I.

1. Answer the following questions to the text:

1. Is Scotland an independent country and nation?

Scotland is described as both a country and a former independent kingdom in the

text, indicating its status as an independent entity.

2. What is the ancient and modem Gaelic name for Scotland?

The ancient and modern Gaelic name for Scotland is "Alba".

3. What differentiates the Scottish flag from the English flag?

The Scottish flag, also known as the Saltire, features a white saltire (X-shaped
cross) on a blue field, representing the cross of Saint Andrew, Scotland's patron
saint. In contrast, the English flag, known as the St. George's Cross, features a red
cross on a white field, representing the cross of Saint George, the patron saint of
England.

4. Where is Scotland located and what are the specifies of its landscape?

Scotland is located in the northern third of the island of Great Britain, bordered to
the south by England. Its landscape consists of three main geographical and
geological areas: the generally mountainous Highlands in the north, the Central
Lowlands, and the hilly Southern Uplands. The Highlands are characterized by
rugged mountains, including the Grampian Mountains, with Britain's highest peak,
Ben Nevis, reaching 1,343 meters in elevation. The landscape features wide
plateau areas, rounded grassy mountains, and numerous freshwater and sea lochs,
including famous ones like Loch Lomond and Loch Ness.

5. Compare the climate of Scotland to that of England and other continental

countries of the same latitude.

Scotland has a temperate oceanic climate, which is milder than expected for its
latitude due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. The climate is characterized by
considerable variation across the country. The west, particularly the mountainous
areas, receives high rainfall due to moist Atlantic winds, leading to a damp and
cloudy environment. In contrast, the east experiences colder, drier continental air
masses, especially in winter and spring, resulting in less precipitation but colder
temperatures. Overall, Scotland experiences a smaller range of temperatures over
the year compared to southern England, with temperatures moderated by the
surrounding ocean.

6. Where does the majority of the Scottish population live?

The majority of the Scottish population, which totals around 5,062,000, lives in the
Central Belt, where three of the country's six cities are located: Edinburgh,
Glasgow, and Stirling. Other significant population centers include Aberdeen,
Dundee, and Inverness. The Central Belt is densely populated, containing major
urban areas and serving as the economic and cultural heart of Scotland.

7. What were the early settlements in Scotland?

The early settlements in Scotland were found in the Inner Hebrides islands, with
Skara Brae being one notable village dating back to about 3100 BC.

8. What are the earliest known tribes in Scotland as described by the Romans?

The earliest known tribes in Scotland, as described by the Romans, were the Picts,
whom they encountered around 78 AD. The name "Picts" arose from the locals'
habit of painting their skin, mostly blue.

9. What was the purpose of building Hadrian’s Wall?

The purpose of building Hadrian’s Wall was to serve as a defensive fortification,

marking the northern frontier of the Roman Empire and protecting it from
invasions by northern tribes.

10. When does the name “Alba” first appear? After what historic event?
The name "Alba" first appears after the historic event of King Kenneth Mac Alpin
making himself King of the Picts in 843. This unified Scottish/Pictish Kingdom
became known as Alba.

11. What was the major change in the development of the country starting from the
1000s?

The major change in the development of Scotland starting from the 1000s was the
gradual loss of its mainly Celtic character and the adoption of a mixture of Celtic
and English characteristics.

12. How did William Wallace and Robert the Bruce affect Scottish history? Why
are they still revered today?

William Wallace and Robert the Bruce affected Scottish history through their
efforts to resist English control. Wallace led a rebellion against English authority,
notably defeating the English at Stirling, while Robert the Bruce eventually
succeeded in securing Scottish independence, notably winning the Battle of
Bannockburn in 1314. They are still revered today for their roles in Scottish
resistance and the eventual establishment of Scottish sovereignty.

13. How did the relations between Scotland and England develop in the 14th to
16th centuries?

Relations between Scotland and England in the 14th to 16th centuries were marked
by periods of conflict, including wars and invasions, as well as attempts by
Scottish monarchs to assert their authority over territories in England.

14. What was the story of how Scotland turned Protestant?

Scotland turned Protestant in the 16th century due to a combination of factors,

including the influence of Protestantism spreading throughout Europe, the
dissatisfaction of Scottish nobles with French influence promoted by Mary of
Guise, and the political backing received by reformers like John Knox. This led to
a civil war and the eventual signing of the Treaty of Leith, which saw French
troops leaving Scotland.

15. What were the consequences of the failure of Mary, Queen of Scots to become
ruler of England?

The consequences of the failure of Mary, Queen of Scots to become ruler of

England were significant. Firstly, it led to her imprisonment and eventual
execution by Queen Elizabeth I in 1587. This event strained the relationship
between England and Scotland and exacerbated tensions between Catholics and
Protestants. Additionally, Mary's execution solidified the Protestant rule in
England and reinforced the authority of Elizabeth I.

16. What happened to Scotland under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and later with
the Act of Union of 1707?

Under the rule of Oliver Cromwell in the 1650s, Scotland effectively became an
English province. The English government exerted control over Scotland through
patronage systems. Later, with the Act of Union in 1707, Scotland and England
were formally united into the United Kingdom, with Scottish Parliament merging
with the English Parliament to form the Parliament of Great Britain. This act
brought about significant changes in Scottish governance and representation,
including the allocation of seats in the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

17. What was the major change that happened to Scotland under the Blair Labour
government of the UK?

Under the Blair Labour government of the UK, the major change that happened to
Scotland was the establishment of a new Scottish Parliament through devolution.
This occurred in 1997 after referendums were held, reversing parts of the three-
hundred-year-old Union of the Parliaments. The new Scottish Parliament, located
next to Holyrood House in Edinburgh, granted Scotland greater autonomy in
domestic affairs while still remaining part of the United Kingdom.

18. What are the official and de facto languages in Scotland?

The official languages in Scotland are Scots (also known as Lallans or Lowland
Scots) and Scots Gaelic. The de facto language is English.

19. What currency is used in Scotland?

The currency used in Scotland is the Pound Sterling.

