2020-YDS/1/ENGLISH TEST OF ENGLISH

This test consists of 80 questions.

1-6: For these questions, choose the best word or

4. As the DNA of two unrelated people only differs by
expression to fill the space.
about one in every 1,000 base pairs, humans show
---- little genetic diversity.

1. Twenty-five hundred years ago, ancient Greek A) remarkably B) elaborately

philosophers turned their highly sophisticated
---- away from the whims of the gods and toward C) ambiguously D) sufficiently
questions of the natural world.
E) promptly
A) inquiries B) fallacies

C) incentives D) complaints

E) precautions

5. Biologists have created a molecule that ---- the

connections between brain cells, called neurons,
acting exactly like the steel bars in reinforced
2. The mission control experts cannot tell if the space concrete.
junk is going to hit the space station or not, but they
A) penetrates B) overcomes
are sure that a ---- would knock a hole in the body
and cause all air inside it to quickly escape into
C) implements D) fortifies
space.
A) succession B) collision E) receives

C) conversion D) fluctuation

E) deviation

6. Internet users are increasingly ---- cyberchondria, a

mental condition in which easy access to
information on medical issues causes increased
feelings of anxiety over health.
3. While newspapers have been in dramatic decline in
A) making up for B) cutting down on
much of the developed West, the industry is ---- and
still growing in many of Asia’s booming cities.
C) getting away with D) looking around for
A) fragile B) profitable
E) coming down with
C) confidential D) peculiar

E) notorious

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7-16: For these questions, choose the best

9. Wall paintings previously ---- in three Spanish caves
word(s) or expression(s) to fill the space(s).
have now been dated to 65,000 years ago – some
20,000 years before Homo sapiens is thought ---- in
Europe.
7. So far, only two types of mental exertion ---- to
A) to have been discovered / to arrive
improve overall cognitive ability: one is musical
training, the other is learning a new language or
B) being discovered / having arrived
practising a second one you ----.
A) were shown / will have already learned C) discovered / to have arrived

B) had been shown / have already been learning D) having been discovered / to be arriving

C) have been shown / have already learned E) to be discovered / arriving

D) will be shown / already learned

E) are shown / had already learned

10. A compound called ‘hyloins’ that can be found in

the frog's lymph and skin glands increases the
frog's brightness ---- around 20 percent ---- a full
moon.
8. If an age could ever be rightly described as ‘dark’ in
A) by / during B) in / under
European history, it ---- the two centuries that ---- the
collapse of Roman authority in Britain at the
C) at / over D) to / along
beginning of the fifth century.
A) may be / follow E) from / through

B) would be / followed

C) used to be / had followed

D) must be / have followed

E) had to be / were following

11. The scientific study of the dynamic relationship ----
the celestial bodies of the solar system and the
motion of human-made objects ---- outer space,
such as spacecraft and satellites, is called orbital
mechanics.
A) about / on B) between / at

C) with / of D) among / in

E) beyond / without

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12. ---- electricity and heat account for 41 percent of 15. Finding ammonia on the surface of Pluto could be a
global carbon dioxide emissions today, curbing hint of more complex organic chemistry on the
climate change will require satisfying that much planet, although it is ---- cold ---- there is almost
demand with renewables rather than fossil fuels. definitely no life there.
A) Since B) While A) not only / but also B) both / and

C) Until D) Unless C) neither / nor D) such / that

E) As if E) so / that

13. ---- all dogs show signs of having ‘theory of mind’, 16. ---- the Sun’s constant stream of energy, water
which enables them to grasp that we think molecules are continually evaporating from the
differently from them, it is unlikely that they are surfaces of oceans and lakes, adding to the water
capable of extending this to knowing the reason vapour in the air.
why one person behaves differently to another. A) Rather than B) Thanks to
A) In case B) Only if
C) As opposed to D) In terms of
C) As far as D) Given that
E) Unlike
E) Even though

14. ---- there are hundreds of school- and

community-based aggression prevention and social
skills promotion programmes, only a handful of
these appear to be effective.
A) Provided that B) Since

C) Although D) Just as

E) Unless

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17-21: For these questions, choose the best

word or expression to fill the spaces in the 19.
passage.
A) in terms of B) thanks to

The first civilisations emerged in areas where high C) in place of D) by contrast with
agricultural productivity was possible, supporting dense
populations. In the Old World, they appeared (17)---- the E) by means of
rivers in Mesopotamia, northern India, Egypt and
northern China. Craft specialisation developed, trade
flourished, writing began, and rulers were often given
elaborate burials. (18)----, each civilisation also had
unique features rooted in its own cultural background
and environment. Life in Ancient Egypt evolved around
the Nile, which provided a regular water supply and
fertile soils and thus, (19)---- the surrounding desert
regions, made agricultural production possible. 20.
Navigation on the river was easy, as boats (20)----
A) could travel
northwards with the current. From the 5th millennium
BC, farming communities on the banks of the Nile
gradually began to merge into a cultural, political and B) ought to travel
economic unit. This process of unification was (21)---- by
trading contacts and the need to control the floodwaters C) may have travelled
of the Nile. To reap the benefits of the yearly flooding of
the river, communities had to work together to build D) must have travelled
dams and flood basins.
E) would have travelled

