Hydro Carbon s a 4. Alkanes 2- AlKenes a: AlKYyNes - Cr Ho nt ie Sochacesed oe conleens) . rs nel Hy Cmethor®) at ner Ca Cea) ned, cate Comrend 2 aE sane ~ Seeders ES So bate’ ads to alkenes ond SIRENS 19 He gas divided Cately. sts liwe deka presence of Finely plascum (EH, Panadivm (PAS ov mete! (1)bo fore alkanes. this process ig called pydrogenaction”s Nott pe, Pd — Catalase the puackon at 00 — Jenponrne but neletvely _igher_tempereint ond presses’ are nequinedt with oe catalyst PA so eg 0 ne a= we Hct + Hp _ : a ed Ni oe Cap0-3086) (aero (sree): . — aphese ynerals dso ay gas on then bunfoces d gickvott he H—# bend —_~ ad —cla »: pt eg nena 4h we ch CMS C Propen®) C prepare) — it ca + 2% piu ks weet 088 C propane):og lv): HoscH + 2b ni CAcetsl He ole ene) > Ethane) - egy): = ret oS ne / ey: C3 gu, PAs oO == W3- Hexadierd C (n-hexord) . a 5) pes Rares Se’ cquad arnourts OF Nt ond Al conte ing Alloys wif ya Naor _ aL desselves iN Naoe Caves) (as) ae give NadlOn” (Sodium rete - aluminak) « > The eesidues voy Fine divided nickel 1S washed and oto wonder Ce ethanol: —— a qe were suockve thon the supported — > Raney4 Catolyst, ond *S usually effective ak nickel low fe rm peratures ppien ak pew enmperatenes Raney Ni Bt fo + , 7 a asic one) (porers C propore) note + \ we yeah 4t2 —> »—K aye nM catered HH (exo) - Calton) > th quantity heat evolved , when one mee of on wungatenaded compound = 7S fy drwge nated - Noss * cha, Carmot be prepaned by #5 pee C methors) cts cs \ hes Comnot be prepared by this nos . ag Soa Sea ts arpa:eee des C Preferably +h bromide or iodide’) A\Kyl hal Ce ensles) on Areatment with No saekel | iS dry ether give wight® a\eones= ) dvy- 1 Ree + Rx * o No RR 4 2 Nar ether caikane) 1 oes ke mare product is R—-R- me ) > aqhe oruner products R-R, que: (co also be obrorned _ owt pest vied Ae am akone will be ob-tarnee| when RQ onc R! oe athe Somes ce aves good yields ony for ‘even canbon | highe™ plKanes * Lowe o\Kones, a \eenes are mine’ products. — Two pnechonsns ane possible foc +N puaction. we pmechounisen* cS ee col mechanism: Gis Rad!egG): est we-B¥ + ue 8° ae Hoe—cH Aeicrcee et a (ethane) 2g Gi): a wo-c'y a ties fi Jo CM i ete Cetmst bromide) doy eer + 2Naer (n-butere) Crmajor) cate + cata saech? = G) sonie_ mechani? : — + eocty NO 4+ Nagy. we oe : ep): “a ne oR Gi, emt He 3 C wudeepile) a “ero ue ond ayy -_ — oid a ne wo + See a we-ch, + we ache 4. Naer Gi) Rabscel_mechorien geet: cio 4+ Na —> webs 5. play set 3 cnet + Na — > ae yy Nasr: ouep W): é é rep: wee wenety o—~ O bustone) ond ug as en + Hee, Cotte + ote! Corispropertionatin) -Not: TE gen ; ally fails with 27 alley! halede Gp between two different No the | wnt reaction alkyl halides 18 usually synthebeally useless because gwerval products one obtained « — ee > one ae pel . mae eg WY): We erhn a 7 cL (eye propos) niet cia | connek pe prepared by FHS wnethack oe rote? New ac bonok for mod on takes place seactonKKH é ® Kolbe s electroly Ke method ¢ Ar aqueous Golub oF fie or K Salt of a Comboxy iC acid OW” elecolysis Gives oAKane Comtonend even Number of 'e atoms at the anata. 