Part of Speech
Part of speech Function Examples
Noun (n) To name:
a. A Person a. Jhon, Mr. Erick,
Prof. Thomas, etc
b. Places b. Jayapura, London,
Chicago
c. States c. The USA,
Indonesia, Papua
New Guinea, etc
d. Things d. table, computer,
laptop, etc
e. Quality, or e. a syringe, some
money,etc
f. his laughter,
f. Actions Jack’s cry, etc
Pronoun A pronoun is used in place We, she, he, they,
of a noun you, us, her, his,
hers, them, your, etc
Verb (v) A verb says what people or Walk, cry, eat, talk,
things do or what happens etc
to them.
Adjective (adj) An adjective describes a Jack is smart
noun or pronoun. She is beautiful
woman
Adverb (adv) An adverb gives Usually, very, only,
information about a verb often, aboard, early,
(run quickly, an adjective late, etc.
(very comfortable), or an
adverb (very hardly).
Preposition (PP) A prepo pronoun to In, on, under, at, in
indicate location.sition is front of, above, beside,
used before a noun or behind, etc
Conjuction A conjuctions joins two And, but, or, because,
words or two groups of etc
words.
Interjection An interjection expresses a Great! Hurrah! Yes!,
strong feeling such as etc
surprise, happiness,
horror, or pain and is
usually said loudly and
forcefully.
Exercise 1
Determine the parts of speech of these sentences!
Example : Diana work at the International Bank.
S v pp n
1. Hello! Who is speaking?
2. Mr. Jack has practiced in this office since 2000.
3. He opens the book
1. Jhon writes a report every afternoon.
2. They read Information System Book.
3. We go to campus on foot every morning.
4. You get score A for the English Subject.
5. Most of the system information students consider statistics as a difficult
subject.
6. Ronny will have basis data examination next week.
10.Wow! Everybody gets suprised to know Roy’s brilliant idea.
Subjects
In grammar, we use the word 'subject' to talk about the pronoun, noun or noun phrase
that does the action of verb. In English, the subject is usually before the verb.
The simplest English sentences have only a subject and a verb.
John arrived. (Subject = John, verb = arrived. 'John' is a proper noun. 'John' is also the
subject of this sentence, because John is the person who arrived, so he is the person who
did the verb.)
Lucy smiled. (Subject = Lucy, verb = smiled. 'Lucy' is also a proper noun, and is also the
subject of the sentence, because she is the person who smiled.)
Here are a few more examples. The subject is often a pronoun.
I love chocolate. (The subject is 'I'.)
They went to the cinema. (The subject is 'they'.)
The subject can also be a group of words.
The scientist looked out of the window. (The subject is 'the scientist'.)
An orange cat was sitting on the grass. (The subject is 'an orange cat'.)
Some verbs are not actions, but instead link the subject to an adjective or phrase which
gives us more information about the subject. In this case the subject is the person or
thing which we get more information about. These verbs are called linking verbs. In
English, 'be', 'seem' and 'become' are examples of linking verbs.
I am hungry. (The subject is 'I' and the linking verb is 'am'.)
The children are in the garden. (The subject is 'the children' and the linking verb is
'are'.)
John seemed tired. (The subject is 'John' and the linking verb is 'seemed'.)
Subjects can be quite long in English. Sometimes they include a noun and all the words
that are used to add extra information to that noun (or 'modify' the noun). (This is called
a 'complex subject'.)
The man who lived upstairs gave us some sweets.
(Here, the subject is 'the man who lived upstairs'. The main noun is 'man' and 'who lived
upstairs' is a relative clause giving us more information about the man.)
The book on the red table is mine.
(Here the subject is 'the book on the red table'. The main noun is 'book' and the
prepositional phrase 'on the red table' gives us more information about the book.)
Subjects can even include two or more nouns that each have groups of words giving us
extra information.
Lucy's grey cat and Alice's white cat went for a walk.
(Here the subject is 'Lucy's grey cat and Alice's white cat'.)
The man whose daughter I met in high school and the manager of the bank where
Amanda works and my brother's new girlfriend played golf yesterday.
(The subject is 'the man whose daughter I met in high school and the manager of the
bank where Amanda works and my brother's new girlfriend'.)