17. 21.
A) at B) into A) abandoned B) distributed

C) with D) along C) encouraged D) overlooked

E) toward E) threatened

18.
A) Instead B) However

C) For instance D) Otherwise

E) That is

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22-26: For these questions, choose the best

word or expression to fill the spaces in the 24.
passage.
A) from B) upon

Colliding tankers, damaged platforms and pipelines, as C) against D) for

well as the release of residual oil from oil tanks, are
potential causes for catastrophes. Pictures of dying E) without
seabirds show the (22)---- of such environmental
damage. Yet, not all environmental hazards are this
obvious. Water pollution (23)---- by the uncontrolled use
of pesticides and heavy metals, such as mercury, lead,
cadmium, and zinc, largely remains unnoticed. The
dangerous prior assumption that the oceans could
naturally purify themselves (24)---- limit has caused
possibly irreparable damage. Not only the oceans, but
many creeks, rivers, and lakes have also suffered from 25.
human interference. Many lakes have become polluted
A) except for B) because of
(25)---- the chemicals added by household wastewater
and the overfertilisation with phosphates in agriculture.
(26)----, unknown effluents from industry and acid rain C) contrary to D) rather than
add to the acidification of water bodies, which
contributes to the decrease of biodiversity. E) in pursuit of

22.
A) improvement B) extent
26.
C) suspension D) eradication
A) For instance B) Therefore
E) release
C) Even so D) Moreover

E) Instead

23.
A) having triggered

B) triggered

C) to have been triggered

D) triggering

E) to have triggered

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27-36: For these questions, choose the best

29. As more people suffer from insecure attachment
option to complete the given sentence.
styles in their relationships with others, ----.
A) they feel that they do not need their belongings to
survive anymore
27. Because there has been growing public awareness
regarding cultural and ethnic differences around the B) seeing possessions as an extension of themselves
world, ----. starts to decrease
A) tourists, who search for unfamiliar environments and
cultures, also search for familiar facilities available for C) the needs for security are more complex than just the
them basics for physical survival

B) the true cultural heritage of the host society maintains D) possessions do not make them feel secure by
its integrity by keeping tourists on the other side of the substituting for the loved ones
curtain
E) the behaviour of seeking emotional comfort from
C) culture is seen as a dynamic living concept and material objects is likely to rise
changes continually in order to embrace the needs of
present-day society

D) it has been argued that so-called authenticity of

culture is a fleeting movement in the development
calendar
E) there has been increasing demand for tourism
products that offer cultural authenticity rather than 30. While mainstream cultural artefacts (films, books,
standard concepts
fashion, etc.) produced specifically for and about
girls have been popular for more than two centuries,
----.
A) academic research on girls and their complex
relationship with girl culture is still fairly new to the
communication discipline
B) early research on this topic tended to focus on girls as
28. Although all archaeologists agree that keeping audiences and as vulnerable to the effects of mass
careful records of an excavation is essential to good culture
practice, ----.
C) communication scholars examining girl culture today
A) there is a close relationship between their
have been greatly influenced by girls’ or girlhood
interpretation and that of archaeological museums studies
B) they are concerned with the activities of people and D) a new area that is mainly interested in how girls
nature that create evidence of a cultural past actively negotiate and even resist these cultural
artefacts is needed
C) artefacts, sculptures and drawings found in caves help
them learn about early humans E) many researchers have examined the Internet as a
space fostering girls’ self-expression and community
D) many mapping techniques developed for use on land building
have also been adapted for underwater archaeology

E) there is no certain consensus on what exactly

constitutes archaeological data

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31. When bacteria sense that their numbers have 33. ----, few realise that moderate to vigorous physical
reached a critical threshold, ----. activity done regularly completely changes our
A) the drugs that will interrupt this process are still being bodies from the inside out.
researched A) Since regular movement prevents certain cancers and
lowers the risk of diabetes
B) they switch on the production of substances that
attack their human host B) As scientists have developed methods for measuring
intensity of aerobic exercise
C) we are not still sure about how to prevent them from
increasing in number C) While most people inherently know that they are
supposed to leave sedentary habits
D) some are mostly resistant to many common
antibiotics, making an infection hard to treat D) Although many are not aware that being physically
active expands lung capacity
E) plant products have been reported to have no
significant effect on their growth E) Unless prolonged sitting denies people some of the
health advantages of regular exercise

32. It may be a long time before scientists can confirm

that biological life exists in places other than Earth, 34. ----, food shortages will be inevitable, leading to
----. mass starvation and unrest.
A) but recent discovery of tiny life forms in some extreme A) Because many governments are committed to
conditions and inhospitable environments has raised avoiding a reduction in farming subsidies and financial
hopes speculation nowadays
B) as scientists have long known that amino acids and B) Unless a solution to the dramatic increase in world
nucleotides, the main ingredients for building proteins population and the demand for food is found
and DNA, can be found in meteors and comets
C) While the growing population in some parts of the
C) while it takes a lot of intellectual effort on the part of world increasingly demand a more varied diet
ordinary people to understand the dynamics of life in
outer space D) Since the increase in oil prices has appeared in many
developing nations in the last several decades
D) though professional associations informing the public
about microbial life in space have not been very E) If worldwide drought, which affects wide territories, is
successful seen as the consequence of climate change
E) so the discovery of the bacteria in Antarctica, which
live by extracting nutrition from the air, indicates that
life can thrive without complex organic material

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37-42: For these questions, choose the most

35. The consequences of eating disorders need to be accurate Turkish translation of the sentences in
English, and the most accurate English translation
taken seriously, ----.
of the sentences in Turkish.
A) whereas there is growing interest in and worry about
their potential risks and treatment methods
37. Because volcanic activity has usually been
B) while evidence is now emerging that they occur in a extremely violent and destructive, in the past there
wide range of socioeconomic groups were some cultures believing that eruptions and
tremblings had to be the fault of humans.
C) given that they might increase one’s risk of developing
A) Volkanik faaliyetler genellikle aşırı derecede şiddetli ve
conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes
yıkıcı oldukları için geçmişte patlamaların ve
D) though clinical depression and anxiety disorders have sarsılmaların insanların hatasından kaynaklandığını
düşünen bazı kültürler vardı.
been reported to commonly co-occur with eating
disorders B) Volkanik faaliyetlerin genellikle aşırı derecede şiddetli
E) so patients who engage in binge eating, which is ve yıkıcı olmasından dolayı geçmişte bazı kültürler
highly associated with obesity, suffer from numerous patlamaların ve sarsılmaların insanların hatasından
health issues kaynaklandığına inanıyordu.