20. What differentiates the history and current state of education in Scotland from
those in other countries?

The history and current state of education in Scotland differ from those in other
countries primarily due to the implementation of a system of general free State
education, starting with the Education Act of 1696 and becoming compulsory with
the Education Act of 1872. This system has resulted in a higher percentage of the
population being educated at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels compared to
other European countries. Additionally, Scotland has its own separate education
system, distinct from that of England, and Scottish students sit Standard Grade
exams instead of GCSE exams, followed by Higher Grade exams rather than the
English A-level system. Scottish university honours degrees typically require four
years of study compared to three in the rest of the UK.

21. What are the peculiar features of Scots Law found nowhere else?

Scots Law, unique to Scotland, is characterized by its combination of Roman civil

law, English-inspired common law, and native custom. Unlike most civil law
jurisdictions, Scots law is uncodified. One distinctive feature of Scots Law is the
existence of three possible verdicts for a criminal trial: "guilty," "not guilty," and
"not proven." Both "not guilty" and "not proven" result in an acquittal with no
possibility of retrial.

22. What churches and religions are there in Scotland?

The churches and religions in Scotland include the Church of Scotland (also
known as The Kirk), which is the national church with a Presbyterian form of
church governance; the Scottish Episcopal Church, which is a full part of the
Anglican Communion; and the Free Church of Scotland, a Presbyterian offshoot
from the established Church of Scotland. Other religious affiliations in Scotland
include Roman Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism, Hinduism, and
various other Christian denominations. Additionally, a significant portion of the
population identifies as atheist or agnostic, according to the 2001 census.

23. What are the most popular kinds of sport in Scotland?

In Scotland, the most popular kinds of sports include football (soccer) and rugby.
Additionally, traditional Scottish sports such as shinty and golf hold significance
within the country.

24. Describe the Highland Games and their traditional competitions?

The Highland Games are traditional Scottish competitions originating in the

Highland areas of Scotland. These games feature a variety of events including
traditional competitive athletic heavy events like the hammer throw, shot putt, tug-
of-war, and the unique caber toss. The caber toss involves throwing a large
wooden pole, aiming for it to land on its 'top' end and fall away from the thrower.
Other elements of the Highland Games include highland dancing, pipe bands,
sheepdog herding trials, and exhibitions of historical battles. These games are
significant for their cultural heritage and are still held in Scotland and other parts
of the world with Scottish communities.

25. What are the outstanding literary figures of Scotland?

The outstanding literary figures of Scotland include Robert Burns, Sir Walter
Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and contemporary authors
like Ian Rankin.

26. What are the popular festivals in Scotland?

Popular festivals in Scotland include the Edinburgh International Festival, the

Edinburgh Festival Fringe, and the Edinburgh Military Tattoo.

27. What are the specifically Scottish holidays and traditions related to them?
Specifically Scottish holidays and traditions include:

 Hogmanay and Ne’erday. Celebrations for the New Year in Scotland,

involving fireworks, traditional songs like "Auld Lang Syne," and customs
like first-footing, where the first person to enter a house after midnight
brings gifts for luck.

 Burns Supper. A celebration of the life and poetry of Robert Burns,

typically held on or near his birthday (January 25th). It includes recitations
of Burns' poems, particularly "Address to a Haggis," and the serving of
haggis, a traditional Scottish dish.

 The Edinburgh Festival. A festival of performing arts, including opera,

theatre, music, and dance, held in Edinburgh over three weeks at the end of
August.

 The Edinburgh Festival Fringe. An arts festival associated with the

Edinburgh Festival, taking place over five weeks in August, featuring a wide
range of performances from theatre to comedy.

 The Edinburgh Military Tattoo. A show featuring military bands and

display teams, held annually in Edinburgh alongside the Edinburgh Festival.

These traditions and holidays are deeply rooted in Scottish culture and continue to
be celebrated across the country.

28. What are the icons associated with Scotland by everybody else in the world?

The icons associated with Scotland by everybody else in the world include:

1. Loch Ness Monster. The legendary creature believed to inhabit Loch Ness,
often referred to as "Nessie". Its sightings have sparked fascination and
curiosity worldwide.
 2. Irn Bru. A popular caffeinated soft drink from Scotland, known for its
eccentric bright orange color and unique flavor.

3. Tartan. A woven pattern associated with Scottish clans, particularly known

for its use in kilts and traditional clothing.

4. Single Malt Scotch Whisky. A type of Scotch whisky distilled by a single

distillery using malted barley as the only grain ingredient, representing
Scotland's rich whisky-making tradition.

5. Oor Wullie. A beloved comic strip character from Scotland, known for his
mischievous adventures and iconic appearance in "The Sunday Post"
newspaper.

6. William McGonagall. Dubbed as the "worst poet in the world",

McGonagall is remembered for his earnest yet comically bad poetry, such as
"The Tay Bridge Disaster".

These icons represent different aspects of Scottish culture, folklore, and creativity,
contributing to Scotland's rich and diverse heritage.

2. Supply the word or phrase from the vocabulary list which correctly
completes the sentence:

1. Saint Andrew is a Christian martyr and Scotland's patron.

2. The national flag of Scotland features a white saltire of Saint Andrew.

3. Three main geographical and geological areas make up the mainland: from north
to south, the generally mountainous Highlands, the Central Lowlands and the hilly
Southern Uplands.

4. The majority of the Scottish population lives in Central Belt .

5. In the 4th century A.D. people from Ireland began to settle in the Argyll area of
Scotland. They spoke a language that later developed into Gaelic.

6. Edward I of England occupied Scotland in the end of the 13th century and
removed the Stone of Scone.

7. Under Oliver Cromwell, who ruled England in the 1650s, the Scotland virtually
became an English province.

8. By the Act of Union the English and Scottish kingdoms were combined as the
United Kingdom and the Parliament of Great Britain.

9. There are two official languages in Scotland, Scots (also known as Lallans or
Lowland Scots) and Scots Gaelic.

10. Both England and Scotland use the Pound Sterling as the unit of currency.

11. Scotland became the first country since Sparta to implement a system of
general free State education.

12. The Scots law is uncodified.

13. The Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts for a
criminal trial: "guilty," "not guilty," and "not proven."

