has authority to amend any
clause of a Bill, it cannot reject or through out a Bill.
Only the House can reject the Bill.
 STAGE 5: REPORT

 If no amendments have been made, the report stage is

purely formal before the third reading is undertaken.
 If amended, the amendments are considered and
adopted by the House before the third reading takes
place.
 At this stage the committees’ recommendations are
either accepted or rejected.
 the House may make further amendments or even
insert new clauses.
 The later is usually done at the instance of the Minister
in charge of the Bill to accommodate criticisms made
in committee with which he is sympathy.
 STAGE 6: THIRD READING
 The third reading is taken, as a rule if the report stage
has been completed.
 Debate follows the motion by the Minister in charge
“that the Bill be now read a third time.”
 the debate is limited and normally reverts to
discussions of principles.
 no amendments can be effected to the text of the Bill,
except for purely verbal and typographical errors.
 Opposition to the motion for the third reading is
expressed by amendments similar to those moved on
the second reading.
 If the motion for the third reading is carried, the Bill
is deemed to have completed its stages and is now
ready for further scrutiny by the Senate.
 STAGE 7:THE SENATE

 [SEE ABOVE UNDER THE SENATE]

 STAGE 8:THE PRESIDENTIAL ASSENT AND
ENROLMENT OF THE ACT:
 The President grants his Assent by a copy of the Act
and the attachment of the Public Seal.
 The President must sign the Act within 21 days of its
presentation to her/him.
 Where the President withholds his/ her Assent, to
the Bill & shall be returned to Parliament
 the Bill shall not again be presented for Assent
 After the Presidential Assent the Act is then published
in the Government Gazette.
 An Act of Parliament comes into operation on the day
it is published in the gazette or on such other day as
may be specified in or under that or some other Act
 IMPORTANCE OF ELECTIONS

 Provide a mechanism for peaceful and legitimate

competition for Political power and Authority.
 Give citizens the opportunity to participate in the
Governance and Development of their community
or country.
 Make elected leaders and their representatives
accountable to the people.
 Give legitimacy to Governments.
 Provide peace and stability necessary for the
development of a community or country.
 PARLIAMENTARY TERMS:
 Motion – Is a proposed topic presented/moved for
debate. A notice is given before the motion is moved.
 Bill –Is a proposed legislation for public or private
interests. There are public Bills and private Bills.
 Mace – This is the symbol of authority for the House
of Assembly, the Speaker of Parliament uses it.
 Act – Is a legal item or statute enacted through
Parliament and signed by his excellence.
 Caucus –Is a place where party business is discussed
in the House. The chief whip chairs caucus motions.
 Hansard – is the official publication of Parliament,
produced in verbatim, all the discussion, motions and
debates in the House of Assembly
 continued

 Order Paper – It is also referred to as the agenda for

the House of Assembly. It shows the votes and
proceedings of the House.
 Standing Order – An order/ rule procedure set to
govern the proceedings of the House at large.
Assembly and or Parliament at large
 Parliamentary privilege – Is a privilege granted to
members of Parliament to protect them from legal
course as long as their behaviour or Actions are in the
interest or said during Parliamentary proceedings
 continued
 Precedent –Is a ruling for future reference, where a
situation occurs and there are no standing rules and
orders governing or stipulating otherwise on a certain
case or process. The leader of the House often sets
such precedents during votes and proceedings of the
House.
 Election- can be defined as a contest in which
individuals freely choose, by secrete ballot, the leaders
and representatives they want.
 Voters-these are individuals that are given the
opportunity to choose from various candidates
representing different political parties-mulitipartism.
 CHIEF WHIP
 Is member of a party
 responsible for the organisation of the party in the House
 ensures the maximum practicable attendance of the
members of the party
 maintain party discipline
 promoting support for the party business in the House
 determining how the party should vote to a particular
proposal
 maintaining a quorum of supporters for the business the
party is interested in
 call for party caucus meetings on Parliamentary business
that require / needs party consultations and party
whipping of the members
 SPEAKER
 The office of the Speaker is the highest and the most
important to the House.
 The Speaker occupies the foremost place
 commands respect internally and also externally from
the general public.
 The election of the Speaker is provided for in the
constitution of the country.
 Members of Parliament, elect the Speaker at the first
sitting of new Parliament.
 TERMS OF OFFICE OF THE SPEAKER
 The term of office of the Speaker is as long as life of
the Parliament, which is five years.
 The Speaker can be re-elected at the end of the 5 years
term.
 The constitution does not limit the number of times
the Speaker can be re-elected.
 DUTIES OF THE SPEAKER
 He is the presiding officer of the Parliament
 He runs Parliamentary proceedings
 he maintains order
 he interprets and applies the standing orders and
practices of the House by making rulings and
decisions
 he is the mouth piece of the House, conveying
messages and addresses from the House to the State
President
 he is also responsible for holding the rights and
privileges of the members and the House, he is
responsible for the overall direction of Parliament and
is advised by the clerk of Parliament.
 LEADER OF THE HOUSE
 The leader of the House is a Government Minister
appointed by the State President
 is responsible for the arrangement and
management of Government business in either
House of Parliament.
 The leader of the House determines the order in
which Government business will be dealt with in the
House
 ensures that as far as possible, the passage of
Government business is not unduly delayed or
disrupted.
 continued
the leader of the House attends to the following:
 Arranges the business of the House
 Protects and to some extent defines the position of the
Government in the House
 Helps determine the scope and content of the
legislative programme for the session as well as the
businesses of the week
 Moving of the motion for the adjournment of the
House
 Responsible for moving formal motions such as
motions of condolences, paying tribute.
 SERGEANT-AT –ARMS
 Their duties are associated mainly with the ceremony of
Parliament and preservation of order.
 Bearing the mace on their right shoulder, one for each
House
 the sergeant –at-arms precedes the presiding officers into
the House of Parliament and the President of the Senate
The sergeant –at- arms duties include: -
 Records attendances of members
 Responsibility for security
 Escort suspended members
 House keeping duties
 Carries the mace
 Leads the Speakers processions
 THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
 This is provided for in chapter three of the
constitution.
 The declaration of rights is inspired by the universal
declaration of rights as proclaimed by the United
Nations in 1948.
 The declaration of rights sets out the fundamental
rights and freedoms of the individual.
 However, these rights and freedoms are not absolute,
but are subject to certain limitations.
 In exercising these rights and freedoms, individuals
should respect the rights and freedoms of others and
take into account public interests
 PROTECTION OF RIGHT TO LIFE

 Everyone one has the right to life.

 A person may be deprived of his life only if he has
been convicted of a criminal offence
 and is subsequently sentenced to death
 A person is not considered to have been deprived of
his life unlawfully under the following circumstances: -
he / she is killed by the law enforcement agents
whilst they are defending another person or
protecting property
 or if he /she is killed as a result of force used in order
to carry a lawful arrest or to stop a person who is
lawfully detained from escaping
 continued

 or if he /she is killed during an attempt to suppress a

riot
 or disperse an unlawful gathering
 or if he/she is killed whilst is being prevented from
committing a criminal offence
 or if he is killed during a War.
 PROTECTION OF RIGHT TO PERSONAL LIBERTY

 No person can be arrested, imprisoned, detained,

expelled from the country without lawful reason.
 The law permits deprivation of personal liberty where,
for, example: -there is an order of the court
 the person deprived of his liberty has committed
 or is about to commit a criminal offence; or the person
is in sane and of no fixed abode and needs treatment
or rehabilitation; or the person has entered into
Zimbabwe unlawfully or is being deported from
Zimbabwe or it is necessary to prevent the spread of an
infectious or contagious disease
PROTECTION FROM SLAVERY AND FORCED LABOUR

 Slavery and slave trade is prohibited in Zimbabwe.