C) Genellikle aşırı derecede şiddetli ve yıkıcı olan

volkanik faaliyetler yüzünden geçmişte yaşanan
patlamaların ve sarsılmaların insanların hatasından
kaynaklandığına inanan bazı kültürler vardı.

D) Geçmişte patlamaların ve sarsılmaların insanların

hatasından kaynaklandığına inanan kültürler
36. Most classic research indicates that it is extremely olmasının sebebi, bazı volkanik faaliyetlerin genellikle
difficult to identify boys from girls on behavioural son derece şiddetli ve yıkıcı olmasıydı.
grounds when children are under two years of age
E) Geçmişte patlamaların ve sarsılmaların insanların
----.
hatasından kaynaklandığına inanan bazı kültürlerin
A) unless there are some external cultural indicators of olması, volkanik faaliyetlerin genellikle son derece
gender such as clothing şiddetli ve yıkıcı olmasından kaynaklanıyordu.

B) so that the impact of gender in young children’s lives

could be examined in great detail

C) if young children know about gender and acquire

gendered ways of being and thinking from an early
age
D) given that preschool children often actively maintain
gender stereotypes in their own behaviours and that of
their peers

E) because there has recently been a focus on how boys

and girls play with the toys they choose

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38. According to a recent report, early adopters of 39. One of the biggest difficulties of a manager is
enterprise artificial intelligence have shown a bigger possibly demonstrating leadership in a context
improvement in productivity and performance where those being directed neither believe they
compared to those that have yet to explore this need to be organised, nor are motivated to
exciting new field. cooperate with the administration.
A) Yeni bir rapora göre, yapay zekâ girişimini önceden A) Bir yönetici için muhtemelen en büyük zorluklardan
benimseyenler, bu heyecan verici yeni alanı henüz biri, yönetilenlerin ya organize edilmeleri gerektiğine
keşfetmemiş olanlara kıyasla verimlilik ve performans inanmadıkları ya da yönetimle işbirliği yapmaya istekli
bakımından daha büyük bir gelişme göstermiştir. olmadıkları bir ortamda liderlik göstermektir.

B) Yeni hazırlanan bir rapora göre, yapay zekâ girişimini B) Bir yöneticinin en büyük zorluklarından biri
daha keşfetmemiş olanların aksine, bu heyecan verici muhtemelen, yönetilenlerin ne organize edilmeleri
yeni alanı önceden kullanmaya başlayanlar verimlilik gerektiğine inandıkları ne de yönetimle işbirliği
ve performans konularında daha çok ilerleme yapmaya istekli oldukları bir ortamda liderlik
kaydetmiştir. göstermektir.

C) Yeni bir rapora göre, yeni ve heyecan verici yapay C) Bir yöneticinin yaşayabileceği en büyük zorluklardan
zekâ girişimini önceden benimseyenlerin, bu alanı biri muhtemelen, organize edilmeye ihtiyaç
henüz keşfetmeyenlere göre, verimlilik ve performans duymayanların ve yönetimle işbirliği yapmayanların
açısından çok daha fazla ilerleme kaydettiği olduğu bir ortamda liderlik göstermektir.
görülmüştür.
D) Bir yönetici olmanın muhtemel en büyük zorluğu,
D) Yeni hazırlanan bir rapor, yapay zekâ girişimini yönetilenlerin organize edilme gereksinimi
önceden edinenlerin, bu heyecan verici yeni alanı duymadıkları için yönetimle işbirliği yapmaya istekli
keşfetmeyenlerle karşılaştırıldığında verimlilik ve olmadığı bir ortamda liderlik göstermektir.
performans bakımından daha fazla gelişme ortaya
koyduğunu göstermiştir. E) Bir yöneticinin yaşayabileceği en büyük zorluk
muhtemelen, yönetilenleri ne organize olmaya
E) Yeni bir rapor, yapay zekâ girişimini önceden inandırabildiği ne de yönetimle işbirliği yapmaya
benimseyenlerde verimlilik ve performans alanındaki motive edebildiği bir ortamda liderlik göstermektir.
gelişmelerin bu yeni ve heyecan verici alanı
keşfetmeyenlere kıyasla daha fazla olduğunu
göstermiştir.

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40. Koalalar yüksek miktarlarda su içeren okaliptus 41. Dünya, 66 milyon yıl önce dinozorların neslini
yapraklarıyla beslenirler, bu yüzden nadiren su tükettiği düşünülen ve sıcaklıkları 5ºC'ye kadar
içmeye ihtiyaç duyarlar ve böylelikle yerdeki artıran bir asteroid etkisinden kaynaklanan sıcak bir
yırtıcılardan kurtulmuş olarak ağaçlarda uzun saatler dönem geçirmiştir.
kalabilirler. A) The Earth underwent a hot period that stemmed from
A) Koalas feed on eucalyptus leaves that consist of high an asteroid impact thought to have wiped out the
amounts of water, and as a result, they rarely need to dinosaurs 66 million years ago and caused
drink water, which means they can stay in trees for temperatures to rise by 5ºC.
long hours, away from predators on land.
B) A hot period experienced by the Earth is thought to
B) Because koalas eat eucalyptus leaves that have have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 years
excessive amounts of water, they hardly need to drink ago leading to an asteroid impact with a 5ºC increase
water and thus they can stay in trees for long hours, in temperatures.
away from predators on land.
C) The extinction of the dinosaurs is thought to have
C) Koalas feed on eucalyptus leaves that contain high resulted from the 5ºC rise in the temperatures during
amounts of water, so they hardly need to drink water, the hot period due to an asteroid impact the Earth
and therefore they can stay in trees for long hours, experienced 66 million years ago.
safe from predators on land.
D) A hot period is thought to have dominated the Earth,
D) Eucalyptus leaves that koalas feed on are composed wiping out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago after a
of excessive amounts of water, so they rarely need to 5ºC increase in the temperatures together with an
drink water and thus they can stay in trees for long asteroid impact.
hours, which keeps them away from predators on
land. E) The Earth underwent a hot period with the influence of
the dinosaurs that became extinct 66 million years ago
E) Koalas rely on eucalyptus leaves for nourishment, and with an asteroid impact, resulting in the rising of the
since they have high amounts of water, koalas temperatures by 5ºC.
scarcely need to drink water, and consequently, they
can stay in trees for long hours, free from predators on
land.

