Crafting a Literature Review on Tax: A Complex Endeavor
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Overview of tax research Steps in the tax research process Importance of facts to the tax
consequences Sources of tax law Tax services. Put differently, all business taxes are passed on to
workers or owners, and it turns out that they are mostly passed on to workers. More recently, a
growing body of research has begun to estimate the incidence and burden of the corporate income
tax directly. A more accurate presentation would show the reform as a percentage of household
income. Most empirical estimates conclude that labor bears between 75 percent and 100 percent of
the tax burden, with results in the literature ranging from 45 percent to 420 percent. Because the
U.S. has a relatively open economy, the tax is shifted from owners of capital to workers, the suppliers
of labor. Literature Review For Later 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) 225 views 9
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interest generated by the subject matter of tax compliance behavior has led to identification of
several factors that are believed to influence individual tax compliance decision. Know and use the
tools available to you Develop your creative and reasoning ability Enhance and use your ability to
communicate. Various strategies have been introduced by the Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia
(IRBM) to combat non-compliance problems in Malaysia such as taxpayer’s education, programs to
increase tax awareness, tax audit, and tax investigation. Taxpayers will be more compliance if
government use tax monies wisely or when taxpayers get benefits for the taxes paid in terms of
public goods and social amenities that they prefer. However, workers pay almost entirely for the
corporate income tax through lower wages. Across the U.S., corporations employ 54.8 million hard-
working individuals who create products for global and domestic markets. U.S. Department of
Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “U.S. by Legal Form of Organization Tables—2015,” (accessed
August 31, 2017). Decision makers can utilize the findings of this study to improve tax compliance.
It should now be considered appropriate, at least in approximation, to study tax burdens with models
that assume perfect international capital mobility. The contents are the sole responsibility of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government.
Presenting almost any tax change in absolute dollar amounts or as a percentage of the total tax cut
will skew the results toward the wealthy. The potential factors that influence the intention to comply
with tax laws such as attitude towards the intention to comply, audit factors that consist of penalty
rates and the probability of being audited, opportunity and subjective norms are studied. Malaysia
received the largest share of studies followed by Austria. Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development, Tax Database, Table II.1, “Statutory Corporate Income Tax Rate,” (accessed
August 31, 2017). Cutting the corporate income tax is an essential component of tax reform.
Harberger, “The ABCs of Corporation Tax Incidence,” and Jane. In the past, the Treasury, CBO, and
JCT have allocated 100 percent of the corporate income tax to owners of capital, following
Harberger’s 1962 analysis. A tax cut for corporations is therefore a tax cut for the average American.
He concluded that in the modern global world, the economy is open and labor “ must end up bearing
more than the full burden of the tax.” In his 1995 piece, Harberger estimated that labor’s tax burden
could amount to as much as 250 percent. Arnold C. Harberger, “The Incidence of the Corporation
Income Tax Revisited,” National Tax Journal, Vol. 61, No. 2 (June 2008), p. 306, (accessed August
31, 2017) (emphasis in original); Arnold C. Smetters argue that domestic and foreign goods must
also be perfect substitutes for the burden of the tax to be primarily borne by labor in an open
economy. More than half of Americans invest in the stock market, and almost 40 percent of corporate
stock is owned through retirement plans. Additionally, such low estimates are not supported by any
empirical research. OTA’s labor share is still lower than other government estimates because OTA
labels about 60 percent of total corporate profits as “supernormal returns.” In its analysis,
supernormal returns can bear the full burden of the corporate tax without shifting it to labor because
those returns are specific to the location. The tax accounts for less than 10 percent of federal revenue.
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Review of 3 scholarly articles related to economics. The start-up rate in the U.S. is stuck at 30
percent below its pre-2008 average. Economists agree almost unanimously on this point: The
corporate income tax is an inefficient and economically destructive mechanism for raising revenue.
These numbers also do not include the economic growth resulting from the tax change, which would
further boost incomes, doubling or even tripling the above estimates. Taxpayers are concerned on
transparency in public procurement as lack of transparency may cause corruption and reduces public
sector efficiency. General Layout. Income reflected on Page 1 (organized by type of income
received) Deductions listed on Page 2 Total tax illustrated on Page 2 Detail included on supporting
schedules. February 6, 2013. Hon. Roy L. Moore Todd Frankfort Jeremy Robin. Some have shown
that correcting for cross-country heterogeneity decreases the savings-to-investment ratio to almost
zero. If labor bears 100 percent of the incidence of the corporate tax, a cut in the corporate income
tax is a progressive tax change as a percentage of income. It examines best practices in around pro-
health excise tax implementation in three areas: the development of the excise tax legislation; the
structure of the taxes; and the processes put in place to evaluate and adjust the taxes. Presenting
almost any tax change in absolute dollar amounts or as a percentage of the total tax cut will skew the
results toward the wealthy. Key Words to Know. personal exemptions (p. 119) The number of people
an employee supports, on which taxes are based, also called withholding allowances. Formula 1. The
wealthy, by definition, earn a larger share of national income. This group of studies uses wage
bargaining models to assess how a firm’s profits are divided between labor and capital. The data set
of the study was obtained from the survey applied to 369 individual taxpayers in the city of
Zonguldak. For many years, the question of who will bear the corporate income tax was answered by
calibrating models with assumptions about the economy. Tax Authorities. Legislative Administrative
(executive) Judicial. Most empirical estimates conclude that labor bears between 75 percent and 100
percent of the tax burden, with results in the literature ranging from 45 percent to 420 percent. See
William C. Randolph, “International Burdens of the Corporate Income Tax,” Congressional Budget
Office Working Paper No. 2006-09, August 2006, Table 3, (accessed September 1, 2017).