 No body has the right to treat another person as a
slave and no body must be treated as a slave.
 This protection does not prevent labour as part of a
sentence imposed by a court, labour for members of
disciplined forces and labour during times of public
emergency.
 PROTECTION FROM INHUMAN TREATMENT

 No body has the right to torture or treat another

person in a manner that is inhuman or degrading
 Under the constitution however, certain situations or
Acts are not considered as being inhuman or
degrading under the following circumstances:-
moderate corporal punishment inflicted on person
under the age of 18 years by a parent or guardian of
headmaster of a school; or moderate corporal
punishment of a male person under the age of 18 years
in the execution of a judgement or court order; or
hanging as a method of execution and delays in
carryout the death sentence.
PROTECTION FROM DEPRIVATION OF PROPERTY

 Property includes possessions, land, houses,

money and item that is capable of commercial
change.
 No person may be deprived of his/ her property
 no property may be compulsorily acquired unless: - its
in terms of the law made by Parliament
 Property may be compulsorily acquired for the
following reasons- land and other property may be
acquired by the State for resettlement or for other
public purposes
 property may be appropriated in time of the public
emergency; acquisition of property is allowed,
subject to
 continued
 limitations, for such things as:
 - payments of rates and taxes;
 forfeiture of property for breach of a law;
 forfeiture of property under a contract, for example,
for not paying mortgage;
 the attachment of property in execution of a civil
judgement;
 the acquisition of books from the national archives;
the impounding of stray animals and the holding of
property for the purposes of administration of
deceased estates.
 PROTECTION FROM ARBITRARY SEARCH

 No person may be searched or have his/ her premises

searched or entered into unless the search is in the
interest:
 Defence
 Public Safety
 Public Order
 Public Morality
 Public Health
 continued
 The circumstances under which a person may be
searched and under which someone may lawfully enter
another’s property without their consent.
 These include: - the searching of children by their
parents
 investigation of crimes
 the acquisition of property in terms of the law
 the entering premises for purposes of rates and taxes
by a local authority.
 PROTECTION OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
 The right entitles one to hold opinions and to express
these opinions to others
 no one should forbid anyone from exercising this
right.
 This also includes freedom from interference with
one’s correspondence.
 Parliament may make laws limiting these rights for
the purposes of;-protecting the interest of defence,
public safety, public health, public order, public
morality and the economic interest of the State;
the protection of reputations, rights and
freedoms of other people; preventing the disclosure
of information received in confidence; and regulating
telephones or broadcasting.
 PROTECTION OF FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY
 Every person has the right to organise peaceful meetings
 It is also every person’s right to associate with others who
share his interests
 and to form, or belong to a political party, trade union,
burial society or professional organisation.
 It is wrong to force some one to belong to a society or
group.
Limitations of the freedom of assembly include the
following: - where the parents control the right of
association of their children
 where laws passed are the interest of defence, public
safety, public health, public order, public morality and
the economic interest of the State; and where laws
passed require the registration of companies or
partnerships, political parties or trade unions, are not
required to register.
 PROTECTION OF FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
 Every Zimbabwean has the right to enter and leave
Zimbabwe
 and to move freely within Zimbabwe.
 A Zimbabwean may not be expelled from Zimbabwe.
Limitations -the lawful detention of a person
 restrictions imposed in the interests of defence
 public health
 public morality
 restrictions imposed on convicted persons or on
persons awaiting trial or extradition
 restrictions imposed on non-citizens or on people who
are not permanent residents
 PROTECTION FROM DISCRIMINATION

 This section provides that no person shall be treated in

a discriminatory manner by any person acting by
virtue of any written law
 or in performance of the functions of any public office
 or any public authority.
 No law may discriminate on the ground of gender,
race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions,
colour or creed.
 The constitution allows some form of discrimination
as follows: - laws relating to adoption, marriage,
divorce and other family and personal matters
 EXECUTIVE

 The President who shall be:

 head of State and head of Government
 Commander in Chief of the defence forces
 heads the executive
 The President shall take precedent overall other
persons in Zimbabwe
 EXECUTIVE

security

defense
Vice
president(s)
executive president air force
Deputy Provincial
ministers
minister governors
cio

Prison
service

police
 QUALIFICATION AND ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT

 A person shall be qualified for elections as President if

he /she is a citizen of Zimbabwe by birth or by decent
 and he/she has attained the age of 40 years
 and she/ he is ordinarily resident in Zimbabwe.
 He /she must be elected by voters registered on the
common voters roll.
 TENURE OF OFFICE (LANCASTER HOUSE
CONSTITUTION)
 The term of office of the President shall be a period of 6
years provided that; (Harmonised Elections 5 Years)
 the President shall continue in office until the person
elected as President at the next election of President
assumes office.
 The President may resign his/ her office by logging his/her
resignation in writing with the Speaker.
 The President shall cease to hold office if a report prepared
by a committee of Parliament, appointed by the Speaker
upon the request of not less than a third of the members
of Parliament has recommended the removal of the
President on the following grounds; that he has acted in
wilful violation of this constitution (impeachment of the
President) or that he is incapable of performing the
functions of his office by reason of physical or mental
incapacity.
 THE EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS
 the President shall be to uphold this constitution
 ensure that the laws in in Zimbabwe are faithfully
executed.
 The President shall have powers as are conferred upon
him by the constitution.
 the President shall have the power to appoint,
accredit, receive and recognise diplomatic agents
and consular officers
 to enter into international conventions, treaties and
agreements
 to proclaim and to terminate martial law
 declare War and to make peace
 FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT
 and confer honours and precedence.
 The President shall act on the advice of the cabinet,
except in cases where he is required to by this
constitution.
 The President shall not be obliged to Act on the advice
of the cabinet with respect to the dissolution of the
Parliament
 or the appointment or removal of a Vice-President or
any Minister or deputy Minister, the assignment or
reassignment of functions to the vice –President or
Minister or deputy Minister,
 the appointment of members of Parliament or any
other person
 PRESIDENTIAL IMMUNITY

 The President shall not while in office be personally

reliable:
 to any civil or criminal proceedings whatsoever
 JUDICIARY

JUDICIARY

Chief Justice

Supreme Magistrate Community

High Court
Court Court Court

Judge Regional
Chief Justice
President Magistrate

Supreme High Court Provincial

Court Judges Judges Magistrate
 JUDICIARY

 The judiciary is one of the three pillars of

Government
 It is concerned with the administration of justice
 and ensuring that constitutional rights are
protected.
 It exercises its functions independently of the other
two pillars of Government, which is, the Executive
and the Legislature
 THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY
 The main function of the judiciary is to hear cases
 determine dispute brought before the courts.
 it interprets the law that is enacted or passed by
Parliament.
 Once the judiciary has interpreted the law, the
interpretation becomes binding.
 The judiciary upholds the constitution.
 The cases determined by the judiciary are in two broad
category, that is the civil and criminal.
 In criminal cases the dispute is between the State and
the individual. Examples of criminal offences are
theft, fraud, robbery, rape, murder, and e.t.c.
 CONTINUED

 In civil cases the dispute is between individuals or an

individual and the State.
 The party found liable may be asked or ordered to pay
compensation in the form of what is legally known as “
damages’.
 Examples of civil cases are seduction, maintenance,
and claim for payment or debt.
 QUALIFICATION OF JUDGES

