SPANISH 101

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Book: Spanish 101
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Licensing

Unit 1: Greetings and Basic Grammar

1.1: Lesson 1- Gender
1.2: Introduction- Basic Greetings In Spanish
1.3: Supplemental- Learn Spanish – How to Greet People in Spanish
1.4: Lesson 1- Gender/Articles
1.5: The Indefinite Article
1.6: The Definite Article
1.7: Supplemental Content- National Geographic

Unit 2: Basic Verb Conjunction, Personal Pronouns

2.1: Lesson 2- Numbers 0-60
2.2: Lesson 3- Subject Pronouns, Basic Verb Conjugation and Basic Pronunciation
2.3: Unit 4- Verbs Ser/Estar (To be)Students will differentiate between 2 modalities of verb to be.
2.4: Uses of ser and estar
2.5: Supplemental Content- 10 Latin American Accents in Spanish
2.6: Consonants and Vowels
2.7: Lesson 5- Numbers 0-100
2.8: Lesson 6- Telling Time Powerpoint
2.9: Números- 0-100

Unit 3: Vocabulary of classes, congugation of verbs ending in -AR,

negative form and questions.
3.1: Lesson 7- Vocabulary of Classes
3.2: Lesson 8- Verb Conjugation of Regular Verbs
3.3: Spanish Grammar in Context
3.4: Lesson 9- Questions
3.5: History of Salsa from Africa to New York

Unit 4: Unit 4- Basic adjectives, verbs ending in -er/-ir, expressions with

verb tener
4.1: Lesson 10- Adjectives
4.2: Lesson 11- Verbs ending in -ER
4.3: Mystery Of Aztec Camp; Maya Civilizations
4.4: Lesson 11- Verbs ending in -ER/IR
4.5: Lesson 12- Expresssions with verb Tener

Unit 5: The Family, irregular verbs

5.1: Lesson 13- The Family
5.2: Lesson 14- Changing Stem Verbs

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Index

Glossary
Detailed Licensing

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Licensing
A detailed breakdown of this resource's licensing can be found in Back Matter/Detailed Licensing.

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 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Unit 1: Greetings and Basic Grammar

1.1: Lesson 1- Gender
1.2: Introduction- Basic Greetings In Spanish
1.3: Supplemental- Learn Spanish – How to Greet People in Spanish
1.4: Lesson 1- Gender/Articles
1.5: The Indefinite Article
1.6: The Definite Article
1.7: Supplemental Content- National Geographic

Unit 1: Greetings and Basic Grammar is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

1
1.1: Lesson 1- Gender
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1.2: Introduction- Basic Greetings In Spanish
Students must practice and be familiar with this basic conversation in Spanish the first day of classes.
• Hola/¿qué tal? (hello, hi)
• ¿Cómo te llamas? (what’s your name?)
• Me llamo…….¿Y tú? My name is… and you?
• Mucho gusto (pleased to meet you)
• Igualmente (pleased to meet you too)
• ¿Cómo estás? (how are you/)
• (muy) bien gracias, ¿Y tú? (very) well, thank you, and you?
• (muy) bien también.
• ¿De dónde eres? (where are you from?)
• Soy de Boston/ Soy de Brasil, ¿Y tú? I’m from Boston/Brasil.
• Adiós/hasta pronto (Good bye/see you soon).

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1.3: Supplemental- Learn Spanish – How to Greet People in Spanish
YouTube Video

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curated by LibreTexts.

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1.4: Lesson 1- Gender/Articles
Articles and Gender Powerpoint

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1.5: The Indefinite Article
Spanish Grammar (See webpage for complete content)

Libro digital Herramientas de español

Spanish Tools Online Grammar Book
8. The Indefinite Article / El artículo indeterminado
• English “a” or “an” is expressed in Spanish by un / una: un cuaderno – una pluma
The plural, unos/unas, is used for symmetrical objects, meaning “a set of” or “a pair of”:

Necesito unas tijeras. I need a pair of scissors.

Bajas por unas escaleras. You go down a stairway.

• Spanish does not use the indefinite article before words denoting occupations, religions, political affiliation or nationality; they
are treated as adjectives:

Es inglés. He is English, an Englishman.

Mi hermano es demócrata. My brother is a Democrat.
No soy budista. I am not a Buddhist.
¿Eres estudiante? Are you a student?
Tu vecino es abogado. Your neighbor is a lawyer.

But when such words are qualified by an adjective, the article is used:

Es un inglés muy tradicional. He is a very traditional Englishman.

No soy una norteamericana típica. I am not a typical American woman.

• Spanish uses the indefinite article less frequently than English. Since un / una also means one, the article is redundant for things
normally encountered one at a time:

Tengo fiebre. I have a fever.

¿Tienes familia? Do you have a family?
¿Se necesita visa? Is a visa needed?
La mujer llevaba sombrero. The woman was wearing a hat.
Habla con acento extranjero. He speaks with a foreign accent.
No puedes manejar sin licencia. You cannot drive without a license.
Use esto como guía. Use this as a guide.

Pay attention to these differences as you read. Note that the indefinite article is used to emphasize the individuality of
a noun modified by an adjective (as seen also in the case of professions and nationalities): Tiene una fiebre terrible.

~ Never use un / una before the word otro/a:

otro ejemplo otra situación otra vez

another example another situation another time, one more time

Other common expressions not requiring the indefinite article in Spanish:

¡Qué día! ¡Qué año tan largo!

What a day! What a long year!

Medio kilo de patatas. Media vida.

Half a kilogram of potatoes. Half a lifetime.

1.5.1 https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/23173
 Es para cierta persona. Cierto encanto.
It is for a certain person. A certain charm.

PRÁCTICA 8. Añada el artículo indeterminado cuando sea necesario.

Ejemplo: Hoy tengo _un_ examen difícil, y tengo _X_ otro examen mañana.
There are four forms: el, la, los, las.
A. USAGE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. Spanish uses it more often than English:
A1. Before nouns intended in a general sense and all abstract nouns:

Los mexicanos adoran las fiestas. Mexicans love parties.

