AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE SOIL STABILIZATION

METHOD BY ADDING THE CALCIUM CHLORIDE AND THE

SODIUM CHLORIDE
K.Saravanakumar1, G.Kandasamy2, S.Karthikeyan 3, M.Kaviyarasan4, M.Mohan Raj5
1
Assistant Professor , Faculty of Civil Engineering, Gnanamani College of Technology, A.K.
Samuthiram, Pachal, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, 637 018. Email: saravanabuji7@gmail.com.
2,3,4,5
Bachelor of Engineering , Gnanamani College of Technology, Pachal, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu.

Abstract Soil stabilization aims at improving soil

In this project an experimental study was strength and increasing resistance to softening
conducted in the soil stabilization method by by water through bonding the soil particles
using the chemical admixtures like calcium together, water proofing. The simplest
Chloride (CaCl2) and Sodium chloride stabilization processes are compaction and
(NaCl). Stabilization is the process of drainage (if water drains out of wet soil it
physical and chemical alternation of soil to becomes stronger). The other process is by
increase their engineering properties. And improving gradation of particle size and further
this process used to improving the load improvement can be achieved by adding
bearing capacity for the pavement works. In binders to the weak soils, and the stabilisation
India expansive soil is popularly known as commonly done in several methods like
black Cotton soil. Compared to red soil the chemical method, mechanical method, etc. Soil
Black Cotton Soil is the problematic soil that stabilization involves the use of stabilizing
has high potential for shrinking or swelling agents (binder materials) in weak soils to
due to change of moisture content. Soils are improve its geotechnical properties such as
stabilized with various proportion of compressibility, strength, permeability and
chemicals (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) up to durability. The components of stabilization
optimum percentage .And the properties are technology include soils and or soil minerals
compared after done the following tests, and stabilizing agent or binders.
Specific Gravity Test, Plastic Limit and
Liquid Limit Test, California Bearing Ratio 1.1.OBJECTIVE
test. Unconfined compression test. 1. To modify the engineering properties of
Keywords: soil stabilization, calcium the soil,
chloride, sodium chloride, Red soil, Black 2. To improve the stiffness and the tensile
cotton soil, Specific Gravity Test, Plastic strength of the soil,
Limit and Liquid Limit Test, California 3. To decrease the pavement thickness,
Bearing Ratio test. Unconfined compression 4. Improve durability and the resistance to
test the effect of the water,
5. Life of landfill is extended and natural
1. INTRODUCTION resource is extended.
The soil stabilization is generally used 1.2 SCOPE OF OUR PROJECT
for modify the engineering properties of the  The scope of the study is used for
soil. Soil stabilization is broadly used in finding the best pair of chemical to
connection with road, pavement and foundation use it in the stabilisation method by
construction. It improves the engineering strength characteristics and
properties of the soil in terms of volume compression characteristics.
stability, strength, and durability. Soil  The soil stabilisation will increase the
stabilization occurs over a longer time period of soil properties.
curing.

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1.3 METHODOLOGY 2.1.2 Red soil
• Literature Collection And Study Generally this soil visible in red colour
• Material Collection And Study so it is also known as red soil. This kind of soil
• Sieve analysis having the desired cohesiveness. And this soil is
• Specific gravity test, generally preferable for the agricultural
• Atterberg’s test, purposes. It is suitable for growth the various
• California bearing ratio test, crops.This soil is widely available in India so
• Unconfined compression tests, that we choosing it and taken for tests.
• Result And Discussions S.No Test for soil Value obtained
• Conclusion

2.MATERIAL PROPERTIES 1. Specific gravity 3.75

2.1 MATERIAL UESD 2. Plastic limit 25.2%
 Black cotton soil 3. Liquid limit 31.6%
 Red soil
 Calcium chloride
 Sodium chloride
 Desired water

2.1.1 Black cotton soil

The black cotton soil is collected from
Kadanthapatty, Namakkal (D.T),Tamil Nadu,
India.
In India deposition of Black cotton soil
is very good and prosperous for farmers. All the
basic amenities of life i.e. Food, clothes and
house have been fulfilled by the soil, without
soil It is just next to impossible to think about
life on the earth. But on the other side in Civil 2.1.3 Calcium Chloride
Engineering aspects Black cotton soil is very The Cacl 2 bought from the market at
troublesome and problematic and hazardous Salem. It is collected in lab graded type.
due to its characteristics. Because of its high Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) is a white or off-
swelling and shrinkage characteristics, the white odourless powder with a high purity of 93
black cotton soil has been a challenge to the – 97 %wt. It is an inorganic salt highly soluble
Engineers. The black cotton soil is very hard in water. CaCl2 is hygroscopic in nature and it
when dry but loses its strength completely is recommended to be packaged in sealed
when in wet. containers and stored in low humidity
S. No Test for soil Value conditions whenever possible.
obtained
1. Specific gravity 2.325 S.No Test for fine Value
2. Plastic limit 26.51% calcium chloride obtained
3. Liquid limit 31.35% 1. colour White
2. Specific gravity 2.1
3. Appearance Powder
4. Solubility 74gm / 100
ml Water

2.1.4 Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride also directly bought
from the market at lab graded state. And the
chemical formula for the sodium chloride is
NaCl. Sodium chloride is a familiar salt which is

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used for soil stabilisation and it is a colourless 4.TESTING OF SAMPLES
salt. 4.1.Sieve analysis test
A Colourless or white crystalline The sieve analysis is an important test
compound NaCl, used in the manufacture of to find the grain size of the soil. In this test the
chemicals and as a food preservative and most finer sieve screen is 0.075 mm. The sieve
seasoning Salt is not made of NaCl molecules. sets are arranged in the order of IS code book
provisions.

