34

EFFECTIVE TRANSPORTATION USE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE

OF SCHOOL SERVICE AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN TERMS OF COST AND
TIME EFFICIENCY AMONG GRADE 12 STUDENTS OF COLEGIO DE SAN
JUAN DE LETRAN – BATAAN

Charles S. Agunoy1, Ann Jenireene D. Gomez1, Nathalie Karen F. Layson1,

Aleeza Julia A. Paras1, Christian Navos, LPT2

1HUMSS and ICT Strand, Senior High School Department

2Faculty Member, Senior High School Department
Correspondence: nathalielayson8@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This study shows the exploration of the perception of Grade 12 students on the use of public transport and school
service in terms of cost and time efficiency. It endeavors to achieve credible results on which mode of transport will be
most efficient for the daily time and expense ingested by the students. A set of demographic and matrix questionnaires
were distributed to a total number of 40 students who have experienced riding both transportations. The mean values
were statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. The results show that school service is more preferable in
terms of monthly cost efficiency only. Public transport, on the other hand, is far better in terms of time efficiency.
However, the total computed mean score of public transport is higher than of school service. In conclusion, public
transport is more acceptable in terms of cost and time efficiency.

Keywords: school service, public transport, time-cost efficiency, grade 12 students

INTRODUCTION vehicles and failing trains (Maramba, 2019). A statement from

Angara (2019), indicated that a sustainable public
One of the society’s significant matters is the student
transportation network remains insufficient for many Filipinos,
transportation to and from the school, as indicated by Kotoula
most especially for many students who commute to school.
et. al. (2017). Consistently, many students need to travel from
These claims imply the public transportation crisis in the
home to school. This can be made through various modes:
Philippines.
private vehicles, school transport, public transportation and
walking (Carvalho & Macário, 2004). Aside from private Public transportations and school services share distinctive
vehicles, other mode of transport such as jeepneys, tricycles significances that can be useful in the preferential utilization of
and school bus services are usually the top form of vehicle among the students. As indicated in an article by Track
transportation of the students of Colegio de San Juan de Letran Bus Services (2018), the most typical and widely promoted
– Bataan, especially the Grade 12 students due to their weekly mode of transportation for students has always been the school
early dismissal time for the first term of the school year 2019- services. It can be said that it is already an accustomed practice
2020. or a necessity when it comes to student transportation. These
vehicles have an array of benefits that can be considered. One
In the Philippines, many depend on public transportation to
of it is its strict and definite schedule as it follows a specific
be able to get to their schools and workplaces, yet are exposed
time for pick up and drop off. As stated by Murray (2014), this
to the revulsions of unbearably moderate traffic, crowded

