CHAPTER > 03 Plant Kingdom NEET Key NoTES Plant kingdom includes ll multicellular, eukaryotic, ‘photosynthesising organisms, grouped as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Plants we ‘The various systems used in classification of plants are © Artificial system of classification It was given by innaeus and based on morphological characters, ‘Natural system of classification It was developed by. Bentham and Hooker and based on natural affinities among the organisms It was based on both extemal and internal features like anatomy, structure and embryology. Its the most common system of classification followed classified on the basis of different characters, += Phylogenetic system of clasificaton It was given by. [Engler and Prantl and based on evolutionary relationships of an organism. Its also known as Hutchinson’s system. Classification done on the basis of chemical constituents of plant is known as chemotaxonomy. Numerical taxonomy includes classification on the basis of ‘observed characters. Cytotaxonomy is based on cytological information like chromosome number, stricture, behaviour and types of chromosomes. Algae + These are hlorophyl bearng, simple hallo, autotrphic and monty aquatic organist (eth esha and marine vate «These include uicellr orms ke Ciomyomons, obi ors ke Vet laments Ut and Spoor «Algae reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation and ‘tally by zoospores aplanespore ante + Sexual reproduction in algae occurs through fusion of two gametes, These gametes could be * Isogamous Both gametes are similar in size and non-motile, eg Spirogyra + Anisogamous Both gametes dissimilar in size, eg. Chlamaytomeanas + Oogamous Fusion between one large female gamete and a smaller motile male gamete, eg, Voluox and Fucus ‘Algae play an important role in carbon dioxide fixation on ‘arth through photosynthesis thereby increasing the level of (0, in the environment. They are chief primary producers. ‘+ About 70 species of marine algae like Porpiyra, Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food Algae are used commercially for various products like = Algin from brown algae + Carrageenan from red algo. = Agar from Gelisium and Grecian areas follows: * Spirulina ancl Chlorella are used by space travel ‘Thealgac are divided into three main classes whi Class-Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) + Members of Ch filamentous. + They are green due tothe presence of chlorophyll and b pigments localised in definite chloroplast Shape of the chloroplast varies ike discoid, patie, retelae cup-shaped, spiral or bor shaped, Algae store food in the form of starch na specialised structures called pyrenoids located in chloroplast. Food! may be stored in the frm of ol droplets in some alga. + Inner ayer of el wal is made upof cellulose, while outer layers made up of pectose. ‘ophyceae are unicellular, colonial or+ Vegetative reproduction occurs through fragmentation, Asexual reproduction is done by zoospores by zoosporangia. + Sexual reproduction occurs through different modes like isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous, eg. Valeax, Ulothrix, Spirogura, Chlamydomonas and Chara Class-Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) + Members of Phacophyceae ae brown in colour due tothe presence offucoxanthin pigment. «They range from simple branched, lamentous forms to profusely branched forms ike Kelp which reach up toa height F100 metres + They have gelatinous coating outside the cellulose cll wall calle agin + Cell contains chloroplast (plastid), centrally located vacuole and cleus + Plant boy is differentiated into holdfast (substratum), stipe (stalk) and frond (photosynthetic organ). + Asexual reproduction occurs through biflagellate zoospores (having unequal laterally attached flagella) Sexual reprodtion may be oogamous,isogamous or anisogamous, Union of gametes takes place In wate within ‘ogonium in case of oogamous species, Sassi, Fucis, Ecacrpns, Dietyola and Laminaria. Class-Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) ‘+ Members of Rhodophyceae are red due to the presence of| pigment phycoerythrin. These are usually marine, occur close to the surface of water as well as in deep oceans, + They reproduce vegetatively through fragmentation + They reproduce sexually andl asexually through non-motile spores/ gametes, Sexual reproxtuction is oogamous, Divisions of Algae and their Main Characteristics CCharacterindes Clase Clas Clas Coropycene Phacophycene — Rhodophycene Common ame Greenalgse —Brownslgae——_Redalgne Major plzments —Choropylla,b Chlorophyta, Chloophiie,d fuewumin”_phyewerytsin ‘Stored food Search Mannty oridean starch (cot all Cellulose Celaloeand Cellos, peta algin and polsulpate Flagellar number 2-6 equa 2 une lateral Absent and positon of apcal Invertions itt Frsswater, — Fesivater (ae), Fresbyater (some), ssitwaee salwar water (mos) Bryophytes + They are commonly found in moist shaded areas in the hills + These are known as amphibians of plant kingdom as they can live in soi as well as water and are dlepenclent on water for sexual reproduction (for movement of gametes). + Inbryophytes, the main plant body is gametophyte, ‘which produces gametes. eis thalloid (lacks oot, stems and leaves) and prostate or erect and attached to the substratum by shizoids + Sox organs are multicellular and jacketed. The male sex organ is antheridium, while female sex organ is archegoniam + Antheridiam produces biflagelate antherozoids. Female sex organ produces one eg ‘+ Antherozoids are release in water where they come {ncontact of archegonium and egg cell 1 fuses with cg cell to produce the 2ygote. + Zygote undergoes mitotic division and gives rise to sporophyte (2). Sporophyte remains attached to the sametophyte and fakes nourishment from i + Sporophyte undergoes reduction division or meiosis to produce haploid spores. These later serminate and give ise to haploid gametophy’ ‘Bryophytes are used as food source. These are capable of preventing sil erosion and also form ‘ecological succession links, + Bryophytes are divided into liverworts and mosses. Liverworts ‘+ The plant body is thalloid, e.g, Marchant, + Leafy members have tiny appendages usual in moist, damp, shady habitats. ‘= They reprocluce asexually by the formation of specialised structure called gemmae or through fragmentation of thal grown '* Gemmae are asexual buds, which originate from small receptacles called gemma cups ‘Sexual reproduction occurs by the fusion of antherozoids and egg, which are produced in antheridium and archegonium, respectively. ‘Both male and female sex organs may be present on same thalli or different thal ‘+ Zygote gives rise to sporophyte, which is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. Some cells ‘of capsile undergo meiosis and give rise to haploid spores, These spores give rise to gametophyte (7) NEET Key NOTESMosses ‘+ The predominant stage in the life cycle of a moss isthe sgametophyte, which consists of two substages, Le. protonema and leafy stage. + Juvenile stage of moss is protonema. It consist of slender, green, branching system of filaments, + Leafy