RIZAL LAW "Anti-Church"

REPUBLIC ACT 1425 - also known as "Rizal Law" 1. Senator Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo
Authored by Senator Claro M. Recto 2. Senator Mariano Cuenco
 Sponsored by Senator Jose P. Laurel 3. Senator Decoroso Rosales
 Signed into a Law by President Ramon
Magsaysay “Whatever our condition might be then, let
 Enacted in June 12, 1956 us love our country always and let us wish
 AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE nothing but her welfare. Thus we shall
CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND labor in conformity with the purpose of
PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND humanity dictated by God which is the
UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, harmony and universal peace of His
WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, creations
PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME  Letter of Rizal to Dr. Ferdinand Blum
TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO,
AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND
DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR RIZAL AS A FILIPINO HERO
OTHER PURPOSES
Selection And Proclamation Of National Heroes
 WHEREAS, today, more than any other And Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures
period of our history, there is a need for a
re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and Executive Summary
nationalism for which our heroes lived and
died; No law, executive order or proclamation has been
enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino
 WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, historical figure as a national hero. However,
particularly the national hero and patriot, because of their significant roles in the process of
Jose Rizal, we remember with special nation building and contributions to history, there
fondness and devotion their lives and works were laws enacted and proclamations issued
that have shaped the national character; honoring these heroes

The Patriotic Objectives of Rizal Law Even Jose Rizal, considered as the greatest among
the Filipino heroes, was not explicitly proclaimed as
 To rededicate the lives of youth to the a national hero. The position he now holds in
ideals of freedom and nationalism, for Philippine history is a tribute to the continued
which our heroes lived and died veneration or acclamation of the people in
 To pay tribute to our national hero for recognition of his contribution to the significant
devoting his life and works in shaping social transformations that took place in our
the Filipino character country.
 To gain an inspiring source of patriotism
through the study of Rizal’s life, works, Aside from Rizal, the only other hero given an
and writings implied recognition as a national hero is Andres
 To recognize the importance of Rizal’s Bonifacio whose day of birth on November 30 has
ideals and teachings in relation to been made a national holiday.
present conditions and situations in the
society. Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly
 To encourage the application of such proclaiming them as national heroes, they remain
ideals in current social and personal admired and revered for their roles in Philippine
problems and issues. history. Heroes, according to historians, should not
 To develop an appreciation and deeper be legislated. Their appreciation should be better
understanding of all that Rizal fought left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt,
and died for would be recognition enough.
To foster the development of the Filipino
youth in all aspects Filipino historical figures to be recommended as
National Heroes
1. Jose Rizal
 2. Andres Bonifacio  Patriotism is the love of your country and
3. Emilio Aguinaldo culture. Patriots know that you can love your
4. Apolinario Mabini own nation without thinking it's objectively
5. Marcelo H. Del Pilar better than anyone else's. Patriots will
6. Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat usually engage in global cooperation
7. Juan Luna because they believe cooperation, treaties,
8. Melchora Aquino and the global spread of ideas can benefit
9. Gabriela Silang everyone.

Criteria for choosing a National Hero Why Rizal was considered as a hero

 Heroes are those who have a concept of  He was the first Filipino to unite and awaken
nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the Filipino people to peacefully rise for
the nation’s freedom. independence.
 Heroes are those who define and contribute
to a system or life of freedom and order for  He is a model for being a peacemaker by
a nation. his complete self-denial , his complete
 Heroes are those who contribute to the abandonment of his personal interest and to
quality of life and destiny of a nation. (As think only of his country and people.
defined by Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz)
 A hero is part of the people’s expression.  He was a towering figure in the propaganda
But the process of a people’s internalization campaign from 1882-1896
of a hero’s life and works takes time, with
the youth forming a part of the  He was martyr at Bagumbayan where he
internalization. willingly died for our country.
 A hero thinks of the future, especially the
future generations.
The choice of a hero involves not only the JOSE RIZAL’S GENEALOGY AND EARLY
recounting of an episode or events in history, EDUCATION
but of the entire process that made this
particular person a hero. (As defined by Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
Alfredo Lagmay)
Jose- was chosen by his mother who was devotee
of the Christian saint San Jose (St. Joseph)
Nationalism
Protacio- was taken from St. Protacio, who were
 a feeling that people have of being loyal to very properly was a martyr. That a Filipino priest
and proud of their country often with the baptized him and a secular Archbishop confirmed
belief that it is better and more important him seem fitting.
than other countries.
Rizal- the name was adapted in 1850 by authority
 Nationalism is a belief that your nation sits of the Royal Decree of 1849, upon the order of
that the top of a hierarchy of nations. You Governor Narciso Claveria. Rizal was a shortened
believe your nation's interests are is form of Spanish word for “second crop,” seemed
inherently more important than those of any suited to a family of farmers who were making a
other country in the world. Nationalists in second start in a new home.
government are reluctant to engage in
global cooperation because they Alonzo- old surname of his mother.
see geopolitics as a zero-sum battle of
nations. Y-and-Realonda- it was used by Doña Teodora
from the surname of her godmother based on the
Patriotism culture by that time

 love that people feel for their country Mercado- adopted in 1731 by Domigo Lamco (the
paternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal)
which the Spanish term mercado means ‘market’ in November 14, 1827 and died in 1913 in
English. Manila

June 19, 1861 – Jose Rizal was born between Children:

eleven o’clock and twelve o’clock at night in
Calamba, Laguna. Saturnina Eldest child 1850-
Rizal  Manuel Timoteo 1913
Ancestry Clan Hidalgo of
Tanuan,
Domingo Lam-Co- the family's paternal ascendant Batangas.
was full-blooded Chinese who migrated to
Philippines from Amoy, China in the late 17th Paciano  Only brother of 1851-
Century Rizal Rizal. 1930
 -2nd child. Studied
Ines de la Rosa- Domingo Lam-Co's wife who at San Jose
have traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay, and College in Manila.
some Negro ancestry.  Became a famer
and later a general
Captain Juan Mercado- Jose Rizal's grandfather of the PH
and was a Gobernadorcillo or Mayor of Binan revolution

Cirala Alejandra- Jose Rizal's grandmother, Narcisca  3rd child 1852-

daughter of Maria Guino Rizal  Married Antonio 1939
Lopez at Mornong
Children: Rizal a teacher
Olympia  4th 1855-
 Petrona Mercado
Rizal  Married Silvestre 1887
 Gabino Mercado
Ubaldo
 Potenciana Mercado
 Died in 1887 from
 Leoncio Mercado
childbirth
 Tomasa Mercado
 Casimiro Mercado Lucia Rizal  5th 1857-
 Basilia Mercado  Married Matriano 1919
 Gabriel Mercado Herbosa
 Fausta Mercado
 Julian Mercado Maria Rizal  6th 1859-
 Cornelio Mercado  Married to Daniel 1945
 Gregorio Mercado Faustino Cruz of
 Francisco Mercado Binan Laguna

Francisco Mercado Jose Rizal  7th 1861-

 father of Jose Rizal  He was executed 1896
 Youngest of 13 offsprings of Juan and Cirila by the spaniards
Mercado on dec 30 1896
 Born in Binan Laguna on April 18, 1818 Conception  8th 1862-
 Studied in San Jose College, Manila and Rizal  Died at age of 3 1865
died in Manila
Joseja Rizal  9th 1865-
Teodora Alonso  An epileptic, died 1945
 Mother of Jose Rizal who was the second a spinster
child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de
Quitos. She studied at the Colegio de Santa
Rosa. Trinidad  10th child 1868-
 She was a business-minded woman, Rizal  Died spinster and 1951
courteous, religious, hard-working and well- the last of the
read. She was born in Sta Cruz Manila on family to die
 Soledad  Youngest 1870- How, God-child, hast Thou come
Rizal  Married to 1929
Pantaleon To earth in cave forlorn Does fortune new
Quintero
deride Thee When Thou art scarcely born?