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teaches the students to have proper time management owing to riding and driving cars and other transport systems has already
the fact that they have to follow a daily routine. Transync become a social phenomenon among the citizens.
(2017) mentioned that the services hold a strong responsibility Transportation plays a significant role to the life of every
on their passengers. This will hold the worries with the welfare Filipino, starting from its primary impacts such as adjustability
of the students going to and from their homes to their schools. and flexibility, to counterfeited impacts like its effect on
nourishment costs (Limkin, 2015).
Public transport can also be beneficial in many ways such as
promoting productivity among students. As mentioned by Francisco (2016) indicated in her article that Philippines, as
Wilkie (2010), this mode of transportation plays a significant the second most crammed country in Southeast Asia, is fighting
job in encouraging profitability and opportunity by moving over a very undeniable transportation issue. It only takes a
aptitudes, work and learning. Therefore, it can be remarked glance of the situation in Metro Manila to discover the horrible
that the use of public transport is of great use, chiefly in time traffic in the Philippines’ national capital area (Francisco, 2016).
management as it promotes a constant spirit for work. For In this case, the researchers could vision the possible effect of
people who do not or cannot drive, public vehicles can take the local traffic to the time to be consumed by the student
them to wherever they place they desire (National Express passengers.
Transit, 2017). It can be said that this promotes in increasing
According to Atty. Delgra III (2018), Chairman of the Land
mobility. Public vehicles can also contribute in an individual’s
Transportation Franchising Regulatory Board, unpleasant,
health habits. It is also mentioned by National Transit Express
irresponsible, and unsatisfactory are the words often used to
that the motion going to the transit and to the destination
describe the transportation in the Philppines. The researchers
triples the amount of physical activity.
believe that these might be a factor on the perception of the
Every single student ought to have time management students when it comes to commuting.
capacity which incorporates defining objectives and needs and
utilizing and organizing time properly (Shazia & Muhammad,
2015). As graduating students, time is a big factor that is mostly Public Transportation
considered in their daily lives due to the workload given to Public transportation is a mode of transport offered locally
them as they are preparing and planning for college. Due to that allows more people to travel together along assigned
that, it is significant to manage their hours in home and school. routes. As stated by the County Health Rankings (2017),
As for Grade 12 graduating students of CSJL-Bataan, time is a community-wide transportation systems are most frequent in
big factor that is mostly considered in their daily lives due to urban districts and are often reinforced by municipal funds.
the workload given as they are planning and preparing for
college. Given the common 2:45 PM dismissal, the students Advantages
choose to commute rather than to wait for their school bus Public transportation and fixed-route transit services
services that usually go home at 5 o’ clock. Some Grade 12 remain to be much more efficient and advantageous systems of
students find this issue as something that demands solution for bringing people from one place to another (National Express
they think they are stuck to wait for their services which also Transit, 2017). According to the American Public
consider their budget inefficiency because commuting is an Transportation Association (2019) public transportation
extra expense in their daily income. develops communities and lives of the people Through the use
It is on these propositions that lead the researchers to of public transportation, not only does it encourage an
conduct a research that will give them further knowledge with individual to learn developing their lifestyle, but also supports
regards to the effective transportation use in CSJL-Bataan. With the promotion of upgrading the state of a society’s economy.
the help of journals, articles, and other references, the Public transportation provides personal mobility and freedom
researchers will be guided throughout their study. The data for people from every walk of life. In can there be stated that
collected shall give them more information and ideas regarding public transportation can bring people opportunities to choose
their research topic. whether to change destinations and itinerary.

Disadvantages

Transportation in the Philippines Routing. In taking the public transportation, people may
experience a benefit when it comes to the trains’ or buses’
Compared to other countries, Philippines is not as immense routes. This is due to the fact that these types of public vehicles
with regards to transportation. The researchers believe that follow certain routes and designated areas on where to let the

Volume 2, Issue 1 (May 2020)

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passengers ride the vehicle and where to drop them off. As homes. This is mainly caused by the entire designated route of
indicated by Barton (2017), several travellers often need a the school buses wherein the buses have to run through several
secondary source of transportation to arrive at their appointed roadways to pick up students which take a lot more time than
place or will still have to walk to their home or office. just driving from point to another point.