stage develops from the secondary protonema as lateral bud. Ie bears the sex organs, ‘+ Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema ‘+ Mosses provide food for herbivores, used as packing ‘material, fuel (e.g. Sphagnum), they decompose rocks and colonies them along with lichens, ete. case Achegonioghore q sea 8 Neeoves onan 2 Noes Fer Pteridophytes + Periophytes are called vascular cryptogams, aso known as seedless vascular plants, + They produce spores rather than seeds, eg. horsetails Equisetun, ferns (Slaginela) and club moss (Lycopodium + These are found near the marshy, cool and damp places. + In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte 2n), which is differentiated into true oot, stem and leaves, + Leaves may be small (microphylls) as in Slagle or large (esaceophyls) as in ferns «+ Sporophyte bears sporangia which consist of leaf-ike appendages called sporophylls. These sporophylls may'be ‘Widely scattered ina plant or may be clustered in definite areas and structures called stabil or cones, Selgin + The spores produced can be of similar kind (homosporous) corcan be of two kinds (heterosporous) i. macro (arse) and micro (small. ‘+ The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small ‘but multicellular free-living, mostly photosynthetic thallod gametophyte called prothals. + Gametophytecan grow ony in cool damp and shady places which has restricted the spread of pteiodphytes to !Anarrow geographical range + The gametophytes ear male and female sex organs called antheridia and archegonia, respectively NEET Key NoTES ‘The male gamete of pteridophyte swims to archegonium, where zygote is formed after fertilisation. The zygote produces a sporophyte (dominant phase), + The zygote develops into young embryo within female .gametophyte. This event is called a precursor to seed habit and is considered an important step in evolution. ‘= Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as soik-binders. They are also grown as ormamentals. + Pteridophytes are divided into fous classes, ie. Pilopsida (Psilotun), Lycopsida(Selaginela, Lycopodium), ‘Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Prers, Adiantun) Gymnosperms + In gymnosperms, the ovules are not enclosed by any ‘ovary wall and remain exposed both before and after fertilisation. Thus, naked seeds are formed post fertilisation and no frit formation occurs + Plants possess tap root system but in some forms, coralloid roots (plant roots associated with endosymbionts such as blue-green aga, e.g, Cyens) or mycorthiza (eg, Pinus). The stems are aerial, erect, woody, branched! or ‘unbranched ‘Leaves are usually dimorphic ie. leaves are of two types wis, large green foliage leaves and small brown scale leaves + The gymnosperms are heterosporous, ie. produce microspores and megaspores ina compact strobili or + The strobili bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia are called microsporangiate or male strobil. These develop into a highly reduced male _gametophyte which produce pollen grains + The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or _megesporangia are called macrosporangiate or female strobil ‘= Ovules or megasporangia bore on megasporophylls, consist of nucellus from which a megaspore mother cll develops. ‘= One megaspore out of four develops into female ‘gametophyte bearing two oF more archegonia female sex organs). ‘= The pollen grains of gymnosperms germinate and release ‘male gamete into the ovule, where it forms zygote after fertilisation. The zygote develops into embryo and ovules into soeds (rake) Angiosperms + Unlike the gymnosperms where the ovules are naked in the angiosperms or flowering plants, the pollen grains and ovules are developed in specialised structures called flowers.+ The flower consists of the male sex organs, called the stamen and female sex orgon, called the pistil or carpel + Each stamen consists ofa filament and an anther {produces pollen grain), The pistil consists ofan ovary enclosing one to many ovules, along slender style and stigma (structure where pollen grain lands after pollination, + Each ovule has a megaspore mother cell which forms four haploid megaspores by meiosis. Out of which, ane divides to form an embryo sac and others degenerate + The pollens reach the stigma ofa flower through agencies such as wind, water, insects, etc. This is known ‘3 pollination ach embryo sac has 3- Spoon, Zygoes en) Meosie Gametogenesis apie dpionic Spores eo) Gametoonyte o Haplo Main ads a Aizoids 16 (a) A-Apophysis, B-Capsule, C-Sporophyte, D-Gametophyte (©) A-Capsule, B-Seta, C-Sporophyte, D-Gametophyte (6) A-Apophysis, B-Seta, C-Gametophyte, D-Sporophyte (@) A-Apophysis, B-Capsule, C-Gametophyte, D-Sporophyte A and B in given figure represent (a) A-Gametophyte branch, B-Sporophyte branch (b) A-Antherdial branch, B-Archegonial branch {¢) A-Archegonial branch, B-Antheridial Branch (@) A-Sporophyte branch, B-Gametophyte branch ‘Observe the diagrams given below and choose the correct option for 4, B and C. (a) A-Antheridiophore, B-Archegoniophore, C-Endospore {(b) A-Archegoniophore, B-Antheridiophore, C-Gemma cup (6) A-Anthetidiophore, B-Archegoniophore, C-Gemma cup (@) A-Archegoniophore, B-Antheridiophore, C-Seta cup Which of the following is showing the correct ploidy level of labelled organs of plant in the given figure? antreniia () Sporophyte— Diploid (2) (b) Antheridia— Haploid (n) (6) Rhizoids—Haploid (n) (€) All ofthese78 Which group of plants constitute the lower bryophytes? {@) Liverwors (6) Anthocerotal (6) Mosses (6) Jungermanniales 79 Which of the following liverworts has thalloid plant body?” (@) Marehantia (©) Funaria 6) Sphagnum (€) Pogonatum 80 In liverworts, asexual reproduction takes place by (a) gemmae and fragmentation of thal (b) fragmentation and zoospores {c) gemmae formation and spores formation (2) isogamy and anisogamy ‘81 Gemmae are asexual buds, which originate from simall receptacles called gemma cups. These are found in (a) Funavia (©) Marchant (©) Fem (@) Sphagnum £82 In the lifecycle of mosses, the gametophyte as two stages (4 and B). These stages can be called (@) A~Protoncma; Leafy stage (©) A~Prownema; BSporogonium (©) A—Spocophyte; BGametophyte (@) A—Zygote;-B—Spore mother ell £83 The protonema isa stage in the lifecycle of (@) Riccia (©) Funaria {© Allbryophytes ——() Pins £84 Secondary protonema {@) formed by spore gemnination (6) formed by other vegetative part of plant {6) develops into leafy gsmtophyte (6) Both (and (e) 85 Ifthe leaf of Funaria has 5 chromosomes, the primary protonema will have {@) 10.chomosomes {6) 15 cromosomes 86 Mosses are highly developed among all the bryophytes. These are (@) green (6) leafy {6) upright and radial in symmetry {@) Allofthe above 87 Mosses ae attached to substratum by (@) roots (©) capsule (©) hizo (@) main ais 88. In mosses, vegetative reproduction takes place by (@) fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema {() gemma formation and endospore formation {6 gemma and tubers formation (6) protonema (©) S chromosomes (€) 20 chromosomes a 92 93 97 In moss, the sporophyte is differentiated into (a) seta and capsule () foot and seta {6) foot, seta and capsule {@) protonema, foot and capsule In which of the following, the gametangia surrounded. by a sterile jacket will be found?” (a) Fungi (0) Angiosperms {) Bryophytes (@) Alzae Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum are the ‘examples of {@) liverworts () ferns {) mosses (6) preridophytes In a moss, the sporophyte (a) is parially parasitic on the gametophyte (b) produces gametes tht give rise to the gametophyte {6) arises from a spore produced from the gametophyte (@) manufactures food for itself, as wel as forthe gzametophyte The moss plant is (a) sometimes gametophyte and sometimes sporophyte (©) predominantly gametophyte with sporophyte attached toit (6) gametophyte (@) sporophyte Buxbaumia aphylia is a classical example of (@) parasitic bryophyte (©) saprophytic bryophyte {) symbiotic bryophyte (2) niteogen-Fixing form ‘The unique feature of bryophytes in comparison to ‘other green plant groups is that (a) they produce spores (8) they lack vascular tissue {) they lack roots (@) their sporophyte is attached tothe gametophyte Which one is wrong in respect to bryophytes? (a) Waters essential for sexual reproduction (©) The presence of antheridium {) The presence of elated sperms (@) The presence of autotrophic, independent sporophyte Which of the following is true about bryophytes? (a) They are thalloid (©) They contain chloroplast {) They possess archegonia (@) Allofthe above Ifthe chromosome number in the leaf of Funaria is 20, what will be the chromosome number in the spores? (@) 10 @) 40 (©) 20 @s(orice 4> Pteridophytes 99 Horsetails and ferns belong to (a) gymnosperms (b) bryophytes fe) mosses (@) pleridophytes 100 Pretidophytes mostly oveur in (a) cool, damp and shady places {(b) hot and sunny places {) dry and humid areas (@) water 01 Which ofthe following plant group is considered as terrestrial plant to possess vascular tissues xylem and phloem? (a) Bryophytes () Preridophytes {c) Gymnosperms (@) Angiosperms 102 Pieridophytes are also known as, (a) eryptogams () vascular eryptogams {6) amphibious plants (€) phanerogams 103 Sporophytic generation is dominant phase in the life cycle of (a) Marchantia (b) ferns (6) mosses 104 In pteridophyte, the sporophyte consists of leaf-like appendages called (a) megaphyls: () thal 105 The leaves in pteridophytes are small asin (a) Yolvox (6) Marsilia (@) Selaginella (€) Azolla 106 Select the correct sequential arrangement of reproductive structures in pteridophytes, {a) Sporophyll—> Strobili-> Sporangia > Spore mother cell Spores (8) Strobl > Sporophyll—> Sporangia—> Spores {) Spores Sporophyll > Sporangia > Stobi (@) Spores Sporangia > Sporophyll—> Strobilt 107 In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male ‘gametes requires NEET 2016 (a) insects (b) birds (@) wind 108 In pteridophytes, spore germinates to give rise to (a) thalloid gametophyte called prothallus (8) thalloidsporophyte called prothallus {) thalloidsporocarp (@) thalloid, photosynthetic sporophyte 109 Mosses and ferns are found in moist and shady places because both {a requir the presence of water for fertilisation (©) donot need sunlight for photosynthesis {c) depend for their nutrition on microorganisms, which ‘can survive only at low temperature (2) cannot compete with sun-loving plants TO Prothallus of the fern produces (a) spores () gametes (6) Both (a)and (6) (@) cones (@) liverworts (©) sporophyils (@) sporangia (©) water 1! Which ofthe following are homosporous? AMMS 2019 () Salvnia,Equisenum —(b) Salvia, Lycopodium ©) Selaginelia, Salvinia (A) Lycopodium, Equisetum Tz In homosporous pteridophyte, the zametophyte is (@) vascular (©) monoecious (6) dioecious {(@) may be monoecious oF dioecious TE Which of the following pteridophytes is heterosporous in nature? (@) Selaginelia and Salvinia (6) Adiantum and Equisetwn {€) Pailotum and Lycopodium (2) Adiantum and Psilotum THe Heterospory is the production of (a) sexual and asexual spores (b) large and small spores {) haploid and diploid alike spores (2) diploid and tetraploid alike spores MIS Seed habit is inked to {) homospory () parthenocarpy TIG From evolutionary point of view, retention of the female gametophyte with developing young embryo ‘on the parent sporophyte for some time, i first ‘observed in NET (National) 2019 (a) mosses () preridophytes {) gymnosperms (@) liverworts NT Which of the following group of pteridophytes belong, to class-Pteropsida? (a) Equisetwm and Psiiotum (6) Lycopodium and Adiantum (6) Selaginelia and Preris (Q) Preis and Adiantum TB Sporophyte is parasitic over gametophyte, This statement is true for (2) prerdophytes () algse {) byrophytes (@) gymnosperms 9 Identify 4, # and C in the following figure and choose the correet option. (b) heterospory {@) parthenogenesis A ~8 {) A-Stobilus, B-Node, C (b) A-Strobilus, B-Node, C-Braneh {€) A-Sporophiil, B-Node, C-Internode (@) A-Sporophyll, B-Internode, C-Node120 Go through the following figures and identify these plants (4, B and C) Roots (toric 5~ Gymnosperms 124 Gymnosperms are characterised by (a) multilageltate sperms (b) naked seeds (2) seeds inside fruits Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme ‘environmental conditions because of NET 2016 (a) broad hardy Teaves (6) superficial stomata (6) thick cuticle (€) the presence of vessels, In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents {) acelin the pollen grain in which the sperms are formed (©) a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains ate stored after pollination (©) an opening in the megagametophyte though which the pollen tube approaches the egg {@) the microsporangium in whieh pollen grains develop In which of the following gametophyte is not 1s 126 27 ndependent and free-living? CBSE-AIPMT 2015 (a) Funaria (©) Marchania (6) Preis (@) Pinus 128 Which of the following gymnosperm has coralloid roots associated with N,-fixing cyanobacteria? (a) Pinus (©) Cheas (6) Cedrus (8) Ginkgo Which one is not the feature of Cycas? (a) Unbranehed stem {(b) Pinnate leaves {c) The male or female cones may be bome on te different (@) Archogonium is absent 129 mW 12 0 BI 132 133 134, BS (8) A-Equisenum, B-Selaginella, C-Fern (©) A-Seloginella, B-Fern, C-Salvinia (¢) A-Fern, B-Salvinia, C-Equisetum (@) A-Salvinia, B-Equisetum, C-Fem ‘Two very distinct generations are found in the life cycle of () bacteria (©) Spirogyra (©) Yoox (@ tems ‘Which plant group has vascular tissue, produces spores, but does not have seeds? (2) Bryophyta () Preridophyta (©) Gymnosperms (@) Angiosperms. 