Transparent surroundings will enhance taxpayers' confidence in public bodies. This metric
contextualizes the benefit as real taxpayers will experience the reform in relation to their current
earnings. Joint Committee on Taxation, Modeling the Distribution of Taxes on Business Income. The
tax accounts for less than 10 percent of federal revenue. Literature Review, Pre-emption Check,
Academic Articles. Various strategies have been introduced by the Inland Revenue Board of
Malaysia (IRBM) to combat non-compliance problems in Malaysia such as taxpayer’s education,
programs to increase tax awareness, tax audit, and tax investigation. Cutting the corporate income tax
is an essential component of tax reform. Kim, Index of Economic Freedom (Washington: The
Heritage Foundation, 2017). Smetters argue that domestic and foreign goods must also be perfect
substitutes for the burden of the tax to be primarily borne by labor in an open economy. Malaysia
received the largest share of studies followed by Austria. Overview of tax research Steps in the tax
research process Importance of facts to the tax consequences Sources of tax law Tax services.
Across the U.S., corporations employ 54.8 million hard-working individuals who create products for
global and domestic markets. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “U.S. by Legal
Form of Organization Tables—2015,” (accessed August 31, 2017). The interest generated by the
subject matter of tax compliance behavior has led to identification of several factors that are believed
to influence individual tax compliance decision. Ethical perception varies from an individual to
another, which influenced by changes in their surroundings and their experiences when interact with
government. OTA’s labor share is still lower than other government estimates because OTA labels
about 60 percent of total corporate profits as “supernormal returns.” In its analysis, supernormal
returns can bear the full burden of the corporate tax without shifting it to labor because those returns
are specific to the location. The report provides lessons for modifying and increasing Vietnam’s
existing alcohol and tobacco taxes and for implementing the country’s proposed sugar-sweetened
beverage tax. In the 1960s, economists generally believed the opposite: The corporate tax fell on
owners of capital. TemplateLab templatelab.com 50 Smart Literature Review Templates (APA). Lin,
Laura Power, and Michael Cooper, “Distributing the Corporate Income Tax: Revised U.S. Treasury
Methodology,” U.S. Department of the Treasury, Office of Tax Analysis Technical Paper No. 5, May
2012; Joint Committee on Taxation, Modeling the Distribution of Taxes on Business Income; and
Nunns, “How TPC Distributes the Corporate Income Tax.”. The data show considerable evidence
that the corporate income tax significantly reduces wages. A sample of 229 respondents was selected
using a purposive sampling method. The poor design of the tax has led many economists to agree
that the tax should be repealed entirely. Most empirical estimates conclude that labor bears between
75 percent and 100 percent of the tax burden, with results in the literature ranging from 45 percent
to 420 percent. The evidence shows that the corporate income tax harms workers through lower
wages. The estimates allocate an improbably high portion of the tax to capital in refutation of the
economic literature. If labor bears 100 percent of the incidence of the corporate tax, a cut in the
corporate income tax is a progressive tax change as a percentage of income. As a result, a total of 32
articles were included in this study. Majority of the studies are quantitative followed by experimental
and mix methods. At its core, the corporate income tax is a perverse double tax on the same income
that stifles economic growth by artificially increasing the tax rate on savings and investment. The
potential factors that influence the intention to comply with tax laws such as attitude towards the
intention to comply, audit factors that consist of penalty rates and the probability of being audited,
opportunity and subjective norms are studied. This was first investigated in 1980 by Martin Feldstein
and Charles Horioka, who posited that if domestic saving and investment have a correlation of one,
the economy must be completely closed—showing that every dollar of savings is invested in the
home country, with no capital flows abroad. So if everyone’s tax rate is cut by the same percentage,
the wealthy will see a larger absolute increase in after-tax income. A more conservative estimate
assumes that only 75 percent of the benefit accrues to labor. Under reasonable trade-elasticity
assumptions, the authors estimate that labor only bears 21 percent of the incidence in the short-run.