La gente piensa que el dinero es vital. People think that money is vital.
La libertad es esencial en la vida Freedom is essential in life.
Me gusta el pescado. I like fish.
Me interesa la política. I am interested in politics.

A2. Before languages, illnesses, sports, sciences, and other fields of knowledge:

El inglés es fácil. English is easy.

Lucha contra el cáncer. Fight against cancer.
Me interesa el fútbol. I am interested in soccer.
Así es la biología Such is biology.

BUT: The article is often omitted after de and en, and after hablar, estudiar, tener and saber:

El libro está en español. Hay una clase de tenis. No hablo francés.

The book is in Spanish. There is a tennis class. I don’t speak French.

A3. Before most titles when speaking about someone:

El escritor mexicano Octavio Paz ganó el premio Nobel en 1992.

El señor García habla con el coronel Páez sobre la reina Isabel.

But not when speaking to the person being addressed by their title: “Buenos días, señor García”.
A4. Unlike English, before common words such as cama, escuela, trabajo, guerra, cárcel, ciudad, iglesia, clase:

No piensan en el trabajo. They do not think about work.

Están en la cárcel. They are in jail.
Leen para la clase. They’re reading for class.
Vivo en la ciudad de México. I live in Mexico City.

(except in stock phrases such as “at war”: en guerra, or “in class”: en clase).
A5. In the names of a few countries and cities such as la República Dominicana, Los Ángeles, La Paz, El Salvador, and with any
country or region name when it is qualified by an adjective: La España turística, el Perú moderno. But: Vivo en España.
B. CONTRACTIONS AL AND DEL
The prepositions a and de contract with the masculine singular article to form the only two written, mandatory contractions in
Spanish, al and del: al norte (a + el) • del planeta (de + el)
PRÁCTICA 9A. Complete las oraciones con el artículo determinado cuando sea necesario.
Ejemplo: Me gustan _los_ libros en _X_ español.
C. OTHER PRECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF ARTICLES.

1.5.2 https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/23173
C1. Articles, either definite or indefinite, are not used when an idea of amount or quantity is implied (if the
words anyor some could be inserted in English):

Hay gente que no come carne. There are (some) people who do not eat (any) meat.
Pedimos vino y nos dan agua. We ask for (some) wine and they give us water.
Viven sin libertad, pero con dinero. They live without (any) freedom but with (some) money.
Leo libros con frecuencia. I read (a number of) books frequently.
Quieren uvas para el desayuno. They want grapes for breakfast.
Tiene éxito sin esfuerzo. She succeeds without (any) effort.

~ Note that hay (there is/are) always indicates a certain quantity, so it is never followed by the definite article:

Hay conflictos y no hay libertad. Hay un problema

C2. Occasionally, unos/as expresses some when it means “a few,” “a number of” or “about”
(→ but algunos/as is a more common way to express “some“.

Todavía tengo unos dólares. I still have some (a few) dollars.

Hay unas diez personas. There are some (about) ten people.

C3. Spanish has a neuter article, lo, used with an adjective (masculine, singular) to express abstract concepts. Its meaning is very
much like the English “the + adjective + thing”:

Eso es lo interesante. That is the interesting thing.

Lo malo es que nos gusta. The bad thing about it is that we like it.
Lo bueno, lo malo y lo feo de la vida. The good, the bad and the ugly in life.
Lo difícil de los idiomas es la gramática. The difficult part of languages is grammar.

9. The Definite Article / El artículo determinado

1.5: The Indefinite Article is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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1.6: The Definite Article
Spanish Books (See webpage for complete content)

Libro digital Herramientas de español

Spanish Tools Online Grammar Book
8. The Indefinite Article / El artículo indeterminado
• English “a” or “an” is expressed in Spanish by un / una: un cuaderno – una pluma
The plural, unos/unas, is used for symmetrical objects, meaning “a set of” or “a pair of”:

Necesito unas tijeras. I need a pair of scissors.

Bajas por unas escaleras. You go down a stairway.

• Spanish does not use the indefinite article before words denoting occupations, religions, political affiliation or nationality; they
are treated as adjectives:

Es inglés. He is English, an Englishman.

Mi hermano es demócrata. My brother is a Democrat.
No soy budista. I am not a Buddhist.
¿Eres estudiante? Are you a student?
Tu vecino es abogado. Your neighbor is a lawyer.

But when such words are qualified by an adjective, the article is used:

Es un inglés muy tradicional. He is a very traditional Englishman.

No soy una norteamericana típica. I am not a typical American woman.

• Spanish uses the indefinite article less frequently than English. Since un / una also means one, the article is redundant for things
normally encountered one at a time:

Tengo fiebre. I have a fever.

¿Tienes familia? Do you have a family?
¿Se necesita visa? Is a visa needed?
La mujer llevaba sombrero. The woman was wearing a hat.
Habla con acento extranjero. He speaks with a foreign accent.
No puedes manejar sin licencia. You cannot drive without a license.
Use esto como guía. Use this as a guide.

Pay attention to these differences as you read. Note that the indefinite article is used to emphasize the individuality of
a noun modified by an adjective (as seen also in the case of professions and nationalities): Tiene una fiebre terrible.

~ Never use un / una before the word otro/a:

otro ejemplo otra situación otra vez

another example another situation another time, one more time

Other common expressions not requiring the indefinite article in Spanish:

¡Qué día! ¡Qué año tan largo!

What a day! What a long year!

Medio kilo de patatas. Media vida.

1.6.1 https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/23174
 Half a kilogram of potatoes. Half a lifetime.

Es para cierta persona. Cierto encanto.

It is for a certain person. A certain charm.

PRÁCTICA 8. Añada el artículo indeterminado cuando sea necesario.

Ejemplo: Hoy tengo _un_ examen difícil, y tengo _X_ otro examen mañana.