4 pteridophyte is also known as the walking fer. CBSE-AIPMT 2016 () Equisetom () Psitorum (©) Adiantum (@) Lycopodium In gymnosperms, the leaves are well-adapted to ‘withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and ‘wind. Which isare the xeric character(s) of conifers? () Necdle-ike leaves (©) Thick cuticle {) Sunken stomata (@) Allofthe above Cycads are (2) homosporous and dioecious {(b) hiomosporous and monoecious {) heterosporous and dioecious {@) hetrosporous and monoecious Zooidogamy is found in JIPMER 2019 (a) Cedrus (©) Pinus (c) Creas (€) Both (b) and (e) Select the mismatch. NET 2017 (@) Pinus ~ Dioecious () Crear — Divecious (6) Salvinia ~ Heterosporous (@) Equisetum~ Homosporous In Pinus, male cone bears a large number of (a) ligutes (6) anthers, (6) microsporophylls (4) megasporophy! Microsporangia in gymnosperms are produced (a) on the middle portion of microsporophy/ll {() on the lowerside of microsporophyll {) on the middle portion of megasporophyll (@) at the extreme tip of microsporophyll186 In gymnosperms, the microspores develop into a male ‘gametophyte generation, which (a) is highly reduced and confined to only a limited number ofeels (©) is highly devetoped () has an independent life (@) Both (a and (e) 137 In gymnosperms, the reduced gametophyte is called (@) endospore (6) poten grain (©) ovule (@ aplanospore 188 Megasporophyll is the term used in gymnosperm to denote (@) carpel (©) leaves, () female cone (@) stamens 189. The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules are called (@) male tobi (©) female strobil {) megaspor (@) microsporangia 140 In gymnosperms, the nucellus is protected by ‘envelops and this composite structure is known as (@) ovale (b) ovary (¢) anther (4) strobili 41 Megaspore mother cel divides ..4.. to give rise £B... megaspores. Identify 4 and B and choose the correct option. (a) A-mitotically; Bawo (b) A-meiotieally; B-four (©) A-amitotically; B-four(@) A-dinomitotically; B-1wo 142 In gymnosperms, one of the megaspores develops into multicellular structure called that bears two or more archegonia, (2) male gametophyte (6) female gametophyte (©) female gamete (@) male gamete (toric 6~ Angiosperms 150 Angiosperms are also called (a) seedless plants (b) fruitless plants {) flowering plants (4) All ofthese 151 In angiosperms, the pollen grains and ovules are produced ina special structure called (@) fruit (6) seed {6) flower (@) lamina 152 In angiosperms, seeds are enclosed by (a) flowers (©) fits (e)ovule (@) perianth 153. Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms in having, (a) fiuits (b) cotyledons {) tracheids (@) broad leaves 143 In gymnosperms, the multicellular female ‘gametophyte is retained within (@) microsporangium — (b) megasporangium () male gametophyte (€) archegonia V44 Choose the correct pattern of arrangement of reproductive structures of gymnosperms, (a) Spores > Sporophylls—> Sporangia > Stobil (©) Spores Sporangia -» Sporophylls > Strobili {) Sporangia —> Sporophylls > Spores—> Stobil (@) Spores Sporangia > Stobili—> Sporophylls, 14S In gymnosperms, pollination takes place by (a) water © (e) insects (@) animals 146 In gymnosperms, dominant phase is (a) sporophyte (6) gametophyte (6) haploid (6) tiploid 147 Identify the figures A, B and C and choose the correct, option. is Te (0) A-Ches, B-Cing, C-Pas (8) Aces Pn CG (©) Ang, Beha, C-Pr (8) Pine BCjoan CG 148 “Chilgoa’ a gymospermi sed that i cten dry ft produced by (0) Pot rocrghl—(&) Phu gerardana (© Ginigodinbe (8) Codrar dear 16 Sago sures obtined fom (@) Cedrus (b) Tasus (@) Pinus (8) Cyeas 154 Smallest flowering plant is () Ginkgo (b) Wolffia (c) tip (4) sweetbay 155 The tallest tree species is () Pinus () Cedrus (©) Sequoia (@) Bucalyprus 156 Angiospermic plants are divided into (@) dicot (©) monocot (c) Both (a) and (b) (@) heartwood plants and sapwood plants 157 Reproductive parts of an angiospermic plant are (@) stamen ) pisti (©) Both (a) and(b)——_(d) shoot158 159 160 161 162 164 165 167 170 Stamen consists of (a) filament and anther {6) filament and pisil Carpel consists of (a) style and ovary (b) style, stigma and ovary {© style, anther and pistil (@) anther, style and stigma Eight nucleated female gametophyte is found in () style and stigma (@) anther and pistil (a) bryophytes () gymnosperms {) angiosperms (@) preridophytes Embryo sac consists of angiosperm has (a) one egg cell () two syergids {6) three antpodal and two polar nucle (@) Allof the above Egg apparatus of angiosperms consists of {@) one syneepd and two ea cells {) two synergids and one exg eel {6) one central ell, wo polar nuclei and three antpodal cells {) one egg cll two polar nuclei and three antipodal ells Which of the following is incorrect with respect 10 angiosperms? {) Endosperm— Triploid (b) Megaspore — Diploid {6) Pollen grain—Haploid (8) Synergid — Haploid Each cell of angiospermic embryo sac is {@) diploid) wiploid (@) tetraploid (4) haploid ‘Transfer of pollen grain from anther to the stigma of ovary is called {@) autozamy (6) syngamy Pollen tube carries {@) two male gametes {) three sperms In flowering plants, mi (a) formation of buds 4b) germination of seeds {6) formation of root primordia {formation of pollen grains Double fertilisation occurs among (a) algae (8) bryophytes {6 angiosperms (@ gymnosperms Double fertilisation is {@) fusion of two male gametes with one ex {() fusion of one male gamete wth two polar nuclei {6) fusion of two male gametes of pollen tube with two siren eas (@) syngamy and triple fusion Triple fusion in angiosperm isthe fusion of second male gamete with {@) two polar nuclei (secondary nucleus) 4) two antipodal eels {) one antipoda cll {@) antpodal cell and one synersi cel (©) pollination (2) allogamy () one male gamete (€) four sperms is occurs atthe time of Neer 2018 171 Endosperm formation begins with (a) the establishment of the suspensor (8) the fusion ofthe antipodals (6) the fertilisation ofthe polar nuclei {@) the syneytal development ofthe embryo ‘The endosperm in angiosperms develops from (a) zygote () secondary nucleus {) chalazal polar nucleus (@) micropylar polar nucleus In the angiosperm ovule, central cel of the embryo sac prior to the triple fusion, contains () single haploid nucleus {() one diploid nucleus (6) two haploid polar nuclei {@) one diploid and one haploid nuclei 174 After fertilisation, the ovary and ovules, respectively develop into (@) fruit, seed coat (6) sced coat, integuments (6) fiuit and seeds (4) seeds and fruit 175 In angiosperms, endosperm is (a) haploid (©) diploid (6) triploid (@) None ofthese 176 The diagram represents the life cycle of angiosperm. Choos te comet obit fr absings (4-6 gage Sporophyte = _ {Sanne . 3 eneraion 172 Ws Microsporum \ egy toon Gametoptnic 0 NN, 2a b Gahetee (a) A-Anthet, B-Stigma, C-Ege, D-Male gametophyte, E-Ovule (©) A-Ovule, B-Stigma, C-Male gametophyte, D-Anther, E-Ovule (6) A-Male gametophyte, B-Stigma, C-Anther, D-Egg, E-Ovule (@) A-Stigma, B-Anther, C-Male gametophyte, D-Ege, E-Ovule 177 Male gametophyte with least number of cells is present in (CBSE-AIPMT 2014 (a) Peeris () Funaria (©) Lilium (© Pinus(TOPIC 7~ Plant Life Cycles and Alternation of Generations 178 In the alternation of generations, the sporophytic generation is ..4...and the gametophytic generation is ..B.... Here, A and B refer to (a) An; Bon (b) Ave: Bn fe) Ac; Bon (@) A2n, Bn 179 The dominant photosynthetic, free-living phase in haplontic life eyele is (a) sporophyte (©) gametophyte {€) Both (a) and (b) {(@) None ofthe above 180 Choose the incorrect option for haplontc life cycle {) Sporophytic generation is represented only by the ‘one-celled zygote (b) There are no free-living sporophytes {€) Mitosis in the zygote results inthe formation of haploid spores {(@) The haploid spores divide mitotically and form the gametophyte 81 Choose the correct option about diplontie life cycle {a) It occurs in seed bearing plans like gymnosperms ‘and angiosperms (b) The diploid sporophyte is dominant, photosynthetic, independent phase ofthe plant (6) The gametophyti, phase is represented by the single to few-celled haploid gametophyte (@) Allofthe above 182 Haplo-diplontic life eycle is followed by {) bryophytes and ptridophytes (B) algae and bryophytes {) angiosperms and gymnosperms {@) bryophytes and gymnosperms 183 Life cycle of Eetocarpus and Fucus, respectively are ‘NEET 2017 (a) haplonti,diplontic () diplontc, haplo-diplontic {) haplo-diplontc,diplonic (2) baplo-diplontic, haplontic 184 Which of the following correctly represents the type of life cycle pattems from the options given? 