Ah woe! Celestial king Who mortal form

Early Education
 Rizal had his early education in Calamba doesn’t keep, Would’t rather than be
and Biñan.
Sovereign, Be shepherd of Thy Sheep
4 Rs
2. A La Virgen Maria” ( To the Virgin Mary)
 Reading  “To the Virgin Mary” is a sonnet that was
 Writing said to have been written in December 3,
 Arithmetic 1876 while Rizal was studying in Ateneo.
 Religion
3. “ Alianza intima la religion y la
Rizal’s private tutors educacion” ( An Intimate Alliance of
 Maestro Celestino Religion and Education)
 Maestro Lucas Padua  This poem was written by Jose Rizal when
 Leon Monroy he was only 15 years old. In this poem, he
expressed the importance of religion in
education and to him, education without
Early Religious Formation God is not true education

 Rizal grew up a good Catholic The Inspiration of the parable of the Moth

Father Leoncio Lopez "The Parable of the Moth

 The Real Padre Florentino of El The story is about a daughter moth who was
Filibusterismo (NHCP, 2012) warned by her mother against going too near
 Filipino priest at the church across the a lamp flame.
street (San Juan Bautista parish church of
Calamba), and a friend of the Mercado Though the young moth promised to comply,
family she later succumbed to the pull of the light’s
 June 6, 1868 - Jose and his father left for mysterious charm, believing that nothing bad
Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo, would happen if she would approach it with
in order to fulfill his mother’s vow which was caution.
made when Rizal was born.
 It was the first trip of Jose across Laguna de The moth then flew close to the flame. Feeling
Bay and his pilgrimage to Antipolo. comforting warmth at first, she drew closer
 After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of and closer, bit by bit, until she flew too close
Antipolo, Jose and his father went to Manila. enough to the flame and perished"

 The greatest influence on Rizal’s

The Early Religious Writings and Experiences development as a person was his mother
Teodora Alonso (Lolay)

1. Al Niňo Jesus(To the Child Jesus)  To impart essential lessons in life, Lolay
 Was written in Spanish by Jose Rizal in held regular storytelling sessions with the
1875 at the age of 14. The poem is an young Rizal (also called Pepe). Doña
octave real or a short poem with eight Teodora loved to read to Pepe stories from
verses only. the book ‘Amigo de los Niños’ (The
Children’s Friend).
  One day, she scolded his son for making Like many children of the well-to-do, Jose received
drawings on the pages of the story book. To his early education at home. He had private tutors,
teach the value of obedience to one’s but it quickly became obvious that he was
parents, she afterward read him a story in it. advanced beyond his teachers.

Although he attended school in Calamba, young

Sa Aking mga Kababata ni Dr. José Rizal Jose primarily educated himself in the family library
and through conversation with family and friends.
Kapagka ang baya'y sadyang umiibig
sa kanyang salitang kaloob ng langit, Finally, it was decided that he would attend the
sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapit prestigious Ateneo Municipal School in the walled
katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid. Intramuros, part of Manila. Thus, began the early
Pagkat ang salita'y isang kahatulan education of the future Filipino nationalist
sa bayan, sa nayo't mga kaharian,
at ang isang tao'y katulad, kabagay
ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan. Ateneo De Manila
Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita The Finest School in the Philippines; Top
mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda, Performing College
kaya ang marapat pagyamaning kusa  Formerly Escuela Pia; inside the walled city
na tulad sa isang tunay na nagpala. of Intramuros.
Ang wikang tagalog tulad din sa latin,  Managed by the Jesuits after coming back
sa ingles, kastila at salitang anghel in the Philippines in 1865.
sapagka't ang Poong maalam tumingin  Ateneo was a secondary school that offered
ang siyang naggawad, nagbigay sa atin. rigorous courses, almost equivalent to
Ang salita nati'y huwad din sa iba college academics.
na may alfabeto at sariling letra,  Considered the finest school in the
na kaya nawala'y dinatnan ng sigwa Philippines because of the rigorous
ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una. intellectual standards of the Jesuits.

RIZAL WON A SPECIAL PRIZE FOR A La

Javentud Filipina
JOSE RIZAL :His Education & Career
“It motivates the youth to free Filipinos from
Teodora ignorance, and to seek freedom and human
- The hero’s first teacher. The first teacher of dignity.“
Rizal was his mother, who was a remarkable
woman of good character and fine culture.
“Alza tu tersa frente, Juventud Filipina, en este día!
- On her lap, he learned at the age of three the Luce resplandeciente Tu rica gallardía, Bella
alphabet and the prayers. "My mother," wrote esperanza de la Patria mía!
Rizal in his student memoirs, "taught me how (Hold high the brow serene, Youth, where now you
to read and to say haltingly the humble stand; Let the bright sheen Of your grace be seen,
prayers which I raised fervently to God." Fair hope of my motherland!”

As a tutor, Doña Teodora was patient, Rizal as a first-rate student

conscientious, and understanding. It was she who  Original thinker, creative scholar & student
first discovered that her son had a talent for poetry. leader
Accordingly, she encouraged him to write poems  Developed skills in Fencing & Gymnastics
 Mastery in Spanish

Early Education
Father Francisco De Paula Sanchez
This lesson presents the early education of Jose  Remarked that Rizal was becoming
Rizal which was an important aspect of his political proficient in Spanish.
thought.  Recognized Rizal’s talent as a poet and
encouraged him to practice this craft.
Father Jose Villaclara Philosophy and Letters
 FRESHMAN YEAR
 Rizal’s instructor in sciences and philosophy.
 Believed that Rizal was wasting his time with Reasons:
poetry.  His father, Don Francisco wanted for him.
 Developed a scientific curiosity in young Rizal  Failed to seek advice from Father Ramon
that lasted until his death. Pablo.
 Convinced Rizal to take a “scientific attitude”
about life. Subjects:
 Cosmology & Methaphysics
 Theodicy
Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through  History of Philosophy
Education the Fatherland Receives Glory)

 Education is an integral part of the national

character.
 The Friars, by not educating the Filipinos
properly, Rizal argued, prevented the full
implementation of civil rights.