9. The Definite Article / El artículo determinado

There are four forms: el, la, los, las.
A. USAGE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE. Spanish uses it more often than English:
A1. Before nouns intended in a general sense and all abstract nouns:

Los mexicanos adoran las fiestas. Mexicans love parties.

La gente piensa que el dinero es vital. People think that money is vital.
La libertad es esencial en la vida Freedom is essential in life.
Me gusta el pescado. I like fish.
Me interesa la política. I am interested in politics.

A2. Before languages, illnesses, sports, sciences, and other fields of knowledge:

El inglés es fácil. English is easy.

Lucha contra el cáncer. Fight against cancer.
Me interesa el fútbol. I am interested in soccer.
Así es la biología Such is biology.

BUT: The article is often omitted after de and en, and after hablar, estudiar, tener and saber:

El libro está en español. Hay una clase de tenis. No hablo francés.

The book is in Spanish. There is a tennis class. I don’t speak French.

A3. Before most titles when speaking about someone:

El escritor mexicano Octavio Paz ganó el premio Nobel en 1992.

El señor García habla con el coronel Páez sobre la reina Isabel.

But not when speaking to the person being addressed by their title: “Buenos días, señor García”.
A4. Unlike English, before common words such as cama, escuela, trabajo, guerra, cárcel, ciudad, iglesia, clase:

No piensan en el trabajo. They do not think about work.

Están en la cárcel. They are in jail.
Leen para la clase. They’re reading for class.
Vivo en la ciudad de México. I live in Mexico City.

(except in stock phrases such as “at war”: en guerra, or “in class”: en clase).
A5. In the names of a few countries and cities such as la República Dominicana, Los Ángeles, La Paz, El Salvador, and with any
country or region name when it is qualified by an adjective: La España turística, el Perú moderno. But: Vivo en España.

B. CONTRACTIONS AL AND DEL

The prepositions a and de contract with the masculine singular article to form the only two written, mandatory contractions in
Spanish, al and del: al norte (a + el) • del planeta (de + el)

1.6.2 https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/23174
PRÁCTICA 9A. Complete las oraciones con el artículo determinado cuando sea necesario.
Ejemplo: Me gustan _los_ libros en _X_ español.
C. OTHER PRECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF ARTICLES.
C1. Articles, either definite or indefinite, are not used when an idea of amount or quantity is implied (if the
words anyor some could be inserted in English):

Hay gente que no come carne. There are (some) people who do not eat (any) meat.
Pedimos vino y nos dan agua. We ask for (some) wine and they give us water.
Viven sin libertad, pero con dinero. They live without (any) freedom but with (some) money.
Leo libros con frecuencia. I read (a number of) books frequently.
Quieren uvas para el desayuno. They want grapes for breakfast.
Tiene éxito sin esfuerzo. She succeeds without (any) effort.

~ Note that hay (there is/are) always indicates a certain quantity, so it is never followed by the definite article:

Hay conflictos y no hay libertad. Hay un problema

C2. Occasionally, unos/as expresses some when it means “a few,” “a number of” or “about”
(→ but algunos/as is a more common way to express “some“.

Todavía tengo unos dólares. I still have some (a few) dollars.

Hay unas diez personas. There are some (about) ten people.

C3. Spanish has a neuter article, lo, used with an adjective (masculine, singular) to express abstract concepts. Its meaning is very
much like the English “the + adjective + thing”:

Eso es lo interesante. That is the interesting thing.

Lo malo es que nos gusta. The bad thing about it is that we like it.
Lo bueno, lo malo y lo feo de la vida. The good, the bad and the ugly in life.
Lo difícil de los idiomas es la gramática. The difficult part of languages is grammar.

1.6: The Definite Article is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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1.7: Supplemental Content- National Geographic
MapMaker

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 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Unit 2: Basic Verb Conjunction, Personal Pronouns

2.1: Lesson 2- Numbers 0-60
2.2: Lesson 3- Subject Pronouns, Basic Verb Conjugation and Basic Pronunciation
2.3: Unit 4- Verbs Ser/Estar (To be)Students will differentiate between 2 modalities of verb to be.
2.4: Uses of ser and estar
2.5: Supplemental Content- 10 Latin American Accents in Spanish
2.6: Consonants and Vowels
2.7: Lesson 5- Numbers 0-100
2.8: Lesson 6- Telling Time Powerpoint
2.9: Números- 0-100

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LibreTexts.

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2.1: Lesson 2- Numbers 0-60
Numbers Powerpoint

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2.2: Lesson 3- Subject Pronouns, Basic Verb Conjugation and Basic Pronunciation
Spanish Grammar in Context

Subject Pronouns
singular plural

1st person
yo I nosotros/nosotras we

2nd person
tú you

3rd person
él/ella/usted he/she/formal you ellos/ellas/ustedes they/you plural

A pronoun replaces a noun in order to avoid repetition. Subject pronouns function as the subject of a verb. Unlike English, the use
of subject pronouns is optional in Spanish. Many dialects of Spanish only use subject pronouns for emphasis or in cases where it is
not clear who the subject is. Notice in the example below how the English translation makes use of 5 subject pronouns, while
Spanish only uses 1.
Entonces se bajó, y agarró su hacha o su pico que traía, creo que era un pico, y tumbó la puerta como pudo y allí estaba yo tirado en
el suelo muy, muy mal, morado desde el cuello hasta los pies. So he bent down and grabbed his hatchet or his pickaxe that he
brought, I think it was a pickaxe, and he broke down the door the best he could and I was there sprawled on the floor very very
sick, purple from my neck down to my feet.