2ygot6 EE Meosis % Spores ° (Garetogonoss Garetopinte Sporopeyte ( @) ») aang 2 Mele Meiosis "spores / ame (0) A-taplote, Bipot, Capleton (b) A-Diplontic, B-Haplontc, C-Haplo-iplontic (©) A-Haplo-diplontc, B-Diplontc, (@) A-Diplontic, B-Haplo-tiplontie, -Haplontie ‘HaplonticNEET SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS | Assertion and Reason = Direction (@. No. 185-194) In each of the following ‘questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by corresponding statement of Reason (P). Of the statements, mark the correct answer as (@) Itboth A and Rare true and R is the correct. explanation of A. ©) Ifboth A and Rare true, but Ris not the correct explanation of A. (© IEAis true, but R is false (@) IEA is false, but Ris true 185 _Assertion (A) Anificial system of classification separated closely related species Reason (R) Artificial system gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characteristics 186 Assertion (A) Algae are the primary producers of many food eycles. Reason (R) Half ofthe total carbon Mastering NCERT with MCQs 10 20 3M) 4@) 5 ww) 6 70) 80 9% we n@® 2 BM HO bo bm 70 we 9m Wem 2) Bo) Bd) BH — HH FW] BY 2M ~— HW Sa) 20) 380 BO 30 36m) 37a) 3M) 39) 4) 10) 2H BW HO Ba wm 7 BH 9%) 50m 51) 32) 5B) SEO) 56) ST) Bw) DK) BL 61) 62) 6B) EH) BS) HH) 67H) BH) 69H) OH 7@ 72) 73) 740) 750) 70) 7) a) 79) BO) 31) 2) — 8B) BE) BH) BH) BT BB) 8. — HG) D1) 92 a) ~— 9B) 98H) SH) 97d) BH) 99. Gd)—*100 a) 101 (b) 102 (b) 108 () 404 (105. @)— 106 (a) 107 (108 (a) 109 (a)—110 () Md 120) 13 @ 4) 15) 6 7) Bw) 19) 120 11) 1220) 123 @) 124) 1S) 126) 27d) 2B) 129.) 130) 131 @) 132 (@) 133 (a) 134 (0) 133 Gt) 186 (a) 137 (H)— 138 (a) 139) 140 (a) MI) 12) 3) 4) 1S) Bw) TH) BH 150 @) 151 (© 152 0) 153 () 154) 153d) 156) 1ST SB (a) 159.) 160 0) 161 (i) 162 (0) 163.) 164 Gd) 165.) 166 (a) 167 Gd) 168 @) 169 Gl) «170 @) 11 @ 1720) «13 @) AOS) 6 TB) 179) 180.) 181 (i) 182 (a) 183. @) 184 (a) > NET Special Types Questions 185 (o) 186 () 187 (a) 188 (a) 189 ©) 190) 19 Gd) 192) 198) 194 195) 196 i) «197 (b) 198 («199 Gt) 200) 201 d)—202 Vd) 208 Gt) 208) 205 (i) 206 th) 207 (208) 209) BOB), 212 BIB) BHE w) 215) 216) 217 218 ft) 219) 20.) 2A) 222) BBB |) BRA 225) 226 (a) 227 (a) 228d) 229 Gd) 230 (a) 23) 282 h) 283.) 284 235) 236 (b) 237 al) > NCERT& NCERT Exemplar Questions 238 (d) 239 (b) 240 (e) PAT) 242) PAB e) 2H 24S 246) 247 LH) 248 (a) 249) Answers & Explanations 2 (c) Carols Linnaeus propose the ariticial system of 6 (b) Phylogenetic system of elasitiation is also known as ification. It was based on assessment of only gross Hutchinson’ system of clasiieation. John Hutchinson was superficial morphological characters like habit colour, ‘botanist in Kew Botanical Garden, He gave more detailed shape, et, and vegctative characters phylogenetic system of classification after Eneler and 5 (a) Phylogenetic system of classification was given by Prantl thus this system of classification is also known Engler and Prantl forthe fist time, twas based on Hutchinson’ system of clasiication (1926-1934), evolutionary and genetic relationships of organismsg g 3 & 3 3 in] 8 & 3 é < 9 (6) Numerical taxonomy, is based on all observable characterises ofan organism. Number and codes are assigned to all the characters and then the data is processed using computers. Inthis way, each characteris given equal importance and atthe same time hundreds of eharactrs can be considered together. 10 (c) Algae ae chlorophyll bearing, simple, thalloid and autotrophic organism. Their body is thalloid ie itis rot differentiated into root, stems or leaves. Algae are photoautotrophic, i. perform autotrophic mode of ‘nutrition by performing photosynthesis due to the presence of chlorophyl in ther chloroplast. 11 (@) Option (a) is correct, Algae are predominantly !aquatie and occur in both marine as well as feshovater habitats. Some are terestrial and grow in moist places like moist stones, soils and wood. Some of them aso ‘eur in association with fungi (lichen) and animals (€ on sloth bear) 12 (6) Volvax isa freshwater, green, hollow bal-ike colonial alga, Its colony has a fixed numberof cells (500-60,000) and is called eoenobium, 16 (c) Inalgne, vegetative reproduction mainly takes place by fragmentation where the parent body breaks into ‘multiple, small-sized fragments. Each ofthese fragments then grows and develops into new organisms, Algae also perform asexual and sexual ‘modes of reproduction. Asexually algae reproduce by ans of motile or non-motie spores, Sexual production oocurs through fusion of two gametes. 15 () Algae produce different types of spores, the most common being the zoospores. These are motile Aagellated and give rise to new plants on germination, 17 (b) Anisogamous means fusion of wo morphologically dissimilar gametes, which may be motile or non-mtil, eg. in Eudovina 18 (c) Oogamous means fusion ofa lage non-matile (static) female gamete or ovum with a smaller motile gamete (except in Rhodophyeeae), eg in (Chlamydomonas, Fucus, Chara and Volvo. 19 (b) The correct option is(b). Ax Volvox~ Colonial algae with parent and daughter colony. B- Ulothrix-Filamentous alge. Laminaria-Brown algae having frond, stipe and holds. 20 (b) The coreet option is (b). AS A and B are Fucus and Polysiphonia, respectively. These are brown algae. C and D are Porphyra and Dietyora, respectively. These are red algae, 22 (c) Agar isa jelly-like substance, commercially joblained from algal species, like Geliditom and Gracilaria. Agar is used to grow microbes in vitro and in the preparation of ice-cream and jellies. 24 (6) Chlorella is «potential food source because itis high in protein and athe essential nutrients, When Arid, it contains about 45% protein, 20% fat, 20% carbohydrate, 5% fibres and 10% minerals and Vitamins 25 (c) Chlorella is used for purifying aici space ships. Is also used as food supplements by space travellers, 26 (6) Spirulina (a blue-green alga) is arch souree of protein, many vitamins, especially B-complex and minerais. Hence, doctors often advise the patients to take Spirulina in thet diet for eecovery. 