Ambeth Ocampo
MEDICINE
 Filipino revisionist historian, is a popular writer  UNIVERSITY COURSE
and general debunker of local history, suggests
that Rizal was not a good student. Change of heart factors:
 He went into Ateneo archives and found that  Father Ramon Pablo advised him
Rizal was an excellent student.  Rizal’s mother, Dona Teodora failing
eyesight
University of Sto. Tomas
 UNIBERSIDAD DE SANTO TOMAS Rizal’s unhappy at UST
 DOMINICAN SCHOOL Main Factors:
 1877-1882  Dominican professors hostility.
 Only University in the Philippines during 19th  Discrimination to Filipino students.
century.  UST method of instruction was obsolete and
 Rizal continued his vision of Philippine repressive.
Nationalism.
Rizal’s struggling academic performance.
Why was UST influential upon Rizal’s intellectual Main Reasons:
development?  Unsatisfaction with the system of education.
 Distractions.
History of University of Sto. Tomas.Rizal:  Medicine’s not his true vocation.
 Continued to work on his political ideas.
 Remained poet at heart.
 Education goal: Liberal Arts

Jesuit Priests:
 Rizal former mentors
 Advised him to take farming or be a man of
cloth

Rizal Interests:
 Law
 Literature
 Medicine
ARTS - RIZAL’S REAL CALLING
 He joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia
in Madrid. His reason for joining was to
JOSE RIZAL’S TRAVELS ABROAD secure Freemasonry’s aid in his fight
against the friars in the Philippines.

JOURNEY TO BARCELONA AND MADRID November 15, 1890

1. RIZAL IN BARCELONA  Later he was transferred to Lodge

Solidaridad where he became a Master
June 16, 1882. Mason.
 Rizal traveled from Marseilles to Spain,  Still later, he was awarded the diploma as
reaching Barcelona Master Mason by Le Grand Orient de France
in Paris.
"Amor Patrio," (“PAG-IBIG SA
TINUBUANG LUPA”) November 20, 21 and 22, 1884,
 His first work on Spanish soil.
 Rizal was involved in student demonstrations.
2. RIZAL IN MADRID They were fighting for Dr. Miguel Morayta who
proclaimed that “the freedom of science and
 Rizal enrolled at the Universidad Central de the teacher”. Such liberal view was
Madrid undertaking studies in Medicine and condemned by the Catholic bishops of Spain.
Philosophy and Letters.
 Despite financial limitations, he maintained Dr. Miguel Moyarta Sagarao (1833-1917)
discipline and academic rigor during histime
in Madrid.  A Chair of Spanish History at the University
and Masonic Grandmaster of the Gran Oriente
CONSUELO ORTIGA Y PEREZ Espanol
 Rizal then had a love affair with Consuelo  Professor of Rizal
Ortiga y Perez, the daughter of Don Pablo.
Rizal, being a lonely man in a foreign June 21, 1884
country and far from his natal land, was
attracted by Consuelo’s beauty and  Rizal completed his medical course in Spain.
vivacity.  In the next academic year, he studied and
passed al subjects leading to the degree of
 Their love did not flourish because he was Doctor of Medicine. Rizal also finished his
still engaged to Leonor Rivera and a studies in Philosophy and Letters with
friend of Rizal is also in-love with excellent ratings.
Consuelo.
In 1885
3. RIZAL VISIT TO PARIS
 After completing his studies at Central
June 1883 University of Madrid, he went to Paris in order
to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology.
 Rizal left Madrid to visit Paris. He stayed at  Rizal spent many happy hours in the studio of
the Hotel de Paris but then moved to a Luna. Luna discussed with Rizal various
cheaper hotel. Like all tourists, Rizal was problems on art and improved his own painting
charmingly titillated by the attractive scenery technique. Rizal posed to some painting of
of Paris such as the beautiful boulevards, the Luna. He was one of the Egyptian priests in
Opera House, the Place de la Concorde, the Luna’s painting “The Death of Cleopatra”.
Arch of Triumph, the Bois de Boulogne, the
Madelaine Church, the Cathedral of Notre 4. At Heidelberg
Dame, the Column of Vendome, the
Invalides, and the Versailes. February 1, 1886,

March 1883
  Rizal left Paris on, after acquiring enough
experience in the clinic of Dr. Weckert. He 6. Treschen
was set to go to Germany. He visited
Strasbourg and other German towns.  Rizal and Viola traveled to Teschen during
their journey. Upon arriving in Teschen, they
April 22, 1886 sent a wire to Blumentritt, following the advice
given by Dr. Jagor.
 He wrote a poem to the beautiful blooming
flowers at the Neckar River. Among those 7. Leitmeritz
was his favorite flower—the forget-me-not.
 Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz, Bohemia,
on May 13, 1887.
July 31, 1886  They received a warm welcome from
Professor Blumentritt and his family upon
 Rizal wrote his first letter in German to their arrival.
Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt. Rizal heard  It was the first meeting between Rizal and
that Blumentritt was interested in the Blumentritt, and they enjoyed the hospitality
Philippine languages. of Blumentritt's home.

August 6 of 1886 8. Prague

 Rizal was fortunate to be sojourning in  Rizal, accompanied by Viola, visited Prague,

Heidelberg when the famous University of carrying recommendation letters from
Heidelberg held its fifth centenary Blumentritt.
celebration  They toured historic sites in Prague. During
their visit, they also met with Dr. Willkomm, a
Noli Me Tangere published in Berlin professor of natural history.

Maximo Viola 9. Vienna

 Noli Me Tangere during Rizal’s stay in Berlin  Rizal and Viola arrived in Vienna on May 20.
was unable to be published. But with the help  They presented a letter of recommendation
of Maximo Viola, who gave him the necessary to Norfenfals from Blumentritt. Additionally,
funds to publish the novel, Noli Me Tangere Rizal received his lost diamond stickpin while
was published. in Vienna.

10. Lintz
March 21, 1887
 The Noli Me Tangere came off the printing May 24
press. Rizal immediately sent copies to his  Rizal and Viola departed Vienna for Linz.
intimate friends, including Blumentritt, Dr.  They traveled on a river boat along the
Antonio Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Felix R. Danube River.
Hidalgo.  During the journey, they observed various
sights along the way.
RIZAL AND VIOLA
11. Salzburg, Munich, Nuremberg
5. In Dresden
 In Nuremberg, he observed torture
 Rizal and Viola visited Dresden during a machines.
regional floral exposition. While in Dresden,  Additionally, he witnessed the manufacture
Rizal focused on studying botany, including of dolls during his visit.
visits to Dr. Adolph B. Meyer and the Museum
of Art. 12. Ulm, Stuttgart, Rheinfall
 During his time at the Museum of Art, Rizal was
particularly impressed by the painting
"Prometheus Bound."
  Rizal traveled to Ulm, Stuttgart, and
Rheinfall.
 At Rheinfall, they witnessed the famous 19. Across the Pacific
waterfall.
 Tetcho Suehiro- a Japanese journalist,
13. Switzerland novelist and a champion of human rights, who
was forced by the Japanese government to
 Rizal crossed the frontier to Schaffhausen, leave the country.
Switzerland.
 He visited Basel, Bern, Lausanne, and 20. Rizal in America
Geneva during his travels.
 April 28, 1888 His arrival was marred by racial
14. Madrid Exposition prejudice for he saw the discriminatory
treatment of the Chinese and the Negroes by
 Rizal received news of the deplorable the white Americans.
conditions of primitive Igorots
 exhibited at the Madrid Exposition. Rizal’s trip to America started on April 28, 1888
to May 16, 1888.
15. Italy
 Rizal lived in London from May, 1888 to March
 Rizal visited Turin, Milan, Venice, Florence, 1889. He chose this English city because of
and Rome, where he was thrilled by the three reasons:
sights and memories.
1. To improve his knowledge of the
16. First Homecoming English language,