Subject pronouns are labelled by the term person, referring to the subject’s role in the conversation. 1st person refers to the
person(s) speaking (I, we); 2nd person to the person(s) spoken to (you); and 3rd person to the person(s) or thing(s) spoken about
(he, she, it, they).
There are two other subject pronouns that aren’t often mentioned in introductory Spanish courses: vosand vosotros. Vos is used in Argentina for
the informal second person singular (you) instead of tú. In several other countries, vos is also used along with tú: in Central America (El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica) and the Southern Cone (Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile and Uruguay) So rather than
replacing tú these countries often make use of vos, tú and Usted to mark different degrees of formality when talking to someone.

Cuando va mi papá allá, lo primero que le dice – mi hijo está interesado en vos – sin ningún cuidado. When my dad goes over
there, the first thing he says to her is “my son is interested in you“, without a care.

Chart: Countries that Use “Vos”

Vostros is used only in Spain and Equatorial Guinea. In these countries, vosotros is used for informal second person plural (like you guys in
English) and Ustedes is used for the formal plural you. In the rest of the Spanish-speaking world Ustedes is used for both formal and informal.

2.2.1 https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/23177
Chart: Countries that Use “Vosotros”

Yo
Unlike the English pronoun I, yo is not capitalized unless it begins a sentence.

Tú
The pronoun tú is singular and, importantly, informal. Use tú to address people your own age and those you know well.

Usted
The pronoun usted is singular and formal. Despite of its meaning (you), grammatically it is a third person pronoun, meaning that it
will always be used with third person verbs: Usted es

Ellos/ellas
Ellos and ellas agree with the gender of the noun they replace. Ellas is used to mean they if it replaces people who are all women.
On the other hand, ellos is used for a group of all men or any group where there is at least one male person in the group.

Ustedes
The pronoun ustedes is always plural. Despite of its meaning (you/y’all), grammatically it is a third person pronoun, meaning that
it will always be used with third person verbs: Ustedes son.

2.2: Lesson 3- Subject Pronouns, Basic Verb Conjugation and Basic Pronunciation is shared under a not declared license and was authored,
remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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2.3: Unit 4- Verbs Ser/Estar (To be)Students will differentiate between 2 modalities of
verb to be.
SER VS. ESTAR Powerpoint

2.3: Unit 4- Verbs Ser/Estar (To be)Students will differentiate between 2 modalities of verb to be. is shared under a not declared license and was
authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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2.4: Uses of ser and estar
Spanish Grammar (See webpage for complete content)

Libro digital Herramientas de español

Spanish Tools Online Grammar Book
25. Uses of ser and estar
A. SER, from the Latin essere associated with the word essence, is used:
A1. to identify or define a subject (to say what something is):
El hermano es ingeniero. Es a ella a quien busco. Esto es un problema.
Este poema es para mi abuelo. El programa es sobre arte.
A2. with de to denote origin, material, or ownership:
Es de madera. Es de Panamá. Es de Juan. Son de la clase alta.
A3. only with adjectives that denote essential or defining qualities (including pobre, rico, joven, viejo.):
Nueva York es grande. Voy a ser rico.
A4. in expressions of time, dates, and for quantities:
Son las tres y media. Hoy es jueves dos de marzo. Son treinta dólares.
A5. in impersonal expressions:
Es posible saber eso. Es importante cuidar la salud.
~ For the use of ser with past participle (passive voice), see §41.
B. ESTAR, from the Latin stare associated with the words state and station, is used:
B1. to express location [ubicación] (to say where something is):
El profesor no está aquí. El problema está en su actitud. Panamá está al sur de Centroamérica.
~ BUT: Use ser to describe where an event is taking place: El concierto es aquí.
B2. with some adjectives and all adverbs, to describe states and conditions or a change in a characteristic:
Está bien. Están tristes porque el perro está muerto.
Estamos interesados en el tema. El país está en una situación difícil.
El rojo está de moda (in fashion). Las ventanas están cerradas.
B3. with a present participle* to express a continuing action:
Estamos viajando. Van a estar durmiendo.
*the present participle in English (-ing form of a verb) is the equivalent of the -ndo form, called gerundio in Spanish.
~ For the use of estar with past participle (states), see §26.

~ Some adjectives have different meanings when used with the two verbs:

estar listo/a to be ready (state) ¿Estás lista, María?

ser lista/o to be bright (defining quality) María es muy lista.

estar aburrido to be bored (state) Estoy aburrido con esta novela.

ser aburrido to be boring (defining quality) Esta novela es muy aburrida.

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2.5: Supplemental Content- 10 Latin American Accents in Spanish
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2.6: Consonants and Vowels
Vowels and Consonants (See webpage for complete content)

Libro digital Herramientas de español

Spanish Tools Online Grammar Book

1. Consonants / Las consonantes

Spanish spelling is pretty consistent: most letters represent a single sound regardless of their position in a word. Note the following
peculiarities:
H – la hache is never pronounced. Thus, words like Honduras, ahora and alcohol have no aspiration before the /o/ sound.
CH – la che is always pronounced as in “cheers”: coche, ocho.
~ La hache is not combined with any other consonants: there is no th, sh, ph, gh, etc.

(English “ph” may translate to “f”: filosofía, Filadelfia, fantasma).

C – la ce is pronounced /k/ (as in “case”) in most positions: caso, cosa, cuota, frecuente, crisis.
– Before -e, -i, it is pronounced /s/ (as in “sin”) in America or /th/ (as in “thin”) in Spain: cielo, acento.
– The /k/ sound (as in “kiss”), is spelled “qu” (mute “u”) before -e,-i: queso, quince.
G – la ge is pronounced /g/ (as in “go”) in most positions: gala, gota, guante, globo.
– Before -e, -i, it is pronounced almost like /h/ (as in “hen”): general, gitano.
– The /g/ sound (as in “get”), is spelled “gu” (mute “u”) before -e,-i: guerra, guitarra.
~ If the letter “u” is to be pronounced in a “gue/gui” combination, it is marked with a diaeresis (la diéresis): pingüino, bilingüe,

nicaragüense.
Q – la ku is used only in the que/qui combinations, and the “u” is always mute in this position. Therefore, the word quinteto has no
/u/ sound, and English “quota” and “frequent” translate to cuota and frecuente.
Z – la zeta is pronounced /s/ in America and /th/ in Spain.
Spanish avoids the ze/zi combination and prefers ce, ci: lápiz → lápices ; cebra, cenit.
Only four consonants can be duplicated to represent specific sounds:
• cc is used before “e” or “i” only and sounds /ks/ (/kth/ in Spain): acción and acceso but acento, ocurrir.
• ll sounds /y/: calle, llama but ilegal, aludir, inteligente.
• rr represents the famous “rolling r” between vowels only: perro, carro vs. pero, caro.
• nn is used only when a prefix ending in “n” is added to a word beginning with “n”:
innecesario, connotación, but anual, anotación, conexión.
No other consonants are duplicated in Spanish: efectivo, común, oportunidad, imposible, adición.

