Learning Outcome
• Define Terms related to Vaccination and
Immunization
• Discuss the importance of Immunization
• Briefly differentiate Active Immunity and
Passive Immunity
• Visualize the Life cycle of an Immunization
Program
• Identify the different vaccines and their action
in the human body and their side effects
Definition of Terms
Vaccination
The act of introducing a vaccine into
the body to produce immunity to a
specific disease.
• Vaccination prevents and control such diseases as cholera,
rabies, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, measles, and
typhoid fever
• * Vaccines can be:
• a- prophylactic (e.g. to prevent the effects of a future
infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen.
• b- Therapeutic (e.g. vaccines against cancer are also being
investigated)
Definition of Terms
Vaccine
A product that stimulates a person’s
immune system to produce immunity to
a specific disease, protecting the person
from that disease. Vaccines are usually
administered through needle injections,
but can also be administered by mouth
or sprayed into the nose.
Definition of Terms
Acellular vaccine
A vaccine that is made using
part of the bacterium or
organism
Definition of Terms
Whole cell vaccine
A vaccine that is made
using a weakened form of
the entire bacterium or
organism
Definition of Terms
Combination Vaccine
A vaccine that contains 2 or
more vaccines in a single shot in
order to decrease the number of
shots given.
• THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF VACCINES:
1. LIVE- ATTENUATED VACCINES
2. INACTIVATED VACCINES
3. SUBUNIT, RECOMBINANT, POLYSACCHARIDE, AND
CONJUGATE VACCINES
4. TOXOID VACCINES
LIVE INACTIVATED
VACCINES VACCINES
• MEASLES, MUMPS, • HEPATITIS A
RUBELLA (MMR)
• FLU
• ROTAVIRUS
• POLIO
• SMALLPOX
• CHICKENPOX • RABIES
• YELLOW FEVER
SUBUNIT, RECOMBINANT,
TOXOID
POLYSACCHARIDE, AND
CONJUGATE VACCINES VACCINES
• Hib (HEAMOPHILUS • DIPHTHERIA
INFLUENZAE TYPE B)
• HEPATITIS B • TETANUS
• HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS
• WHOOPING COUGH
• PNUEMOCOCCAL DISEASE
• MENINGCOCCAL DISEASE
Definition of Terms
Immunity
Protection from an infectious disease.
If you are immune to a disease, you
can be exposed to it without becoming
infected.
Definition of Terms
Immunization
A process by which a person becomes
protected against a disease through
vaccination. This term is often used
interchangeably with vaccination or
inoculation.
Importance of Immunization
Diseases are becoming
rare due to vaccinations
Some diseases (like polio and diphtheria)
are becoming very rare because we have
been vaccinating against them
Importance of Immunization
Keep immunizing until
disease is eliminated
Even if there are only a few cases of disease
today, if we take away the protection given by
vaccination, more and more people will
become infected and will spread disease to
others. Soon we will undo the progress we
have made over the years.
Importance of Immunization
Japan reduced pertussis vaccinations, and
an epidemic occurred
In 1974, Japan had a successful pertussis
(whooping cough) vaccination program,
with nearly 80% of Japanese children
vaccinated. That year only 393 cases of
pertussis were reported in the entire
country, and there were no deaths from
pertussis.
Importance of Immunization
Japan reduced pertussis vaccinations, and
an epidemic occurred
But then rumors began to spread that
pertussis vaccination was no longer needed
and that the vaccine was not safe, and by
1976 only 10% of infants were getting
vaccinated. In 1979 Japan suffered a major
pertussis epidemic, with more than 13,000
cases of whooping cough and 41 deaths.
Importance of Immunization
Japan reduced pertussis vaccinations,
and
an epidemic occurred
In 1981 the government began
vaccinating with acellular pertussis
vaccine, and the number of
pertussis cases dropped again
Importance of Immunization
What if we stopped vaccinating?
Diseases that are almost unknown
would stage a comeback. Before long
we would see epidemics of diseases
that are nearly under control today.
More children would get sick and
more would die.
Importance of Immunization
We vaccinate to
protect our future
Vaccinations are one of the best ways to put an
end to the serious effects of certain diseases.
We don’t vaccinate just to protect our
children. We also vaccinate to protect our
grandchildren and their grandchildren
How does Immunity work?
Immunity to a disease is achieved
through the presence of antibodies to
that disease in a person’s system.
Antibodies are proteins produced by
the body to neutralize or destroy
toxins or disease-carrying organisms.
Antibodies are disease-specific
How does Immunity work?
Active Immunity
results when exposure to a disease
organism triggers the immune system
to produce antibodies to that disease
Active immunity is long-lasting, and
sometimes life-long.