1 prod, _-af 2 Naov Corhede eg © we COON - yee Hate wees SS Csodiver acetot) anes Ee Hy IN|” Cotnode is ole: ae byproducts ane alkenes, esters» LoweY a\weres Pa POE 2 aoc coone + ato —> le + 2COr csosiw proraroat) putoune a Noot +h 4 ate? Coty *Mech? 4 yeas coo Net = f be —_ a He-eH coe io a pk onele t (_onterend: a Hs 6°? —_——_> Q quits C08 4 se 2 cis Gq 2 = 24 + 2CO- =e G) ots + Gis w gts + ots ss ate + oh C Asspropertiona on) C ethene) ait) cis i cits coo — > Gls CoO cats C estey) - Qeduchon) + pie cote zs o— on a wo + © #2 ee — > of + 4 Wo+ Yo By Note: CHa Croetord Qrnok be prepared by his method - New Cc bond Sorwnakon takes place in +hy — saacton> Nott: adNote: x5 Rand pl ave -+he Some, then to | 2 @ eld oF aikone will b obtained rm om i ere dusfoent, then along ae, ee and wip ave 8 oO ptoned *+* 4 SHRS . ' Ge G 2 ke io es Qe Fei oO c cats) Lidnive) 7 ett , cut —_—— gout 4 Lx fe ous : Lat hive dior paride) ‘ cup Coivon aeoger’) Gad a cul + at —7 aR sou + Lx Creer) i 2003)i 5 bot = REX 16 CH uk nek 2)- > ylbmadely, Gee alkane 12 syrthesized from ake | +e ality! halides RK anol Qik: \ : oe eed be 2 ewe disferent)- cab: 2 ue8 galt als » welt 4 og Life. oc » xecH y Cor —_—> Er2),{ culi + Le (cdg ce + Hee ey — 2 wench eo Ww propane: Li@r- ar E os, s a Oe w egeg DN eg eu > yo ox 2°. | cu 8 >2 #, one ches ou, pte ee —Li-- av Ps bay cy (s id hay - G meted | herons) Not er ? per > R-cl (2 ts nok used) 3 i sed mm wer otep ples: ZR is 2 MS pecouse ie wwnding o eliminate pooch stead Ae couPling eae ky Ae Y. hind one? easy CHa Conrok be prepared by ths anethed - note « New C-C Lond fucrnetion eves place in Covey - rouse, Sythe sis»Decuchen oF alll belies 7 3 i Reducten by dissolving _mebis : 2n/ cH, Coons zn[ Wel zn NaoH, an-cu fe Hson LS 7 gx ne Q—H cas! pati) anf Hel fo Cnn) zn[Naok ey 2 oy HsoH -ch ech Se an ==> 25 +2e(i) Reduction & yo LIA, oN Rednenen ty Aes Nate On is Ce Pens tin, 4 . y R-* Liat R-K mee of RH (sn) Caer eR* inte, ArKene” = : i wi “ patie, puvane CRD: g R* asta no Reducer” £ RK > (e* phy sot (od ot ae am a (n- a4), Sn G pi¥ane) . 3 (a cin-buy) HY ie) ; ial a G): = gS ; ne be —aa chy: ‘ phseh 03: i sath ON si): (od LiAl Hy Chrerend) (¢) ar ph3SoH (a) (penton© Reduckor with HO Ales Todide ; 3 saact, with Concer s sa quate of Red phosphors ak Isoe te ave aikone” dee er + h* eS Rk i : \S0c Ceoned catwer) eg: e = wee + 4 \sée chy * ~ Gee cond” WE 4p Red-P— roieton? is one of HHS nest powers oo pe dnny agents used iM ocgonte chaentete” note a Aer + = me pete! RHR" C picane Codcohel) | x oe tee Rocly C piconet) cpidabtd Hr 5 R-GT* goa ® CAlkane 4 oe C Lereone) Ao “en 5 R-Cooll Red P oe eae acta) C Carre@ Clemmensen Reduckon and wolff- Kishner ia _——— Redaction © Jemmense? guagent + zn | conc Hel clemmensen MOET ae bs pools KES” eee Na Ha 5 Nat C begsrezire) Colo NO c\escy: mn ethylene (2080): > mata / oH qiyce! vey pidebyde ae AI Koe” No se ae h ood Ketone a Hel a) toe anty cry: / Nall rec Hg Gide a : , canon) ye Naoet fe) 4 _ et 4m 23 fit): eg >~ wel oO eg WD: CD ste eg pou oO eg W)+ rea AC any -—™/ He)+ R— +MY ethe a eee R—Mg-% CGrrignord ‘sangent) . are called "Grignard Sangents” as well 2s bases (vey chong) . 