 After five years in Europe, Rizal returned to 2. To Study and annotate Morga’s
the Philippines in August Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, which he
1887. heard to be available in the British
 He practiced medicine in Calamba despite Museum and
threats to his life.
3. London was a safe place from the
17. Hong Kong, Macao attacks of Spanish tyranny.

 In February 1888, Rizal left for Hong Kong.

21. Life in London
 He briefly visited Macao during his travels.
 Dr. Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of
18. Japan
Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan
languages and customs. He called Rizal “a
 Rizal stayed in Japan for one and a half
pearl of a man” he became the honorary
months.
president of a patriotic society cooperating
 During his time in Japan, he studied the for reforms called Asociacion La Solidaridad.
language, drama, arts, and customs. It was inaugurated on December 31, 1888.
 He visited various cities in Japan. Rizal also wrote his first article in La
 Rizal fell in love with Seiko Usui during his Solidaridad, a patriotic newspaper founded
stay in Japan. by Graciano Lopez Jaena, entitled Los
Agricultores Filipinos which was published
SEIKO USUI on March 25, 1889

 It was during Rizal’s second trip abroad  Rizal wrote several works while in London
when he met Seiko Usui. From Hong Kong, including:
he arrived in Japan in February 1888 and
moved to the Spanish Legation in the Azabu  La Vision del Fray Rodriguez, Letter to the
district of Tokyo upon the invitation of an Young Women of Malolos, he also
official in the legation. contributed some articles to Dr. Rost’s
 journal entitled Specimens of Tagal Folklore  Dedicated El Filibusterismo to the martyrdom
and Two Eastern Fables. of Gom-Bur-Za.

GERTRUDE BECKETT 25. Hongkong

 Gertrude was the daughter of Rizal’s  After publishing El Filibusterismo, Rizal left
landlord—Charles Beckett who is an organist Europe for Hong Kong, residing there from
at St. Paul’s Church in London. Coming from  November 1891 to June 1892.
brief stay in Japan and the United States of
America, Rizal chose to live in the capital city October 18, 1891
of the United Kingdom on May, 1888.  he boarded the steamer Melbourne in
 On March 19, 1889, Rizal bade goodbye to Marseilles bound for Hong Kong, where he
the Beckett family and left London for Paris. began writing his third novel in Tagalog,
among other unfinished works.
22. Rizal in Madrid  Rizal practiced ophthalmology in Hong Kong,
becoming a well-known medical practitioner.
August 1890
 Rizal arrived in Madrid. Rizal ‘s Exile, Arrest and Execution
 Leonor Rivera married a British engineer.
 Rizal rallied the Filipino colony against  Four days after the civic organization's
injustices in Calamba. foundation, Jose Rizal was arrested by the
 Received news of eviction orders and Spanish authorities on four grounds:
deportations of family members. Learned of
his co-worker the Propaganda Movement 1. for publishing anti-Catholic and anti-friar
Jose Panganiban's death. books and articles;
 Almost dueled Antonio Luna over remarks 2. for having in possession a bundle of
about Nellie. handbills, the Pobres Frailes, in which
advocacies were in violation of the Spanish
NELLIE BOUSTEAD orders;
3. for dedicating his novel, El Filibusterismo
 Nellie Boustead, also called Nelly, was the to the three “traitors” (Gomez, Burgos and
younger of the two pretty daughters of the Zamora) and for emphasizing on the novel's
wealthy businessman Eduardo Boustead, son title page that “the only salvation for the
of a rich British trader, who went to the Orient Philippines was separation from the mother
in 1826. country (referring to Spain)”; and
4. for simply criticizing the religion and
Completion of El Filibusterismo aiming for its exclusion from the Filipino
culture.
23. Biarritz

 Completed the last chapter of his second 26. Dapitan

novel, El Filibusterismo, there.
 March 30, 1891: Rizal traveled to Paris by  Rizal lived in Dapitan for four years, initially
train, leaving the Propaganda Movement and staying with Captain Carnicero instead of the
La Solidaridad. In Brussels, Rizal revised and Jesuit Church. Engaged in religious debates
prepared El Filibusterismo for printing. with Father Pastells and met his Ateneo
teacher, Father Sanchez, but remained
friends despite their differences.
24. Ghent  Practiced medicine in Dapitan, treating many
patients and providing free medicine to the
 Pawned his jewels for the down payment and poor, including operating on his mother's
received money from Basa and Arias for eye.
Morga's Sucesos copies.
 Ventura provided necessary funds upon  Developed a relationship with Josephine
learning of Rizal's situation, enabling the Bracken, eventually marrying her and having
printing of El Filibusterismo to resume. a son who tragically lived only three hours.
  Rizal charge with three crimes: Rebellion,
Sedition and Formation of Illegal
Association.
July 31, 1896,
 Rizal's exile in Dapitan ended, and he, along December 15
with Josephine, family, and pupils, boarded  Rizal wrote manifesto urging people to
the steamer España, bidding farewell to the achieve liberties through education and
town. industry, not bloodshed.

JOSEPHINE BRACKEN December 25, 1896

 Marie Josephine Leopoldine Bracken (August  Christmas, Rizal was alone and depressed in
9, 1876 – March 14, 1902) was the common his prison cell.
law wife of Filipino nationalist Jose Rizalduring
his exile in Dapitan. Trial and Death

Last trip Abroad December 26

 Rizal's trial marked by Spanish injustice and
27. September 7 (Singapore) prejudgment, court ignoring his defense and
 Don Pedro and his son stayed at condemning him.
Singapore. He advised Rizal to stay behind
too and take advantage of the protection of On December 28
the British law.  Polavieja approved the decision of the court-
martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00
September 30 o’clock in the morning of December 30 at
 He was officially notified by Captain Alemany Bagumbayan Field.
that he should stay in his cabin until further
orders from Manila. He obeyed orders.
 Governor General Polavieja
Bernardino Nozaleda  For Filipinos, he was responsible for the
 Archbishop of Manila who clumored for the execution of Jose Rizal, as he was the chief
arrest of Rizal executive of the colony when Rizal’s trial and
execution took place.
October 3
 The Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona, December 29
with Rizal as prisoner on board. Rizal was  Rizal visited by family, Jesuit priests, Spanish
kept under heavy guard in his cabin for 3 correspondent, friends; finished last poem and
days. farewell letter.