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42. Avustralya’daki bir çocuk hastanesinde çalışan

uzmanlar, bazı insanların 20’li yaşlarına kadar
büyümeye devam ettiğine dair pek çok kanıt ortaya
koyarak ergenliğin bittiği kabul edilen yaşın 19’dan
24’e çıkarılması gerektiğini öne sürmektedir.
A) Experts working at a children’s hospital in Australia
suggest that the recognised age at which adolescence
ends should be raised to 24 from 19, revealing plenty
of evidence that some people keep growing into their
20s.

B) Experts working at a children’s hospital in Australia

have provided plenty of evidence that some people
keep growing into their 20s, and therefore they claim
that the recognised age at which adolescence ends
should be raised to 24 from 19.

C) The recognised age at which adolescence ends is 19,

but experts working at a children’s hospital in Australia
claim that it should be raised to 24, providing lots of
evidence that some people keep growing into their
20s.

D) Provided that there is abundant evidence suggesting

that some people keep growing into their 20s, experts
working at a children’s hospital in Australia point out
that the recognised age at which adolescence ends,
which is 19, should be raised to 24.

E) The claim that the recognised age at which

adolescence ends should be raised to 24 from 19 has
been made by the experts working at a children’s
hospital in Australia, who have revealed plenty of
evidence that some people keep growing into their
20s.

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43-46: Answer these questions according to the

passage below. 44. What can be concluded from the passage about the
initial period of life?
A) children who are shy during this period will be shy
Most people, from those who are fond of living alone to throughout their lives no matter what they do.
the rich and famous, probably have experienced
feelings of shyness at various times in their lives. B) If children are shy with others during this period, they
Physiological symptoms may include blushing, should be observed psychologically.
increased heart rate, sweating, and shaking. Just as
these outward manifestations vary in type and intensity C) It might be highly influential on whether a person will
from person to person, so do the inner feelings. Anxious be shy in later life.
thoughts and worries, low self-esteem, self-criticism,
and concern over a lack of social skills, real or D) It is not easy to overcome shyness during this period
imagined, are common. Nevertheless, the causes of because personality traits do not change until young
shyness are not known. Some researchers believe it adulthood.
results from a genetic predisposition. Others theorize
E) It is the period when children should learn some
that uncommunicative parents restrict a child’s
self-help techniques to overcome their shyness.
development of the social skills that compensate for
discomfort caused by new experiences and people,
resulting in shyness. Variously, it has been considered a
symptom of social phobia or a simple characteristic of
introversion. Psychological research that follows large
numbers of children from very early childhood to
adulthood has found that a tendency to be shy with
others is one of the most stable traits that is preserved 45. It could be inferred from the passage that ----.
from the first three or four years of life through young A) shyness is most likely to be seen among children
adulthood. Learning or improving social skills through whose parents were shy in their childhood
self-help courses or formal training in assertiveness and
public speaking are some of the methods used to B) it can be the parents who are responsible for shyness
diminish the effects of shyness. due to their parenting style or the genetic
characteristics they pass on to their children

C) shyness could be considered a form of social phobia,

so medical help should be sought to eliminate it

D) the psychological effects of shyness can be intense if

43. The author clearly states that shyness ----.
physiological symptoms are accompanied by inner
A) is a widespread phenomenon likely to be experienced thoughts
by people from different walks of life
E) although we do not know the causes of shyness for
B) makes itself clear through several symptoms that are sure, it is easy to get rid of this condition
unvaryingly seen

C) is generally accompanied by some inner feelings

caused by imaginary conditions

D) is a psychological condition which is caused by

several well-known triggers

E) can be detected by others easily as most of its

symptoms are visible

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46. What is the purpose of the author of this passage?

A) To elaborate on the impact of genetic factors on
shyness

B) To report the findings of recent research into the

effects and triggers of shyness

C) To give the reader some advice on how to overcome

shyness

D) To give brief information about the symptoms and

possible causes of shyness

E) To discuss whether shyness is a challenging

psychological problem

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47-50: Answer these questions according to the

passage below. 48. It can be inferred from the passage that in Latin
America, ----.
A) the abolishment of slavery aroused such problems as
During the 19th century, in most of Central and South social inequality and political instability
America, a large majority of the population was of
African origin. Most were slaves working on plantations, B) military dictatorships were a big obstacle to the
producing crops such as sugar and coffee for European economic development of most countries
consumers. Slavery was abolished gradually in varying
degrees in Central and South America starting in the C) rapid growth was mainly due to political achievements
early 1800s, with Brazil being the last country to outlaw and successful management of social conflicts
slavery in 1888. After abolition, freed slaves often joined
the lower strata of hierarchical societies in which poverty D) the welfare of citizens greatly improved in most
and inequality were made worse by unfair land countries after the abolishment of slavery
redistribution. In Latin America, independence did not
lead to widespread prosperity or good government, but E) freed slaves were not allowed to purchase land for a
merely to imbalance of power and economic inequality. long time even after the abolishment of slavery
Military dictatorships were common, as were wars and
civil conflicts. Meanwhile, Brazil experienced a ‘rubber
boom’ from the 1880s, which fuelled an unprecedented
economic expansion in Latin America thanks to the
extraction and commercialisation of wild rubber from the
jungles of the Amazon. However, development was
entirely based on investment from Europe and North 49. According to the passage, which of the following is
America, and was largely designed to serve the needs true about Brazil’s rubber boom?
of the industrialised countries, not the local people. A) The needs of Brazilian people were secondary to
those of industrialised countries.