Objects
In grammar, we use the word 'object' to talk about the thing or person that the verb is
done to, or who receives the verb. It can be a noun, a noun phrase, a pronoun or a longer
complex object, which is modified (in a similar way to a complex subject).
Only a transitive verb can have an object. An intransitive verb never has an object. Read
more about transitive and intransitive verbs here.
I love chocolate. (The object is 'chocolate'.)
David met Lucy yesterday. (The object is 'Lucy'.)
I put the orange cat into the garden. (The object is 'the orange cat'.)
We saw the man whose house my brother built. (The object is 'the man whose house my
brother built'.)
The boys threw away the toys that they no longer played with and all the clothes that
had become too small. (The object is 'the toys that they no longer played with and all the
clothes that had become too small'.)
Direct and indirect objects
A few verbs in English can have two different kinds of objects. We call these the 'direct
object' and the 'indirect object'. The 'direct object' is what I've been talking about on this
page so far. It's the thing or person to who or to which we do the action of the verb. For
example, in the sentence 'I give the chocolate', the subject is 'I', the verb is 'give' and the
direct object is 'the chocolate'. But we can also say 'I give Lucy the chocolate'. In this
case, 'Lucy' is the indirect object and she receives the direct object, which is the
chocolate.
I made my friend some coffee. (Here the direct object is 'some coffee' – the thing that I
made. The indirect object is 'my friend', who is the person who receives the direct
object.)
I threw John the ball. (Here the direct object is 'the ball' and the indirect object is
'John'.)
I passed Lucy the plate of biscuits. (Here the direct object is 'the plate of biscuits' and
the indirect object is 'Lucy'.
NOUNS
A noun is a word which names things, places, or persons.
In a sentences, a noun can function as the subject of a verb, the complement of
the verb, the object of the verb, and also the object of a preposition.
A noun can be grouped into classes; uncountable and countable nouns.
No plural form for uncountable one. Take a look at the following table.
Singular Plural
One pen Two pens To make the plural form of most nouns
One apple Two apples add -s
A book A few books
An umbrella Some umbrellas
Baby Babies End of noun : consonant + -y
Lady Ladies Plural form : change y to i, add -es
Boy Boys End of noun : vowel + -Y
Toy Toys Plural form : add –y
Wife Wives End of noun : -fe or -f
leaf Leaves Plural form : cahnge –f to v, add -es
Dish Dishes End of noun : -sh, -ch, -x, -ss
Box Boxes Plural form : add -es
Class Classes
match matches
Tomato Tomatoes End of noun : consonant + -O
Plural form : add –es
zoo zoos End of noun : vowel + -O
Plural form : add -s
Irregular Plural Form
Singular Plural
Child Children
Mouse Mice
Deer Deer
Man Men
Woman Women
Foot Feet
Fish Fish
Uncountable Noun
Most uncountable nouns are singular nouns.
These are examples of uncountable nouns.
bread sugar coffee information news
medicine water advice sand jam
jar salt tea furniture weather
beauty ice wind air gold
Some uncountable nouns are plural.
Example : scissors, trousers, glasses, etc.
Exercise 1
Change these following singular nouns into plural nouns.
Example : teacher teachers
1. cowboy 6. vas
2. bush 7. office
3. grass 8. baby
4. strawberry 9. hero
5. computer 10. appendix
Exercise 2
Write the correct form of the nouns in the parentheses.
Example: I met some interesting men at the meeting last night. (man)
1. I need some _______ to light the fire. (match)
2. The baby got two new _________ . (tooth)
3. The farmer loaded his cart with ___________ of fresh vegetables to take to
market. His cart was pulled by two ________ (box, ox)
4. Alex saw some _________ running across the floor. ( mouse)
5. New scientific ____________ are made everyday in ___________ throughtout
the world. (discovery, laboratory)
6. Thunder and lightning are __________ of nature. (phenomenon)
7. Before Marie signed the contract, she talked to two ___________(attorney)
8. I caught several ___________ in the lake. (fish)
9. When we spoke in the cave, we could hear ________ of our voices. (echo)
10. On our trip in the mountainous countrysode, we saw some
__________, __________, _____________, and wild __________. (wolf, fox, deer,
sheep)