 A person shall not be qualified as a judge of the

supreme court or high court unless;
 he is / has been a judge of a court having unlimited
jurisdiction in civil or criminal matters in a country
in which the common law is Roman –Dutch or English
and English is an official language
 or if he/she has been for not less than seven years
whether continuously or not qualified to practice as a
legal practitioner in Zimbabwe or in a country in
which the common law is Roman -Dutch and English
s an official language.
 APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES

 The President shall appoint the Chief Justice and

other judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court
after consultation with the Judicial Service
Commission.
 If the chief justice or a judge of the Supreme Court or
high court is not consistent with any
recommendation made by the judicial service
commission the President shall cause Parliament to be
informed as soon as it is practicable
 TENURE OF OFFICE OF JUDGES

 A judge of the Supreme Court or high court shall retire

when he/she attains the age of 54years unless;

 before he /she attains that age he /she has elected to

retire on attaining the age of 70years
 REMOVAL OF JUDGES FROM OFFICE

 A judge of the Supreme Court or the high court may be

removed from office only for inability to discharge
the functions or duties of his office.
 Whether arising from the physical damage of body
or mind or misbehaviour
 If the President considers that the question of removal
from office of the chief justice ought to be
investigated;
 the President shall appoint a tribunal to enquire in
the matter. for example, Justice George Paradza’s
case
 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

 Is a module designed to enable students to

have an understanding of the effects of
International Relations and to effectively
articulate Global issues and make a critical
analysis of the role of International
Organisations or institutions.
 INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL RELATIONS

 IR is the interaction of nation States:

 Socially
 economically
 Political
 Technologically
 Legal
 Culturally
 IR TERMS
 Nation: - the people living within a country with the
same political interests, for example in Zimbabwe, the
land issue since it can be traced back from the first
Chimurenga in 1896 up to the present day events.
 Country: - the physical geographical territory in
which a specific people live in.
 State: - the permanent power or authority which is
sovereign and which is represented by the arms of the
State such as the executive, the parliament and the
judiciary.
 Government: - the arm of the State, which is tasked
with the ruling or exercising the executive powers of
the State .
 THE PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

 Society-a people within a nation are a society or

societies of people.
 To become a nation therefore the people should have
similar political interests
 however, the norms and behavioural patterns within
that society will determine the distribution of
resources and hence the development of classes.
 Classes in turn bring inequalities, however in
international relations, instead of people forming the
society or community we have nations being
members of the international society. Again within
this international society there is also an unequal
distribution of resources.
APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Approaches to
IR

Traditional Modern & Behavioural

Approach Approach Approach

Classical Strategic
Regional
Approach Approach

Idealists Billiard Ball Global

Approach Approach Approach

Rational/
Cob-web
Realists
Approach
Approach
 THE CLASSICAL APPROACH
 The proponents of this approach are to large extent social
contract theorists.
 Thomas Hobbes sees a State as arising out of the need to
escape from a State of nature, where there is:
 anarchy
 life is insecure
 Life is short
 nasty and brutal.
 A State of nature presupposes the non-existence of
society and the law. In such a lawless States everyone does
as he pleases and those with more clout (more power)
survive. In others words the law of the jungle” might is
right” and survival of the fittest rules supreme. In
another sense, this approach is also Evolutionists or
Darwinian.
 IDEALIST APPROACH
 These ideas are centred on the existence of the law.
 This approach involves nations becoming members
of specific treaties such as the League of Nations,
which was established in 1918, was meant to stop
further wars.
 Woodrow Wilson of USA proposed this.
 This meant that nation members to the league were
going to be bound together by laws,
 however, USA refused to join the league in spite of
championing it.
 The League of Nations failed to bring peace as
evidenced by the war fought in 1927 between German
and Italy and the Second World War in 1945.
RATIONAL APPROACH (REALIST APPROACH)
 Between the Second World War and First World War the
thinking on international relations shifted from idealism
to rational approach.
 This simply means that people started to look at the
practicability of international relations.
 By Explaining the behaviour of various States
 The behaviouralist approach incorporates all social
sciences techniques and concludes that there is danger to
peaceful co-existence.
 Co-existence may result in unilateral law due to
misinformation.
 The classical example is the recent Iraq War, which was
fuelled by USA and Great Britain by misinforming the
whole world that Iraq had weapons of Mass destruction.
 THE GLOBAL APPROACH

 Some behaviouralists believe that the best way forward

is a centralised one-world government, with nation

States disappearing.
 REGIONAL APPROACH

 Involves regional politics, for example, SADC.

Zimbabwe went to DRC guided by the SADC banner.

 CONTINUED

 Billiard ball approach: -Recognises States as

individual entities
 Cobweb model
 John Burton sees international relations as existing
within a complex matrix web or matrix in which each
State is linked to the other directly or indirectly.
 The strategic model: - This believes in power politics
 THE THREE Cs TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

 The three Cs of International Relations are:

 Conflict
 Competition
 Co-operation.
 CONFLICTS
 These are disagreements sparkling diplomatic
wrangles between nations.
 A conflict is also synonymous with War.
 CAUSES
 It is a result of serious differences associated with
hostilities that may lead to an outbreak of War.
 can be caused by competition
 by a scramble for scarce resources.
 It may be a result of differences in trade and political
relations.
 IMPACT OF A CONFLICT
 If not resolved, conflict can lead to hostility and Wars
 gaps on co-operation
 poor relations and may hinder internal
 regional and international development.

 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO A CONFLICT

 Conflict can be resolved through negotiations,
 compromising
 external intervention
 It can also be resolved through the International Court
of Justice through the United Nations intervention
(ICJ).
 COMPETITION
 Competition Involves:
 rivalry, struggling and competing for supremacy
and resources.
 Nation States could compete:
 in trade
 international sports
 in technological development
 in space exploration
 in agriculture, etc.
 IMPACT OF COMPETITION

 Has led to allegiances, regional blocs and the

development of trade routes.

 Can lead to development and attainment of targets

if managed well.

 Can also develop into conflict and cause poor

relations if not managed properly

 CO-OPERATION
 Co-operation Involves collective efforts nations put to
the development of States.
 Working together to ensure development
 promote peace and security.
 Co-operation can also be used to solve problems that
know no boundaries e.g. AIDS, Ebola, Sars and
Malaria.
 The need to co-operate to resolve problems have led to
the formation of regional and international
organisations such as UN, AU, SADC, and NATO etc.
 Nations come together to deal with various challenges
and problems that mankind face. Positive effects of co-
operation include bringing development to the
participants. Can promote peace and stability.
 THE GLOBAL POWER BALANCE

 Is an issue that emanated from the military

supremacy attained by USA & USSR
 after the first and second Wars, the world was split
into two blocks with the former USSR leading the
War Saw Pact group (the communists as referred to by
the West)
 and USA leading NATO or the Western Block.
 USSR collapsed following the introduction of the
Glasnost Policy by Mikhail Gorbachev.
 Also the collapse was a result of the unsustainability
of the arms race by former USSR.
 After the collapse the world became a Uni-polar
 DIPLOMACY
 Can be defined as the application of intelligence and
tact to the conduct of official relations between
governments of independent States.
 Formal contact between Nations in the Global
Community takes place through the medium of
diplomacy and the interaction of diplomats.
 Diplomats are representatives of their governments
in other countries and are the direct contact between
different governments.
 The Ministers of foreign affairs in all States have the
responsibility for the development of diplomats and
carrying out of the foreign policy of each respective
country
 THE ZIMBABWE’S FOREIGN POLICY
 Zimbabwean’s original foreign policy has been that of
Non-aligned (not taking sides) between the competing
superpowers of the Warsaw Pact under the leadership or
guidance of the former USSR and the West (NATO) under
the guidance of USA.