B) Local people played a more dominant role in the boom

when compared to European and American investors.

47. It is understood from the passage that during the C) It was developed for the local people of Brazil to help
19th century, ----. them escape poverty.
A) most slaves in Latin American countries were able to
become part of the ruling and wealthy classes once D) It was not as successful as European and American
they gained independence investors had estimated.

B) most of the crops produced by slaves were sold to E) It was the underlying cause of many wars and civil
local consumers in Latin America conflicts in the area.

C) the abolishment of slavery did not happen at the same

time and rate in Central and South America

D) many Latin American countries began to abolish

slavery after Brazil outlawed it

E) there had been no serious attempts to outlaw slavery

in Latin America until 1888

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50. What is the primary purpose of the author?

A) To explain why slavery was widely practised in Latin
America during the 19th century

B) To clarify when slavery was completely ended in Latin

America

C) To discuss some consequences of the abolishment of

slavery in Latin America

D) To emphasise the considerable efforts of slaves to

gain independence in Latin America

E) To justify that investment from Europe and North

America helped to end slavery in Latin America

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51-54: Answer these questions according to the

passage below. 52. Which of the following is true according to the
passage?
A) Yeasts and moulds turn acid into sugar before people
Making food is one thing; keeping it is another. In their consume fruits.
natural state, all the organic materials we eat are
perishable. After a certain period of time, they go bad – B) Yeasts and moulds may colonise bacteria and insects
smell bad, taste bad, look bad. Even if they do not in warm and low-acid conditions.
become downright unappetising, foods lose nutritional
value as vitamins degrade due to heat, strong light, air, C) Efforts to avoid food spoilage have been around since
or water. In preserving foods, the first order of business people began cooking meat over a fire.
is to prevent yeasts, moulds, bacteria, and insects from
devouring them before we do. Yeasts and moulds thrive D) Food preservation started in the 19th century with the
on acidic fruits and convert their sugars to an acidic fizz. advent of pasteurisation.
Bacteria prefer meat, dairy products, and low-acid
vegetables; if allowed to proliferate, they create acid and E) All types of bacteria release toxins, causing acute food
other waste products that destroy food. Certain bacteria poisoning.
can overrun a person's gastrointestinal tract or release
dangerous toxins, causing the misery of acute food
poisoning. People have tried to prevent food spoilage
since they first started cooking meat over a fire –
smoking, salting, drying, and pickling have been around
for millennia. The science of food preservation,
however, advanced considerably in the 19th century 53. Which of the following is true according to the
with the advent of such processes as pasteurisation. passage?
A) Cooking meat over a fire could cause bacteria to
proliferate easily on it.

B) The 19th century is the period in which the science of

food preservation bloomed.
51. According to the passage, even if foods do not go
bad quickly, ----. C) Drying and salting prevent food spoilage as they
A) they may contribute less to our health after a period of reduce acidity of the food.
exposure to certain factors
D) Pasteurisation has reduced the practice of other food
B) they could perish if they are exposed to direct sunlight preservation techniques.

C) insects and bacteria detect them easily due to their E) Problems in the gastrointestinal tract are usually the
bad smell result of food poisoning.

D) they may cause changes in a person's gastrointestinal

tract

E) people do not wish to eat foods exposed to heat or

water for a long time

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54. What can be said about foods according to the

passage?
A) Meat, dairy products and low-acid vegetables are the
only foods bacteria proliferate.

B) If it is still appetising, consumption of food is harmless

even if it is affected by any bacteria.

C) Food spoilage is inevitable unless foods are preserved

through specific processes.

D) People tend to keep their spoiled foods even if they

look unappetising.

E) Pasteurisation is accepted as the most efficient way to

prevent foods from going bad.

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55-58: Answer these questions according to the

passage below. 56. It can be inferred from the passage that the relevant
questions asked in a standard lie test ----.
A) are expected to induce standard bodily responses
A lie detector is a device intended to detect an from the respondent
involuntary physiological response that all persons
exhibit when lying but never when telling the truth. B) are used to disguise the control questions, which yield
However, the lie detector of popular fancy is typical reactions
mythological. In actual ‘lie protector’ tests, breathing
movements, blood pressure changes and electrodermal C) would not be of much use without the control
responses are recorded on a polygraph while the questions
respondent answers “yes” or “no” to a series of 8 to 12
questions. From the polygraph recordings, one can D) indicate that the respondent is lying if he or she reacts
determine whether ‘relevant’ questions had a greater normally to them
impact on the respondent than did the interpolated
‘control’ questions. In the standard lie test used in E) consistently lead to similar bodily changes in innocent
specific issue investigations, the relevant questions ask people
whether the respondent committed the act in question;
for example, “On April 12, did you take $2000 from the
office safe?” A typical control question might be, “Have
you ever stolen anything?” If the examinee reacts more
strongly to the relevant than to the control questions, it
is inferred that his/her answers to the relevant questions
are deceptive. Because an innocent accused also may 57. What is the disadvantage of the test used in specific
be disturbed by the relevant questions and react more issue investigations?
strongly to them than to the controls, the lie test is A) Some truthful test takers might be unwilling to answer
biased against the truthful respondent. Research has the control questions because they do not seem
shown that as many as 50 percent of innocent criminal relevant.
suspects may ‘fail’ lie protector tests.
B) Honest people may overreact to the questions, which
makes it hard to differentiate them from the liars.