Convenience. Most free public transport runs on a fixed Over speeding of the school buses. The existence of high-
time and schedule. These schedules may sometimes not speeding operation of school buses has occurred in several
coordinate with a commuter’s travel demands and cause streets, highways, and road areas (Davis, 2017). This just shows
conflict in convenience (Take the Bus To Midnight Madness, the lack of apprehension of the bus drivers. Also, the target of
2018). This can result in a major loss of time for travels of the the bus drivers to arrive at school in the right time results to
passengers for the time schedules of the public vehicles may their hurrying and over speeding of the vehicle.
not mesh with the travel demands.
After-School Activities. Students attend school and extra-
Privacy. According to Barton (2017), there is no privacy in curricular activities which sometimes are scheduled beyond
public transportation. Travelers are stuffed in and don't have their usual dismissal time. Because of this, students who need
much personal space. This affects a person’s privacy for there is to be at school early or stay after school for academic matters
not enough space to distance oneself from others. cannot take their school services (Davis, 2017). With this, some
students, specifically those who are not able to be picked up by
parents, choose not to join any other activities that exceeds to
School Service the time schedule of the school service.
School does not only involve learning, in fact, it has several
aspects that a student must keep in mind while studying. One
Time Management
of this is considering their transportation going to their
respective schools and going home from school. However, for Most students find that the most challenging part of their
many, public transportation and school bus service are the only lives as students is about managing their time successfully
main options into which type of transportation they would (Bucks, 2017). Therefore, it can be said that time can be very
want to take for their travel. School buses have always been crucial to a student’s day-to-day life. The researchers consider
one of the most favoured modes of transportation for students this as a factor that provides students a distinct list of
(Track School Bus, 2018). differences into which transport system will be best used for
their time schedule in line with its management.
Advantages
Time management is a primary component of effective
Time. According to Track School Bus (2018), one of the
work performance (IvyPanda, 2019). For several students, time
most important benefits of school buses is that they arrive on
is a necessary block through a productive academic adaptation.
time. Transync (2017) stated that a school bus can make parents
This just means that every student’s performance in school
of younger students more time-efficient and organized as a
highly depends on the time they have and how they properly
family. This clearly explains that better time management will
manage their time along with the loads of tasks they were
give the students a better academic fluidity.
given to work with. It can therefore be concluded that time
Security. As mentioned in an article written by Murray management is of great importance to increase the possibility
(2014), there has been a lot of cases about teenagers dying from of one’s success.
car accidents. With that, having to take the school service will
ensure everyone’s safety and reduce the risk of teenagers dying
from car crashes and injuring from accidents. Relevant Theories

Convenience. School service gives convenience to students Pareto Principle

(Murray, 2014). This is due to the fact that not everyone owns a
As stated by Chappelow (2019), the Pareto Principle, named
car and school buses are the only most accessible way of
after esteemed economist Vilfredo Pareto, indicates that 80% of
transport to and from the school.
results originate from 20% of the causes, declaring an
Disadvantages inconsistent connection among sources of inputs and outputs.
This proves that the relationship between the inputs and
Time Travel. Davis (2017) stated that school bus services
outputs are not even wherein 80% of the consequences come
take time to pick-up and drop-off students to and from their

Volume 2, Issue 1 (May 2020)

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from 20% of the causes. It is used to illustrate the notion that students feel obliged to properly manage their time as well as
not things are equal, and the minority owns the majority. their monthly allowance for both are clearly limited.

The Pareto Principle becomes a guide on how to administer With these evidences, the behaviour of a student towards a
resources effectively. It’s the most popular used theory in time certain school matter highly depends on their mind set. For
management, as most people tend to thinly distribute out their some students, it is important to manage their time, so they can
time instead of focusing on the most important tasks. This also accomplish several tasks on time, but this is possible if and
theory is considered as one of the most related theory for this only if they decide to commute to arrive home early and start
study, considering that the Grade 12 students face twice the working.
workload they had during their junior high school years or
On the contrary, some students believe that taking the
when they were Grade 11. Understanding the principle is
public transportation discourage them to save money due to
essential to learning how to prioritize one’s tasks, days, weeks,
the transportation fee. They also consider the monthly fee for
and months (Tracy, 2018).
their school service; therefore, they choose to wait for at school
Practical Psychology (2018) explained that concentrating in until 5 o’clock. This kind of students prioritize the expenses
on 20% of the day by day undertakings and exercises does not when they will take public transport, although there is a law
really conclude that one needs to yield 20% of what they need for student fare discount in any public transport signed by
to complete for a day. It can therefore be concluded that the President Rodrigo Duterte (Pia Ranada, 2019).
20% of the Pareto’s Principle serves as the decision of the Grade
The Correspondent Inference Theory proves the differences
12 students of CJSL-Bataan to leave school, choose not to wait
between people’s behaviours towards the topic. While some
for their school service and take public transportation after
students prioritize time for the goal achieving a good habit of
their dismissal. This is due to the fact that some students highly
time management, some also consider the expenses they would
consider the time could spend when they arrive home early to
waste for using public transport.
accomplish several tasks and activities.