Rizal’s interviewed with Despujol he would December 30

be shipped back in  Rizal heard mass, confessed sins, bid
Manila. goodbye to Josephine, gave her a religious
book.
28. Last Homecoming
"Consummatum est"
November 3
 Colon arrived in Manila, greeted by Spaniards  6:30 A.M.: Trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago,
and friars for bringing soldiers and supplies; soldiers aligned for execution. Rizal dressed in
Rizal transferred to Fort Santiago. black, kissed crucifix, requested to face firing
squad but denied.
November 20  Turned back to squad, faced sea; not afraid to
 Preliminary investigation began, Rizal die.
presented with 15 documentary evidences.  At 7:03 A.M., firing squad shot Rizal,
 Rizal chose Don Luis Taviel de Andrade,  he fell dead facing the morning sun..
brother of Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade, his
former bodyguard in Calamba.
 describe perceived inequities of the Spanish
Catholic friars and the ruling government
 Originally written in Spanish, the book is more
commonly published and read in the Philippines
RIZAL'S NOVELS in either Tagalog or English.
 Early English translations of the novel used
NOLI ME TANGERE titles like An Eagle Flight (1900) and The
Social Cancer (1912), disregarding the
 Noli Me Tangere is Latin for "touch me not," symbolism of the title, but the more recent
an allusion to the Gospel of St. John where translations were published using the original
Jesus says to Mary Magdelene: "Touch me not, Latin title.
for I am not yet ascended to my Father.  It has also been noted by the Austro-Hungarian
writer Ferdinand Blumentritt that "Noli Me
“Do not hold on to me, for I have not yet Tángere" was a name used by local Filipinos for
ascended to the Father. Go instead to my cancer of the eyelids; that as an
brothers and tell them, ‘I am ascending to my ophthalmologist himself Rizal was influenced by
Father and your Father, to my God and your this fact is suggested in the novel's dedication,
God.’” "To My fatherland"
 José Rizal, a Filipino nationalist and medical
- Rizal entitled this novel as such drawing doctor, conceived the idea of writing a novel
inspiration from John 20:13-17 of the Bible, that would expose the ills of Philippine society
the technical name of a particularly painful after reading Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle
type of cancer (back in his time, it was Tom's Cabin. He preferred that the prospective
unknown what the modern name of said novel express the way Filipino culture was
disease was). perceived to be backward, anti-progress, anti-
intellectual, and not conducive to the ideals of
- He proposed to probe all the cancers of the Age of Enlightenment. He was then a
Filipino society that everyone else felt too student of medicine in the Universidad Central
painful to touch. de Madrid.
 Inspired by Uncle Tom’s Cabin By Harriet
- Noli is a critique against both Spaniards and Beecher-Stowe, portrays the brutalities of
Filipinos. In Noli Me Tangere, it portrays about American slave-owners and the pathetic
the ills of the society which can be observed conditions of the enslaved
not only during the Spanish times. It shows  In a reunion of Filipinos at the house of his
how oppressive are the people in power and friend Pedro A. Paterno in Madrid on 2 January
gullible and powerless the masses are. It 1884, Rizal proposed the writing of a novel
shows the corruption in the Church and the about the Philippines written by a group of
State and the power of hope. Filipinos. His proposal was unanimously
approved by the Filipinos present at the time,
among whom were Pedro, Maximino Viola and
Theme Antonio Paterno, Graciano López Jaena,
 Longing & Unfulfillment Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio
 There is no more tragic love and of course no Llorente and Valentin Ventura.
greater love than of two beings unable to reach  However, this project did not materialize. The
each other, since such a love eternally remains people who agreed to help Rizal with the novel
unblemished. did not write anything. Initially, the novel was
 It manifests both in Ibarra and Maria Clara’s planned to cover and describe all phases of
love for one another and Elias’ love for reform Filipino life, but almost everybody wanted to
and freedom. (“to never bear witness to the write about women. Rizal even saw his
sunrise”) companions spend more time gambling and
flirting with Spanish women.
BACKGROUND  Because of this, he pulled out of the plan of co-
writing with others and decided to draft the
 is an 1887 novel by José Rizal during the novel alone.
colonization of the Philippines by Spain to
PUBLICATION
 By December 1886, Rizal was deprived, 7. A MAN IN A CASSOCK WITH HAIRY FEET-
broken-hearted, hungry, and worried about the priests using religion in a dirty way
novels. By the end of 1884 Rizal began writing
the novel in Madrid and he finished one half of 8. CHAINS- slavery
it. In 1885, he continued writing the novel,
finishing the one half of the second half. In 9. WHIPS and FLOGS- cruelties, allusion to Doña
Germany 1886, while his spirit was at its lowest Consolacion and the Alferez
ebb, he almost threw the manuscript into the
fire The novel was almost finished. 10.HELMET OF THE GUARDIA CIVIL- arrogance
of those in authority
 Rizal finished the novel in February 21, 1887.
At first, according to one of Rizal's biographers, Influence on Filipino nationalism:
Rizal feared the novel might not be printed, and
that it would remain unread. He was struggling  Rizal depicted nationality by emphasizing the
with financial constraints at the time and positive qualities of Filipinos: the devotion of a
thought it would be hard to pursue printing the Filipina and her influence on a man's life, the
novel. He wrote it in three countries- Spain, deep sense of gratitude, and the solid
France, and Germany. commonsense of the Filipinos under the
Spanish regime
 Financial aid came from a friend named  The work was instrumental in creating a unified
Máximo Viola; this helped him print the book at Filipino national identity and consciousness, as
Berliner Buchdruckerei-Aktiengesellschaft in many natives previously identified with their
Berlin. Rizal was initially hesitant, but Viola respective regions. It lampooned, caricatured
insisted and ended up lending Rizal ₱300 for and exposed various elements in colonial
2,000 copies. society.
 The book indirectly influenced the Philippine
 The printing was finished earlier than the Revolution of independence from the Spanish
estimated five months. Viola arrived in Berlin in Empire, even though Rizal actually advocated
December 1886, and by March 21, 1887, Rizal direct representation to the Spanish
had sent a copy of the novel to his friend, government and an overall larger role for the
Blumentritt. The first edition of the novel would Philippines within Spain's political affairs.
have been released.  In 1956, Congress passed Republic Act 1425,
more popularly known as the Rizal Law, which
 The book was banned by Spanish authorities in requires all levels in Philippine schools to teach
the Philippines, although copies were smuggled the novel as part of their curriculum. Noli me
into the country. tangere is being taught to third year secondary
school (now Grade 9, due to the new K-12
 The first Philippine edition (and the second curriculum) students, while its sequel El
published edition) was finally printed in 1899 filibusterismo is being taught for fourth year
in Manila by Chofre y Compania in Escolta. secondary school (now Grade 10) students.
The novels are incorporated to their study and
COVER MEANING survey of Philippine literature.
 Both of Rizal's novels were initially banned from
1. CROSS- sufferings Catholic educational institutions given its
negative portrayal of the Church, but this taboo
2. POMELO BLOSSOMS AND LAUREL LEAVES- has been largely superseded as religious
honor and fidelity schools conformed to the Rizal Law