C) The answers given to the control questions bear no

relation to the answers to the relevant ones.
55. Which of the following is true about lie detectors?
D) A majority of innocent people are falsely accused due
A) The number of the control questions surpasses that of
to their unwillingness to react to the relevant
the relevant questions in actual lie protector tests.
questions.
B) A lie detector device actually works differently from E) Researchers usually find the test unreliable, which
what is usually imagined. makes the test impractical for investigative purposes.
C) One can monitor extraordinary differences in a
person’s psychology during a lie protector test.

D) They record bodily responses evoked particularly by

control questions.

E) The respondent’s bodily reactions are examined 58. Which could be the best title for this passage?
before the questions are asked. A) How to Deceive Lie Detectors

B) Question Types for Lie Protector Tests

C) The Basic Working Principle of Lie Detectors

D) The History and Development of Lie Detectors

E) Investigating Financial Crime through Lie Detectors

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59-62: Answer these questions according to the

passage below. 60. Why is it important to read outside your favourite
genre?
A) To imitate the great writers who have written before
We all start out as readers, don’t we? First, it is picture you
books read to us by mum or dad. Then we begin to
recognise sounds, letters, and words, and to take the B) To learn about different styles and structures available
first steps towards becoming readers ourselves. Many of
us got the reading bug when we were young, and books C) To see which of the genres are making the biggest
read in childhood can stay with us forever. Reading is profits
often the first piece of advice any aspiring writer is
given. If you want to become a published author, it is a D) To decide what genre is the best for your target group
pretty good idea to take a look at what has been of readers
published so far – and to see what is being published
now. First, read the kind of stuff you yourself want to E) To get inspired by the popular themes of the great
write. Whatever that is – romance, crime, sci-fi, thrillers, writers
memoirs, sagas, fantasy, non-fiction, it is sensible to
see what is already out there. Secondly, take a look at
what is being written outside your own genre. The more
widely you read, the more you will learn. See how others
do it and find out what works for you – and what does
not. Learn how successful authors keep their readers
turning the pages. Finally, do not ignore the everyday 61. Which of the following can replace the underlined
stuff you cannot get away from: newspapers and verb ‘count’ in the passage?
magazines, TV advertisements, websites, social media
A) stimulate B) imply
and so on. Ultimately, as a writer, you need to use
words effectively to make every word count.
C) matter D) occur

E) necessitate

59. Which of the following is true about the books

people read in childhood according to the passage?
A) People form their reading habits thanks to the pictures
these books contain. 62. What is the main purpose of the author?
B) Children’s books are usually better than picture books A) To give information on how to read more effectively
in helping become a published writer.
B) To explain briefly what the great authors do and do not
C) Such books are written for the purpose of teaching do
sounds and letters.
C) To describe the similarities and differences between
D) We often remember them throughout the course of our reading and writing
lives.
D) To offer some guidelines to people wanting to become
E) It may not be possible to become a good writer without writers
analysing them carefully.
E) To compare and contrast a variety of literary genres
for the enthusiasts

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63-67: For these questions, choose the best

64. Molly:
option to complete the dialogue.
 So, I really liked the film. Actually, it really went
way beyond my expectations.

63. Mary: James:

 So, I’ve decided to participate in the Citizen  Yeah, the special effects were pretty cool but I
Science movement. didn’t like how long the film was. I mean,
seriously, why would any film need to be nearly
Hilda: three hours long?
 And what exactly are you expected to do as part
of this movement? Molly:
 Well, with this kind of film it takes a lot of time to
Mary: develop the plot and the characters. Don’t you
 Nothing special, in fact. Science volunteers can think so?
contribute to global science studies by simply
monitoring whales offshore or hawks and stars in James:
the sky.  ----

Hilda: Molly:
 ----  I get what you’re saying, but I still think most of
them were needed in the film so that it could
Mary: convey its message to the audience in a
 Not really! It’s simple to do with basic technology, meaningful way.
like smartphone apps. So, you can easily collect
data and share it with other members of the A) Not really. But since this was a sequel it must have
movement. taken longer to develop some of the themes of the
story for people who haven’t seen the first one.
A) That’s interesting. So they invite you to be an amateur
researcher who offers help for free? B) I agree that it must be a challenge for the writers to
take such a complex plot and develop it into a shorter
B) Sounds impressive. Would you need to use special film, but I still got really bored.
equipment in order to record these things?
C) Nope, but I think the problem is actually with the
C) That’s exciting. But don’t you think you should be able cinema itself rather than the film. In some countries, a
to earn money for this kind of work? break is given partway through the film. We need that,
too.
D) Hmm, I see. Doesn’t this benefit the research team
more than it benefits the volunteers? D) Well, you have a point there. It does take time. Maybe
the problem was with the story itself. I believe many
E) Wow. Is accuracy one of the top priorities for these critics would just agree with me.
types of observations?
E) Actually, I don’t. Some of the scenes were
unnecessary because they didn’t stick to the central
theme of the story.

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65. Maggie: 66. Alan:

 Last week you said you didn’t feel so well and  We are all told to exercise more, but for those
you’d join a gym. with physical disabilities, the benefits of aerobic
exercise have always been out of reach. I think
Lucy: scientists need to find a solution for this.
 That’s true, but I have so much work to do that I
can hardly find the time to even call up for Chelsea:
information on how to best get fit.  In fact, I have read about a recent study which
aims to develop a kind of drug that will create the
Maggie: effect of exercise for those with physical
 ---- disabilities.

