A.

Review of Related literature

The Asian Games, also called the Asiad, is a

multi-sport event held every four years among
athletes from all over Asia. The games are
regulated by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)
under the supervision of the International
Olympic Committee (IOC). Medals are awarded
in each event, with gold for first place, silver for
second and bronze for third, a tradition which
started in 1951.

Asian Games Logo

Competitors are entered by a National Olympic Committee (NOC) to

represent their country of citizenship. National anthems and flags accompany
the medal ceremonies, and tables showing the number of medals won by
each country are widely used. In general only recognized nations are
represented, but a few non-sovereign countries are allowed to take part. The
special case of Taiwan was handled by having it compete as Chinese Taipei,
due to the political status of Taiwan.

The 15th Asian Games were held in Doha, Qatar from December 1 to
December 15, 2006. The 16th Asian Games will be held in Guangzhou, China
from November 12, 2010 to November 27, 2010.

History

Far Eastern Championship Games

The Asian Games owes its origins to small Asian multi-sport competitions.
The Far Eastern Championship Games were created to show unity and
cooperation among three nations: Empire of Japan, the Philippine Islands and
the Republic of China. The first games were held in Manila in 1913. Other
Asian nations participated after it was organized. It was discontinued in 1938
when Japan invaded China, which led to the expansion of World War II in the
Pacific.

Formation of the Asian Games

After World War II, a number of Asian countries became independent. Many
of the new independent Asian countries wanted to use a new type of
competition where Asian dominance should not be shown by violence and
should be strengthened by mutual understanding. In August 1948, during the
14th Olympic Games in London, Indian IOC representative Guru Dutt Sondhi
proposed to sports leaders of the Asian teams the idea of having discussions
about holding the Asian Games. They agreed to form the Asian Athletic
Federation. A preparatory committee was set up to draft the charter for the
Asian amateur athletic federation. In February, 1949, the Asian athletic
federation was formally formed and used the name Asian Games Federation.
It was decided to hold the first Asian Games in 1951 in New Delhi, the capital
of India. They added that the Asian Games would be regularly held once
every four years.

Reorganization of the Federation

In 1962, the Federation had a disagreement over the inclusion of Republic of

China and Israel. Asian Games host Indonesia opposed the participation of
Republic of China (due to the existence of People's Republic of China) and
Israel. In 1970, South Korea dropped its plan to host the games due to
security threats from North Korea, forcing previous host Thailand to
administer the games in Bangkok using the funds of South Korea. In 1973,
the Federation had another disagreement after U.S. and other countries
formally recognized the People's Republic of China and Arab nations'
opposition to Israel. In 1977, Pakistan dropped its plan to host the games due
to conflicts with Bangladesh and India. Thailand offered to help and the
games were held in Bangkok.

Due to events happened, the Asian NOCs decided to revise the constitution of
the Asian Games Federation. A new association, named Olympic Council of
Asia, was created. India was already scheduled to host the 1982 Games and
OCA decided not to drop the old AGF timetable. OCA formally supervised the
games starting from the 1986 Asian Games in South Korea.

In the succeeding games, Taiwan (Republic of China) was readmitted but

OCA decided to follow the standards of the IOC for Taiwan to use the name
Chinese Taipei. The OCA also agreed to permanently exclude Israel as its
member and requested the country to join into European competitions.

Expansion

In the 1994 Asian Games, despite opposition from other nations, OCA
admitted the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Uzbekistan,
Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan.

In 2006 Australia was refused entry by OCA President Sheikh Ahmad Al-Fahd
Al-Sabah, suggesting that Australia's move from Oceania to Asia would be
unfair to the smaller Oceania states.
Former or future countries in Asian Games until 2014. Red spot denotes the city of the Games.

List of Asian Games

Year Games Host City Country

1951 I New Delhi India

1954 II Manila Philippines

1958 III Tokyo Japan

1962 IV Jakarta Indonesia

1966 V Bangkok Thailand

1970 VI Bangkok Thailand

1974 VII Tehran Iran

1978 VIII Bangkok Thailand

1982 IX New Delhi India

1986 X Seoul South Korea

1990 XI Beijing China

1994 XII Hiroshima Japan

1998 XIII Bangkok Thailand

2002 XIV Busan South Korea

2006 XV Doha Qatar

2010 XVI Guangzhou China

2014 XVII Incheon South Korea

List of sports

These are the sports that have been and will be played at the Asian Games,
with the years they played.

 Archery – since 1978  Kabaddi – since 1990

 Athletics – All  Karate – since 1994
 Badminton – since 1962  Modern pentathlon – 1994, 2002
 Baseball – since 1994  Rowing – since 1982
 Basketball – All  Rugby – since 1998
 Bodybuilding – 2002 to 2006  Sailing – 1970, since 1978
 Bowling – 1978, since 1986  Sepaktakraw – since 1990
 Boxing – since 1954  Shooting – since 1954
 Canoe / Kayak – since 1990  Softball – since 1990
 Chess – since 2006  Soft tennis – since 1994
 Cue sports – since 1998  Squash – since 1998
 Cycling – 1951, since 1958  Swimming – All
 Equestrian – 1982 to 1986,  Table tennis – 1958 to 1966, since
since 1994 1974
 Fencing – 1974 to 1978, since  Taekwondo – since 1986
1986  Tennis – 1958 to 1966, since
 Football – All 1974
 Golf – since 1982  Triathlon – since 2006
 Gymnastics – since 1974  Volleyball – since 1958
 Handball – since 1982  Weightlifting – 1951 to 1958,
 Hockey – since 1958 since 1966
 Judo – since 1986  Wrestling – since 1954