5 Gatqrond Steger? gancts with ACHE Wo (ace ») fo ve Alicante: contain] compound ‘ = Rcoot pchve EL compounds 3 HP ayy trel, dal H2S% # Q-oF, 2 - - he prow ps, QcecH) QoNte» Q NH e a> we) > >? * mg ) CODNotes Compounds that Contain Canben 18 a ek anes Called |7 organo metallte Compounds” : Ome eg gy Aw! Lithium Cormpounds: Wco-U C methyl Lithium) . suogents CR-08) a (i) Grignard magnesia bromide) . Hcg BY C meth) @ De Cav boxy lakon % from a Conrbory lic ~ of eliminating C0), qhe process acid 15 Known a5 Y peconbexylaken => Goda wet (nao he qo) is % vey useful aeagent foc 4h purpose Aikore com be prepared by heating o pniztune Ae ae Gockiv® golt of a carboxylic acid and godalime * ao + CaO pn + Na, C0, R-cosne + 1 A Ca ikane) > @poses acerding te divwn acetate deco Wort: only So! aphe, CIBRT (aye wen aM pp rhe other Cases ested , ve propanests utanoat, pentancot®, VorriouS products wene oktained- -\* (nao +Ca0) eg Cis ©°° No —— ate a cH Ho Céodiwes prorane® ) (uD oo (33%) canard Compounds: 4+ UNnot a Useful gerenal of Kars, usually is thenefore since his ynethed for the Separation Ae tke: pre parakon products 75 she Aifficlt- Fromk land seach ga R* 4 Zn ether RR + a re’ a a Hee 4 an SE wees + ant, Ceter) duffownt odity| jpralides R-x* Peet alx see ges & moisture oF cphree alkanes p-e, ak, ple. Nok New c-c hond fue mation faves place 0 4Wis guacho Can be prepooea) Cav bides + (only CHy, © ewe oF SEE re ge(ot),” pec + hwo — > CH 12 tho > acta + & ACOH)” Aly oS Cmmethane)-hysicol proper eS ea 24 G the normal atcanes Fre Fal Cy te %H ore are Colounless liquids ema Jourless ases col g 2 Cg te ane From Cyg onusandS Colounless (solids © he aldores ore almost tr soluble i wake, but ~readdly Goluble m ethanol ond ethe® ate colebiiit decreases with — INCASE wm gnoleowlon weight > G wang _welees? number oF Cambor ak DS, => 8y wcreasng gungece areo iweveaSes* > Lewset ae Surface AYER 4 ghronger’ 3 ThE cout ke oe tee snolecar Foe CS, grey poilie4 point ._ Except fer +r boiling — point arises each Canbon pat ened 22. v Small alkanes, the b 20 +0 30 deqrees fer 16 added to the Chain: e-? ire ee ¢ + 8 & 10 Number oF Gabor aruns — i jg cawanes, The branched - ¢ hain prnong ane {gore => \howe jowet poling points hon +heiv goers aeoight chan gamers: As + pune of S si i We bailin point decreases pron CNS pees + ong decreases , ven Gunface aved~ dus te decrease23 eq: n—-Pentane iso pentane, Neo pentan oe ECC E i c-e—c—e ovden iS? a BP. decreasing iso pentoné > Neo pentane: n-pentone > an meld Pe not quite So ok 7S —> The pwcrease pequior, girnce ahe Try ynolecular forces iN & cvyst depend not ony YPTD ahe Size of the polecues puk also UP eed fit into coy st, JatHice- —> The pncvease io mee when +h number of Conbor oto S chonges sean. ae odd nuwler bo athe rex NUN, numbey, while ophe incense less wher che numnbey ehonges from Ae 16even 4o the next odd number. 