The 80/20 Rule will make you think more efficiently. This
time management trick maximizes productivity (Tracy, 2018). With the theories mentioned above, the researchers aimed
Therefore, when a student decides to go home early, there will to explore and compare the time and money consumed by the
be a high possibility of him/her accomplishing the 80% of their students in their daily transportation, using either public
goals or to-do lists. In this sense, the 20% of their prioritized transport or school service. It endeavored to achieve credible
activities will account for 80% of their results. results on which mode of transport is most efficient for the
students’ daily time and expense ingested.

The study no longer comprised any other factors that might

Correspondent Interfere Theory
affect the preference of the students in choosing a better
Correspondent Inference Theory refers to the narrative of transportation system such as safety and comfort. Students
person’s intrusions about individual’s actions or behaviour. who own and use private cars are not also within the scope of
According to Praveen Shrestha (2017) the main goal of this this study. The data collected are used to seek differences
theory is to try and explain why humans make internal and between the two subjects: the cost and time efficiency among
external attributions. With that, a judgment of a person’s the population. For cost efficiency, the researchers compared
correlate with his/her behavioural manners. When we are the daily, weekly, and monthly budget allocated for the school
making attributions about other people, we compare their service and for public transport as well. For time efficiency, the
actions with alternative actions, evaluating the choices they researchers aimed to illuminate the hours spent by the students
have made (Changing Minds, 2019). in completing their school works and how this may affect their
reason on what mode of transport will they use.
This theory harmonizes with the study in terms of decision-
making of the Grade 12 students of CSJL-Bataan. The For the respondents, the students are selected by a criterion
researchers can foresee the students making consideration of that implies those who have experienced the use of both type of
the budget that they have allotted for school transportation as transport. The findings of this research are of great importance
well as their monthly payment for the school service. The not only for the Grade 12 students of CSJL-Bataan but also for
relation of the study to this theory is that it is easier for the the teachers and drivers within the institution to suggest for
students to make internal attributions when there fewer non- possible solutions in terms of the students’ transportation
common effects between these choices. Due to that concept, the coming home from school.

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Research Framework Research Participants

Respondents of the data gathering procedure will be

composed of Senior High School students only. For the
selection of the population, the researchers decided to use the
following criterion to retain a brief comparison among both
transports due to the fact that they had experiences on the two
means of transportation: students who have experienced riding
both public transport and school service.

Figure 1. Research Framework Research Instrument

The model above shows the difference of both transports in The researchers used survey questionnaires to gather the
terms of cost and time efficiency for the Grade 12 students of data needed from the respondents. A set of questionnaires
the Colegio. Both factors are being considered to provide the containing demographic and matrix type questions were
population reliable data that differentiates the two transport provided. Demographic questions are used to know about a
systems. respondent's experience or pay level. Matrix questions are used
when the researchers need to pose a couple of inquiries in
It is on those propositions that lead the researchers to
succession that have a similar reaction alternative. Each
gather necessary information to seek the perception of students
demographic test consisted of questions on the monthly budget
through the data gathered from the following questions:
of the students for both transportations. The first matrix test
1. How may the transportation cost using public consisted of 4-point Likert scale choices (1 - Strongly Disagree,
transport and school service be described in terms of 2 - Disagree, 3 - Agree, 4 - Strongly Agree). The second matrix
average monthly cost? test, on the other hand had choices (1 - Very Unlikely, 2 -
2. How may the perception of the students towards Unlikely, 3 - Likely, 4 -Very Unlikely).
public transport and school service be described in
terms of:
Data Gathering Analysis
2.1 Cost; and
The researchers made sure that the respondents were fit for
2.2 Time efficiency
the criterion. Therefore, a pre-survey was first performed to
3. Is there any significant difference between the gather a concrete number of respondents. There was a total of
perception of the students on using public transport 40 students who were able to confirm their experience on both
and school service? transportations. After, the survey questionnaires were then
distributed to the definite list of students.