4.2.Specific gravity test

2.1.5 Water The specific gravity is a unique
According to IS 3025, water to be used property to everything. But the value may
for mixing and curing should be free from change by their water absorption
injurious or deleterious materials. Portable characteristics. And the specific gravity is
Water is generally considered satisfactory. In tested with adding various chemicals with the
the present investigation, available water soil by using the pycnometer and weighing
within the campus is used for both mixing and balance.
curing purposes. For red soil with chemicals, specific
3.MIX PROPORTION gravity value.
3.1 Soil mix proportion S. CHEMICALS 0% 5% 10% 15%
For the red soil and calcium chloride, NO
1 CALCIUM 3.75 3.91 4.012 3.87
1.SOIL + 0% Cacl2 = SAMPLE 1 CHLORIDE
2.SOIL + 5% Cacl2 = SAMPLE 2
2 SODIUM 3.75 3.88 4.105 3.95
3. SOIL + 10% Cacl2 = SAMPLE 3 CHLORIDE
4. SOIL + 15% Cacl2 = SAMPLE 4
For the red soil and Sodium Chloride,
1.SOIL + 0% Nacl = SAMPLE 5 For black cotton with chemicals,
2.SOIL + 5% Nacl = SAMPLE 6 specific gravity value.
3.SOIL + 10% Nacl = SAMPLE 7 S.N CHEMICALS 0% 5% 10% 15%
4. SOIL + 15% Nacl = SAMPLE 8 O
For the block cotton soil and calcium
1 CALCIUM 2.325 2.42 2.82 2.69
chloride, CHLORIDE
1.SOIL + 0% Cacl2 = SAMPLE 9
2.SOIL + 5% Cacl2 = SAMPLE 10 2 SODIUM 2.325 2.51 2.73 2.55
3.SOIL + 10% Cacl2 = SAMPLE 11 CHLORIDE
4. SOIL + 15% Cacl2 = SAMPLE 12
For block cotton soil and Sodium
chloride , 4.3. Plastic limit and liquid limit test
1.SOIL + 0% Nacl = SAMPLE 13 This test is conducted to find the
2.SOIL + 5% Nacl = SAMPLE 14 optimum moisture content taken by a soil to
3.SOIL + 10% Nacl = SAMPLE 15 get the liquidity and the plasticity.The
4. SOIL + 15% Nacl = SAMPLE 16 plasticity Index value find by subtracting the
Liquid limit value with the Plastic Limit.

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Ip = (Liquid limit ) – ( Plastic Limit ) of water and filling in the lubricated oil applied
by using this formula we can say the condition mould with three layer of proper compaction.
of the soil. And then allowed to certain load till the
The plasticity index test is done by IS specimen gets failure.
1498 codes.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1. SIEVE ANALYSIS
Sieve analysis results for the black cotton soil.

For red soil plasticity index value

S.NO CHEMICALS 0% 5% 10% 15%

1 Calcium 6.4 4.8 4.02 5.04

chloride Fig. 5.1.1
2 Sodium 6.4 4.05 3.78 4.17 Sieve analysis test results for the red soil,
chloride

For black cotton soil the plasticity index value

S.NO CHEMICALS FOR FOR FOR FOR
0% 5% 10% 15%

1 Calcium 4.84 4.92 3.98 5.54

chloride

2 Sodium 4.84 4.260 3.78 4.17

chloride
Fig. 5.1.2

4.4. California bearing ratio 5.2.Specific gravity test

The California bearing ratio test is used
to find the penetration stress. The CBR value is
determined by the ration of test load to the
standard load. The test procedure involves two
parts, one is preparing the test specimen and
another is penetration test. There is two type of
compaction is used by two methods, 1. Static
compaction, 2. Dynamic Compaction.
The loading machine having the
capacity of 5000kg of loading. The loading
Fig . 5.2.1
value is 1.25 mm per minute.
In the CBR test , up to the 5mm
penetration sample is taken to design.
The CBR test is done by IS 2720 part
16, 1979.

4.5. Unconfined compression test

The unconfined compression test is
used to find the compressive strength of the soil
sample. The sample is sieved and mixed with
the chemicals. Then added with desire quantity
Fig.5.2.2

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5.3. Plasticity index values 5.5. Unconfined Compressive Strength Test
For the Black cotton soil, The unconfined compression test is
conducted for both soils in various mix designs
like 5%, 10%, 15% to find the maximum
strength giving mix. The values are graphed for
the red soil and the black cotton soil , in three
periods (1day, 7 days, 14 days, ).

