= PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION =

LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

• LANGUAGE - it is a group of words that has a system of rules (grammar), a system of

sound (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon).
• COMMUNICATION - the term communication is originally taken from the latin word
'communis' which means to make common, to transit, to impart or to share between two
or more persons or group.

• COMMUNICATION is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more

persons. (Newman and Sumer). Communication is the process by which information is
transmitted between individuals or organizations so that an understanding response results.
(Little).
• COMMUNICATION is a two-way activity. There is a communicator and the receiver of
communication. Exchange implies reception and response from the receiver to ideas,
emotions and opinions of communicator. (Koontz and O'Donnell)
• COMMUNICATION is a process which begins when you have a message that you want to
deliver to an audience. Your audience receives the message, reacts to it and then responds
to your message. That response may prompt you to react and give another message.
(Tierney)
• COMMUNICATION is a systemic process which individuals interact with and through
symbols to create and interpret meanings. (Wood)

✓ FOUR TERMS TO UNDERSTAND COMMUNICATION

▪ PROCESS implies continuity. In the context of communication, one never stops from
communicating as it is an ongoing activity. It is dynamic as it is continually changes.
▪ SYSTEM is composed of interrelated parts that affect one another. It is a collection not of
random parts but of organized wholes.
▪ SYMBOLS. When people communicate, they rely on symbols, a concrete representation of
something abstract. It is a tangible counterpart of something intangible.
▪ MEANINGS. When people communicate, they attach meaning to the symbols they use
(verbal/non-verbal) with the intent that the person they are communicating with share the
same meaning as intended. It is also about how we understand something thus having
various interpretations.

✓ ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
▪ Sender - the source information, ideas, feelings or message.
▪ Receiver - the individual who receives the message from the sender and reacts on it.
▪ Message - the information, ideas or feelings the sender wants to share with the receiver
▪ Channel - the means or medium through the message is transmitted.
▪ Feedback - the response of the receiver to the message sent to him/her.

✓ COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE

▪ Verbal and Non-Verbal: combination of what has been said (language) and what has been
done (gesture/action)
▪ Visual: use of visuals like pictures, maps, charts, diagrams, infographics

✓ COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT

▪ Intrapersonal: talking to oneself, inner monologue
▪ Interpersonal: between, among, together
▪ Extended: involves the use of electronic media
▪ Organizational: professional/ formal system of communication (Boss, subordinate, client)
▪ Intercultural: diverse linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional background
✓ COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND STYLE
▪ Formal: business and academic
▪ Informal: personal

“Communication is not through a language all the time.”

WHAT ARE COMMUNICATION MODELS?

- Communication models are helpful to understand how a communication process works. It is only
by knowing the flow of communication that you will be able to make the communication process
effective.

• ARISTOTLE'S COMMUNICATION MODEL

Criticisms:

- There is no concept of feedback. It is one way from speaker to audience.

- There is no concept of communication failure like noise and barriers.
- This model can be used in public speaking.

• LASWELL'S COMMUNICATION MODEL

Criticisms:

- It does not include feedback and ignores the existence of noise.

- The model is very general and simplistic.
- The model is more focused on the outcome and generally used for media persuasion.

• SHANNON-WEAVER COMMUNICATION MODEL

Criticisms:

- It is applicable for interpersonal communication that group communication and mass

communication.
- Sender plays the important part in the communication process and receiver is not emphasized.
- Feedback is taken as less important in comparison to the message sent by the sender.
 • BERLO'S COMMUNICATION MODEL

Criticisms:

- No emphasis on feedback, so the effect is not considered.

- Noise or any kind of barriers in communication process is ignored. Similar to
- Aristotle's model, it is linear model of communication.

✓ GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

▪ Communication is transactional. It involves an exchange of ideas.
▪ Communication is inevitable. It is impossible not to communicate.
▪ Communication is goal-oriented. You have goals why you communicate.
▪ Communication has various levels. It has various levels of vulnerability.
▪ Communication is complex. It has a lo of processes simultaneously happening.
▪ Communication can be learned. Learn and improve communication skills.
▪ Communication is relational. It has immediacy (degree of liking) and control
(dominance/power)
▪ Communication is guided by culture. System of shared knowledge: beliefs, values,
symbols, and behavior.

EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION

What should you do?

- A discussion of speaking and the lack thereof

✓ ORAL COMMUNICATION

WHAT ARE THE THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW?

- It includes individuals conversing with each other, be it direct conversation or telephonic

conversation.
- There is high level of understanding and transparency in oral communication as it is
interpersonal.
- The feedback is spontaneous in case of oral communication. Thus, decisions can be made quickly
without any delay.

✓ ORAL COMMUNICATION – presentation, audio awareness, critical listening

▪ VERBAL COMMUNICATION – spoken language; language related with culture
▪ NON-VERBAL – gestures, facial expressions, body movements; socially shared meanings
✓ FUNCTIONS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
▪ Verbal Communication makes us think.
▪ Verbal Communication helps us shape our attitude about our world.
▪ Verbal Communication helps us organize complex ideas and experiences into meaningful
categories.
▪ Verbal Communication helps us define reality.

✓ FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

▪ Non-verbal Communication is used to regulate verbal communication.
▪ Non-verbal Communication is used to duplicate verbal communication.
▪ Non-verbal Communication is used to complement verbal communication.

✓ FORMS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

1. Kinesics - gestures, facial expressions, body movements
2. Chronemics – how people use, perceive, and structure their time
3. Proxemics – interpersonal space to regulate intimacy (nonverbal is essential)
4. Paralinguistics – voice, loudness, inflection, pitch
5. Haptics - communication through touch, sympathy, and emotion
6. Oculesics – communication through eyes

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION

1. Planning 7. Coherent
2. Clarity 8. Vocabulary
3. Neutrality 9. Courteous
4. Brevity 10. Presentation
5. Precision 11. Emotions
6. Naturality 12. Emphasis