See Jane G. Gravelle and Kent A. This analysis certainly does not conclude that a closed economy or
impediments to capital or labor mobility would benefit workers or wages. The tax accounts for less
than 10 percent of federal revenue. Login Screen. IN this Screen you can see the points as: 1.Select
Assesses 2.Master Information 3.Income Details 4.Reports 5.eFilling. Assessee Information. The
wealthy, by definition, earn a larger share of national income. Overview of tax research Steps in the
tax research process Importance of facts to the tax consequences Sources of tax law Tax services.
Kotlikoff, “Abolish the Corporate Income Tax,” The New York Times, January 5, 2014, (accessed
August 16, 2017); and N. See William C. Randolph, “International Burdens of the Corporate Income
Tax,” Congressional Budget Office Working Paper No. 2006-09, August 2006, Table 3, (accessed
September 1, 2017).
Relying on the theory, we examine the extent to which perceived tax equity (vertical, horizontal and
exchange), normative expectations (social and moral norms), and legal sanctions (detection risk and
penalty magnitude) affect tax compliance intentions. The poor design of the tax has led many
economists to agree further that the tax should be entirely repealed. Karen A. Campbell, “Time for a
Real Change: Repeal the Corporate Income Tax,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 2248,
March 13, 2009, Laurence J. Overview of tax research Steps in the tax research process Importance
of facts to the tax consequences Sources of tax law Tax services. Taxpayers will be more compliance
if government use tax monies wisely or when taxpayers get benefits for the taxes paid in terms of
public goods and social amenities that they prefer. TemplateLab, (PDF) Article Literature Review
and also College essay: Essay about literature example. These numbers also do not include the
economic growth resulting from the tax change, which would further boost incomes, doubling or
even tripling the above estimates. More than 130 studies were identified, screened and refined.
Across the U.S., corporations employ 54.8 million hard-working individuals who create products for
global and domestic markets. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “U.S. by Legal
Form of Organization Tables—2015,” (accessed August 31, 2017). More concretely, the data suggest
that an 8 percent increase in capital per worker would increase wages by 13 percent to 20 percent. In
the 1960s, economists generally believed the opposite: The corporate tax fell on owners of capital. A
sample of 229 respondents was selected using a purposive sampling method. The contents are the
sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United
States government. A more conservative estimate assumes that only 75 percent of the benefit accrues
to labor. Taxpayers are concerned on transparency in public procurement as lack of transparency may
cause corruption and reduces public sector efficiency. Rate of Tax Taxable Income Lower rate 20%
?1 ? ?2 500 Basic rate 25% ?2501 ? ?23 700 Higher rate 40% Over ?23 700. General Layout. Income
reflected on Page 1 (organized by type of income received) Deductions listed on Page 2 Total tax
illustrated on Page 2 Detail included on supporting schedules. The start-up rate in the U.S. is stuck at
30 percent below its pre-2008 average. A Tax Foundation analysis, assuming that labor bears 70
percent of the tax and incorporating economic growth, shows that a 15 percent corporate tax rate
would increase average after-tax income by 4 percent, distributed almost evenly across income
groups. So if everyone’s tax rate is cut by the same percentage, the wealthy will see a larger absolute
increase in after-tax income. This metric contextualizes the benefit as real taxpayers will experience
the reform in relation to their current earnings. Majority of the studies are quantitative followed by
experimental and mix methods. Others in the literature question the core assumption that the
correlation between savings and investment should be interpreted as indicating low capital mobility
in the first place. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Smetters argue that
domestic and foreign goods must also be perfect substitutes for the burden of the tax to be primarily
borne by labor in an open economy. Because the U.S. has a relatively open economy, the tax is
shifted from owners of capital to workers, the suppliers of labor. This was first investigated in 1980
by Martin Feldstein and Charles Horioka, who posited that if domestic saving and investment have a
correlation of one, the economy must be completely closed—showing that every dollar of savings is
invested in the home country, with no capital flows abroad. But the economic literature shows the
opposite: The average American household will share the benefits of a corporate rate cut through
higher wages. More productive employees earn higher wages and produce more output, and
businesses can hire additional workers as profit, investment, and demand increase. Smetters, “Does
the Open Economy Assumption Really Mean That Labor Bears the Burden of a Capital Income
Tax?” Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy, Vol. 6, No. 1 (August 2006), Table 2. William C.
Randolph shows that by modifying the Gravelle and Smetters model to include two domestic goods,
one of which is a perfect substitute—an arguably more realistic assumption—labor again bears most
of the incidence: an estimated 73 percent. Various strategies have been introduced by the Inland
Revenue Board of Malaysia (IRBM) to combat non-compliance problems in Malaysia such as
taxpayer’s education, programs to increase tax awareness, tax audit, and tax investigation.