Fig .5.3.1.
For black cotton soil,

Fig.5.5.1.Strength value for the red soil

Fig .5.3.2.
5.4.CBR TEST RESULTS
The CBR test is conducted on both two
soils in two type of condition i) without
Chemicals. ii) With chemicals in the following
ranges 5%, 10%, 15%. And the test results are
shown in the following figures.

Fig. 5.5.2. Strength value for Black cotton

soil
6. CONCLUSIONS
1. The sieve analysis is having same
values compare to chemicals adding. Because
of the grain size of the pan value and the
Fig . 5.4.1 The CBR values for Red soil chemicals value remain same. And the values
are shown as graph in the fig 5.1.1 and fig
5.1.2
2. The Specific gravity test is conducted
with the soil mix of chemicals in the range of
0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. Compare to all the
percentages the 10% is found as the optimum
percentage. The values are return low range
after reaching the 10%. The specific Gravity
Values of the Red soil and The Black cotton
soil are shown in figure 5.2.1. and 5.2.2.
Fig. 5.4.2. The CBR values for black cotton 3. The Plasticity index values are
soil finding by subtracting the liquid limit value and

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the plastic limit. And if the liquid limit increase 4. “Laboratory Investigation of Expansive Soil
means, the strength of the soil is reduced. By Stabilized with Calcium Chloride” Prepared by
adding the chemicals the Atterberg limit both Magdi M.E zamravi khalid.A . ELtayeb.
the liquid limit and the plastic limits are 5. “A Study on Engineering Behaviour of Black
reduced. The reduced level of Ip is shown in the Cotton Soil and its Stabilization by Use of
fig.5.3.1. and fig. 5.3.2. By comparing the Lime” Brajesh Mishra M. Tech., Assistant
figures the optimum percentage is 10%. After Engineer, U.P. Cane Development Department,
the 10% the value is getting changes. Luck now, India.
6. “Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by Using
4. In the CBR test results, the values are Sodium Chloride” Authored by Ajay Raj.M1,
having ups and down after reaching the 10% of Ganapathy.C2, Darsi Vinay3, C.Suresh.
chemical mix. The CBR test is generally based
on the penetration values. In the red soil the Author references
sodium chloride mix raising the strength as high 1.Mr.K.SARAVANAKUMAR, Assistant
as the calcium chloride mix with the soil. And Professor , Faculty of Civil Engineering in
the Black cotton soil takes the sodium chloride Gnanamani College of Technology, NH-7, A.K.
to reach the strength higher. And the California Samuthiram, Pachal, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu,
Bearing Ratio test results are shown in fig 5.4.1. 637 018. Email: saravanabuji7@gmail.com.
and the fig 5.4.2. 2.Mr.G.KANDASAMY, Bachelor of
Engineering, Gnanamani college of
5. The unconfined compressive strength Technology, Pachal, Namakkal, 637 018,
test is conducted both the soils. By comparing Email: kandasamy98.kg@gmail.com.
the test results we can find , which mix is
giving high strength. This test is conducted with 3.Mr.S.KARTHIKEYAN, Bachelor of
three stage of soil samples (1 day, 7 days, 14 Engineering, Gnanamani college of
days ). Day by day the strength is increased for Technology, Pachal, Namakkal, 637 018,
both the soils in any kind if mixture. In this test Email: skarthicivil1998@gmail.com.
also the sodium chloride takes place for giving 4.Mr.M.KAVIYARASAN, Bachelor of
high strength as high as the calcium chloride. Engineering, Gnanamani college of
And the test results are shown in the fig 5.5.1. Technology, Pachal, Namakkal, 637 018, Email
and fig 5.5.2. : mkavicivil98@gmail.com.
REFERENCES 5.Mr.M.MOHAN RAJ, Bachelor of
1.“Stabilization Of Soil Using Chemical Engineering, Gnanamani college of
Methods” Authored by MR. P.DURGA Technology, Pachal, Namakkal, 637 018, Email
BHAVANI, Dr. D S V PRASAD PG student : mohanraj1498@gmail.com.
dept. Of civil Engg, BVC Engineering College,
Odalarevu.
2. “Effect of Calcium Chloride Solution on
Engineering Properties Of Black Cotton Soil
“Authored by Sangita Lajurkar, Dr. Y. S.
Golait, Dr. S. R. Khandeshwar. Expansive soil
popularly known as black cotton soil is very
problematic for Civil engineering structure.
3. ’’Effectiveness and Benefits of Calcium
Chloride Stabilized Road Base” Prepared by
Alain Duclos, MASc., P.Eng., Principal
Pavements Engineer, Englobe Corp. Doubra
Ambaiowei, Ph.D., (E.I.T – Pavements &
Geotechnical Engineering) Englobe Corp. Lee
Wheildon, C.E.T., r.c.s.i., Engineering
Technologist.

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