 Of late the Zimbabwean Government has adopted a look

East Policy as a result of illegal sanctions put in place by
the West and its North American allies who are opposed to
Zimbabwean Government Policy of empowering its people.
 OBJECTIVES OF ZIMBABWE’S FOREIGN POLICY
 To formulate policies that promote the preservation
of natural sovereignty
 To be an equal partner in the Regional /
International affairs especially in the maintenance of
peace and stability
 To purse and promote Pan-Africanism
 To protect the Zimbabwean national and self-
interest and promote its prestige and reputation
 To determine the most suitable regional and
international economic relations
 To promote friendly relations with other countries
 FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS

Non-substantive duties
 These include attending to ceremonial functions of
the host country:
 cocktail parties
 Luncheons
 Parades
 honour giving ceremonies
 registration of births, deaths and marriages of
citizens from their country residing in the host State
and validating and replacing passports.
 CONTINUED
Substantive routine duties
 The work relates mostly to reporting and
intelligence gathering although this is not an official
or a declared function of diplomats
 however, the other functions include reporting on
political, social and economic issues.
 For military cases specialised diplomats called
“attaches” may be appointed.
THE IMF AND WORLD BANK (BRETON WOOD’S
 Institutions): - these are the institutions that lend
money to developing countries at very high
interests’ rates.
 The major contributors are the USA and UK.
 Therefore, most of their policies favour those of the
major financiers.
 They usually set conditions for any one country
interested in receiving money from the higher lending
institutions.
 IMF / WB CONDITIONS
 the devaluation of the local currency
 trade liberalisation
 removal of tariffs
 privatisation of government owned enterprises e.g.
NRZ, CSC, ZISCO, etc.
 reduce expenditure on social services e.g.
education, health, reduce budget deficit, etc
 raise interest rates to their natural (market) level
 remove government subsidies on goods and services
 remove minimum wages and allow market forces to
determine wages.
ZIMBABWE’S INTERVENTION IN MOZAMBIQUE
 Soon after attaining independence in Zimbabwe,
Mozambique was facing a barrage of attack from
Mozambique National Resistance Army (MNR) under
Alfonso Dlakhama.
 This was a rebel group that was formed by the Ian
Smith Regime in conjunction with the Boers in the
Republic of South Africa to destabilise both
Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
 This rebel group was trained and armed at a Military
base near Marymount Teachers’ college in
Zimbabwe. Young as she was in terms of being
independent, Zimbabwe found herself in Mozambique
fighting along side the Samora Machel Government
against the MNR) due the following reasons:
 REASONS
 this was in response to the request by the Government
of Mozambique, which was in a State of a Civil War
 long-standing friendship between ZANU (PF) and the
Frelimo Government
 to help Mozambique maintain its integrity and
sovereignty
 restore peace in Mozambique and the region
 protect Mozambique from the destructive and
destabilising Activities of the RENAMO or the MNR
 Protect railway lines, which Zimbabwe used to export
her products through Port of Biera and Maputo.
 to prevent RENAMO Activities spilling into the
Eastern Zimbabwe.
 ZIMBABWE’S INTERVENTION IN DRC
 This was a complex War in the Great Lakes region as
it involved various nations:
 such as Uganda
 Rwanda
 Angola
 Namibia
 and Zimbabwe.
 DRC was under siege from the Rwandan and
Ugandan armies who were fighting the Government
under Laurent Kabila who had succeeded in
overthrowing the government of Mobuthu Seseseko.
 CONTINUED
 DRC is a SADC member and by the time the War broke out
R. G. Mugabe was the leader of the security organ in
SADC
 Therefore the following reasons led Zimbabwe and the
allied forces to intervene in the DRC
 it was in response to an appeal by the DRC government led
by Laurent Kabila
 to protect the integrity and sovereignty of the D. R.
Congo
 to prevent the division of the DRC into three or more
States
 to help restore peace in the DRC – since she had not
known peace for decades, to show and express solidarity
with the DRC in line with SADC principles and objectives.
 INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL AND IMPERIALISM
 Hunter-gatherer / Communal stage
 Between 400BC up to 1500BC, this was the mode of
production
 during this mode of production, it was dominated by
the non-existence of classes (lawless society
 Therefore, the class contradictions and
antagonisms were non-existent
 the period was dominated by the survival of the
fittest.
 Their political economy was dominated by free for
all economic activities as people specialised in hunting
and gathering (no ownership).
 FEUDALISM/ SLAVE SOCIETY
 This mode of production existed between 500A.D and
700A.D.
 The class structure was dominated by :
 Aristocracy/ rulers
 Soldiers
 Slaves
 serfs (half slaves and half worker
 The presence of these classes meant the existence of
class contradictions.
 For example contradictions emanating from slave
labour leading to rebellion against the elite, slaves
rebelling against the their leaders.
 CONTINUED

 The political economy that existed at this time was the

elite or aristocracy owned the means of production,

for example, there was the extraction of the surplus

through the exploitation of free labour.

 MERCANTILE CAPITAL (1700 TO 1800)