27 (c) The members of elass-Chloraphyceae are commonly called green algae due tothe dominance of chlorophyll pigment localised in chloroplast in ther cells whieh tBves them greenish appearance. £29 (d) In class-Chlorophyceae, the cells possess one or more chloroplasts. The shape of chloroplasts may be Cup-shaped — Chlamydomonas Spiral — Spirogyra Reticulate — — Chlamydomonas reticulata Dise-shaped — Chara 50 (c) The chloroplast of Uloshrix is prdle-shaped, ‘containing one or more pyrenoids. Ulothri is freshwater alga growing on substratum like rocks, sand, ate, ‘32 (c) Most of the members of Chlorophyceas have one t0 many storage bodies called pyrenoids located inthe chloroplasts Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch 33 (c) Pyrenoids are proteinaceous bodies present within the chloroplast These mainly synthesise and store starch. In members of Chlorophyceae, pyrenoid has a ‘central protein anda surrounding starch sheath, 34 () The members of elass-Chlorophyveae usually hve a two layered rigid cell wall made up of cellulose and pectose. Inne layer of cll wall is made up of cellulose, While outer layer is made up of pectose [36 (d)Isogamy with non-flagellated pametes is seen in Spirogyra. Itcan reproduce both by sexual and asexual (vegetative) means 37 (a) Eyespot is sen in Chlamydomonas. eis microscopic, cukaryoti, unicellular, pyriform, biflagellate ala. The alga possesses a cup-shaped chloroplast with a red eyespotor stigma and a pyrenoid for storing starch, 38 (d) Zypotie meiosis is represented in the haplontic life ‘cle of many algae including Chlamydomonas. In such lifecycle all ells are haploid except zygote, This is because meiosis occurs in the zygote itself, resulting into four haploid cells that give rise to haploid plans ‘Other options like Fucus exhibit diplontic eycle, while ‘Marchantia and Funaria both exhibit haplo-diplontic oyele 39 (c) Plamella stage is present in Chlamydomonas, as 8 ‘means of asexual reproduction, During adverse ‘condition, patent Chlamydomonas forms a colony of hundreds and thousands of daughter eels in an ‘aggregate, which are immobile and non-flagllated. All ces of such palmella stage develop flagella and become mobile and escape from the colonial aggregate when favourable conditions aise40 (b) Most ofthe members ofbrovn algae are marine, except three-Pleurocladi, Hertbaudiela and Basdanelta, which are found in freshwater habitats, 41 (b) Brown algae show great variation in size and form, They range ftom simple branched, filamentous forms (Eetocarpus) to profusely branched forms as represented by Kelps, which may reach a height of 100 metres. 43 (6) Brown algae vary in colour ffom olive green (© various shades of brown depending upon the amount of| the xanthophyll pigment, furoxanthin preset in them, 44 () In brown algae, food is stored as complex tatbohydrates, which may be inthe form of laminarin ‘or mannitol 45 (a) Types of pigments present inthe cell impart distinct, colours tothe algal body hence, itis the most important character fr elassification of alga, 47 (6) Laminaria is an example ofclass-Phacophyceae (brown alaac). Their plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a holdfast and has a stalk, the stipe and leaf-like photosynthetic organ, the frond. Other examples i.e, Volvos, Chara and Chlamydomonas are srwen algae. 49 (b) A heterotrchous thallus is one which is Aiereniated into a well-developed prostrate and an Upright (erect) region. It is shown by Eetocarpus, a filamentous marine brown alg, Unlocuar sporanoum Proce sporengium Phizois Ectocarpus ‘52 (a) Phycocrythrin is present in Polysphonia (red algo), ‘which is the characteristic red colour pigment present in them. Laminaria is brown algae, kelps and (Chlamydomonas are green algae ‘54 (c) Option (c) is wrongly matched. This can be corrected as Polssiphonia isa red algae. There gametes are ron-motile i.e, without Magella Rest ofthe options are correct. ‘55 (b) Cephaleuros isa parasitic thallod green alga. Its ‘common name is red ust This alga is parasitic on some economic important plants of the tropies and subtopics, © tea, guava, mango, coffee etc. It damages the area ith algal growth on leaves, kills the new shoots and sisfigure fut, ‘56 (d) Option (d) is wrongly matched and this can be corrected a5 Volvos isa freshwater ercen alga It occurs in colonies oF ‘cocnobium (in definite number or group, surrounded by apelicle (gelatinous glycoprotein) layer. Each pyriform- shaped cell ha two long, similar and smooth Naglla, i. flagelatd, ‘58 (a) Bryophytes are the oldest (mos primitive) plan type in term of evolution, these include liverworts and ‘mosses. The fossil records of these plants, so far been found dated back to almost $00 millon yeas ago. Among bryophytes liverwors appeared first and mosses appeared later, 61 (+) Mosses grow in moist and humid places because they require water for ferilisation, The antherozoids (imate gametes are release into water where they swim and reach the archegonium (female sex organ). An antherozoid then fuses with the egg to produce the zygote whieh ate forms a multicellular body called sporophyte. {62 (b) The plant body of bryophytes is multicellular, thallus ike, prostate or erect and fixed to soil by unicellular of mutielluaerhizoids. These ehizoids are extensions of lower epidermal cells and are similar in funetion lke of roo hairs in vaseular plans {65 (d) True roots, stem and leaves having vascular supply are absent in bryophytes, but root-like,non-vascular Thizoids leaflke and stom-like structures ae present {65 (d) Bryophytes show vegetative and sexual reproductions. Vegetative, they reproduce by fragmentation of thallus and sexvally by gametes. {66 (d) The lifecycle of bryophytes consists of two distinct Phases, (@) The gametophytic phase (n) (ii) The sporophytic phase 2n) ‘The haploid gametophyte is dominant, long lived green and independent, whereas the diploid sporophyte is short lived and dependent upon the gametophyte {68 (d) The only positive evidence for aquatic ancestry of bryophytes ciliated sperms. Each sperm usually ‘consists of minute, slender, spirally curved body fumished with two Tong, terminal whiplash type fagela {69 (b) Option (bs incorret and ean be corrected as Aantheridium is multicellular male sex organ ia bryophytes. lt produces biflagellated male gametes, i antherozoids 70 (d) The older dead parts of Sphagnum are slowly ‘carbonised, compressed and fossilised over thousands of years fo produce a dark spongy moss called peat. ® g 8 3 2 g 3| a 3 § g 3 é &g g 3 & 3 3 in] 8 & 3 é < ‘71 (c) Sphagnum, a moss, provides peat that has been long used as fuel, I is also used as packing material fr trans shipment of living material, because ofits capacity 10 bold water. 