14. The Church of Scotland is the national church.

15, Highland games are traditional competitions originating in the Highland areas
of Scotland.

16. Bagpipes are a class of musical instruments.

17. Hogmanay is the Scots word for the celebration of the New Year.

3. Decide whether the statements are true or false:

1. Scotland occupies the southem third of the island of Great Britain. F

2. The Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Hebrides are islands belonging to Scotland.
T

3. Glasgow is the capital of Scotland. F

4. Picts are the oldest tribe known to have lived on the territory of Scotland. T

5. Hadrian’s Wall was built by Romans to prevent invasion of barbaric tribes from
the North. T

6. Under Anglo-Norman barons Scotland became a feudal state in the 13th century.
T

7. William Wallace is a famous Scottish hero who led Scots against English troops
under Edward I and defeated then at Stirling. T

8. Mary, Queen of Scots was famous for her long and successful rule. F

9. The Scottish Parliament never ceased to operate in Scotland. F

10. English is one of the official languages in Scotland. F

11. Scottish Gaelic is a widespread language spoken by many in Scotland. F

12. The Scotland Act 1998 re-established a Parliament with a wide range of
powers. T

13. Scotland was one of the first countries to introduce compulsory secondary
education. T

14. The “not proven” verdict in Scotland is taken by juries to mean “we know he
did it but there isn’t enough proof’. T

15. The Scottish Church was established as the result of reformation initiated in
1560 by John Knox. T

4. Write the letter of the best answer according to the information in the text:
a) Hogmanay is the Scots celebration of the New Year.

b) Hogmanay is the name of a Scottish national festival.

c) Hogmanay isa Scottish national dish.

a) First footing ts a tradition of crossing the threshold of a friend and singing

Christmas carols.

b) First footing is a tradition of crossing the threshold of a friend and giving

apiece of coal for luck.

¢) First footing is a tradition of crossing the threshold of a friend and giving Easter
eggs.

a) A Burns Supper is a festive supper where candles are burnt.

b) A Burns Supper is a traditional torchlight procession.

c) A Burns Supper is a celebration of the life and poetry of the poet Robert
Burns.

a) Loch Ness is a large, deep freshwater lake in the Scottish Highlands.

b) Loch Ness is a fabled monster, the best-known mystery in cryptozoalogy,

c) Loch Ness is a kind of biscuit eaten at Hogmanay,

A Irn Bru sells more than Coca-Cola in Scotland.

B Irn Bru sells more than Coca-Cola in Russia.

C Irn Bru sells more than Coca-Cola in Kyiv.

A A plaid is a tartan cloth slung over the shoulder or a blanket.

B A plaid is a type of a typically Scottish cloth pattern.

C A plaid is the major constituent of Haggis.

A William McGonagall is famous for being the best Scottish poet.

B William McGonagall is famous for being the worst Scottish poet.

C William McGonagall is a famous historic figure.

A The Rampant Lion is a heraldic device of the king of beasts rearing up with
three paws stretched out.

B The Rampant Lion is a wild animal unique to Scotland.

C Rampant Lion is a common pattern of Scottish tartan.

5. identify the events in Scottish history related to the following names

1. Kenneth Mac Alpin. He was a king who is traditionally regarded as the first
king of Scotland, reigning from 843 to 858. He is known for uniting the
kingdoms of the Scots and the Picts.

2. King Hungus. He was a Pictish king who ruled during the 8th century. Not
much is known about his reign, but he's significant in Pictish history.
3. William I "The Lion". He was King of Scots from 1165 to 1214. He
expanded the kingdom, but his reign was marked by conflicts with England,
including his capture during the Battle of Alnwick in 1174.

4. St. Andrew. He is the patron saint of Scotland. His connection to Scottish

history is through various legends and traditions, including the adoption of
the Saltire (the diagonal cross on Scotland's flag) as Scotland's national
symbol.

5. St. Ninian. He is considered one of the earliest Christian missionaries in

Scotland, known for establishing the first church in Scotland, Candida Casa
(Whithorn), in the 4th century.

6. St. Columba. He was an Irish missionary who played a significant role in

the conversion of Scotland to Christianity during the 6th century. He
founded several monasteries, including the famous monastery on the island
of Iona.

7. Macbeth. He was a king of Scotland who ruled from 1040 to 1057. His life
and reign were famously dramatized by William Shakespeare, but the
historical accuracy of Shakespeare's portrayal is debated.

8. Malcolm III Canmore. He was King of Scots from 1058 to 1093. He came
to power after Macbeth's death and is known for marrying Margaret of
Wessex, later Saint Margaret of Scotland, which helped to solidify ties with
England.

9. David I. He was King of Scots from 1124 to 1153. He is known for his
administrative and religious reforms, which included the establishment of
royal burghs and the promotion of Norman feudalism in Scotland.

10.Edward I of England. He was a significant figure in Scottish history due to

his attempts to assert English authority over Scotland, leading to conflicts
such as the First War of Scottish Independence.
11.William Wallace. He was a Scottish knight who led a resistance against the
English occupation during the Wars of Scottish Independence. He is a
national hero in Scotland, famously depicted in the film "Braveheart."

12.Robert the Bruce. He was King of Scots from 1306 to 1329. He played a
central role in the Wars of Scottish Independence, notably winning the
decisive Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.

13.James IV. He was King of Scots from 1488 to 1513. His reign saw
significant cultural and economic development in Scotland, but it ended
tragically with his death at the Battle of Flodden against England.

14.John Knox. He was a Protestant reformer who played a key role in the
Scottish Reformation during the 16th century. He was a leading figure in the
establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland.

15.Mary, Queen of Scots. She was Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567. Her
reign was marked by political and religious turmoil, including her
imprisonment and eventual execution by Elizabeth I of England.

16.Elizabeth I. She was Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. Her reign saw
tensions and conflicts with Scotland, particularly during the time of Mary,
Queen of Scots.