 The following classes existed during this mode of

production;
 aristocracy (elite)
 Merchants
 craftsman / industrialists
 labourers/workers.
 The antagonism or the contractions existed between
merchants and landlords or it emanated from the
formation of joint stock companies, which led to
Globalisation of trade, slaves and colonisation for
example, the BSAC under Rhodes.
 COMPETITIVE CAPITAL 1800-1900
 The following classes existed in this mode of
production:
 industrialists
 and workers and peasants (communal farmers).
 The contractions existed between industrialists,
bankers, exploiting workers and merchants’
exploitation industrialist.
 The political economy was free trade based on
international division of labour, which involved
exploitation of workers, by the industry, monopoly of
machines, money and land.
 MONOPOLY CAPITAL 1900-1945.
 In this mode of production had the following classes
existed:
 Bankers
 Industrialist
 workers and peasants
 Contradictions existed between workers’ labour that
was under valued leading to acute concentration of
capital.
 Political Economy was the extraction of surplus value
through repay for workers needs not for value for
labour. (There was monopoly ownership of capital
land, money and machines).
MULTILATERAL / FINANCE CAPITAL FROM 1945
TO THE PRESENT
 The classes that existed in this mode of production
were:
 finance institution, such as WB & IMF
 borrowers (developing countries).
 The contradictions emanated from the fact that
buyers determined prices for goods produced by
developing countries)
 The political economy that exists involves selling of
money (export of money), for IMF sending us money
at a higher interest rate, money monopoly and
ownership of capital by banks
 THE THREE MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF
FINANCE CAPITAL
 Domination of weaker  Determination of prices by
States by stronger States developed countries
 Developing countries  Dumping of access goods
being indebted to the in the developing nations.
developing countries.  Globalisation.
 Exportation of capital.  Control of International
 Monopolisation of capital. Finance Capital of
 Creation of external developed countries, e.g.
markets. IMF and the World Bank.
 International Division of  Money class owners, e.g.
Labour. America and Britain.
 Creation of external  Demise of trade and use f
markets. Tariffs and brutal force to
 International Division of extract surplus
Labour.
 INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS
 The Second World War marks the beginning point of
the present Global economic arrangement.
 The social welfare state has become a thing of the past
 a new ideology, emphasising the role of the market in
determining all-economic activity as well as social and
political decisions has been adopted.
 In current economic thinking cooperation or business
have total freedom and collective bargaining and trade
unionism and the consumer and citizen in general
have found themselves at the receiving end of the new
international economic order.
 CONTINUED
 This new international economic order had by the
middle of the 1990s assumed a new form and
characteristic namely Globalisation.
 The IMF & WB were formed to prevent future
conflicts by dealing or removing those economic and
social issues that might lead to a new War.
 The financial institution provided lending for
reconstruction and for short-term balance of
payment support.
 These institutions after 1979 have increasingly taken
over individual government, economic policies
and intervened in national policy.
 continued
 The post 1945 period saw a massive realignment of
Global Economic relations with Europe being
mortgaged to the U.S.A under the Marshall Plan
which saw infusion of capital into Europe from the
U.S.A
 The U.S.A insisted on decolonisation as a condition
of giving financial support to Europe and declared the
end to empire
 Thus the USA gained the empires that Europe lost
through decolonisation as it gained unprecedented
control of former colonies through new economic
relations specifically the supply of manufactured
goods and the provision of finance
 continued
 capital debt became the primary form of survival
technique for all former
 By the end of the 1970s the so called debt crisis had
developed with a new economic Global Structure
which split the world into producers of raw materials
and importers of finance capital and finished
goods and producers of finished goods and
exporters of finance capital
 This relationship was marked by a high level injustice
in the form of unequal exchange .
 continued
 The former colonies from America , Africa and Asia
were selling raw materials with little value added to
them at prices set by the buyer that is the developed
countries .
 The latter sell manufactured goods to the developing
countries at high profit margins
 over and above this drain of resources from the
south servicing the loans obtained from the north
compounds or increases the flow of resources to the
north.
 continued
 The flow of wealth from the south to the north
through debt servicing and unequal exchange is
further increased with the insistence on structural
adjustments programmes in the south
 The catch word on economic structures adjustments
programmes forced on the south are similar to the
free market economic policies instituted on the
domestic economics of the north which result in net
gains for the super rich and net loss for the average
worker.
 continued
 These policies are what can be termed Globalisation
and are hinged upon:
 free trade in goods and services between countries
through the removal of trade barriers
 free circulation of capital
 freedom and protection of investments
 reduction of governmental expenditure and
government interference in the economy
 Privatisation of Parastatals
 FEATURES OF GLOBALISATION
 Globalisation is a process of linking all parts of the
globe to each other through the opening up of borders
to allow free movement of goods and resources
 in short trade liberalisation accompanied by closer
political ties through the mechanism of the UN.
 This process is facilitated by modern methods of
communications in transport and through
cyberspace or the Internet.
 These features include the following, new forms of
transport and information technology are faster
and economic, investors can trade stocks on
internet, standardisation of products – services
and communication / civilisation
 continued

 competition to produce products that measure up to

international standards
 imperialism or Global Capital is the major beneficiary
of Globalisation in that the exportation of capital
supersedes all other forms interaction and this leads
to the de-industrialisation of or in the smaller States
or those that import capital
 cultural domination / disintegration of smaller States
by dominant players e.g. the USA, schisms and
conflict as in the middle east ,super power
unilateralism.

 [AFRICAN UNION] AU
Purpose
 The main purpose of the AU is to promote unity and
solidarity among African States
 to co-ordinate and intensify their co-operation
 to achieve better life for the people of Africa
 to defend the African State’s Sovereignty
 Territorial integrity and Independence
 to eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa
 to respect the principles of sovereign equality of all
member countries
 to encourage peaceful settlements of dispute between
member States and not to interfere in domestic affairs of
fellow citizens.
 Composition: - All independent African Countries belong
to the AU.
 STRUCTURE
 The structure of the AU remains that of the OAU,
which disbanded in 2001.
 Its policy-making body is the annual assembly of
Heads of State and Government.
 The assembly coordinates policy and approves
decisions made at the periodic meetings of the
Council of Ministers, which consists of the foreign
Ministers of member countries.
 Efforts to resolve disputes are handled by the
commission of Mediation, Conciliation, and
Arbitration.
 AU IMPACT
 Positive Impact
 It established an African Development Bank in 1964
 has acted and mediated in several disputes between
African States
 it has provided forum for debate and meeting place
for the continent’s heads where they debate issues of
mutual concern.
 NEGATIVE IMPACT OF AU

 National interests at times appear to be more important

to individual countries than common interests of AU
 its non- intervention policy is a hand cap as it can watch
helplessly when member countries are ravaged by Civil War
 it has failed to take a serious stance against human rights
 it has failed to stop conflicts
 Africa is poverty stricken
 no funds to support or promote policies
 problems of economic integration
 uneven development among member States which have
their roots in colonial period, those with resources and
technology dominate the grouping, e.g. Nigeria and SA.
 SADC
 SADC was established in August 1992 and is the
successor to (SADCC), which was initially set up in
1980.
 The former Front Line States in Southern Africa and
NINE members formed this and were as follows:
Angola
 Botswana
 Lesotho
 Malawi
 Mozambique
 Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe
 STRUCTURE

 The headquarters of SADC will remain in Gaborone.

 It is governed by a Summit comprising the Head of
State and Government of all member States and the
Council comprising the Minister from each Member to
advise the Summit on matters of Policy and efficient
and harmonious functioning and development of
SADC.
 PURPOSE
 To promote collective self-reliance
 the whole region to be able to support itself, in food,
fuel, energy goods and services
 to promote and defend peace and security
 to protect the people and safeguard the development
of the region against internal instability
 inter-State conflict and external aggression
 to promote political co-operation
 to promote and defend peace and security
 promote and maximise productive employment and
utilisation of resources of the region.
 COMPOSITION

 SADC now consists of  Mozambique

the following members:  Namibia
 Angola  Seychelles
 Botswana  SA
 DRC  Swaziland
 Lesotho  Madagascar
 Malawi  Tanzania
 Mauritius  Zambia
 Zimbabwe
 POSITIVE IMPACT OF SADC
 Implementing projects covering the duties assigned to
each member
 rehabilitation of transport systems to Mozambique,
that is, part of Beira through active participation of
SADC Governments and International Foreign
Donors.
 DONOR COUNTRIES/ FOREIGN AID

 Foreign Aid is the transfer of concessional resources

from one government to another
 or from a government to aid international aid agency
or any NGO, which then transfers those resources to
poor nations.
 OBJECTIVES

 Goal of promoting development in less developed

countries
 Reflecting on the humanitarian values
 Gaining diplomatic recognition
 Establishing military bases
 Obtaining a supportive vote e.g. in the Un
 Maintaining a cordial relationship with a recipient
government where other foreign Governments are also
providing Aid
 MERITS
 Assist in the development of the recipient country
 help establish cordials relationships
 the donor countries obtain supportive vote
 helps in the balance of payments
 creates employment through relief
 advocacy and developmental
 brings in new technology and brings relief in times of
natural disasters such as drought
 Earthquakes
 Diseases
 etc.
 DEMERITS
 The donor country may interfere in the political systems
of the recipient country
 that is, by helping puppets to power for example in
Zimbabwe, the Case Of the MDC.
 It can be aid with strings attached
 can lead to further exploitation of the recipient country’s
resources
 the recipient country can develop a dependency
syndrome
 the recipient country can become a dumping ground for
irrelevant and out dated technology
 donors may gain political mileage through their donations
at the expense of the third world governments and may
determine national Sovereignty of recipient countries
 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
 Entrepreneur- entrepreneurs are innovative and
creative outside an existing organisation, but not all of
them are able to come up with innovations, and as such
they leave innovations to innovative managers or
employees.
 Intraprenuer- is an employee or manager who is
innovative and creative in an existing organisation.
Managers or employees who carry out entrepreneurial roles
are aware of opportunities and they initiate changes to take
full advantage of them.
 Intrapreneurship- The fundamental issue about the
intraprenuer is that he / she has to have innovative ideas
and transforms them to profitable activities within an
existing organisation. In other words, he / she is an
initiator or originator of the commercial undertaking.
 BENEFITS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
 Economic growth- one reason the Government
started paying attention to small new firms is that they
seem to provide most of the new jobs in our economy.
 Productivity- is the ability to produce more goods
and services with less labour and other inputs. One
reason for the Greater interest in entrepreneurship has
been the growing recognition of its role in raising
productivity.
 New technologies, Products and Services-
entrepreneurship can bring in new technologies; new
products and services to the consumers, hence can
change the lives of the people
 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurship
Characteristics Environment