3. SILHOUETTE OF A FILIPINA- Maria Clara

CHARACTERS
4. BURNING TORCH- rage and passion
Juan Crisostomo Ibarra
5. SUNFLOWERS- enlightenment  commonly referred to in the novel as
Ibarra or Crisostomo, is the novel's
6. BAMBOO STALKS – resilience protagonist. The mestizo (mixed-race) son
 of Filipino businessman Don Rafael Ibarra, Espadaña. However, Maria Clara wanted to
he studied in Europe for seven years. Ibarra enter the nunnery instead.
is also María Clara's fiancé  At the end of the novel, he is again reassigned
to a distant town and later found dead in his
bed.
Maria Clara de los Santos
 commonly referred to as María Clara, is Ibarra's Padre Salvi
fiancée and the most beautiful and widely
celebrated girl in San Diego. She was raised by  Padre Salvi was the town curate of San Diego
Kapitán Tiago delos Santos, and his cousin, and the successor of Padre Damaso.
Isabel. Possessing a rivalry with the town's alferez, he
 In the later parts of the novel, she was revealed later orchestrated the downfall of Crisostomo
to be an illegitimate daughter of Father Ibarra, manipulating the townspeople in the
Dámaso, the former curate of the town, and process.
Doña Pía Alba, Kapitán Tiago's wife, who had
died giving birth to María Clara.  At some point, he began lusting after Maria
 At the novel's end, a heartbroken yet resolved Clara. Around this time, he also discovered
María Clara entered the Beaterio de Santa Padre Damaso's letters to Maria Clara's mother,
Clara (a nunnery) after learning the truth of her Doña Pia, learning that Padre Damaso was in
parentage and mistakenly believing that her fact Maria Clara's real father.
lover, Crisóstomo, had been killed. In the
epilogue, Rizal stated that it is unknown Elias
whether María Clara is still living within the  Elías is Ibarra's mysterious friend and ally. Elías
walls of the convent or is already dead made his first appearance as a pilot during a
(however, it is later confirmed that Maria Clara picnic of Ibarra and María Clara and her friends.
is still alive in El Fili)
 A character of Leonor Rivera who was Rizal’s  Elias worked as a boat pilot during Ibarra's
longtime love interes fishing trip. Seeing a crocodile entangled in the
nets, Elias jumped in to kill it, although
Kapitán Tiago struggling. With his life soon after saved by
 Don Santiago de los Santos, known by his Ibarra, Elias fled the picnic, knowing he was
nickname Tiago and political title Kapitán being pursued by the Guardia Civil.
Tiago, is said to be the richest man in the  Elias was born to a rich family in Manila
region of Binondo and possessed real alongside his twin sister, with his father being
properties in Pampanga and Laguna de Baý. the son of a prostitute and his mother being the
 He is said to be a good Catholic, a friend of the daughter of a rich man. Told that their father
Spanish government and thus was considered was dead, the twins also witnessed their mother
a Spaniard by the colonial elite. Kapitán Tiago die in their youth. Raised by their maternal
never attended school, so he became the grandfather, the two lived happy lives.
domestic helper of a Dominican friar who gave  One day, Elias antagonized a distant relative
him an informal education. He later married Pía and they taunted him with his supposed
Alba from Santa Cruz illegitimacy. As Elias was insulted, the relative
later made Elias' heritage known to the public
Padre Dámaso using Elias' family servant, which was actually
his father in disguise.
 Dámaso Verdolagas, better known as Padre  At some point, he came into contact with the
Dámaso, is a Franciscan friar and the former group of bandits led by Capitan Pablo in
parishcurate of San Diego. He is notorious for Tanauan, Batangas. He also at one point
speaking with harsh words, highhandedness, discovered that the root of his family's
andhiscruelty during his ministry in the town. An misfortune was the rich man his grandfather
enemy of Crisóstomo's father, Don Rafael worked for, Don Pedro Eibarramendia.
Ibarra, Dámaso is revealed to be María Clara's
biological father. Pilósopong Tasyo
 Later, he and María Clara had bitter arguments  Filósofo Tasio (Tagalog: Pilósopong Tasyo)
on whether she would marry Alfonso Linares de was enrolled in a philosophy course and was a
 talented student, but his mother was a rich but  Elías' sweetheart. She lived in a little house by
superstitious matron. the lake, and though Elías would like to marry
 Like many Filipino Catholics under the sway of her, he tells her that it would do her or their
the friars, she believed that too much learning children no good to be related to a fugitive like
condemned souls to hell. She then made Tasyo himself. In the original publication of Noli Me
choose between leaving college or becoming a Tángere, the chapter that explores the identity
priest. Since he was in love, he left college and of Elías and Salomé was omitted, classifying
married. her as a totally non-existent character.
 Persons of culture called him Don Anastacio, or
Pilósopong Tasyo, while the great crowd of the  This chapter, entitled Elías y Salomé, was
ignorant knew him as Tasio el Loco on account probably the 25th chapter of the novel.
of his peculiar ideasand his eccentric manner of However, recent editions and translations of
dealing with others Noli include this chapter either on the
appendix or as Chapter X (Ex)
Doña Victorina
 Doña Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadaña, El Filibusterismo
commonly known as Doña Victorina, is an
ambitious Filipina who classifies herself as a  (transl. The filibusterism; The Subversive or The
Spaniard and mimics Spanish ladies by putting Subversion, as in the Locsín English translation,
on heavy make-up. are also possible translations)
 The novel narrates Doña Victorina's younger  El filibusterismo , also known by its alternative
days: she had lots of admirers, but she spurned English title The Reign of Greed, is the second
them all because none of them were Spaniards. novel written by Philippine national hero José
Later on, she met and married Don Tiburcio de Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli Me Tángere and,
Espadaña, an official of the customs bureau ten like the first book, was written in Spanish.
years her junior. However, their marriage is  It was first published in 1891 in Ghent, Belgium.
childless  The novel centers on the Noli-El fili duology's
main character Crisóstomo Ibarra, now
Sisa returning for vengeance as "Simoun".
 Narcisa, or Sisa, is the deranged mother of  The novel's dark theme departs dramatically
Basilio and Crispín. Described as beautiful from the previous novel's hopeful and romantic
andyoung, although she loves her children very atmosphere, signifying Ibarra's resort to solving
much, she cannot protect them from the his country's issues through violent means,
beatings of her husband, Pedro. after his previous attempt in reforming the
country's system made no effect and seemed
Crispin impossible with the corrupt attitude of the
 is Sisa's seven-year-old son. An altar boy, he Spaniards toward the Filipinos.
was unjustly accused of stealing money from  The novel was banned in some parts of the
the church. After failing to force Crispín to return Philippines as a result of their portrayals of the
the money he allegedly stole, Father Salví and Spanish government's abuses and corruption.
the head sacristan killed him. It is not directly These novels, along with Rizal's involvement in
stated that he was killed, but a dream of organizations that aimed to address and reform
Basilio's suggests that Crispín died during his the Spanish systemanditsissues, led to Rizal's
encounter with Padre Salví and his minion. exile to Dapitan and eventual execution
 Both the novel and its predecessor, along with
Basilio Rizal's last poem, are now considered Rizal's
 Basilio is Sisa's 10-year-old son. An acolyte literary masterpieces.
tasked to ring the church's bells for the Angelus,  Both of Rizal's novels had a profound effect on
he faced the dread of losing his younger brother Philippine society in terms of views about
and the descent of his mother into insanity. national identity, the Catholic faith and its
 At the end of the novel, a dying Elías requested influence on the Filipino's choice, and the
Basilio to cremate him and Sisa in the woods in government's issues in corruption, abuse of
exchange for a chest of gold located nearby. power, and discrimination, and on a larger
 He later played a major role in El filibusterismo. scale, the issues related to the effect of
colonization on people's lives and the cause for
Salome independence.
  He was derisively described by Custodio and
 These novels later on indirectly became the Ben-Zayb as an American mulatto or a British
inspiration to start the Philippine Revolution. Indian. While presenting as the arrogant elitist
 A social document of late 19th Century on the outside, he secretly plans a violent
Philippines revolution in order to avenge himself for his
 The theme and plot of El Filibusterismo was misfortunes as Crisóstomo Ibarra, as well as
changed to convey the message that the hasten Elias' reformist goals
present system of government in the Philippines
through corrupt officials, dominated by the friars Basilio
can lead to the downfall of Spain.
 In El Filibusterismo, we can observe that in the  The son of Sisa and another character from Noli
end, revolution brought only by ambition and Me Tángere. In the events of El fili, he is an
vengeance not by unity will not succeed. Truly, aspiring and so far successful physician on his
Ibarra has suffered in the hands of the last year at university and was waiting for his
Spaniards. However this does not mean that his license to be released upon his graduation.
means are justifiable. At the end of the story,  After his mother's death in the Noli, he applied
we see that he and his plans failed. as a servant in Kapitán Tiago's household in
exchange for food, lodging, and being allowed
Theme to study.
 revolution, responsibility, colonial suffering  Eventually he took up medicine, and with Tiago
having retired from society, he also became the
 El Filibusterismo addresses topics of great manager of Tiago's vast estate.
importance to the movement, namely clerical  He is a quiet, contemplative man who is more
abuses, racism against the Philippine people, aware of his immediate duties as a servant,
and the need for political reform. The novels doctor, and member of the student association
resulted in Rizal's exile to Hong Kong, and later, than he is of politics or patriotic endeavors.
his execution by firing squad in 1896 at the age  His sweetheart is Juli, the daughter of
of 35. Kabesang Tales whose family took him in when
he was a young boy fleeing the Guardia Civil
and his deranged mother.
PUBLICATION