Summary / Resumen

Never pronounce the letter H (hache): alcohol, ahora, humano, Honduras, holocausto.

Hard C sound: /k/ as in kiss ca que qui co cu buscar, busqué

S/Z sound:/s/ or /th/ as in sink/think za ce ci zo zu realizar, realicé
Hard G sound: /g/ as in get ga gue gui go gu pagar, pagué
Soft G sound: /h/ as in hen ja je ji jo ju ge gi hija,gitano

As you see, vowels e and i are exceptional in their combination with g and c.
The words que, quien, guerra and guitarra may help you remember these spelling changes.

No double consonants except rr, ll, cc and nn ph → f : filosofía

2.6.1 https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/23183
PRÁCTICA 1. Escriba en español el equivalente de las siguientes palabras, notando la ortografía (spelling).
This page has sound with Flash: Get Flash Player Quick download Top ^

2. Vowels / Las vocales

Spanish has five vowel sounds –a, e, i, o, u-, pronounced the same way regardless of their position in a word:
a. like the a sound in “father”: casa, alma
e. like the e sound in”let”: lee, cena
i. like the ee sound in “leek”: mil, millaje
o. like the aw sound in “lawn”: son, hoja
u. like the oo sound in “loom”: tú, Honduras (u is mute in que, qui, gue, gui)
• i and u are called “weak” (débiles o cerradas) because, in combination with another vowel, are generally pronounced as
one syllable: Ruiz, fue, dio, have only one syllable. These are considered true diphthongs in Spanish —two vowels in one syllable
—, as in a·gua or vien·to.
• a, o, and e are called “strong” (fuertes o abiertas). Two strong vowels are pronounced as two syllables: po·e·ma has three
syllables, ca·os has two. These are not true diphthongs, since the vowels belong in different syllables.

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2.7: Lesson 5- Numbers 0-100
Spanish Grammar (See webpage for complete content)

Libro digital Herramientas de español

Spanish Tools Online Grammar Book
13. Números: 0-100

0 cero 10 diez 20 veinte 30 treinta

1 uno/a 11 once 21 veintiuno/a 31 treinta y uno/a
2 dos 12 doce 22 veintidós 32 treinta y dos
3 tres 13 trece 23 veintitrés 43 cuarenta y tres
4 cuatro 14 catorce 24 veinticuatro 54 cincuenta y cuatro
5 cinco 15 quince 25 veinticinco 65 sesenta y cinco
6 seis 16 dieciséis 26 veintiséis 76 setenta y seis
7 siete 17 diecisiete 27 veintisiete 87 ochenta y siete
8 ocho 18 dieciocho 28 veintiocho 98 noventa y ocho
9 nueve 19 diecinueve 29 veintinueve 100 cien

Note: All numbers ending in uno shorten to un before masculine nouns (e.g. un dólar, veintiún libros, treinta y un alumnos, etc.),
and change to una when referring to feminine nouns: noventa y una mujeres. Sí, noventa y una.

14. Time of Day / La hora

• The basic formula is: ¿Qué hora es? Son las dos.
What time is it? It’s two o’clock.
• Other expressions:

Es la una de la mañana. It is 1:00am.

Son las tres y media de la tarde. It is 3:30pm.
¿A qué hora tienen ustedes clases? At what time do you have classes?

• For time after the hour, use y:

Son las dos y cuarto. It is 2:15

Es la una y veinticinco. It is 1:25
a la una y media at 1:30

• For time before the hour, use menos:

Son las cuatro menos veinte. It is twenty to four (3:40).

Estudiamos a las ocho menos cuarto. We study at a quarter to eight.

• For am and pm, use de la mañana, de la tarde, and de la noche.

• Note also the following expressions:

Por la mañana in the morning

por la tarde in the afternoon
por la noche at night
al mediodía at mid-day, at noon
a (la) medianoche at midnight

→ Note that the word tiempo refers to time as duration:

2.7.1 https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/23182
 ¿Tienes tiempo ahora? Do you have time now?
Nos queda poco tiempo. We have little time left.
Cree que mejorará con el tiempo. He thinks he will get better in time.
¿Cuánto tiempo duran las pilas? How long do the batteries last?
Al mismo tiempo. At the same time (simultaneously).

PRÁCTICA 14. Exprese en español:

1. It’s 4:30 5. At 11:45 9. At 9:12 pm

2. It’s 3:15pm 6. At 4:55 10. 88 solved problems
3. It’s 12:25 7. At three pm 11. 99 brilliant ideas
4. At 6:27pm 8. Lunch is at noon 12. 73 biology books

13. There are 16 wonderful programs, but I do not have time now. VER RESPUESTAS

15. Common Expressions with Tener

¿Cuántos años tienes? How old are you?

Tengo veinte años. I am twenty.
Ella tiene frío. She is cold.
¿Tenéis sed? Are you thirsty?
Ella tiene hambre. She is hungry.
Tengo calor. I am warm.
Tenemos sueño. We are sleepy.
Tienen miedo (de…) They are afraid (of…)
Tienes razón You are right.
¡Ten cuidado! Be careful!
No tengo mucha suerte. I am not very lucky.
Tengo que viajar a otro país. I have to travel to another country.
Tengo muchas cosas que hacer. I have a lot of things to do.