24 ater S —d Canbon Nu ber of —> Branching sho produces highly gy vome tei cok rests ID abnormal Uy high meld points gareuckenes ef ‘ ne Pewtone, iso- pentane L Neo pen , = m-P- decreasing ovder 16% Neo pentone > p-pentere > ide pentane. (* oO Coo) C-166 e) -eS Chemical properties of AI Kanes ynoinly undergo @® pologe nation © © Niroxion @ sarena @® oxi door © qpsoreeisoh © pyvold SiS @_ Arovotnnen oikanes ¢ free radicod s 25 po tes guactons-© Halogenaton 3 26 AlKanes reacts with halegen jc oe en) 2) in presence of Sunlight ov ev Ligh oe high chen penostene (s38- 48 te ave en holides- —_» equivalent arnount of Hel Crd HRr 9 a he — SANE dayne - Sos hi ==> & 4+ HX 1 R ee ee Cowerd cares) halide) xe de Sua. cher ch. aricones with, halazens we Te Oe eee RR? of rydegers of de ~veplace ment ee ons is? aeons24 eq): ee, bd Hel + Hc\| eg Gi). yy) : cum + — H+ 8G Hebe + Hee eg (iid og WD: nets acl, ths nerctn el + Hel: / bd e4 Gd: went - i == ect By + HBw ows Se N chy + cl — nec PE alt Cexcess> Cometh’ chloride) hv es cu + Se cel, + REN Cetasd Ccorrso jetra. chore) ie chy + Oe We ec) + Mel (criexo ynethané) - wend © Che bela Hel (i Choro methane) + Ch i, cHel, a. yell - Cch\ero form) CHa cl gic ce ee Cle Hel:28 Nok: el oe : — uorinakon iS teo : _uenemnen) violent ous resus) to be Conbolkd Even it tokes place tn dase Comhiton: Nott Todi norton Ff ound mreversible - So ie CAP be coreci¢el uke iM presence ate B HNO pi diSiY agent. Guach 25 ro, CD a, (oo nge ——= chy + Tr a we-F + HI: 5 nr y FEY ——> 34m.+* 2H ,0°- pee HEOg gacctys with Hr to give 72. Such moves forward dinacon. + proceeds via fre, vadica mmeckanism -foleyenation machen” | 24 eg: + cH, + Cle ses He-el + Hel mechanisn ¢ ———— Tyvolves 2 Steps Mechanism re wath 3 chain pnthoken, = Chain propagation chain derreinadi 2 : tony GD chan_teiireten Under +h qrplvence oF — heat ow sunlight Se a a et oF Cu. yonder go hermalyte cleavage peghly 9e0c8e ci! okems (Free adi cold) + WL fact, fea tes 12a mol (cham _prenegeen Chiveine radicod (ci) obstracts Crermoves) of x ies Mgen fear 8 My. mooleale- TNs S+¢P proeusces a envlecale oF Hel and a CH, :7 tH a oO _, tks ia abstacd, a cl fr a cly moleade- a a peduces a mmole Gute Ap Hemel anc Cl: oy. cut et ES eu, + Hel —@ cuepGis cy Cl aplalogenation of higher alKones « 2 2I © . cmb Ae A (sed Kee chy (i-chere prepare) Q-chiee C Proponed Bx] &? (sy aoe civ¥e) ~~ ~ (345 CIA) ® Na ~~ (282) cl he Lemccthe Ha Cae eee wwe ~\ @ chs Ww WA + a osc . cts Cc wD bx) we! os Cue puters) as] bY Uke + a \ove By Crracey over 99%Reasiviry — Gleckvity prince ; inciple ¢ - g2 ee ee 2 En attacks by +he unveackve . Br 2 he transite iten, Grok TG Fa he. ched lott jn the swactren a process, one ah «alt 1 qeoup has developed Cc onst le veo dicok chonackr: Bromine? - ior pen + Br = a - R-- Pe se K+ HRY Cronsi#er gto) Reached late Cormuch radical