Lucy: Alan:
 It’s definitely better than nothing. Maybe I can try  ----
to discipline myself and start doing some
stretching at my office. Chelsea:
A) You keep finding excuses, and I think the problem is  Thanks to the medication, the genes which prove
your tendency to delay. If you really want to create resistant to weight gain can be activated without
some time, I’m sure you can find a way. any physical training.
A) How can that drug compensate for the lack of physical
B) Actually, you don’t really need a gym. Most
activity?
professionals say even five minutes of light exercise
can be beneficial for your health.
B) How interested would you be in taking the drug
C) You’d better get some advice from a doctor rather than yourself?
hit the gym. Using prescribed medicines can help you
lose weight in a controlled way. C) How often is the drug taken to activate fat burning
mechanisms?
D) You shouldn’t worry so much about trivial things.
Going to the gym can make you feel happy, as the key D) How do disabled people feel after taking this kind of
to a happy life is to be able to find pleasure in small drug?
things.
E) How much do they agree on the impact of the drug on
E) I think you should reorganise your weekly schedule. people?
There are various techniques for planning your day so
that you can have some time for yourself.

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68-71: For these questions, choose the best

67. Patient:
rephrased form of the given sentence.
 I have a sore throat and this is the third in the last
six months. My tonsils will probably need to be
removed.
68. Recent studies have suggested that underground
Doctor: water does not freeze despite temperatures being as
 It used to be a common practice a few decades low as -70ºC, as it is prevented by salt present in the
ago, but today we approach tonsil removal with water.
much more caution. A) It has been suggested by recent studies that because
the salt in the water prevents freezing, water
Patient: underground stays liquid even when the temperature
 ---- is as low as -70ºC.
Doctor: B) As recent studies have suggested, underground water
 We take little notice of our palatine tonsils, except freezes when the temperature reaches -70ºC, despite
when they are sore, but they activate our immune the fact that salt in water generally prevents freezing.
system, recognising pathogens entering through
the mouth and nose. C) Recent studies have suggested that water remains
liquid under the ground until the temperature reaches
Patient: -70ºC and enough salt is present.
 So I should take better care of them instead of
D) According to some recent studies, as underground
having them removed. water remains liquid even at temperatures as low as
A) I can’t see why patients are driven to such risks. There -70ºC, the salt stops the water from freezing at higher
must be a good side that may be less obvious to us. temperatures.

B) But when inflamed, they are extremely painful. Why E) Recent studies have maintained that as soon as the
should I tolerate them if I can easily get rid of them? temperature reaches -70ºC, the salt in underground
water prevents its freezing.
C) So vaccination can provide protection against specific
diseases? Is it possible to prevent infection this way?

D) Oh! I would have had medical treatment instead of

having them removed through surgery if I had known
that.
E) Does it really make sense? Surgery is supposed to be
the last option in such cases regarding the immune
system.

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69. Thinking about 'what-ifs' is commonly thought to be 71. Although the household technological products are
a futile exercise; however, it helps individuals make interesting to users from all age groups, they are
sense of their past experiences and prepare for the particularly significant to older people with sensory
future. or motor limitations, due to the high degree of
A) Thinking about 'what-ifs' is thought to be helpful in operational comfort and safety they offer.
taking lessons from past experiences and being more A) Household technological products offer a high level of
cautious about the future, even though it is actually an operational comfort and safety to people of all ages;
exercise that has no meaning. nevertheless, it is the elderly who find them the most
useful, especially if they have sensory and motor
B) Although it is widely believed to be an unnecessary limitations.
exercise, making sense of past experiences lets
individuals think about 'what-ifs', teaching them life B) Household technological products attract the attention
lessons in the long run. of consumers of all ages, but they are especially
important to the elderly who have sensory and motor
C) People should think about their 'what-ifs' because it is
limitations as these devices provide a great degree of
not a pointless exercise; it is something that is useful
operational comfort and safety.
and effective for both the past and future.

D) Thinking about 'what-ifs' is not only a popular activity C) Despite the fact that people from various age groups
exercised by many, but also a sensible tool to make are interested in household technology, the biggest
meanings of the past and get ready for future group who needs them is the elderly since they seek a
experiences in advance. high degree of operational comfort and safety because
of their sensory and motor limitations.
E) Contrary to popular belief, thinking about 'what-ifs' is
not a useless exercise; it is rather something that lets D) Household technological devices are significant for
people make meaningful inferences about the past people of all ages, but they are especially important to
and be ready for the future. those with sensory and motor limitations, such as old
people, because these devices are comfortable and
safe to operate.

E) Though many people find household technological

devices important owing to their high level of
operational comfort and safety, these devices are
70. The only time that an analysis procedure can help is particularly aimed at people with sensory and motor
limitations, regardless of their age.
when the user is fully aware not only of its strong
points, but its shortcomings as well.
A) The user is to be fully aware of both the strengths and
weaknesses of an analysis procedure to be able to
benefit from it.
B) An analysis procedure should have more strong points
than shortcomings in order for the user to be aware of
its benefits.

C) Both the strengths and weaknesses of an analysis

procedure should be fully evaluated before the user
becomes aware of its benefits.

D) An analysis procedure can help the user only if the

user acknowledges the strong points rather than its
shortcomings.
E) The shortcomings of an analysis procedure can
reduce its benefits only when the user is not fully
aware of its strong points.

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72-75: For these questions, choose the best

option to complete the missing part of the 73. At the very least, the egocentric bias causes us to
passage. misunderstand others. It undermines empathy and
tolerance. It also traps us in a bubble and we waste
vast amount of psychic energy recovering from
72. With few exceptions, the Austronesian languages insults that were never targeted at us in the first
are closely interrelated. In spite of their very large place. To live a life that is less reactive, more
number and the enormous expanse of the territories directed, it is necessary to put the ego in its place.
occupied by them, it is very easy to recognise their ---- We can then see situations with clarity and
genetic interrelationship. ---- As a result of this, the approach them effectively. We may even see the
total number of Austronesian languages is a wisdom in others’ point of view, and learn from
contentious issue. Taking this into account, the them.
approximate number of Austronesian languages of
given areas, and the number of their speakers in A) We can cognitively prompt ourselves to recognise that
our own point of view is not the only one, or
these areas could be detected only if a wide-scale
necessarily the best one.
scientific study is conducted.
A) Because of their great similarity to each other, it is B) Social psychologists say our tilt to egocentricity is
often difficult to establish whether certain varieties are deeply ingrained as it helps us maintain a coherent
different languages, or dialects of one language. narrative of the events in our lives.