17.James VI of Scotland (James I of England). He became King of Scotland

in 1567 and later succeeded Elizabeth I as King of England in 1603, uniting
the crowns of England and Scotland.

18.Oliver Cromwell. He was an English military and political leader who

played a significant role in the English Civil War. His forces also invaded
and occupied Scotland during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in the 17th
century.

19.Bonnie Prince Charlie. He was Charles Edward Stuart, the Jacobite

claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He led the
 Jacobite rising of 1745, also known as the "Forty-Five," in an attempt to
restore the Stuart monarchy.

20.Tony Blair. He was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997
to 2007. While not a historical figure in the traditional sense, his tenure saw
significant political developments in Scotland, including the establishment
of the Scottish Parliament in 1999 under devolution.

6. Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column:

The battle of Picts and Scots against Angles under Athelstan 832 A.D.

Unification of Scottish and Pictish Kingdom later known as Alba 843 A.D.

A village of Skara Brae 3100 B.C.

Anglo-Saxon invaded Scotland 400's A.D

Picts living in Northern Scotland 700 B.C.

Romans arrived in Scotland 78 A.D.

Christianity spread throughout Scotland 400’s A.D.

Robert the Bruce seized the throne 1306

The Hadrian Wall was built 100 A.D.

Scots arrived from Ireland to settle in Scotland 300’s AD

Rebellion under William Wallace 1297

The battle of Bannockburn 1314

The first full Scottish parliament 1326

The Act of Union 1707

Devolution was approved under Blair Government 1997

Scotland Act 1998

The Edinburgh International Festival was established 1947

Education Act 1872

The Scottish Parliament reopened 1999

Edinburgh was named the world’s first City of Literature 2004

Reformation initiated by John Knox 1560

7. Match the following words and word combinations to their correct

meaning:

1. Broch - Fortifications from Iron Age

2. The Kirk - The Church of Scotland

3. Alba - Ancient and modern Celtic name

4. Plaid - A tartan cloth slung over the shoulder or a blanket

5. Shinty - An outdoor game played on grass with sticks

6. Caber toss - A traditional Scottish athletic event

7. Tartan – A specific woven pattern signifying a particular Scottish clan

8. Irn Bru - A popular caffeinated soft drink in Scotland

9. Scotch - Traditional Scotch whisky

10.The stone of Scone - The Stone upon which the Scottish kings had
traditionally been inaugurated

11.Ben Nevis - The highest Britain’s mountain

 12.The Highland Fling - Traditional Scottish male dance from about the 1700s

13.Haggis - A popular Scottish dish

14.Ne‘erday - Old Scottish name for New Year's Day

15.Picts - Painted people

8. Tell the history behind the two Scottish flags

The history behind the two Scottish flags is steeped in legend and tradition,
reflecting the rich heritage of Scotland.

1. The Saltire Flag. The national flag of Scotland features a white saltire, or
X-shaped cross, on a blue field. This design represents the cross of Saint
Andrew, who is the patron saint of Scotland. Legend has it that in 832 AD,
during a battle between the Scots under King Hungus (or Angus) and the
Angles led by Athelstan, King Hungus prayed for deliverance. According to
the legend, Saint Andrew appeared to him during the night before the battle,
showing a white saltire against the background of a blue sky. This vision
inspired and heartened the Scots and Picts, who went on to win the battle.
This event is said to have led to the adoption of the saltire as a symbol of
Scotland. The saltire is also a component of the Union Flag, which
represents the union of Scotland with England and later with other nations.

2. The Lion Rampant Flag. King William I, also known as "The Lion," ruled
Scotland from 1143 to 1214. During his reign, he adopted a heraldic device
known as the Lion Rampant. This symbol depicts a lion rearing up with
three paws stretched out. The lion is a powerful and regal animal,
symbolizing strength and courage. The Lion Rampant became the royal coat
of arms of Scotland and was incorporated into the Great Seal of Scotland,
which was used on official documents. Later, when the British Royal coat of
 arms was being designed, the Lion Rampant was included as a symbol of
Scotland within the larger emblem. The Latin motto "Nemo me impune
lacessit," meaning "No one attacks me with impunity," was also associated
with the Lion Rampant. In Scots, this motto is translated as "Wha daur
meddle wi' me?"

Both flags hold significant cultural and historical importance for Scotland.

9. Prepare a presentation on the history and dialects of Scottish.

Scottish Language: A Journey through History and Dialects

Scotland, with its rich history and diverse culture, boasts a linguistic landscape as
varied as its rugged landscapes. From ancient roots to modern expressions, the
languages spoken in Scotland tell a tale of conquest, settlement, and cultural
exchange.

Early Settlements and Influences

The earliest settlements in Scotland date back some 9000 years, with
archaeological finds revealing traces of ancient communities in the Inner Hebrides
islands. Skara Brae, a preserved village dating to around 3100 BC on the Orkney
islands, and the Calanais stone circle on the Isle of Lewis, stand as testament to
Scotland's ancient heritage, predating even the construction of the pyramids.

In Iron Age Scotland, fortifications known as brochs were constructed to protect

locals from Viking raids. The Romans, upon arriving in Scotland around 78 AD,
encountered the Picts, so named for their habit of painting their skin, mostly blue.
The Picts had inhabited northern Scotland since around 700 BC.

Language Evolution: From Gaelic to Scots

In the mid-300s, settlers from Ireland began to populate the Argyll area of
Scotland, bringing with them a language that would evolve into Scottish Gaelic.
Meanwhile, the arrival of Anglo-Saxon peoples in the 400s heralded the gradual
transformation of Scotland's linguistic landscape.

Christianity spread throughout Scotland in the following centuries, with

missionaries such as St. Ninian and St. Columba playing key roles in converting
the Picts. The Vikings' presence in the late 700s further shaped Scotland's
linguistic and cultural makeup, particularly in the northern and western regions.

Unification and Feudalism

By the late 800s, the Vikings' influence waned, allowing the Picts to establish
dominance over Scotland. King Kenneth Mac Alpin's ascension in 843 marked the
unification of the Picts and Scots under the banner of Alba.