Chenact) attack bY are OMY goo.ckve ci. ate. 2 phen the gikyl Group has AronsikO great 1S saoctedl eo} » gored vasay arte ncodt Cob charock’ F 5 é pow ro aaa [ee an == h | —> B+ Hel Corronsiteon gtext) Qescred ey adie! choractey)33 athe less Seackve 4 > less uachio the noagent, the Wore Sele ctrve ib 5 in its attack (eee os aeackvity t cl > Re Celeckwity ; ey > Cla” Note: ee. Sdectue Weerd, a weve ctoble free radical ts Focreech Fuster alusy S vue rote de obstencten Ar HW ahems is Fo\low the Sewence \Fozee | = found —> Ak neon temprorse Qsey, she reeladiwe watts iy orem ONE Siar s pew a chice nation | she elesive rates PO [yoke et —> At yore, 2+ 42 aa: 4 | . Crewords bromin ation) :Calcuation of de : products < di By Sa eg: ye butone < He Accs + cl. Ww aN . ae =i oy {es “ Dey. 2D CALA) 0: OFF yu sé tt kee gaockviry ound s gysoue TH cherinetion = yy A-elee patore = 281 pede 1H geocttty = Guras ee 38 = EE chews bore = a (6H) yo 15-2. x10 = [p27]. de Bo ehlove boone = (eis y “ee Wi ye ote + oe ae Ie + ( YY 27. ¢ 2) CaBs) . gaat ity teuonds bramninetioen bui=6 node THe Seockvity = pede LH w Seackwity = 4+G2 = 328Sf ae fbr er = i 2 — x100 = (6+328) xy d= 2. Brome buttons = (64320 QO: Tetel number A products gored in the goacton ae* Foilourng He nee —Clt, —CH3 + ole . 9 = hv - as: © 5 ey DAY AT cl cl ca, #) ca.) a28 yoo =| 437} © 3536 ree matical Inhibitors 3 2 eo A Gubstonce that inhibits @ Free —rodecad ch cul reach oN by 4traP pngerene dane of the gtoble “POP” Seachve odiaal iS cotled a bier " (ow Scavenger = 2 led — «3 C Ben20 quinene) ° ete, a: Or» ad aoe AM goact om my Slowed clown - mmole cule seach aoe fe athe adda aac nixtere gue rnethal pevo ey radical \ess paock we (4e-00) the chain:34 @ Nitakon : s iteration + d phase fon + AWK pe Se eal v 2 16 heated with ci) Lig concentrated HNO, under — pressu i Pp ye ot |hoc- Nite? perder these Conditens is alwods slow and a lans® arnount of — pollf nitro compounds is produced Gi apo phose pitsokion 2 A\KOne is heated with HMR moo wee meas de veneen S Iso — 47S 318 gare odROne” ophynuny rem peaotere *38 e4 . Ss He —CH3 HNO U™~ hue C ethane) A S5e No HE ND Gor) (ox) @ Culphronek * Gubghon ake? pf a ermal akan’ frown hetan® onwards mo be Cassued out = bY areating the \Kane with — Fwoihy Suip hotc acd: C oleum): a! is: nepbcerent of 25 eose oF [eee i> 4: DYN ere 2 54 BOM (5%) —_v (n-herene) S0,4- . ave Sulphenre qroup enters the chain, probobly ot +he Second Corkon atom: note: Tio butone, which comtaing a FH ate, is weaity, Soghmaled tp give Sobulgl_Subpheic 0, we teen, a ——_—_— 50,4349 @ controlled oxidation * . ; heokng with o vegulakd suprly of Aikanes 5, jo ay ak hah 7 gh pressune ancl in the presence of guiteble catalysts give o variety = of oxidatt oo products - ae cul 523K uc-oH a, 7 ‘ oa 7chy oa too of - a) Mo, 2 7 3 chy F & MOB ecto + HAP” CG yal dehy de) - ead ee ia 2 4 Hy 30, aa 2 ugrcook ef HO pete Grenevol4 oAKones pesist oxidation, but alkanes ay fem COD be oxidised to Corresponding having alcohols