How does Immunity work?
Active Immunity
Exposure to the disease organism can
occur through infection with the actual
disease (resulting in natural immunity),
or introduction of a killed or weakened
form of the disease organism through
vaccination (vaccine-induced immunity)
How does Immunity work?
Passive Immunity
provided when a person
is given antibodies to a disease rather
than producing them through his or
her own immune system.
It lasts only for a few weeks or months
How does Immunity work?
Passive Immunity
A newborn baby acquires passive
immunity from its mother through the
placenta.
How does Immunity work?
Passive Immunity
A person can also get passive
immunity through antibody-
containing blood products such
as immune globulin, which may be
given when immediate protection
from a specific disease is needed.
How does Immunity work?
Active vs Passive Immunity
Major advantage to passive immunity;
protection is immediate, whereas active
immunity takes time (usually several weeks)
to develop. However, passive immunity lasts
only for a few weeks or months. Only active
immunity is long-lasting.
Lifecycle of an Immunization Program
Different Vaccines
Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Whooping Cough
• DT (generic) and Td (Tenivac® and generic)
provide protection against diphtheria and
tetanus.
• DTaP (Daptacel®, Infanrix®, Kinrix®, Pediarix®,
Pentacel®, Quadracel®, and Vaxelis™) provides
protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and
whooping cough.
• Tdap (Adacel®and Boostrix®)
Different Vaccines
Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) disease
is most common in babies and children younger than 5 years
old (serious cases - Invasive Hib disease)
• PedvaxHIB® : Doctors give three doses to children who are
2 through 15 months old.
• ActHIB® : Doctors give four doses to children who are 2
through 15 months old.
• Hiberix® : Doctors give four doses to children who are 2
through 15 months old.
• Pentacel® : Combination vaccince. Doctors give four doses
to children who are 2 through 18 months old. This vaccine
protects against Hib disease, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
(whooping cough), and polio.
Different Vaccines
Pneumococcal disease
is common in young children, but older adults are at
greatest risk of serious illness and death
1. PCV13 (Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine)
All children younger than 2 years old
People 2 years or older with certain medical conditions
2. PPSV23 (Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine)
All adults 65 years or older
People 2 through 64 years old with certain medical
conditions
Adults 19 through 64 years old who smoke cigarettes
Different Vaccines
Poliomyelitis
CDC recommends that children get polio vaccine to protect against
polio, or poliomyelitis
1. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
-only polio vaccine that has been used in the United States since 2000
-given by shot in the leg or arm, depending on the patient’s age
-Children should get four doses total
• 2 months old
• 4 months old
• 6 through 18 months old
• 4 through 6 years old
2. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)
-This vaccine is no longer licensed or available in the United States.
It is still used in some parts of the world.
Children receive doses of the vaccine by drops in the mouth.
Different vaccines
Hepatitis B
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
recommends:
• administration of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B
immune globulin (HBIG) for infants born to HBV-infected
women within 12 hours of birth, followed by completion of
the vaccine series and postvaccination serologic testing;
• universal hepatitis B vaccination within 24 hours of birth,
followed by completion of the vaccine series; and
• vaccination of children and adolescents aged <19 years
who have not been vaccinated previously.
Different vaccines
Tuberculosis
Dry BCG vaccine of the Pasteur Institute, at
concentrations of 150 mg./cc.
• In the light of the high degree of tuberculous
infection taking place among Filipino children,
BCG vaccination is justifiable as a
supplementary measure in the control of
tuberculosis in the Philippines.
Immunization in the Philippines
The Presidential Decree 996 : Expanded Program
on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1976 to
ensure that infants/children and mothers have
access to routinely recommended infant/childhood
vaccines.
Expanded Program on Immunization seeks to
ensure that children, particularly infants, and their
mothers have access to vaccines recommended for
their age to prevent specific diseases
Immunization in the Philippines
Preventable diseases Vaccines under the EPI:
included in the EPI: • BCG birth dose
1. Tuberculosis • Hepatitis B birth dose
2. Poliomyelitis • Oral Poliovirus Vaccine
3. Diphtheria • Pentavalent Vaccine
4. Tetanus • MMR
5. Pertussis • Tetanus Toxoid
6. Measles • Pneumococcal
Conjugate Vaccine 13
Immunization in the Philippines
Republic Act No. 10152 ( 2011)
the Mandatory Basic Immunization now covers:
• Tuberculosis
• Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
• Poliomyelitis
• Measles
• Mumps
• Rubella or German measles
• Hepatitis-B
• H. Influenza type B (HIB)
Immunization in the Philippines
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