Feudalism took root in Scotland under rulers like David I, who invited Anglo-
Norman barons to settle in Scotland in exchange for services. This period saw the
emergence of Scotland's first towns and the development of a feudal administrative
system.

Struggles for Independence

Scotland's quest for independence from English rule culminated in landmark

battles such as the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, where Robert the Bruce secured
a decisive victory. However, political turmoil and dynastic conflicts plagued
Scotland, including the tragic reign of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the union with
England in 1707.

The Linguistic Landscape Today

Today, Scotland boasts a rich linguistic tapestry comprising Scots, Scottish Gaelic,
and English. While English serves as the de facto language, Scots and Scottish
Gaelic retain cultural significance, with diverse dialects reflecting regional
nuances.

Despite challenges, efforts to preserve and promote Scots and Scottish Gaelic
continue, recognizing their invaluable contributions to Scotland's cultural heritage.
From ancient roots to modern expressions, Scotland's languages continue to
evolve, embodying the resilience and vibrancy of its people.

As Scotland marches forward into the future, its languages remain a testament to
its rich heritage and enduring spirit.

10. Present in class the life story of Mary, Queen of Scots, and its influence on
the Scottish history.

Mary, Queen of Scots, emerged onto the turbulent stage of Scottish and European
history as a figure both captivating and controversial. Born to James V of Scotland
and Mary of Guise in 1542, her ascension to the throne of Scotland at just six days
old marked the beginning of a tumultuous reign that would profoundly impact the
course of Scottish history.

Mary's early years were marked by political maneuvering and external pressures.
With her father's premature death shortly after her birth, she inherited a realm torn
between French and English interests. Her minority saw Scotland embroiled in
conflicts, including the disastrous defeat at Solway Moss in 1542, which left her as
Queen of Scots.

The religious landscape of Europe, particularly the rise of Protestantism, added

another layer of complexity to Mary's reign. Scotland's Catholic clergy, fearing the
spread of Protestantism, supported her in the hopes of maintaining Catholic
influence. However, the growing Protestant movement, fueled by figures like John
Knox, eventually led to a political and religious struggle culminating in the Treaty
of Leith, which saw French troops expelled and Scotland officially becoming a
Protestant country.

Mary's personal life was equally tumultuous. Her marriage to Francis, the Dauphin
of France, thrust her briefly onto the throne of France. However, upon her return to
Scotland in 1561 following Francis's death, she faced challenges both from within
her court and from her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England. Mary's attempts to
navigate the delicate balance between Catholicism and Protestantism, coupled with
her ill-fated marriage to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, only served to further
destabilize her rule.

The intrigue and tragedy surrounding Mary's reign reached a climax with the
murder of Darnley and her subsequent marriage to the prime suspect, the Earl of
Bothwell. This led to a rebellion by Scottish nobles, her abdication in favor of her
infant son, James VI, and her eventual flight to England seeking Elizabeth's aid.

However, Elizabeth, viewing Mary as a threat to her own throne, instead held her
captive for nearly two decades before ultimately ordering her execution in 1587.
Mary's tragic demise marked the end of an era in Scottish history but also set the
stage for the ascension of her son, James VI, to the English throne as James I in
1603, unifying the crowns of Scotland and England.

Mary, Queen of Scots, thus left an indelible mark on Scottish history, her life
characterized by political intrigue, religious turmoil, and personal tragedy,
influencing the trajectory of both Scotland and England for generations to come.

11. Write a short summary of the Scottish history and present it in the class.

Scottish history begins with the earliest settlements in the Inner Hebrides around
9000 years ago and encompasses the Iron Age fortifications, Roman invasions, and
the emergence of Gaelic-speaking Scots. Christianity's arrival, Viking settlements,
and the rise of Scottish kings mark pivotal moments. The late medieval period sees
the ascendancy of the Stuart dynasty and the tumultuous interplay between
Scotland and England, including the Wars of Independence. The Act of Union in
1707 forms the United Kingdom, yet the Highland Clearances and industrialization
reshape Scotland's landscape and culture. Modern Scotland emerges, embracing its
linguistic diversity and cherishing its rich heritage amidst social and political
evolution.

II

1. Answer the following questions to the text:

1. Is Wales an independent country?

Wales is not an independent country; it is one of the four nations comprising the
United Kingdom.

2. What is the flag of Wales called? Describe it.

The flag of Wales is called "The Red Dragon." It features a red dragon passant on a
green and white field. The exact representation of the dragon varies, as there is no
standardized version.

3. What is the Welsh Assembly? Is it similar to the Scottish Parliament?

The Welsh Assembly is a devolved legislative body for Wales, similar to the
Scottish Parliament. It has powers over certain policy areas, but ultimate authority
rests with the UK Parliament in London.

4. What part of the main island of Great Britain does Wales take? What does it
border with?

Wales takes up the western part of the main island of Great Britain. It is bordered
by England to the east, the Bristol Channel to the south, and the Irish Sea to the
west and north.

5. What is the highest mountain in Wales?

The highest mountain in Wales is Snowdon, located in the Snowdonia National
Park in the county of Gwynedd. Its summit rises to 1,085 meters.

5. What are the main cities of Wales? What is its capital called?

The main cities of Wales include Cardiff (the capital), Newport, and Swansea.

6. Was Wales occupied by Romans? Why didn’t they find it particularly

interesting?

Wales was occupied by the Romans, but they didn't find it particularly interesting
due to its difficult geography and shortage of flat agricultural land.

7. Why was the Welshman Caradoc believed to be a King of the Britons?

Caradoc was believed to be a King of the Britons because he was a military leader
of the Silures, a major tribe in south-east Wales, who defied the Romans under his
leadership.

8. What was the story of the Saxon-Welsh relationship with Wales?

Wales was never fully conquered by the Saxons due to the fierce resistance of its
people and its mountainous terrain. However, Offa of Mercia, a Saxon king,
constructed Offa's Dyke along the border with Wales to mark the territory he had
conquered from the Welsh.