72 (a) Bryophytes show considerable economic importance. They colonise baten rocks along with lichens and decompose rocks (ecological succession. ‘When they grow on rocks, they help in soll formation. Some bryophytes also work a sil binders when they grow in aggregations forming dense mats on the sil This reduces the impact of ranfal thus, preventing soil 73 (a) Mosses prevent sol erosion. Mosses are evologically important as they serve as significant soil ‘over and prevent soil erosion by binding soil with their tiny thizoids. Tir earpe like growth particularly in spy areas also facilitate easier percolation of water. ‘74 (6) In the given figure, the labels ar a follows A-Capsule-Itis a pear-shaped structure situated atthe {op of seta Its function is production and dispersal of spores B-Seta-It isa long slender stalllke structure bearing capsule a top. (C-Sporophyte-It producing stricture. _D-Gametophyte-Itis te plant body on which male and female gametes producing structures are ome 76 (b) The given figure is of Marchantia (thallus). The correct labels are a fllows A-Archegoniophore—A stalk-like structure on whieh archegonium ate borne. B-Antheridiophore—A stalk-like structure (gametophore) that bears antherdia, (C-Gemma eup-These are special vegetative, small eup shaped structures bore along the midrib onthe dorsal surface of gametophyte of some bryophytes. 177 (a) The given plant body with antherdia, hizoids and Stalk-like sporophyte shows that itis a bryophyte. In & bryophiyte, sporophyte is diploid (2n) formed from zyeote, Antheridium is mae sex organ which is haploid (7). It produces haploid male gametes. Rhizoids are hhapoid as they are the part of main plant body which fs haploid in bryophytes. 76 (a) Liverworss constitute lower bryophytes. Bryophytes include liverworts and mosses, Out ofthese Wo liverworts are very small plants. The body is thallus-like Pheris> Pinus > Lilian 178 (a) In the alteration of generations, the sporophytic generation is 2n (diploid) and the gametophytic ‘generation is (haploid), 1779 (b) In plants with haplontic lite eyele, the dominant, photosynthetic phase is represented by the free-living _zametophyte while sporophyte generation is represented by a single-celled zygote only 180 (c) Option (c) is incorrect. It can be corected as “Meiosis inthe zygote results in the formation of haploid spores. 182 (a) Haplo-diplontc life eyele isan intermediate condition followed by bryophytes and pleridophytes Inthis ease, sporophytic as well as gametophytic phase are multicelulr. 184 (0) A-Haplontic-The dominant multicellular phase is zametophtic or haploid B-Diplontie-The dominant multicellular phase is Alp or sporophy (C-Haplo-diplontic—The gametophytic (multicellular) and sporophtic (multicellular) both phases are dominant 1885 (a) Both Assertion and Reason ae tue and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. Anificialsystom separated the closely related species sine they were based on afew characteristics Ike habit, colour, number and shape of leaves. They were based mainly on vegetative characters or onthe androccium structure. gave equal weightage to vegetative and sexual chharaeterstcs of an organism. This isnot acceptable Since we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily affected by environment. 186 (6) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason isnot the correct explanation of Assertion, Algae are of paramount important as primary producers ‘of energy rich compounds which form the basis ofthe food eyeles ofall aquatic animals. Many species of Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum are among the 70, species of marine algae used as food. Algae also perform CO, fixation on earth through photosynthesis. They increase the level of dissolved ‘oxygen in their immediate environment 187 (a) Both Assertion and Reason ae true and Reason isthe correct explanation of Assertion. Coral refs are formed by the accumulation of caleareous ‘exoskeletons of coral anima, ealeareous red algae and :molluses. In some species of red algae (eoralline algae), cell walls become hardened with calcium carbonate. ‘These ae important for oral ree formation. 188 (a) Both Assertion and Reason ae true and Reason isthe correct explanation of Assertion, Bryophytes are the dwellers of transitional habitat between the aquatic and terrestrial habitats. It is represented by the swamps and the areas where water and. Tad meet Its also called as amphibious zone where ‘mosses, liverworts and horwors collectively called bryophytes are inhabiting. Since, bryophytes usually row in amphibious situation and easit complete their Tie eyele without external water, are called the amphibians of plan kingdom, 189 (c) Assertion is tre, but Reason is false. Bryophytes area class of kingdom-Plantae, I includes, various mosses and liverwort, that are found in moist shaded areas in hilly regions. Reason can be corrected 2s ‘Algae, fungi lichens are not included in bryophytes 190 (a) Assertion and Reason are true and Reason isthe correct explanation of Assertion, In the life cycle of Funaria, two distinet phases occu. ‘One ofthese is represented by 2 haploid, independent, leafy moss plant (gametophyte) which alternates with the other, represented by diploid, leafless sporogonium (hor-lived sporophyte), which is totally or partially ‘dependent on te leafy gametophyte fr its nutrition 191 (d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true. Assertion can be corrected as, Lycopodium is homosporous pteridophyte, i. they produce similar kindof spores, while Selaginela, Styles, Tsoetes, Salvin, Azolla, Pilar, Regnellidiam and Marsila are heterosporous pteridophytes, i. the spores produced by them one of two kinds macro (large) and _miero (small) spores. 192 (c) Assertion is tue, but Reason is false and itcan be corrected as, Production of two differen types of spores is called Jneterospory. I isan important pre-requisite of ‘evolutionary development in the vascular plants It 2 g g 3 g 3 | g 3 g 8 = & g gg g 3 & 3 3 in] 8 & 3 é < 195 194 195 197 ultimately leads to seed development. In pteridophytes, Selaginella plant (not Lycopodium) isthe precursor ofthe ‘cod habit, as itis wellemarked in them, In Lycopodium, hhomosporous spores are produced, i. all spores are of similar kind, (8) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the corect explanation of Assertion. Selaginella sa pleridophyte. In them two kinds of spores, ‘macro (large) and micro (Small spores are produced, This ‘Phenomenon is called heterospory. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametes, respoctvely. The female gametophytes in these plans ae retained onthe parent sporophytes for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young, embryos take place within the female gametopytes. This, event isa precursor tothe seed habit and considered an Important sep in evolution, Pilorum isa pteridophytc plant also known for having primitive preidophyti characte, 5s now as ving (@) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reaso the corect explanation of Assertion {Cyeas isa gymnospeemic plant in which feriisation process is called zooidogamy as male gemetes or sperms ‘swim through thin film of water to reach egg cel. Fertilisation in Cyeas may also take place by Siphonogay i pllentbe i omed though which ‘male nucleus pases () Statement in option (c) is eoreet. Other options are incorrect and can be corrected a= ‘+ Atiticial system of classification was given by Linnaeus. + Tewas based on only gross superficial morphofopical charactors such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves, et. + Natural system was based on natural affinities present among organisms