B) Phonologically, Austronesian languages are, with a C) Even so, it is essential for all of us to recognise the
few exceptions, fairly simple. egocentric bias for what it is: an adaptive illusion.

C) Like other language groups, the Austronesian D) There are some situations in which such ego-shifts
languages are thought to have originated thousands of occur naturally, with little effort ─ sublime experiences
years ago. that defy comprehension.

D) The recognition of the genetic interrelationship and E) Some studies also find that memento mori, reminders
initial classification of Austronesian languages had its of the impermanence of life, also displace the self from
beginnings in the nineteenth century. centre stage.

E) There are four types of indigenous languages in the

Australasia and the Pacific area.

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74. The mind is a problem-solving organ that allows us 75. A tendency to sleep at a set time each day defines
to deal with events in imagination before they are an individual’s ‘chronotype’. Although strongly
faced in reality. That amazing skill has, over the last influenced by genetics and light exposure,
10,000 years, allowed us, a weak, slow, and poorly age-related body changes play a key role. Puberty
defended species, to take over the planet. ---- We are heralds a notable shift as bedtimes and wake-up
living longer, even in the poorest countries. times get later. ---- By 55 we wake at around the time
Violence is down, despite how things appear on our we did as young children, approximately two hours
screens. We have made human progress. earlier than as adolescents. Thus, a 7 am alarm for a
A) Some of the real-world difficulties a person faced teenager feels like a 5 am start for a person in their
centuries ago have been taken care of or at least 50s.
diminished. A) Teenagers need about 9 hours for best academic
performance; however, many of them get far less.
B) Still, choosing values takes a certain amount of
psychological sophistication to rein in the B) This trend continues until 19.5 years in women and
problem-solving mind. nearly 21 in men, then gradually reverses.
C) When we engage the capacity to choose and to
embrace the values that inform our actions, we are C) A Canadian study compared cognitive performance
humanising ourselves. mid-morning and mid-afternoon in teenagers and
adults.
D) Our mental capacity can serve as an ever-present
compass, letting us know we are straying from our true D) Not surprisingly, teachers in their 50s will generally be
purpose. at their best in the morning, unlike their teenage
students.
E) Sometimes we get so caught up in our own thinking
that we risk turning our values into a pros-and-cons E) More relaxed attitudes to bedtimes, ignorance about
list. sleep and the near addictive use of social media make
this worse.

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76-80: For these questions, choose the irrelevant

78. (I) Some of the most common reasons for early
sentence in the passage.
childhood hearing loss are genetic. (II) Inner ear hair
cells are responsible for detecting sound signals and
sending them to the brain, but gene mutations within
76. (I) Wagner was a musical innovator who revolutionised those cells lead to poorly functioning anatomy.
opera by creating vast music-dramas for which he wrote (III) Researchers working with mice have devised a
both the music and the words – previously composers method for replacing those flawed genes with healthy
had used stories written by librettists. (II) He wanted to versions: they put the healthy genes into a modified
create a combination of all the arts – music, poetry, virus and inject it into the inner ear. (IV) The main test of
drama, and painting – which he called a restored ear function involves exposing the rodents to a
Gesamtkunstwerk. (III) In addition, each major character, sudden, startling noise to see if they jump. (V) When the
symbol, or place in his dramas had its individual musical virus infects the ear hair cells, it delivers the healthy
theme, or leitmotif, that accompanied it throughout the genes.
opera. (IV) The greatest use of this technique came in A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
his Ring Cycle, an epic story told over four operas. (V) In
his essay On Conducting, he proposed that a creative
conductor should actively interpret music, rather than
just control an orchestra like a traffic cop.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

79. (I) It is well documented in the literature that anxiety

disorders often co-occur with other diagnoses, including
depression and other anxiety disorders. (II) However, it
is important to examine whether this is true for the
elderly as well. (III) Unlike anxiety or depression, the
77. (I) In the late 15th century, when Europeans first incidence of cognitive impairment increases with age.
travelled into the Western Hemisphere, Mesoamerica (IV) Research is beginning to shed light on the
was dominated by the vast empire of the Aztecs. co-occurrence of depression and other psychiatric
(II) Today, many people in both Mesoamerica and along disorders in older adults (V) There is evidence
the Caribbean are of mixed background. (III) But within suggesting that as with younger adults, depression most
decades of the European arrival, Spanish conquerors frequently co-occurs with anxiety disorders among
had overwhelmed those powerful people and all other elderly patients.
major groups. (IV) Native Aztec, Zapotec, Mixtec, and A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
others were congregated into European-style villages
and towns and forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism.
(V) However, Europeans also introduced them to new
sources of income, making them no longer dependent
on traditionally practiced agriculture.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
80. (I) In 2002, the Department of Experimental Psychology
at Oxford University took a group of 50 insomniacs and
got them to try different ways to fall asleep. (II) Those
using the traditional sheep-counting method took slightly
longer than the average. (III) Some sleep research
seems to suggest that punctuating long working hours
with brief ‘power naps’ of just a few minutes may be
good for health. (IV) What worked best was imagining a
tranquil scene such as a beach or a waterfall: this
relaxes people and engages their imagination. (V) On
the other hand, counting sheep is too boring or irritating
to take your mind off whatever is keeping you awake.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

END OF THE TEST

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