9. When did Christianity come to Wales?

Christianity came to Wales during the Roman period, with indications of a

Romano-British Christian church in south-eastern Wales. Inscribed stones from the
5th or 6th century suggest the presence of a Christian church of early origin.

10. When was Wales conquered by the English and what was the name of the last
truly Welsh prince recognized by the English?

Wales was conquered by the English gradually, with King Edward I defeating
Llywelyn the Last, the last independent Welsh prince, in 1282. Llywelyn the Last,
who took the title Prince of Wales around 1258, was the last truly Welsh prince
recognized by the English.

11. What civil uprisings that took place in Wales after the loss of independence can
you name?

Civil uprisings that took place in Wales after the loss of independence include the
revolt led by Owain Glyndwr in the early 15th century, who gained popular
support and was proclaimed Prince of Wales.

12. How is the legal system of Wales different to those of Scotland and Northern
Ireland?

The legal system of Wales is different from those of Scotland and Northern Ireland
in that Wales shares a legal identity with England to a large degree as the joint
entity of England and Wales. The Laws in Wales Acts of 1535 and 1542 applied
English law to Wales and created a single legal jurisdiction. However, Wales
retained some distinct legal elements, and the Wales and Berwick Act 1746, which
applied English laws to Wales unless explicitly stated otherwise, was repealed in
1967.

13. What is unique in Wales in terms of the language situation?

What is unique about Wales in terms of the language situation is the extensive use
of the Welsh language. Unlike many other countries where English predominates
as the majority language, Welsh is widely used in conversation, official
documents, and public signage throughout Wales. Additionally, Wales has its own
language legislation and language promotion initiatives to support the use and
preservation of Welsh.

14. What do you know about Plaid Cymru?

Plaid Cymru, translated as "The Party of Wales," is a political party in Wales that
was founded in 1925. Its primary aim is to promote Welsh independence or self-
governance within the United Kingdom. Plaid Cymru advocates for devolution of
powers to the Welsh Assembly, as well as policies to promote the Welsh language,
culture, and economy. The party has won seats in both the UK Parliament and the
Welsh Assembly and has played a significant role in Welsh politics, particularly in
advocating for greater autonomy for Wales within the UK.

15. What were the recent changes in the system of education in Wales?

The recent changes in the system of education in Wales include the restructuring of
national, statutory "key stage" tests, with the National Assembly for Wales taking
responsibility for these tests in 2000. In 2002, Wales decided to cease the tests at
Key Stage One and instead provided optional teacher assessments for English,
Welsh, and mathematics. There was also a review of the country's assessment
procedures commissioned by the Welsh Assembly at the end of 2003, with the
interim report supporting a complete abolition of assessments at key stages two
and three for older pupils.

16. What is the name of the Welsh University?

The Welsh University is the University of Wales, which was chartered in 1893.

17. Are there any mass media in Wales operating in the Welsh Language?

Yes, there are mass media in Wales operating in the Welsh Language. S4C
(‘Channel Four Wales’) is a Welsh-language television channel catering to the
Welsh-speaking population in Wales. It is the equivalent of Channel 4 for the rest
of the United Kingdom and started broadcasting on November 1, 1982.

18. What are the most popular sports in Wales?

The most popular sports in Wales include football, cricket, and Rugby Union.
Swansea, Cardiff, and Wrexham play football in the English league system, and
there is also a football league in Wales. Glamorgan represents Wales in the English
Cricket County Championship. However, Rugby Union holds a particularly strong
following and is considered the national sport of Wales.

19. What is the history of the Welsh cisteddfod?

The Welsh cisteddfod is an eight-day cultural festival held annually at the
beginning of August. It attracts about 6,000 competitors and 150,000 visitors,
making it the largest popular festival of competitive music-making and poetry-
writing in Europe. The event takes place solely in the Welsh language and features
competitions in various cultural activities such as dance, music, drama, and
literature.

20. What national holidays in Wales do you know?

National holidays in Wales include St. David's Day on March 1st. On this day, it is
customary for schools, colleges, and Welsh societies to hold an Eisteddfod, which
is a competitive festival of dance, music, drama, and literature. Additionally,
Shrove Tuesday is observed in Wales with customs such as going to church in the
morning for confession, making pancakes, and engaging in sports and games
throughout the day.

21. What do you think of Welsh national cuisine? Do you think it inventive and
exciting?

Welsh national cuisine, while not widely known for its inventiveness or
excitement, holds significance within Welsh culture. Traditional dishes like Welsh
Rarebit, leek-based soups and dishes, and Snowdon Pudding reflect a culinary
heritage deeply rooted in local ingredients and traditions. However, gourmet
restaurants specializing in Welsh cuisine are limited in number, suggesting that it
may not be widely considered inventive or exciting in a contemporary culinary
context.

22. What are the three main types of castles in Wales?

The three main types of castles in Wales are Norman castles, native Welsh castles,
and Edward castles. Norman castles were built by the Normans after their victory
over the Saxons, native Welsh castles were constructed by Wales' own princes and
ruling royal houses, and Edward castles were built by King Edward I to subdue
rebellious princes of north Wales.
23. What bright personalities of Welsh origin do you know?

Two notable Welsh personalities mentioned in the text are Captain Henry Morgan,
a Welsh privateer known for his exploits in the Caribbean, and Nye Bevan, a
Welsh Labour politician celebrated for his role in founding the National Health
Service.

2. Supply the word or phrase from the vocabulary list which correctly
completes the

sentence:

1. Cymru is the Welsh name for “Wales”.

2. The highest mountain in Wales is located in Snowdonia National Park.

3. Under the leadership of Caradoc Britons defied the Romans after the Claudian
invasion.

4. Isca is the name of the legendary Roman fortress on the Welsh territory and the

best preserved amphitheatre in Britain.

5. St. David is the only Welsh saint to be canonized in the Western Church.

6. In the end of the 13" century the English King Edward defeated Llywelyn the
Last, Wale’s last independent prince.

7. Qwen Glendower is the anglicized version of a great Welsh fighter for

independence on the turof the 14" and 15" centuries.