Since the literal meaning of these phrases is “I have hunger”, etc., Spanish uses adjectives where English needs adverbs such as
“very”:

Tenemos mucho sueño. We are vey sleepy.

Tengo demasiada hambre. I am too hungry.

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2.8: Lesson 6- Telling Time Powerpoint
Telling Time Powerpoint

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2.9: Números- 0-100
Spanish Grammar (See webpage for complete content)

Libro digital Herramientas de español

Spanish Tools Online Grammar Book
13. Números: 0-100

0 cero 10 diez 20 veinte 30 treinta

1 uno/a 11 once 21 veintiuno/a 31 treinta y uno/a
2 dos 12 doce 22 veintidós 32 treinta y dos
3 tres 13 trece 23 veintitrés 43 cuarenta y tres
4 cuatro 14 catorce 24 veinticuatro 54 cincuenta y cuatro
5 cinco 15 quince 25 veinticinco 65 sesenta y cinco
6 seis 16 dieciséis 26 veintiséis 76 setenta y seis
7 siete 17 diecisiete 27 veintisiete 87 ochenta y siete
8 ocho 18 dieciocho 28 veintiocho 98 noventa y ocho
9 nueve 19 diecinueve 29 veintinueve 100 cien

Note: All numbers ending in uno shorten to un before masculine nouns (e.g. un dólar, veintiún libros, treinta y un alumnos, etc.),
and change to una when referring to feminine nouns: noventa y una mujeres. Sí, noventa y una.

14. Time of Day / La hora

• The basic formula is: ¿Qué hora es? Son las dos.
What time is it? It’s two o’clock.
• Other expressions:

Es la una de la mañana. It is 1:00am.

Son las tres y media de la tarde. It is 3:30pm.
¿A qué hora tienen ustedes clases? At what time do you have classes?

• For time after the hour, use y:

Son las dos y cuarto. It is 2:15

Es la una y veinticinco. It is 1:25
a la una y media at 1:30

• For time before the hour, use menos:

Son las cuatro menos veinte. It is twenty to four (3:40).

Estudiamos a las ocho menos cuarto. We study at a quarter to eight.

• For am and pm, use de la mañana, de la tarde, and de la noche.

• Note also the following expressions:

Por la mañana in the morning

por la tarde in the afternoon
por la noche at night
al mediodía at mid-day, at noon
a (la) medianoche at midnight

→ Note that the word tiempo refers to time as duration:

2.9.1 https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/23184
 ¿Tienes tiempo ahora? Do you have time now?
Nos queda poco tiempo. We have little time left.
Cree que mejorará con el tiempo. He thinks he will get better in time.
¿Cuánto tiempo duran las pilas? How long do the batteries last?
Al mismo tiempo. At the same time (simultaneously).

PRÁCTICA 14. Exprese en español:

1. It’s 4:30 5. At 11:45 9. At 9:12 pm

2. It’s 3:15pm 6. At 4:55 10. 88 solved problems
3. It’s 12:25 7. At three pm 11. 99 brilliant ideas
4. At 6:27pm 8. Lunch is at noon 12. 73 biology books

13. There are 16 wonderful programs, but I do not have time now. VER RESPUESTAS

15. Common Expressions with Tener

¿Cuántos años tienes? How old are you?

Tengo veinte años. I am twenty.
Ella tiene frío. She is cold.
¿Tenéis sed? Are you thirsty?
Ella tiene hambre. She is hungry.
Tengo calor. I am warm.
Tenemos sueño. We are sleepy.
Tienen miedo (de…) They are afraid (of…)
Tienes razón You are right.
¡Ten cuidado! Be careful!
No tengo mucha suerte. I am not very lucky.
Tengo que viajar a otro país. I have to travel to another country.
Tengo muchas cosas que hacer. I have a lot of things to do.

Since the literal meaning of these phrases is “I have hunger”, etc., Spanish uses adjectives where English needs adverbs such as
“very”:

Tenemos mucho sueño. We are vey sleepy.

Tengo demasiada hambre. I am too hungry

2.9: Números- 0-100 is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Unit 3: Vocabulary of classes, congugation of verbs ending in -AR, negative form

and questions.
3.1: Lesson 7- Vocabulary of Classes
3.2: Lesson 8- Verb Conjugation of Regular Verbs
3.3: Spanish Grammar in Context
3.4: Lesson 9- Questions
3.5: History of Salsa from Africa to New York

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3.1: Lesson 7- Vocabulary of Classes
Vocabulary of Classes Powerpoint

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3.2: Lesson 8- Verb Conjugation of Regular Verbs
Verb Conjugation Powerpoint

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3.3: Spanish Grammar in Context
Spanish Grammar (See webpage for complete content)

ar Verbs (Regular) Present Tense

-ar verbs from the Spanish in Texas Corpus

hablar ‘to speak’

yo hablo nosotros/as hablamos

tú hablas

él/ella/usted habla ellos/as/ustedes hablan

past participle: hablado

Of the three verb groups (-ar, -er, -ir), –ar verbs are the most numerous. To conjugate, drop the –ar from the infinitive to form the
stem. Next, add endings to the stem. The following example has three -ar verbs cambiar, estudiar, tomar conjugated in the present
tense:
Pero te cambia mucho en la perspectiva ya cuando estudias más grande porque ya el estudio, ya lo tomas con mucha seriedad.But
it changes you in your perspective when you study as an adult because now your studies, you take it much more seriously.Present
tense endings: -o, -as, -a, -amos, -an

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3.4: Lesson 9- Questions
Questions Powepoint