SWOT
PESTL

INNOVATIVE
CHOOSING MODERATE RISK POLITICAL
OPTIMSM ECONOMIC
RESPONSIBILITY SOCIAL
DRIVE & ENERGY CULTURAL

TECHNOLOGICAL
OPPRTUNITY
LEGAL
PROFIT ORIENTED
DISTRIBUTORS
REALAIBLE
MARKETS
DEMAND
COMPETITORS
 INNOVATIVE
 Entrepreneurs must show an innovative turn of mind
and convert opportunities they observe into active
programmes for achievement. A high degree of
creativity is needed for the entrepreneur to survive in
an environment dominated by large firms who are
enjoying economies of scale.
 Industriousness
 Once entrepreneurs are committed to a course, they
become absorbed in, that is, the burden of failure
would bother them too much and too long. Bearing in
mind that big achievements do not come easily or
quickly, however, they strive towards the
accomplishment of their tasks, that is, working to
bring their plans to actuality.
 CHOOSING MODERATE RISKS
 Entrepreneurs who are willing to take up moderate
risk seem to earn higher return on assets than
entrepreneurs who either takes risks or extravagant
risks.
 Optimism in novel situations
 Entrepreneurs tend to be optimistic in unfamiliar
situations. The odds may not be clear, but the
circumstances may be appealing. In these situations
they are no reason why they cannot win out through
their abilities. They go ahead, not put off by lack of
guidelines, and frequently make more of whatever
opportunities there are than cautious persons who
wait for the odds to become better.
 RESPONSIBLE
 Achievement oriented persons willing assume
responsibility for the project or tasks they believe can
manage successfully through their own competencies.
They know their own skills. Their attitude is therefore
of aggressive realism.
 Seizing opportunities
 Entrepreneurial persons are quick to see and seize
opportunities. They show an innovative turn of mind
and convert opportunities they observe into active
programmes for achievement. In realising an
opportunity, they are not overwhelmed by obstacles,
but rather are challenged to figure out ways to get
around them. They often come up with innovative
ways to overcome obstacles.
 PROFIT ORIENTED
 This is primarily the object towards the attitude of
money. Entrepreneurs tend to respect money but not
that they are greed. When their operations are
profitable, they view the profit as an indicator that
they are winning the game. When business is
profitable, it tells them that their activities are sound
and should be strengthened or enlarged.
 Honest and integrity
 In all businesses dealing must be the motto of an
entrepreneur.
 Reliable
 The entrepreneur must be the person who can be
relied upon
 DRIVE AND ENERGY

 The entrepreneur must have a drive to get more work

done in less time, and if required to do so, despite the
objections of others.
 Goal setting
 The entrepreneur has to set specific, measurable,
achievable, realistic and timely goals for the
enterprise.
 ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENVIRONMENT

 Economic
 There must be a sufficient stock of capital to fund new
enterprises and institutions (like bank) must be
willing to direct capital to new entrepreneurs.
 Social
 Other cultures stresses individualism, which
encourages the innovations of entrepreneurs, this is
the same in Zimbabwe. Social mobility also affects
entrepreneurship.
 POLITICAL
 The political environments consist of the laws;
Government agencies and pressure groups that
influence and limit various organisations and
individuals in a given society. The Zimbabwean
Government set up laws, which encourage
entrepreneurship.
 Technical
 New technologies create new markets and
opportunities. Companies that do not keep with the
technological change will soon find their products
outdated and will miss new product and market
opportunities
 COMPETITORS
 The marketing concept states “ to be successful, a
company must provide a Greater customer satisfaction
and value than its competitors. Thus, entrepreneurs
must do more than simply adapt to needs of target
customers. They also must gain strategic advantage by
positioning their offering strongly against
competitors” offering in the minds of the customers.
Small firms should develop strategies that give them
better rates of return than large firms enjoy.
 Distributors and intermediaries
 They help one company promote, sell, and distribute
its goods to the final buyers.
 SUPPLIERS
 They provide the resources needed by the company to
produce its goods and services. Managers must watch
supply availability, shortages, delays, labour strikes and
other events can costs sales in the short run and damage
satisfaction in the long run.
 Customers and consumers
 The company needs to study its customer markets closely.
Customer markets consist of individual and Households
that buy goods and services for personal consumption.
Customer markets consists of businesses, resellers and
Government markets which buy goods and services either
for the further processing, for use in their production
process or for resell at a profit for further processing, for
use in their production process or for resell at a profit or to
produce public services.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOCATION OR SETTING
UP OF A BUSINESS
 Capital requirement
 The new entrepreneur should raise enough capital for
the new business, hence the following sources of
finance may be considered: Commercial Banks
through acquiring loans, personal savings, and credit
finance Houses, etc.
 Customers/ market
 Entrepreneurs should consider the market for the
product. Therefore, the new entrepreneur should
undertake market research so as to establish the
possible customers or market.
 GOVERNMENT POLICY/ POLITICAL
 This involve the political influence and the power
struggle environment consisting of laws, Government
agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit
various organisations and individuals in a given society
also affects entrepreneurship. The Government often
sets up parameters/regulations for entrepreneurial
development.
 Suppliers/ Raw Materials
 These are players in the Entrepreneurial Environment,
whose main function is to provide the resources
needed by the company to produce goods and services.
The entrepreneur should watch supply availability,
shortages and delays, etc.
 LABOUR SUPPLY

 The new entrepreneur should be able to provide both

the skilled and unskilled workers so as to boost the
production of the company depending on area of
need.
 Communication
 Communication lines are very important in sense that
these facilitate the movement of raw materials from
the areas of production to the company and to the
markets. The communication lines to be considered
could include proper roads, railway lines, air transport,
sea transport, etc.
 Relevant Technology

 Technology and new markets also influence the

Entrepreneurial Environment. Company that does not
keep up with the technological changes are often
overtaken and find their products outdated and soon
become small players in the big game.
 Distributors And Intermediaries
 These help the entrepreneurs to promote, sell and
distribute the goods to the final buyers. Direct market
out reach is often difficult to new entrepreneurs and
the business environment has these two players as
stakeholders in developing small ventures.
 COMPETITORS
 Greater customer satisfaction is a major aspect in
entrepreneurship development. The marketing
concept in entrepreneurial development stresses that
to be successful, a company should provide Greater
customer satisfaction and the entrepreneurial
environment therefore calls for strategies in
marketing, strategies to shrug off competition and
gain competitive advantage through positioning
oneself strategically in the minds of the customer the
marketing mix often breaks this barrier in the
entrepreneurship environment.
 FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
Forms Of
Business
Organizations