8. The most famous nationalist party in Wales is called Plaid Cymru.

9. In 1996, The University of Wales was reorganized into a federal university to

absorb a larger number of colleges.

10. The Royal National Eisteddfod is the most prominent cultural annual event in
Wales.
11. Pancake Day is the last day of hearty eating before Lent.

12. Many, if not most, national Welsh dishes contain leeks.

13. One of the most famous privateers in the Caribbean was Henry Morgan.

14. Many legends are associated with The Welsh Dragon.

3. Decide whether the statements are true or false:

1. Wales has always had a significant national government. F

2. The House of Tudor is a Welsh Dynasty that held the English throne from 1485
to 1603. T

3. Wales is mostly a flat country. F

4, Anglesey is the smallest Welsh isle. F

5. Wales is divided into 22 unitary authorities, all having equal status. T

6. The major Stonehenge megaliths were mined in Wales. T

7. One of the last Roman emperors, Magnus Maximus, marries the daughter of a
Welsh chieftain.T

8. All territory of Wales was at one time in history conquered by the Saxons. F

9. St. Patrick was the patron saint of Wales since the 12th century. F

10. The conquest of Wales by England took place in 1066. F

11. All road markings in Wales are exclusively in Welsh. F

12. Late Modern Welsh began with the publication of William Morgan’s
translation of the Bibic in 1588. T

13. Welsh dialects have insignificant differences in them. F

14. The National Assembly for Wales can pass its own primary legislation, raise its
own taxes, etc. F
15. The Church of Wales has maintained an autonomous clerical hierarchy since
being disestablished from the Anglican Church of England in 1920. T

16. Wales has no radio and television broadcasting in Welsh. F

17. Cnapan is a warlike traditional Welsh sport. T

18, The first competitive eisteddfod is believed to have been held in the 12 century.
T

19. Welsh castles were all built by King Edward I. F

20. A very popular Welsh politician, Nye Bevan, was instrumental in the creation
of the new National Health Service in Britain. T

4. Write the letter of the best answer according to the information in the text:

a) Snowdon in the old Welsh means “the highest peak”.

b) Snowdon in the old Welsh means “the grave/tomb™.

¢) Snowdon in the old Welsh means “the deepest lake”.

a) The capital city of Wales is Newport.

b) The capital city of Wales is Swansea.

c) The capital city of Wales is Cardiff.

a) The Silures were the major tribe of south-east Wales.

b) The Silures were the famous prehistoric megaliths

c) The Silures were invaders of Wales in the Middle Ages.

a) A Dyke is a kind of agricultural instrument in Middle Ages.

b) A Dyke is a great earth wall, such as the one constructed by a Saxon king to
mark off a large part of Powys conquered from the Welsh.

c) A Dyke is a burial mound.

a) “Presbyter” originally meant a priest.

b) “Presbyter” originally meant a bishop.

¢) “Presbyter” originally meant a characteristic Welsh chapel.

a) Llywelyn the Great was the father of Llywelyn the Last.

b) Llywelyn the Great was the grandfather of Llywelyn the Last.

c) Llywelyn the Great was no relation to Llywelyn the Last.

a) Owain Glyndwr headed the uprising for Welsh independence from

England.

b) Owain Glyndwr betrayed his people to the English.

c) Owain Glyndwr was a legendary Welsh hero under the Romans.

a) “Cymru am byth” means “Wales will win the Eurovision Song Contest”.

b) “Cymru am byth” means “Wales for ever’.

c) “Cymru am byth” means “Wales is always right”

a) A Privateer is a licensed or “official” pirate,

b) A Privateer is a private entrepreneur:

c) A Privateer is a land owner.

5. Identify the events in Welsh history related to the following names:

1. Caradoc. Caradoc (also known as Caractacus) was a first-century AD Welsh

chieftain who led the resistance against the Roman invasion of Britain. He
famously fought against the Roman forces led by Emperor Claudius.

2. Offa of Mercia. Offa was a powerful Anglo-Saxon king of Mercia who ruled
from 757 to 796. He is known for constructing Offa's Dyke, a large
earthwork fortification that roughly delineated the border between Wales
and Mercia.

3. Lady Llanoyer. This name does not correspond to a well-known figure in

Welsh history. It's possible it may refer to a local figure or legend not widely
recognized.

4. Llywelyn the Great. Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, known as Llywelyn the Great,

was a Prince of Gwynedd in north Wales who lived from 1173 to 1240. He
is remembered for his efforts to consolidate and expand Welsh territory and
for his diplomatic skills in dealing with the English monarchy.

5. Llywelyn the Last. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, also known as Llywelyn II, was
the last native Welsh ruler to hold the title of Prince of Wales. He led a
revolt against English rule in the late 13th century but was ultimately
defeated by King Edward I of England.

6. Owain Glyndŵr. Owain Glyndŵr was a Welsh prince who led a major revolt
against English rule in Wales between 1400 and 1415. He briefly established
 a Welsh Parliament and was seen as a symbol of Welsh resistance against
English dominance.

7. William Morgan. William Morgan was a Welsh bishop and translator who is
best known for his translation of the Bible into Welsh. His translation,
known as the "Morgan Bible," was published in 1588 and played a
significant role in standardizing the Welsh language.

8. Lord Rhys. Rhys ap Gruffydd, known as Lord Rhys, was a powerful Welsh
prince who ruled over Deheubarth in south Wales during the 12th century.
He was a patron of the arts and a key figure in Welsh politics during his
time.

9. Edward I. Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was the King of

England from 1272 to 1307. He conquered Wales, imposing English rule
and building a series of castles to control the Welsh population.

10.Sir Henry Morgan. Sir Henry Morgan was a Welsh privateer who operated
in the Caribbean during the late 17th century. He became famous for his
raids on Spanish settlements and became one of the most notorious pirates of
his time.

11.Nye Bevan. A Welsh politician, Nye Bevan was a prominent figure in the
Labour Party and served as Minister of Health in the UK government after
World War II. He was instrumental in the establishment of the National
Health Service (NHS) in Britain.