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3.5: History of Salsa from Africa to New York
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 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Unit 4: Unit 4- Basic adjectives, verbs ending in -er/-ir, expressions with verb tener
4.1: Lesson 10- Adjectives
4.2: Lesson 11- Verbs ending in -ER
4.3: Mystery Of Aztec Camp; Maya Civilizations
4.4: Lesson 11- Verbs ending in -ER/IR
4.5: Lesson 12- Expresssions with verb Tener

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4.1: Lesson 10- Adjectives
Spanish Grammar (See webpage for complete content)

Libro digital Herramientas de español

Spanish Tools Online Grammar Book
11. Adjectives / Los adjetivos
A. FORMATION AND AGREEMENT / FORMACIÓN Y CONCORDANCIA
Adjectives must agree with the noun they refer to (that is, if the noun is feminine plural, then the adjective must be too). They can
be next to the noun or separated from it:
Los países diversos. Los países latinoamericanos son muy diversos.
Hay gente honesta. Hay gente que es siempre muy honesta.
• Most adjectives ending in -a or -o have four forms to agree with a noun if it’s masculine (-o), feminine (-a), or plural (-os, –as):
día largo, clase larga, días largos, clases largas.
• Adjectives ending in -sta or -ta like idealista, egoísta, idiota, etc., are the same in the masculine and feminine (indígena also):
un hombre idealista, sociedades capitalistas, políticos demócratas, un texto indígena.
• Most adjectives ending in -e or a consonant are also the same in the masculine and feminine:
una profesora inteligente, un poema difícil, ensayos útiles, novelas importantes.
• A few adjectives ending in consonants do have separate feminine forms. The most common of these are adjectives of nationality
and those ending in (-or):
una estudiante alemana, ciudades inglesas, mujer trabajadora.
• Adjectives that qualify nouns of mixed gender are masculine:
El flamenco y la paella son españoles.
Las novelas y los poemas son artísticos.
• The adjectives bueno and malo are shortened to buen and mal before masculine singular nouns:
un buen amigo, un mal día (but: buenos amigos, malos días).
• Grande shortens to gran before a singular noun, masculine or feminine:
un gran país, una gran mujer (but: grandes países, grandes mujeres).
PRÁCTICA 11A.
1. Formación de femeninos. Escriba la forma femenina del adjetivo en negritas.
Ejemplo: Es un amigo sincero y sus palabras también son
sinceras .
2. Concordancia. Escriba la traducción adecuada del adjetivo que está entre paréntesis en inglés.
Ejemplo: los peruanos
inteligentes (intelligent)
B. PLACEMENT / POSICIÓN EN LA ORACIÓN
• Descriptive adjectives that distinguish one noun from another tend to follow the noun:
Es un médico sensato.Un problema nacional.
El automóvil rojo y la casa verde.
• When modified by an adverb, adjectives almost always follow:
Un hombre muy bueno.
Una clase increíblemente aburrida.
• The adjective grande means “great” when used before the noun, “large” when used after:

Barcelona es una gran ciudad. Barcelona is a great city.

4.1.1 https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/23191
 Es también una ciudad grande. It is also a large city.

• Adjectives of quantity (cantidad), which do not stress difference, precede the noun:
muchos amigos, tres hermanos, algunos individuos
demasiados problemas, ambas manos, varios temas, ninguna letra.
PRÁCTICA 11B. Reemplace el sustantivo subrayado por el que aparece entre paréntesis, y haga los cambios necesarios:
Ejemplo: Tengo algunas
dificultades, pero no son muy serias. (problemas)
→ Tengo algunos problemas, pero no son muy serios .
C. NOMINALIZATION (“…the green one,” “…the old ones”)
• While English usually avoids repeating nouns by the use of the word “one”, Spanish simply leaves out the noun, keeping the
article (el, la, los, las), which in such case acts as a pronoun (artículo pronominal).

El estilo español y el inglés. The Spanish style and the English one.
Los días buenos y los malos. Good days and bad ones.
La casa de la ciudad y la del campo. The house in the city and the one in the countryside.

• Similarly, with the possessive expressions rendered in English with ‘s (John’s books) and in Spanish with de, the article is used to
avoid repetition:
Los actos de Juan y los de Pedro. Juan’s actions and Pedro’s.
PRÁCTICA 11C. Complete las oraciones con las terminaciones y los artículos adecuados.
Ejemplo: Necesito la camisa amarill
a , no la roj a .
D. COMPOUND NOUNS (coffee cup, Spanish book, writing paper)
Spanish cannot put two nouns together in this way. Link them with a preposition, usually de:

el papel para escribir los zapatos de cuero

writing paper leather shoes

las clases de español las vacaciones de verano

Spanish classes summer vacation

el horario de oficina productor/a de cine

office schedule film producer

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4.2: Lesson 11- Verbs ending in -ER
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4.3: Mystery Of Aztec Camp; Maya Civilizations
YouTube Video

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4.4: Lesson 11- Verbs ending in -ER/IR
Verbs Powerpoint

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4.5: Lesson 12- Expresssions with verb Tener
Spanish Grammar (See webpage for complete content)

Libro digital Herramientas de español

Spanish Tools Online Grammar Book
13. Números: 0-100

0 cero 10 diez 20 veinte 30 treinta

1 uno/a 11 once 21 veintiuno/a 31 treinta y uno/a
2 dos 12 doce 22 veintidós 32 treinta y dos
3 tres 13 trece 23 veintitrés 43 cuarenta y tres
4 cuatro 14 catorce 24 veinticuatro 54 cincuenta y cuatro
5 cinco 15 quince 25 veinticinco 65 sesenta y cinco
6 seis 16 dieciséis 26 veintiséis 76 setenta y seis
7 siete 17 diecisiete 27 veintisiete 87 ochenta y siete
8 ocho 18 dieciocho 28 veintiocho 98 noventa y ocho
9 nueve 19 diecinueve 29 veintinueve 100 cien

Note: All numbers ending in uno shorten to un before masculine nouns (e.g. un dólar, veintiún libros, treinta y un alumnos, etc.),
and change to una when referring to feminine nouns: noventa y una mujeres. Sí, noventa y una.

