paOe ae: Module 1 ‘Term 3 |S.¥ 2022-2023 prof: ar. SHEILA ELARDO. INTRODUCTION THEORIES - A well-substained explanation of some aspect of the natural world ~ Interpretation of design ideas and practices - Gives a tangible understanding of otherwise ambiguous architectural thought ARCHITECTURAL THEORIES - Is the act of thinking, discussing, or writing about architecture - Encompasses at least three (3) man ides: * Theories of Architectural Technology © Theories of Architectural History * Theories of Architectural Design PHILOSOPHY - Is the study of general and fundamental problems conceming matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. - “Our beliefs shape the way we build.” STYLE - A fairly encompassing term in which can refer to several aspects of art. - _ Technique(s) used to create an artwork. MOVEMENT - Artist who shares a common style, theme, ideology towards their art - Architectural style is determined by Architectural movement or in other cases by the historical context where that architecture was conceived that not necessarily needs to be a movement. Architecture of antiquity THE ANTIQUITY ERA = Beginning of Architectural Evolution - Originality and invention - First formal evidence-_concerning Architectural Theory 1* century B.C. - This theory was the first to introduce the three fundamental laws that architecture must obey Vitruvius, The Antiquity Era: MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO - Born ¢.80-70 B.C., Died after ¢. 15 BC. - Famous Roman architect in the 1" century BC. = Bom in Verona - Prominent architectural theorist in the Roman empire, written De Architectura DE ARCHITECTURA - “On Architecture”, published as Ten Books on Architecture - A treatise written of Latin and Greek on architecture = Dedicated to the Emperor Augustus = Summary of Vitruvius’ own experience in the field of architecture - Only Major contemporary source on classical architect to have survived. SUMMARY OF DE ARCHITECTURA ‘Qualifications and training of an architect, the fundamental rinciples of architecture Architectural History, Building materials ‘Symmetry in temples and in the human bodsEUS Module 1 ‘Term 3 |S.Y 2022-2023 prof: ar. SHEILA ELARDO. Temples, the different types of columnar “Order", theory of roportions Theatres, baths, and other public bui Site, domestic architecture, exposure and proportions of houses Flooring, Lime, Stuoco, Frescoes and their coloring material Water — supplies, aqueducts, cisterns, etc. Astronomy, sundials, and water clocks Machines used in civil and military engineerin: GREEK HOUSE PLAN BY VITUVIUS - Use of atriums, but make passageways for people entering the door, with stables on ‘one side and doorkeepers’ room nthe other, and shut off by doors at the inner end. = @upupeiov “concierge”, place between two doors. From it, one enters the peristyle with a recess distance one third less than the space between antae. INTERCOLUMNIATION Spacing between columns in a colonnade as measured at the bottom of their shafts ROMAN “IONIC INERCOLVNIATION. @ a @rrenosme © + Qesmne © + Qawme Pycnostyle — one and half diameters Systyle — two diameters Eustyle — two and quarter diameter (best proportion) Diastyle — three diameters Araeostyle - 4 diameters, alternating araeostyle and systyle FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES Order — Due measure to the members of a work considered separately Arrangement — includes the putting of things in their proper spaces Eurythmy — is the beauty and fitness in the adjustments of the members. Symmetry - a proper arrangement between the members of the work itself Propriety — the perfection of style Economy -denoles the _ proper management of materials and of site(RNNONNEe Module 1 ‘Term 3 |S.Y 2022-2023 prof: ar, SHEILA ELARDO. VITRUVIAN TRIAD - The threefold Principles - According to Vitruvius, a structure must exhibit the three qualities of Firmitas, Utilitas, and Venustas (firm, useful, and beautiful) + Firmitas — durability will be assured when foundations are carried down to the solid ground and materials wisely and liberally selected + Utilitas - refers to the issues that are of importance to the functionality of architecture; appropriate spatial ‘accommodation + Venustas — architectural