6. Match the events in the first column to the dates in the second column:

Wales lost its independence 1282

The title Prince of Wales was given to Llywelyn the Last’ 1258

The Welsh Dynasty, the House of Tudor, held the English throne 1485-1603
The Treaty of Aberconwy 1277

The Red Dragon Flag was granted official status 1959

Owain Glyndwr defeated an English force at Pumlumon 1401

St. David died 589 A.D.

The Act of Union 1536

The Wales and Berwick Act 1746

The National Assembly for Wales was established 1998

Plaid Cymru was founded 1925

The Welsh broadcasting channel started its operation 1982

Wales hosted the Rugby World Cup 1999

The university of Wales was chartered 1893

7. Match the following words and word combinations to their correct

meaning:

1. Silures - A major tribe of south-east Wales in Middle Ages

2. Sacedos - Bishop

3. Plaid Cymru - The Party of Wales

4. Welsh Marches - The eastern border with England

5. Cymru am byth - Wales forever

6. Presbyter - Priest

7. Love spoons - A love token for sweethearts

8. Eisteddfod - Welsh cultural festival

9. Buccaneer - Pirate
 10.Welsh Rarebit - Cheese on toast

11.Cnapan - The most important traditional Welsh game and the ball used in it

12.Offa's Dyke - A great earth wall constructed by a Saxon king

13.Lenten Crock - A hollowed turnip containing samples of the plain food of

Lent

14.Gorsedd - An assembly of bards

8. Tell the tale behind the flag named “the Red Dragon” and the prophecy
related to it.

The tale of the Red Dragon flag and the prophecy associated with it is deeply
rooted in Welsh history and mythology, intertwining legends with the struggle for
Welsh identity.

The Red Dragon itself, as a symbol, predates the official adoption of the flag in
1959 by centuries. While its exact origins are shrouded in mystery and myth, one
theory suggests that it may have been introduced to Wales during the Roman
occupation of Britain. However, its association with Wales goes far beyond Roman
influence and could potentially be even older.

The green and white stripes added to the flag were attributed to the House of
Tudor, a Welsh dynasty that held the English throne from 1485 to 1603. This
addition further solidified the flag's representation of Welsh identity.

One of the most famous legends associated with the Welsh dragon is the prophecy
of Myrddin (or Merlin), a figure deeply ingrained in Arthurian lore. According to
this prophecy, there would be a prolonged conflict between a red dragon and a
white dragon. Initially, the white dragon would hold dominance, symbolizing the
English oppression over Wales. However, in the end, the red dragon would emerge
victorious, representing the eventual triumph of the Welsh people over their
oppressors.

This prophecy served as an allegory for the historical struggle between the Welsh
and the English, depicting the resilience and eventual victory of the Welsh spirit
despite facing adversity. It became a powerful symbol of hope and determination
for the Welsh people, inspiring them to persevere in the face of adversity and strive
for their independence and cultural identity.

9. Describe the Royal Eisteddfod of Wales and how the eisteddfod became
important to Welsh culture.

The Royal National Eisteddfod of Wales stands as a pinnacle of Welsh cultural

celebration, drawing thousands of competitors and spectators each year. It's a
vibrant eight-day festival held annually at the beginning of August, where
participants showcase their talents in music, poetry, drama, literature, and more.
With around 6000 competitors and a staggering 150,000 visitors, it's a testament to
the enduring significance of Welsh heritage and the arts.

The roots of the Eisteddfod trace back to ancient times, where the term originally
referred to gatherings of bards to discuss matters of their craft. Over time, it
evolved into a festival, with early iterations focusing on non-competitive
gatherings. However, it eventually transformed into a competitive event, with the
most coveted prize being the ceremonial chair, echoing traditions from the courts
of Welsh kings and princes.

The modern incarnation of the Eisteddfod emerged in the 19th century, during a
period when Welsh language and culture faced challenges from Anglicization.
Reviving the medieval gathering of bards, the Eisteddfod became a platform to
promote Welsh cultural activities and attract patronage. Initially centered on poetry
and harp playing, the Eisteddfod now encompasses a wide range of competitions,
including choral singing, brass bands, acting, recitation, fiction writing, and
painting.

Central to the ceremonies of the Eisteddfod is the Gorsedd of Bards, an association

of individuals passionate about Welsh literature and music. Members,
distinguished by their white, blue, or green robes denoting rank, elect a leader
known as the Arch Druid. The Gorsedd adds a sense of solemnity and tradition to
the festivities, elevating the cultural significance of the event.

To accommodate the regional sensitivities between North and South Wales, the
Royal National Eisteddfod alternates its location between the two regions. This
ensures broader participation and representation from across the country.

In addition to the Royal National Eisteddfod, smaller Eisteddfodau are held

throughout the year, including on St David's Day, providing opportunities for
schools, colleges, and Welsh societies to partake in competitive festivities
celebrating Welsh culture.

10. Write a short summary of the history of Wales and present it in the class.

The history of Wales stretches back to prehistoric times, with limited knowledge of
its early inhabitants. Evidence suggests a connection between ancient English and
Welsh tribes, as seen in the mining of Stonehenge's major megaliths. During
Roman occupation, Wales was part of Britain, with the Romans establishing
infrastructure but showing limited interest due to its geography.

Wales maintained its Celtic identity despite Roman presence, resisting Saxon
conquests due to its rugged terrain. The name "Wales" itself reflects its non-
Germanic language roots. Christianity took hold in Wales, with St. David
becoming its patron saint in the 6th century.

Welsh independence waned over centuries, culminating in Edward I's conquest in

1282, defeating Llywelyn the Last. Subsequent revolts, notably led by Owain
Glyndwr in the 15th century, were suppressed. The Act of Union in 1536
integrated Wales into England administratively, imposing English law and
language.

Despite being overshadowed by England for centuries, Wales gradually regained

its national identity. Cardiff became its capital in 1955, symbolizing a renewed
sense of Welshness. Legal ties with England persisted until the Wales and Berwick
Act of 1967 repealed certain provisions, affirming Wales's distinct legal status
within the United Kingdom.