bY Mn” CH3 H 5 ie on a i a) He 4 eh oxidation) | on: | ac putone) (x- busty] alcoho!) ,(i) Cornbustion ¢ oe Alkanes 01 heating ih the presence of alr er) 0, 2 pa Com pletely oxtdé sed to CO, ancl HO with +he & ae evluson of — large amount tp heat So,o} Kanes oe used 25 fuels - —> nog r Cti) oO; + (Le aye we CD Comb - Cr eee he quontty OF heat evolved, when one mmole oF a Ago Corben i b i. by is Leen tw ca and HO 78 called "seo oF Combustion (as comb) 8 =" ne chet eae 4 Co, + Sto, bey butone (Ise ) AH = —2868 KT] mel:. Attcomb pobutone > 2B 44 Kal{mol AW ep butore —> 2.8 68 Kr{ mol « ea Tse butane is mere ctoble +hon nobutone: ae o_O => By Fr CrEaSi NY number of Conboy 5 tn akones. = Di hoot of Combustion values increases: CHa Late 4 ate o Cut 2000077 po alkanes, 2m -O* @4 52) AtAeOY cyl A. tn (eshmol) (pea) G44) @220) coomerisoter of — eaikenes Inte branched choi od\Qones in which the aie chal «1S © cll, a be brough* ods! : ee “3 cur by Making the noatkare with Alcl, of Zooc-eg): ao (n— butane) nec 4o cHa° _Alels/ #5) \ . 4, = ~ zode ees (Iso butone) anbydoais AOS pen gH—ethe Hw eg) ceery Ha CHa He } +: es@) “Ce =e ° < aa ce) . a HE 3 (n- hexane) wise Miner products = oagonic Swackons* Co-methal pentane) + Rech Heh CH 3 Ca- mers pentone)) goa generally not Seportcd 1m © _Pynisses Ly Therm decomposit> of a compownal is cole pyrolysis * Cm ee ie cated Cracking” _, pavslyss of alkanesaghe ghey alkanes on heating te Kigher Jemperatire 42 tnt lower _alKones, alkenes ete de compose eg Ui): BO" ALAS, Cone gee aaa : hexane (o-hesore) Cyttg tote (Ce Mra) Qt, + Cty CHa: Cyr Hae ata k phase = _9BK Cy + she © othen— ee products C podecnt (itytere) CPertere) @ — Arematsatien (Refers) mo olenes hosing, 6 et proce CONT atums 0” 443K ok \o-2L° actmosp het & pressure peaking am the presence A owides Vanadiw (V5) (O \ mo, Oz (oy 3% Guepevtcol OVER Alumina CAlees) and — ayciised — te bemzene gx de hydrogenated ond its homologues-oy egG): Gs cxi8s (od 8% a => es (oO Mo, 0; CO = A203 oh (n-hexane) over Als Ceyclo- te ak per Gi a ie , G enzene)- (hs) ee V : S a Alas ae @B! mere Cn- Heptone) - ” Cie-20 oh) ( hexone Cromer aS cycle e) Reaction olin SHOT" chy + #,0 > co Fate yo K “ rey cots, wate Cwoter 929°45 K nockng ¢ eal The metallic sound produced clusung the working of oO interna Conn bust? engine 15 colled " enocking: fonockiny 18 produced duete wo controlled Comm busten 5: We ¢ fuels re genaency oF rocking decvases 19 the order t Ne > francted > AlKenes > cyclo > prromodie autores giKenes — pydaeconbors Octen® pembers A fuel oF goed quality produces PRininows \Erock9§ are quits fuel con be expressecl tn terms of octene rem a is no hert and pint — Tame) pentane ave been cresee as (the Ghandords a ponent’ Wah ienoc KEN fuel, 'S abi Pov assigned on octane rune ‘aero, whee 25 gayle rental = penton, & vey [Oe prockeng fuel ' assigned octone” numbe™ ‘ yoo: 5 Knock ofa Fae) com be anducd by adding pep Emerg tree etc > (rev), diisoprors! * lie Teta ethy! lead ha end | agents