The results of the questionnaires were first encoded before

METHODOLOGY it was computed by the provided statistician. A reliability test
Research Design was first performed to determine whether the data gathered
were either reliable or not. It is a measure of reliability got by
A quantitative research design was applied in this study as
directing a similar test twice over some undefined time frame
it used techniques that depended on estimating factors utilizing
to a group of people.
a numerical framework, examining these estimations utilizing
any of an assortment of factual models, and revealing Shapiro-Wilk test for normality is a test for normal
connections and affiliations and relationship among the distribution showing high power, prompting great outcomes
considered factors. Survey questionnaire were the methods even with few perceptions. As opposed to other correlation
used to gather data from the respondents. tests, the Shapiro-Wilk test is just appropriate to check for
normality. It was done to modify whether the data will deviate
from a normal distribution or not. Results lower than 0.05 tell
that the data significantly deviate from a normal distribution.
This ensured what type of test was needed to be used to
determine the significant differences of the two samples.

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Having no normal distribution means it shall use a non- Table 2. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test – Cost Efficiency
parametric statistic. Mean Sum of
Cost Efficiency N
Rank Ranks
A Wilcoxon signed-rank test, a non-parametric factual Q4.2 Negative
12a P.T 14.88 178.50
– Q41 Ranks
theory test used to equate about two related examples,
Positive
coordinated examples, or rehashed estimations on a solitary 18b S.S 15.92 286.50
Ranks
example to evaluate whether their population mean ranks Ties 10c
contrast. This was used to determine the comparison of the two Total 40
samples on a single sample. This was used in order to find out a. Q4.2 < Q4.1 b. Q4.2 > Q4.1 c. Q4.2 = Q4.1
how the average monthly cost of both transportations can be
described by the students, their perception in terms of each cost
Table 3. Test Statistics
and time efficiency, and the significant difference between the
Q4.2 – Q4.1
perception of the students among both transportations.
Z -1.167b
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .243
a - Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tes b - Based on negative ranks
RESULTS
The cost comparison of public transport and school service
Result of the reliability test was at 0.823, having it using Wilcoxon show that they are of significant difference. The
considered as acceptable in the general rule. The amount of the sig value is 0.243 greater than p value of 0.05. In conclusion,
Sig value for all the data for the Shapiro-Wilk Test are all 0.000 school service is far better in terms of cost or monthly fare
which are below 0.05, the data significantly deviate from the payment having a mean value of 3.00 compared to 2.725 of
normal distribution which is not normal in distribution. This public transport.
led to the use of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Findings from the statistics indicate that school service is Table 4. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test – Time Efficiency
better in terms of cost efficiency. In terms of the monthly Mean Sum of
Time Efficiency N
Rank Ranks
budget, it shows that the use of school service is better than Q52 – Negative
public transport. Students are able to save more money when 23a P.T 20.48 471.00
Q51 Ranks
they ride their school services to their respective homes. On the Positive
11b S.S 11.27 124.00
Ranks
other hand, results show that students find public transport
Ties 6c
more time efficient than school service. However, the total
Total 40
mean value 2.8713 of public transport time and cost efficiency
is higher than the mean value 2.7163 of school service. Overall, a. Q5.2 < Q5.1 b. Q5.2 > Q5.1 c. Q5.2 = Q5.1
this shows that the findings of the study indicate that public
transport is better in terms of cost and time efficiency for the Table 5. Test Statistics
students compared to school service. Q5.2 – Q5.1
Z -3.039b
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .002
COST a - Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tes b - Based on negative ranks
N Mean Std. Deviation
EFFICIENCY
Public The sig value is 0.002 less than p-value of 0.05 which must
40 2.7250 .81610
Transport reject the null hypothesis. This means that there is a significant
School Service 40 3.0000 .81650
difference in public transport and school service. In conclusion,
TIME
EFFICIENCY public transport is far better in terms of efficiency in time of
Public travel, having a mean value of 3.2 compared to 2.425 of school
40 3.2000 .82275
Transport service.
School Service 40 2.4250 .95776
TOTAL
DIFFERENCE
Public
20 2.8713 .30134
Transport
School Service 20 2.7163 .19911