beauty; the building ability to mimic natural cosmic order. Beauty due to its proportion and correct principle of ‘symmetry. VITRUVIUS’ IDEA OF BEAUTY AND PROPORTION Vitruvius believed that, “No temple can have a rational composition without symmetry and proportion, that is, if it is not an exact calculation of members like a well-shaped man.” All plans of temples are completely developed by geometric partitions and relations. VITRUVIAN MAN, by Leonardo Da Vinci 1492 - The manis called after the Roman architect, Vitruvius, who believed that the proportions of body should be taken forward into architecture Medieval theories ARCHITECTURAL KNOWLEDGE word of mouth and technically in master builders’ lodges. Most works were theological, and were transcriptions of the bible VITRUVIAN TRADITION - ETYMOLOGIAE of Isodore of Seville (c.560-636) - He proposes three components of architecture: "There are three parts to a building: Dispositio , constructio, venustas + Dispositio — surveying of a site or of floor and foundation + Venustas — whatever added to buildings for the sake of omament or decoration Carolingian - use of Vitruvius is less extensive Ottonian architecture-demonstrated in St. Michael's Hildesheim Procopius from Caesarea- 6” lawyer and historian a contemporary of Justinian “Bui aim is to ensure that Justinian will be acclaimed by posterity as a builder Gervase (monk) c. 1141-1210) his treatise in mid 19" century - most important document of medieval architectural history Hildegard’s Liber divinorum —_operum - 19" century analogies with “Vitruvian man’ VINCENT DE BEAUVAIS (c. 1190-12640) Speculum doctrinaleModule | Term 3 |S.Y 2022-2023 prof: ar, SHEILA ELARDO. Sections on architecture are compilations partly taken over verbatim from Vitruvius and late Antique encyclopedia of Isodore of Seville ABBOT SUGER'S BOOK OF ST DENIS ON WHAT WAS DONE DURING HIS ADMINISTRATION - was an architectural document that emerged with gothic architecture, Villard de Honnecourt's portfolio of drawings (12308) ‘THE BOOK OF SUGER - ABBOT OF ST. DENIS “The dull mind rises to truth through that which is material.” -Abbot Suger Suger's great ambition led to the thorough remodelling of the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis BASILICA OF SAINT-DENIS (1135AD) = first and the template of Gothic Church. - reconstruction by the Abbot Suger, utilizing a variety of structural and stylistic from ROMANESQUE (1140-44) = created higher and wider bays, into which he installed larger windows which filled the end of the church with light. - Soon afterward he rebuilt the facade, adding three deep portals, each with a tympanum (an arch filled with sculpture illustrating biblical stories). The new facade was flanked bytwo towers. He also installed asmall circular —_ rose window over the central portal. This design became the prototype for a series of new French cathedrals. - Abbot Suger’s philosophy known as "the upward leading method." influenced the design - believed that the universe consists of the "Father of Lights" (God) and the "smaller lights” (the people) = Suger's rebuilding of the church exemplifies the desire to get closer to this “one true light” in his use of heightened architecture as well as by his passion for light in the church, VILLARD DE HONNECOURT - He is known to history only through a surviving Portfolio of 33 sheets ofparchment containing about 250 drawings dating fromthe 12208/1240s - In his writings he fused principles passed on from ancient geometry, medieval studio techniques, and contemporary practices MATTHAUS RORICZER - The Regensburg Ordinances required that a mason be able to take the "elevation from a ground plan.” - The 1514 version of the Regensburg Ordinances also outlines other tasks a stonemason must complete prior to practicing. 1486 - first printed stonemasons’ book ; author was the Cathedral Architect of Regensburg, Matthaus Roriczer , “Little Book on the Correciness of Pinnacles" ‘A short work , a geometric method of design for the construction of Gothic pinnacles is demonstrated “on the basis of geometry” LORENZ LACHER - 15th-century German master mason who composed Instructions, a booklet on gothic design, and who contributed to the Heidelberg Church.