October 1887 - Rizal begun writing it while Isagani

practicing medicine.
1888 - He made changes in the plot and revised  Basilio's friend. He is described as a poet, taller
the chapters. He wrote more chapters in Paris, and more robust than Basilio although younger.
Madrid, and Biarritz.  He is the nephew of Padre Florentino, but is
March 29 1891- He finished the manuscript in also rumored to be Florentino's son with his old
Biarritz after three years. sweetheart before he was ordained as a priest.
From Brussels, Rizal moved to Ghent where During the events of the novel, Isagani is
printing was cheaper. finishing his studies at the Ateneo Municipal
September 1891 - El FIlibusterismo came off the and is planning to take medicine.
press.  A member of the student association, Isagani is
proud and naive, and tends to put himself on
CHARACTERS the spot when his ideals are affronted.
 His unrestrained idealism and poeticism clash
with the more practical and mundane concerns
Simoun of his girlfriend, Paulita Gomez.
 When Isagani allows himself to be arrested
 Crisóstomo Ibarra in disguise, presumed dead after their association is outlawed, Paulita
at the end of Noli Me Tángere. Ibarra has leaves him for Juanito Peláez. In his final
returned as the wealthy jeweler Simoun. mention in the novel, he was bidding goodbye
 His appearance is described as being tanned, to his landlords, the Orenda family, to stay with
having a sparse beard, long white hair, and Florentino permanently.
large blue-tinted glasses. He is crude and
confrontational. Padre Florentino
 Isagani's uncle and a retired priest. Florentino  The highest-ranking official in the Philippines
was the son of a wealthy and influential Manila during the Spanish colonial period. The
family. He entered the priesthood at the Captain-General in El fili is Simoun's friend and
insistence of his mother. As a result he had to confidant, and is described as having an
break an affair with a woman he loved, and in insatiable lust for gold.
despair devoted himself instead to his parish.
When the 1872 Cavite mutiny broke out, he  Simoun met him when he was still a major
promptly resigned from the priesthood, fearful of during the Ten Years' War in Cuba. He secured
drawing unwanted attention. the major's friendship and promotion to
 He was an indio and a secular, or a priest that Captain-General through bribes.
was unaffiliated with the orders, and yet his  When he was posted in the Philippines, Simoun
parish drew in a huge income. He retired to his used him as a pawn in his own power plays to
family's large estate along the shores of the drive the country into revolution. The Captain-
Pacific. He is described as white-haired, with a General was shamed into not extending his
quiet, serene personality and a strong build. He tenure after being rebuked by a high official in
did not smoke or drink. He was well respected the aftermath of Basilio's imprisonment. This
by his peers, even by Spanish friars and decision to retire would later on prove to be a
officials. crucial element to Simoun's schemes.

Padre Fernandez
Padre Salvi
 A Dominican who was a friend of Isagani.
Following the incident with the posters, he  The former parish priest of San Diego in Noli
invited Isagani to a dialogue, not so much as a Me Tángere, and now the director and chaplain
teacher with his student but as a friar with a of the Santa Clara convent. The epilogue of the
Filipino. Although they failed to resolve their Noli implies that Salví regularly rapes María
differences, they each promised to approach Clara when he is present at the convent. In El
their colleagues with the opposing views from fili, he is described as her confessor. In spite of
the other party – although both feared that reports of Ibarra's death, Salví believes that he
given the animosity that existed between their is still alive and lives in constant fear of his
sides, their own compatriots may not believe in revenge.
the other party's existence.