14. Time of Day / La hora

• The basic formula is: ¿Qué hora es? Son las dos.
What time is it? It’s two o’clock.
• Other expressions:

Es la una de la mañana. It is 1:00am.

Son las tres y media de la tarde. It is 3:30pm.
¿A qué hora tienen ustedes clases? At what time do you have classes?

• For time after the hour, use y:

Son las dos y cuarto. It is 2:15

Es la una y veinticinco. It is 1:25
a la una y media at 1:30

• For time before the hour, use menos:

Son las cuatro menos veinte. It is twenty to four (3:40).

Estudiamos a las ocho menos cuarto. We study at a quarter to eight.

• For am and pm, use de la mañana, de la tarde, and de la noche.

• Note also the following expressions:

Por la mañana in the morning

por la tarde in the afternoon
por la noche at night
al mediodía at mid-day, at noon
a (la) medianoche at midnight

→ Note that the word tiempo refers to time as duration:

4.5.1 https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/23195
 ¿Tienes tiempo ahora? Do you have time now?
Nos queda poco tiempo. We have little time left.
Cree que mejorará con el tiempo. He thinks he will get better in time.
¿Cuánto tiempo duran las pilas? How long do the batteries last?
Al mismo tiempo. At the same time (simultaneously).

PRÁCTICA 14. Exprese en español:

1. It’s 4:30 5. At 11:45 9. At 9:12 pm

2. It’s 3:15pm 6. At 4:55 10. 88 solved problems
3. It’s 12:25 7. At three pm 11. 99 brilliant ideas
4. At 6:27pm 8. Lunch is at noon 12. 73 biology books

13. There are 16 wonderful programs, but I do not have time now. VER RESPUESTAS

15. Common Expressions with Tener

¿Cuántos años tienes? How old are you?
Tengo veinte años. I am twenty.
Ella tiene frío. She is cold.
¿Tenéis sed? Are you thirsty?
Ella tiene hambre. She is hungry.
Tengo calor. I am warm.
Tenemos sueño. We are sleepy.
Tienen miedo (de…) They are afraid (of…)
Tienes razón You are right.
¡Ten cuidado! Be careful!
No tengo mucha suerte. I am not very lucky.
Tengo que viajar a otro país. I have to travel to another country.
Tengo muchas cosas que hacer. I have a lot of things to do.

Since the literal meaning of these phrases is “I have hunger”, etc., Spanish uses adjectives where English needs adverbs such as
“very”:

Tenemos mucho sueño. We are vey sleepy.

Tengo demasiada hambre. I am too hungry.

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 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Unit 5: The Family, irregular verbs

5.1: Lesson 13- The Family
5.2: Lesson 14- Changing Stem Verbs

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5.1: Lesson 13- The Family
The Family Powerpoint

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5.2: Lesson 14- Changing Stem Verbs
Spanish Grammar (See webpage for complete content)

Libro digital Herramientas de español

Spanish Tools Online Grammar Book
18. Stem-Changing Verbs / Verbos que cambian de raíz
All Spanish verbs have a stem (la raíz) and an ending (-ar, -er, -ir): pensar, volver, pedir. There is a large group of verbs that change
their stem in the present tense when the stem vowel is stressed. There are three types: those that change -e to -ie-, those that
change -o- to -ue- and those that change -e- to -i-:

to think: to come back: to ask (for):

pensar (ie) volver (ue) pedir (i)

pienso vuelvo pido
piensas vuelves pides
piensa vuelve pide
pensamos volvemos pedimos
pensáis volvéis pedís
piensan vuelven piden

Common verbs following these patterns in the present tense:

e > ie: cerrar, comenzar, empezar, entender, pensar, perder, preferir, querer, sentir
e > i: elegir, (im)pedir, seguir, servir, (son)reír
o > ue: contar, dormir, encontrar, morir, mostrar, poder, resolver, volar, volver
Jugar has a different stem change, from u to ue in the same places:
juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis, juegan.
Note: All -ir stem-changing verbs change their stems in other tenses (see appendix A).

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Index
D
dire

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Glossary
Sample Word 1 | Sample Definition 1

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Detailed Licensing
Overview
Title: Spanish 101
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Spanish 101 - Undeclared 2.8: Lesson 6- Telling Time Powerpoint - Undeclared
Front Matter - Undeclared 2.9: Números- 0-100 - Undeclared
TitlePage - Undeclared Unit 3: Vocabulary of classes, congugation of verbs
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Table of Contents - Undeclared Undeclared
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1.2: Introduction- Basic Greetings In Spanish - 3.3: Spanish Grammar in Context - Undeclared
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1.3: Supplemental- Learn Spanish – How to Greet 3.5: History of Salsa from Africa to New York -
People in Spanish - Undeclared Undeclared
1.4: Lesson 1- Gender/Articles - Undeclared Unit 4: Unit 4- Basic adjectives, verbs ending in -er/-ir,
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1.7: Supplemental Content- National Geographic - 4.2: Lesson 11- Verbs ending in -ER - Undeclared
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Unit 2: Basic Verb Conjunction, Personal Pronouns - Undeclared
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4.5: Lesson 12- Expresssions with verb Tener -
2.1: Lesson 2- Numbers 0-60 - Undeclared
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2.2: Lesson 3- Subject Pronouns, Basic Verb
Conjugation and Basic Pronunciation - Undeclared Unit 5: The Family, irregular verbs - Undeclared
2.3: Unit 4- Verbs Ser/Estar (To be)Students will 5.1: Lesson 13- The Family - Undeclared
differentiate between 2 modalities of verb to be. - 5.2: Lesson 14- Changing Stem Verbs - Undeclared
Undeclared Back Matter - Undeclared
2.4: Uses of ser and estar - Undeclared Index - Undeclared
2.5: Supplemental Content- 10 Latin American Glossary - Undeclared
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