Sole
Partnership Corporation
Proprietorship

public

private
 SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
 This is one man owned business. However, this must
be licensed.
 Advantages
 It is easily and inexpensively formed, it is subject to fair
Government regulations; the business pays no
corporate income tax.
 Limitations (Disadvantages)
 It is difficult for a proprietorship to obtain large sums
of capital, the corporate has unlimited personal
liability for business debts, which can result in losses
Greater than the money invested in the company, The
life of the business is limited to the life of the
individual who created it.
 PARTNERSHIP

 Exists whenever two or more persons associate to

conduct a non –corporate business. This can operate
under different degrees of formality ranging from
informal, oral understandings which formal
agreement filed with the secretary of the State.
 Advantages
 Low cost and ease of formation
 Disadvantages
 Unlimited liability, limited life of the organisation,
difficult of transferring ownership and difficult of
raising large amounts of capital.
 CORPORATION
 Is a legal entity created by a State. It is separate and
distinct from its owners and managers
 Advantages
 Unlimited life, that is, a corporation can continue after
its original owners and managers have deceased
 easy transferability of ownership & interest
 Disadvantages
 Corporate earnings are subject to, double taxation
 Setting up of a corporation and fitting requires State
and federal reports which is a more complex and
time consuming
 It requires a Charter
 IMPORTANCE OF CORPORATIONS
 Limited liability reduces risks borne by the investors
 the lower the firm’s risk the higher its value
 a firm’s value is independent on its growth
opportunities, which in turn are dependent on the
firm’s ability to attract capital.
 Since corporations can attract capital easily than
proprietorships/ partnerships, they have superior
growth opportunities
 the value of an asset also depend s on its liquidity
which means the case of selling the asset and
converting it into cash
 corporations are taxed differently than
proprietorships/partnerships and under certain
conditions the tax laws favour corporations.
 CO-OPERATIVE

 Is a group of persons who voluntarily come together to

start and operate a business.
 Advantages
 Limited liability
 easy to raise money
 business is conducted for the mutual benefit of
members
 Surplus belongs to members and is distributed
equitably
 cooperative enterprises are based on the philosophy of
equality, and mutual self-help
 and cooperative enterprises are free to employ
managers with relevant experience and qualifications
 Disadvantages
 Difficult in finding members who possesses much
needed technical and / skills
 lack of commitment by some members to the long
term success of a cooperative
 seeing it as a means for short term gain rather than
long run development
 sometimes there are breakdowns in communications
between members.
 Each member has one and shares responsibility for the
cooperatives
 the possibility of members disagreeing over the
business goals cannot be ruled out
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN
BUSINESS
 Social responsibility:
 Is the obligation that entrepreneurs and the business
community have towards the welfare or well being of a
society
 It should be responsible for the upholding social and
ethical values of the community
 contributing towards the well being of the community
and responding constructively to complaints from
local residents or politicians
 BUSINESS ETHICS

 Ethics are codes of conduct and values that are

accepted by society as being right and proper.
 An ethic is a moral principle or set of moral values
held by an individual or a group.
 Ethics are the values and principles, which influence
how individuals, groups and society behave. Business
ethics are therefore the values and principles, which
operate in the world of business.
 ETHICAL DECISIONS

 Health of consumers
 Environmental health
 Bribes and corruption unethical
 Profiteering
 Sexual harassment
 Bill of right: freedom of expression, speech and
association
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
 Involves giving back to the community
 assisting the less fortunate by donating to charity
 sponsoring social institutions e.g. schools, homes for
the aged, blind, e.t.c
 taking care of harmful waste products and dangerous
emissions
 assisting in creating employment and in reducing the
rate of crime
 registering the company and conducting business
according to the laws of the country.
 IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
 It involves promoting community and social
development
 promotion of unity and co-operation in the
community
 co-operation between the community and business
organisation and community support for the business
 possible increase in sales
 market share and profit
 motivated workers
 productivity and efficiency and health relationship
between the entrepreneur and the community.
 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS
 Improvement in the company image
 enhancing of efficiency and productivity
 boosting of sales and profits
 sound relations between the entrepreneur and the
people
 safety in the working environment
 motivated workers because of honesty and fairness in
dealing with all employees
 protection of the rights of individuals, e.g. the right to
privacy
 an equitable distribution of benefits and costs leading
to motivation and a healthy working relationship.
THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A BUSINESS PLAN

 Executive Summary
 Name of business/name of owners of the business /
project.
 Business address, location, form and type of business.
 Required loan amount.
 Purpose of loan.
 Mission, Vision and Objectives of the business.
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT / BUSINESS

 State if it is a new business

 type of business.
 State location of business and address.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS TO THE OWNER

 Psycho-socio-economic emancipation.
 Socio mobility (movement from lower class to middle
class or upper class).
 Acquisition of material property (e.g. cash, home,
automobile etc).
 Improvement of standard of living (afford good
education, entertainment and health services).
 To The Economy

 Creation of employment
 Generation of foreign currency
 Plan supportive role to the giant firms by being
subcontracted
 Improvement of standard of living
 Contributing Government revenues through paying
corporate tax and income tax
 Contributing to GNP and GDP
 Reduce rural to urban migration
 Reduce antisocial Activities
 JUSTIFICATION OF THE REPORT:

 Unexploited Opportunities.
 Lack of Competitors.
 To meet the gap between Supply and Demand.
 To generate income for the owner and enjoy improved
standard of living.
 To reduce anti-social Activities in the owner’s
community.
 ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT

 Organisation chart, number of employees to be

engaged.
 State how the business will be managed.
 Organisation, Plan And Feasibility Study
 Target market, demand analysis, suppliers, and
competitors’ analysis, product pricing, distribution
and promotional strategies.
 PRODUCTION PLAN

 Costing of the main products.

 Cash flow Forecast.
 Cost and Sales plan.
 Manufacturing, Trading, Profit, Loss Account and
Balance Sheet (projected).
 CUSTOMER CARE

 Customers’ care
 This is the attention given to customers
 the ways of handling customers in order to continue to
attract them and ensure the continued existence of a
business.
 Besides customer care also creates a new environment
in an organisation with and increasing focus on
improving the delivery of the needed services by the
customers.
 This should always be viewed as the clientele having
rights and the expectations that must be fulfilled.
 TEN TIPS OF CUSTOMER CARE

 Communicate with customers-keep your customers

well informed in language and style they understand.
It is important to hear and understand what your
customers are saying. Communicate effectively with
your suppliers as well.
 Reliability- this refers to consistency of performance
and dependability. Perform the service right the first
time. Fulfil promises on time. Be impartial and avoid
favouritism. Be firm with friends and relatives as far as
business transactions are concerned.
 continued
 Responsiveness- this refers to the willingness as well
as readiness of the entrepreneur of the entrepreneur or
his employees in providing the services within
reasonable time immediately if not sooner.
 Competence- thus refers to the possession of the
required skills and knowledge by those who deliver
the services to the customer. This will create
confidence.
 Accessibility- this refers to the degree of
approachability and ease of conduct of the
entrepreneur or his employees. Drop what you are
doing to greet and serve a customer.
 continued
 Courtesy- this refers to politeness, respect,
consideration and friendliness or your organisation’s
contact such as receptionists, secretaries, telephones,
etc, they must be polite and courteous at all times-
remember a smile goes a long way.
 Credibility- this refers to be trustworthy and faithful,
put customers at heart, they should feel that he or she
is given priority and should have the trust that any
order will be executed and received when expected.
 Security- customers should be protected from danger,
risk or doubt within the premises
 continued