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Table 6. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test – Significant Difference of Both list of the alternative modes of transports as indicated in a
Transport in terms of Cost and Time Efficiency study by Kotoula et. al. (2017). Those who come from low-
Mean Sum of income families and those from remote areas, fail to attend
N
Rank Ranks school due to transportation problems. It is significant for them
school service Negative to consider the cost of transport. On the other hand, a study by
15a 9.17 137.50
– public Ranks
transportation Positive Johanes (2014) discussed the student transportation in Tanzania
4b 13.13 52.50
Ranks and focused on the distance of the students traveling to school
Ties 1c and how much this costs them. The findings from the study
Total 20 show that many fail to attend school due to lack of time and
a. School service < public transportation bus fare. The pointers mentioned show the relevance of this
b. School service > public transportation paper to other countries who experience different
c. School service = public transportation transportation crisis in terms of cost and time efficiency.
However, findings of this study indicated that students of
Table 7. Test Statistics
CSJL-Bataan who take both transports find public vehicles
School service - public
transportation more convenient in terms of cost and time efficiency compared
Z -1.712b to school services. This contrasts to the evident issues of the
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .087 country’s existing public transportation crisis.
a - Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Tes b - Based on negative ranks

Time efficiency and cost comparison of public transport and CONCLUSION

school service using Wilcoxon signed-rank test show that they
are of significant difference. The sig value is 0.087 greater than Public transportations and school services share distinctive
the p-value of 0.05. In conclusion, public transportation is far significances that can be useful in the preferential utilization of
much better in terms of efficiency, with the time and cost vehicle among the students that is why school transportation
having a mean value of 2.8713 compared to 2.7163 of school plays a vital role in every student’s life, considering the cost
service. and time consumed by these individuals. Though public
transportation can be described and can be experienced
unfairly due to the lack of sustainability, students still find this
as something more convenient as their mode of transportation
DISCUSSION
compared to school services that provide a maintaining safety.
Findings of the study indicated that students are able to It can also be concluded that time plays a significant part in a
save more when they use school service instead of public student’s life, having it considered that even if they save more
transport in terms of monthly fair. However, they find the use money monthly on the use of school services, they still choose
of public transport as more time efficient than the use of school to use public vehicles to manage their time more efficiently.
service. But with the total computed mean score, the overall
results show that public transport is still more convenient for
the students in terms of both cost and time efficiency. These RECOMMENDATIONS
findings are of great significance not only to the students, but
This paper suggests that future researchers may consider
the government, school administrators, parents and guardians
conducting the study on all the Senior high school students
also, to provide knowledge on the state of student
since Grade 11 also have early dismissal time. Moreover, it is
transportation locally and nationally, and so, will formulate
also compulsive to examine the other factors that consider the
ideas on how other occurring similar issues can be solved.
efficiency of the students among both transportations such as
The study discussed was a simple yet a practical choice for safety and comfort to further find out the convenience of the
the students, especially for the Philippines wherein students. It may also be worthy of investigation to determine
transportation is a crucial issue. Evidences show that there is a how this study will benefit the parents or guardians of the
public transportation crisis in the country. Similar students in terms of the same factors: time and cost efficiency.
consequences apply to various countries such as the United This is due to the fact that parents and guardians are also
Republic of Tanzania, and to European principalities. In involved on the student’s everyday time and income.
Greece, public transportation is the most common mode of
student transport. School buses, however, are also on the top

Volume 2, Issue 1 (May 2020)

 41

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Volume 2, Issue 1 (May 2020)