Kapitan Tiago Padre Millon

 A Dominican who serves as a physics
 Don Santiago de los Santos is María Clara's professor in the University of Santo Tomas
stepfather. Having several landholdings in
Pampanga, Binondo, and Laguna, as well as Quiroga
taking ownership of the Ibarras' vast estate,  A Chinese businessman who aspired to be a
Tiago still fell into depression following María's consul for China in the Philippines. Simoun
entry into the convent. He alleviated this by coerced Quiroga into hiding weapons inside the
smoking opium, which quickly became an latter's warehouses in preparationfor the
uncontrolled vice, exacerbated by his revolution.
association with Padre Írene who regularly
supplied him with the substance. Don Custodio
 Tiago hired Basilio as a capista, a servant who  Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de
given the opportunity to study as part of his Monteredondo, a famous "contractor" who was
wages; Basilio eventually pursued medicine and tasked by the Captain-General to develop the
became his caregiver and the manager of his students association's proposal for an academy
estate. for the teaching of Spanish, but was then also
 Tiago died of shock upon hearing of Basilio's under pressure from the priests not to
arrest and Padre Írene's embellished stories of compromise their prerogatives as monopolizers
violent revolt. of instruction.
 Some of the novel's most scathing criticism is
Kapitan-Heneral reserved for Custodio, who is portrayed as an
 opportunist who married his way into high  Írene embellished stories of panic following the
society, who regularly criticized favored ideas outlawing of the student association Basilio was
that did not come from him, but was ultimately, part of, hastening Kapitán Tiago's death. With
laughably incompetent in spite of his scruples. Basilio in prison, he then struck Basilio out of
Tiago's last will and testament, ensuring he
Ben-Zayb inherited nothing.

 A columnist for the Manila Spanish newspaper Placido Penitente

El Grito de la Integridad. Ben-Zayb is his pen
name and is an anagram of Ybanez, an  A student of the University of Santo Tomas who
alternate spelling of his last name Ibañez. His would have left school if it were not for his
first name is not mentioned. Ben-Zayb is said to mother's pleas for him to stay. He clashes with
have the looks of a friar, who believes that in his physics professor, who then accuses him of
Manila they think because he thinks. He is being a member of the student association,
deeply patriotic, sometimes to the point of whom the friars despise.
jingoism.  Following the confrontation, he meets Simoun
 As a journalist he has no qualms embellishing a at the Quiapo Fair. Seeing potential in Placido,
story, conflating and butchering details, turning Simoun takes him along to survey his
phrases over and over, making a mundane preparations for the upcoming revolution.
story sound better than it actually is. Father  The following morning Placido has become one
Camorra derisively calls him an ink-slinger of Simoun's committed followers. He is later
seen with the former schoolmaster of San
Padre Camorra Diego, who was now Simoun's bomb-maker.

 The parish priest of Tiani. Ben-Zayb's regular Paulita Gomez

foil, he is said to looklikean artilleryman in  The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña
counterpoint to Ben-Zayb's friar looks. He stops Victorina, the old Indio who passes herself off
at nothing to mock and humiliate Ben-Zayb's as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack
liberal pretensions. doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña.
 In his own parish, Camorra has a reputation for  In the end, she and Isagani part ways, Paulita
unrestrained lustfulness. He drives Juli into believing she will have no future if she marries
suicide after attempting to rape her inside the him. She eventually marries Juanito Peláez.
convent. For his misbehavior, he was
"detained" in a luxurious riverside villa just Kabesang Tales
outside Manila.
 Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former kabesa of
Padre Irene Barrio Sagpang in Tiani. He was a sugarcane
planter who cleared lands he thought belonged
 Kapitán Tiago's spiritual adviser. Along with to no one, losing his wife and eldest daughter in
Custodio, Írene is severely criticized as a the endeavor.
representative of priests who allied themselves  When his son Tano was conscripted into the
with temporal authority for the sake of power Guardia Civil, again Tales had no money to pay
and monetary gain. for Tano's exclusion from the draft. When in
 Known to many as the final authority who Don spite of all Tales lost the case, he not only lost
Custodio consults, the student association his farm but was also dealt with a heavy fine.
sought his support and gifted him with two  He later joined the bandits and became one of
chestnut-colored horses, yet he betrayed the their fiercest commanders. Tandang Selo, his
students by counseling Custodio into making father, would later on join his band after the
them fee collectors in their own school, which death of Juli.
was then to be administered by the Dominicans
instead of being a secular and privately Tata Selo
managed institution as the students envisioned.  Father of Kabesang Tales and grandfather of
 Írene secretly but regularly supplies Kapitán Tano and Juli. A deer hunter and later on a
Tiago with opium while exhorting Basilio to do broom-maker, he and Tales took in the young,
his duty. sick Basilio who was then fleeing from the
Guardia Civil. On Christmas Day, when Juli left
 to be with her mistress, Selo suffered some  Juli's mother-figure and counselor. She
form of stroke that impaired his ability to speak. accompanied Juli in her efforts to secure
After Juli's suicide, Selo left town permanently, Kabesang Tales' ransom and later on
taking with him his hunting spear. Basilio's release.
 He was later seen with the bandits and was  Báli was a panguinguera –a gambler – who
killed in an encounter with the Guardia Civil – once performed religious services in a
ironically by the gun of the troops' sharpshooter Manila convent. When Tales was captured
Tano, his grandson. by bandits, it was Báli who suggested to Juli
the idea to borrow money from Tiani's
Juli wealthy citizens, payable when Tales' legal
 Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the dispute over his farm was won.
youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. When
Tales was captured by bandits, Juli petitioned
Hermana Penchang to pay for his ransom. In NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO
exchange, she had to work as Penchang's
maid.
 Basilio ransomed her and bought a house for  The debate of which is the superior novel-Noli
her family. When Basilio was sent to prison, Juli or Fili- is purely subjective.
approached Tiani's curate, Padre Camorra, for  Both are good novels from the point of view of
help. When Camorra tried to rape her instead, history
Juli jumped to her death from the church's  Both depict with the actual conditions of the
tower. Philippines and the Filipinos during the days of
Spanish rule
Tano  Both are instrumental in awakening the spirit of
Filipino nationalism
 Kabesang Tales's son, second to Lucia who  Both are responsible in paving the ground for
died in childhood. He was nicknamed"Carolino" Philippine Revolution that brought about the
after returning from Guardia Civil training in the downfall of Spain
Carolines.  El Fili is a true twin of Noli
 His squad was escorting prisoners through a
road that skirted a mountain when they were
ambushed by bandits. In the ensuing battle,
Tano, the squad's sharpshooter, killed a
surrendering bandit from a distance, not
knowing it was his own grandfather Selo

Hermana Penchang
 One of the "rich folks" of Tiani who lent Juli
money to ransom Kabesang Tales from the
bandits. In return, Juli will serve as her maid
until the money was paid off. Penchang is
described as a pious woman who speaks
Spanish; however, her piety was clouded over
by the virtues taught by the friars.
 While Juli was in her service, she made her
work constantly, refusing to give her time off so
she can take care of her grandfather Selo.
 Nevertheless, when the rich folks of Tiani
shunned Juli because to support her family in
any way might earn some form of retribution
from the friars, Penchang was the only one who
took pity upon her.

Hermana Bali