 Knowledge of the customer- the entrepreneur

should know the client specific requirements, be able
to recognise regular clients, strive to provide
individualised attention and understand what it makes
them buy it at that price
 Tangibles- this could include the physical evidence,
that is, building, good handling, tools, equipment,
packages, etc. this could also include the appearance of
your personnel
 IMPORTANCE OF CUSTOMER CARE
 If the customers are put first, the entrepreneur will be
rewarded with the new business and increased
profit margins and sales.
 Customer care creates new customers.
 Constructive consumer dialogue enables the
entrepreneur to know and understand what the
customers’ needs and wants.
 It builds good relationships and loyalty with
customers.
 Can make passive customers become interested.
 Can create corporate excellence.
 Build good reputation and good image
 PREREQUISITE OF MEETING CUSTOMER’S
EXPECTATIONS
 Be courteous and tactful
 Be friendly and helpful
 Deal promptly and decisively with customers
 Rectify faults quickly and keep promises
 Listen to customers attentively and respond promptly
 Avoid being sarcastic when dealing with the customers
 Present information logically and comprehensively
 Stick to your commitments
 Be fair and honest when dealing with customers
 Demonstrate the right skills at the time
 Always give customers professional treatment
 Know the customers ’ business and needs
 EMPLOYMENT CREATION

 The process of creating work or some Activity involves

people gainfully. Creating is coming up or establishing
something that offers employment to people.
Employment is a State of being engaged in some
work i.e. being gainfully engaged so one can support
himself, his family, dependants and the country. One
can be self-employed by personally stating some
income generating project.
 WAYS OF CREATING EMPLOYMENT IN ZIMBABWE:

 Establishing Agricultural Projects.

 Opening up State Farms in which people can be
employed.
 Resettling people, giving them land so that they can be
self employed
 Establishing Small and Large Business Projects
through indigenisation.
 Encouraging people to become cross-border traders
and be self-employed.
 Prospecting and opening up new mines.
 Legalising and controlling gold mining by individual
to encourage self-employment.
 Forming business and agricultural co-operatives.
 continued

 Encouraging indigenous people to invest within the

country.
 Attracting external investors to have big businesses
that offer employment to locals.
 Why do SMEs survive?

 Government subsidies so as to assist SMEs get inputs

at lower cost prices.
 Accessible of low interest Government loans especially
through Agric-Bank for farming business.
 Assistance from the Ministry of Small and Medium
Enterprise.
 Most SMEs are close to their customers as compared to
giant competitors; hence survive on the basis of
meeting better customer’s needs.
 Government’s Black empowerment policy.
 Government’s indigenous policy.
 Entrepreneurship training programmes for SMEs
facilitated and encouraged by the Government.
 continued
 Government and Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
continued, monitoring/checking and control of levels
of inflation.
 Relaxation of import and export regulations and laws
by the Government, for example on scarce items like
fuel
 Government supported cross- border trading
associations
Roles played by SMEs in the National Economy
 SMEs provided a means of production of mobilising
the resources of a country and strengthen its
capacity
 generate employment and wealth for the general
benefit of regional and national economies.
 They promote national and regional economic
development.
 SMEs development programme can focus on
empowering specific groups of people such women
or those on the
 SMEs development can promote an important role in
the overall development of the private sector
 continued
 SMEs promote more flexibility, innovative and
competitive economic structure.
 SMEs can respond more quickly and effectively to
changing and increasingly global trends.
 SME’s are better equipped to respond to the grass
roots needs to the communities and markets they
serve.
 Closer ties can be created with customers, employees
and suppliers.
 SMEs also create employment.
 Why Small Firms Fail

 Lack of market approach to business (marketing and

market research)
 Inability to plan strategically
 Poor communication skills
 Inability to cope with stress
 Desire for instant gratification, greediness
 Blaming external causes for failure
 Lack of networking
 Refusing to delegate responsibilities
 Unwillingness to accept constructive criticism
 Lack of balance in one’s life
 Lack of managerial experience
 SOURCES / METHODS OF FINANCING
 Personal savings-sole traders and partnerships rely
on their own resources to finances their businesses.
These sources are usually their personal savings. The
savings may be in form of insurance policies, or money
kept in a deposit or savings account. Sloe proprietors
and partners may borrow money from their relatives.
All these are limited sources of capital.
 Hire- purchase-not all business owners go into
business when they have enough money. For this
reason, business use hire purchase to acquire capital
assets such as land, furniture, fixtures, fittings and
motor vehicles. Hire purchase is way by which a hired
property becomes the property of the hirer after a
certain number of payments.
 continued
 Leasing-leasing is another way of hiring. In a lease,
the hirer uses an asset for certain period of time in
return for a payment. Unlike hire purchase, the hirer
never becomes the owner of the asset. Thus a lease to
firms. Leasing enables small businesses to acquire the
latest equipment without buying it outright.
 Building societies-they exist to provide long term
loans for the buying of homes on the security of the
Houses and land so bought.
 continued

 Finance Houses-finance Houses are involved in the

business of hire purchase, credit sales and leasing.
Examples of finance Houses are Standard Chartered
Finance House, Scotfin, Fincor and UDC. Finance
companies raise their fund by borrowing from
commercial banks and merchant Banks, discounting
Bills and by advertising to the Public.
 Commercial Banks-commercial or joint Stock banks
perform a very important role in the banking systems.
Commercial banks obtain their funds from their
customers who may be private individuals, firms’ and
Government Institutions.
MASLOW’ HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY
(MOTIVATE OF WORKERS)
 PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS (BODILY NEEDS)

 These include food

 Clothes
 water and sex
 these are basic needs, and the employer should ensure
an adequate salary to enable workers to access the
basic needs for the survival
 entrepreneurs to provide lunches and teas
 Company Houses could also be provided.
 SAFETY NEEDS

 It involves involve the need to be protected from

danger and other forms of harm
 the employer thus should provide a safety working
environment
 pensions schemes
 medical aid schemes
 offering contract to workers
 protective clothing such as safety shoes, etc.
 risk awareness campaigns
 SOCIAL NEEDS
 It involved the need to be loved and to love
 a sense of belonging
 relationships
 socialisation and interaction with others
 allow workers to form workers committees
 football or other sports clubs
 provide teas and lunches where the workers interact
 organise get together parties
 ESTEEM NEEDS
 The need for recognition and self-respect
 the start of higher order needs
 the entrepreneur could award bonuses based on
performance
 promote high performances
 providing paid for holidays to hard workers
 verbal appraisals, e.g. well done
 long service award/ worker of the year award
 giving tittles or branded offices
 providing personalised company vehicles.
 SELF-ACTUALISATION NEEDS

 The highest level

 The need for an individual to reach full potential
 Allows workers to fully explore their potential
 Send workers for further staff development
 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MOTIVATING
MANAGERS AND MOTIVATING GENERAL WORKERS:
 Similarities  Differences
 Providing satisfaction at current  General workers are Greatly
levels or lower level is first motivated by satisfying lower
achieved. Then at higher levels levels or existence needs while
other forms of needs of managers are Greatly motivated
satisfaction are needed. by satisfying higher levels and
growth needs [Maslow and
 Motivational factors become Alder Theories]
necessary [Maslow Needs
Hierarchy]  Non financial rewards have
Greater motivation effect for
 Both financial and non – managers, while general workers
financial rewards are used to are easily motivated through
motivate both workers and financial rewards since they
managers [Maslow], since in life get less salaries than managers
people need both rewards
 Intrinsic factors such as
 Intrinsic and extrinsic job recognition and
factors could be used to responsibility motivate more
motivate workers and managers managers than general workers,
[Hertzberg two factor theory] since these have satisfied
extrinsic needs.