also considering both extemal and internal Features. («) Statement in option (A) is incorect and can be corrected as Urothris is filamentous alga and Volver isa colonial form. Rest ofthe statements are correct, () Statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be corrected as Alin is extracted from brown algae, eg. Laminaria ete, {sa hydrocolloid used in shaving eveams, jellies, ‘ameproof plastic, te. Carrageenan is exiracted from red algae like Chondrus and used as emulsifier and clearing agent. Resto the statements are correct, 198 (c) Statement in option (d) i incorect and can be corrected as “Mannitol is stored food in Phacophyceae (notin ‘Rhodophyceae). The floridean starch i stored catbolydrate of red alga, Rest ofthe statements are correct, 202 () Statements in options (band (¢) are incorrect ‘with respect to bryophytes. These statements ean be corrected as ‘+ In bryophytes, each sperm usualy consists of ‘minute sender, spirally curved body furnished with two long, terminal whiplash type Magela ‘The sperms are liberated from antheridia, swim in ‘film of water and ataeted towards the archegonium. + They enter into the archegonia and fertilise the ‘egg and form zygote. Zygotes do not undergo reduction division immediately, They produce a ‘multicellular body ealled a sporophyte in which meiosis occurs to form haploid spores. Rest of the statements are correct. 208 (a) Statement in option () is comet. Other Satemens are ineorect and can be corrected as + In mosses (bryophytes), protonema and leafy stage is present + In gymnosperms, gametophytes are not free-living + Antheridiophores and archegoniaphores are present in bryophytes. 206 (5) Statement in option (b) is incorrect and can be corrected 3s, Preridophytes are spore forming, non-sed beating, ‘non-flowering vascular plants. Rest of the statements are correct. 207 (c) Statement in option (c) i incorrect. I can be corrected as ‘The eymnosperms are heterosporous, they produce haploid microspores and megaspores Rest ofthe statements ae correct, 208 (5) Statement in option (b) is correct. Sequo‘a is one ofthe tallest tree species, known as red wood tee. It isa gymnospermic plant (Other statements are incorect and ean be corrected as Salvinia is an angiosperm, but Ginkgo and Pinus are ‘gymnosperms. Gyrmnosperms eaves are well-adapted {extremes of climate and are heteroxporous, 209 (c) Statement in option (c is corect. Other satemens are incorect and can be cortected as + Horsetail isthe common name of Equisetum. + Ptoridophytes like Slaginella and Salvia are heterosporous and possess two types of spores, ie microspores and megaspores. + Cyeas has an unbranched columnar stem while Cedrus possess branched stem. 2210 (c) Statements 1, and IT are correct. Statement IV is incorrect and can be corected as “The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than in liverwors, 217 (a) Statements 1, 1 and IIL are correct, Statement IV is incorrect and can be corrected 25, Volvo is a colonial green alga with motile cll.216 (a) Statements | and IL are comet, Statement I is Incorret and can be corrected as Ined algae, the cell wall s made up of cellulose, pectic eompounds and certain mucopolysaccharides ealled phycocollids 220 (c) Statements I, IV and V are corect. Other Satements are incorect and can be corrected as + Selaginella species are creeping or ascendant plants and produce heterospores (megaspores and microspores). + Coralloid roots are developed in Cyeas. It develops as cluster at base of stem. tis dichotomously branched and greenish-brown in colour. Itcontains Nostoc and Anabaena, which grow in symbiotic association with coralloid root. 221 (c) Statements Il and IIL are correct. Statement Lis Incorret and canbe corrected as The thizoids in Funaria arise from the basal region of the stem, which function as rots. These are ‘multicellular and branched. 225 (d) Statement Lis incorrect and can be corocted as In gymnosperms, the sporophytc phase is dominant and the gametophytic phase is dependent on sporophit. Rest af the statements are core. 226 (a) Angiospermic plants are characterised by double ferilistion and triploid endosperm. Ths can be explained as Inangiosperms, one male gamete fuses with ovum to form diploid zygote and the second male gamete fuses with diploid secondary nucle to Form the triploid Primary endosperm nucleus, which develops into endosperm. This process is called double fertilisation, The endosperm provides nutrition tothe developing embry. 227 (a) Statement Lis correct. Gametophyle is gamete bearing, haploid, muliclled stage of many plants. Other statements are incorect and ean be corrected as + Gametophytie stage is haploid generation. + Sporophytic stage produces spores. + Gametophytie stage is not related with vascular tissue production, 238 (d) All the three groups of plants, Le. mosses, liverworts and pteridophytes bear archeponia a their Female sex organ, 240 () Option (c) is correct as In the members of class-Phaeophiyceae, the plant body is usually attached to the substratum by a holdfast and has a ‘talk called stipe anda leaflike photosynthetic organ called fond, 241 (d) Bryophya is a group of plants, which have ‘gametophtic haploid thallotd body, The motile male _Eumetes are produced in special male reproductive ‘Strueture called antherdia ‘These gametes need thin film of water to move and reach to the female reproductive organ called archegonia ‘Whereas, pteridophytes, gymnosperm and monocots show division of labour and their body shows higher level of organisation, 242 (b) The embryo sac of an angiosperm is made up of ells ad 8 nuclei, These 7 cells include wo synergids, three antipodal eels, one egg cell and one central cell. ‘The 8 nuclei are ofeach mentioned cell except two polar nuclei of central cel, 243 (c) Endosperm i a product of triple fusion, One male rnycous (n=18) fuses with diploid seeondary nucleus (Qn=26} so it becomes triploid structure (3n= 54) So, ploidy of endosperm is (3n)and chromosomes will be 4, 245 (0) Statements I, I and TV are correct. Statement Lis incorret und can be corrected as ‘The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in liverworts 246 () Prothallus isa gametophytic free-living tru the lif ofa pteridophytes. Spores of ptridophyte _germinaes to give rise to a shortlved inconspicuous, Small but multicellular, heart-shaped, free-living, mostly ‘Photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called protallus, 247 (d) Gymnosperms include medium sized trees or tal rees and shrubs. Leaves of these plants are well-adapted to ‘withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind Reproductive organs are usually in the Form of cones or steobil “The plant body is diploid with dominant sporophytic ‘phase. They show diplonic lifecycle. 248 (a) A protonema is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the first stage (the haploid phase) ofthe life eycle of 249 (4) Sequoia sempervirens isa gymnospermic plant. tis ‘group oF giant redwood trees having thick, woody, ‘branched stems. These plants also have some xeric adaptations, which help them to survive in adverse climatic conditions,