 Wushu – since 1990

 Medal count of 1951 Asian Games from 2007 Asian Games

1st Asian Games ( 1951 ) Medal table

Sports
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
Athletics
Basketball 1 Japan 24 21 15 60
Cycling
Football 2 India (host) 15 16 20 51
Swimming
Weightlifting
3 Iran 8 6 2 16

4 Singapore 5 7 2 14

2nd Asian Games ( 1954 ) 5 Philippines 5 6 8 19

The 2nd Asian Games (also known 6 Ceylon 0 1 0 1

as the II Asiad) were held in Manila, Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
Philippines from May 1 to May 9, 7 Indonesia 0 0 5 5
1954. The Games were formally
1 Japan 38 36 24 98
opened by President Ramon 8 Burma 0 0 3 3
Magsaysay in the Rizal Memorial
Stadium in Malate, Manila. Philippines
2 14 14 17 45
Total 57 57 55(host) 169

Facts 3 Korea 8 6 5 19
Medal table
 A total of 970 athletes participated.
4 Pakistan 4 5 0 9
 19 nations participated.
 Eight competitive sports were organised:
5 India 4 4 5 13
o Athletics (track and field)
o Basketball
6 China 2 4 6 12
o Boxing
o Football
7 Burma 2 0 2 4
o Shooting
o Swimming
8 Israel 2 0 1 3
o Weightlifting
o Wrestling
9 Singapore 1 3 4 8
 Cycling was dropped as official Asian Games sport.
10 Ceylon 0 1 1 2

11 Indonesia 0 0 3 3

12 Hong Kong 0 0 1 1

Total 75 73 69 218
  Boxing, rifle shooting and wrestling were added to the games.

Participating NOCs
National Olympic Committees (NOCs) are named and arranged according to their official IOC
country codes and designations at the time.

Afghanistan Iran Philippines

Burma Israel Singapore
North Borneo Japan Sri Lanka
China Korea Thailand
Hong Kong Nepal Vietnam
Indonesia Pakistan Cambodia
India

3rd Asian Games ( 1958 ) 4th Asian Games ( 1962 )

Medal table Medal table

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total

Japan
1 67 41 30 138
(host)

2 Philippines 8 19 21 48

South
3 8 7 12 27
Korea

4 China 6 9 10 25

6 5 4
5 Pakistan 15

5 3 3
6 India 11

4 6 6
7 Iran 16

South 2 0 0
8 2
Vietnam

2 0 0
9 Burma 2

1 1 0
10 Singapore 2

1 0 0
11 Ceylon 1

0 2 4
12 Indonesia 6

0 1 3
13 Thailand 4
 Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total

1 Japan 73 65 23 152

2 Indonesia 21 26 30 77
0 0 2
14 Malaysia 2 (host)
0 0 1
15 Israel 1 3 India 12 13 27 52

Hong 0 0 1
16 1 Rank NationPhilippine
Gold Silver Bronze Total
Kong 4 7 4 16 27
s
110 94 97 1 Japan 78 53 33 164
Total 301
5 Korea 4 4 7 15
2 South Korea 12 18 21 51
Sports
Sports 6 Pakistan 3 4 4 11
Athletics Thailand
3 12 14 11 37
Athletics (host)
7 Thailand 2 5 5 12
Badminton
Basketball 4 Malaysia 7 5 6 18
Basketball 8 Malaysia 2 3 5 10
Boxing 5 India 7 4 11 22
Boxing 9 Burma 2 1 7 10
Cycling 6 Indonesia 7 4 10 21
Cycling
10 Singapore 1 0 1 2
Football
7 Iran 6 8 17 31
Football
Hockey 11 Ceylon 0 1 2 3
Hockey Republic of
8 5 9 10 24
Shooting China
Hong
Shooting 12 0 0 1 1
Kong
Swimming 9 Israel 3 5 3 11
Swimming
Table Tennis Total 127 117 118 362
10 Philippines 2 15 25 42
Table Tennis
Tennis
11 Pakistan 2 4 2 8
Tennis
Volleyball
Volleyball 12 Burma 1 0 4 5
Weightlifting
Wrestling 13 Singapore 0 5 7 12
Wrestling
South
14 0 1 2 3
Vietnam

15 Ceylon 0 0 4 4

16 Hong Kong 0 0 1 1

Total 142 145 167 454

5th Asian Games ( 1966 )

Sports Medal table

Athletics
Badminton
Basketball
Boxing
Cycling
Football
Hockey
Shooting
Swimming
Table Tennis
Tennis
Volleyball
Weightlifting
Wrestling

Venue

National Sport Complex

 Suphachalasai Stadium (Opening & Closing ceremonies, Athletics and Football)

 Chantanayingyong Gymnasium (Volleyball)
 Dhephatsadin Stadium (Hockey)
 Nimibutr Indoor Stadium (Basketball)
 Tennis Stadium (Tennis)
 Wisutarom Swimming Pool (Diving, Swimming)

Sport Authority of Thailand Sport Complex (Hua Mark)

 Indoor Stadium (Badminton and Boxing)

 Shooting Range (Shooting)
 Velodrome Stadium (Cycling)

Chulalongkorn University Sport Complex

 Chula Football Stadium (Football)

 Chula Student Union Hall (Table Tennis)
 Chula Swimming Stadium (Water Polo)

Thammasat University (Thaprachan Centre)

 Thammasat Gymnasium (Volleyball)

Other Venue in Bangkok

 Cultural Hall (Weightlifting)

 Amporn Garden Hall (Wresting)

6th Asian Games ( 1970 ) 7th Asian Games ( 1974 )

Medal table Medal table

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total

1 Japan 74 47 23 144 1 Japan 75 49 51 175

2 South Korea 18 13 23 54 2 Iran (host) 36 28 17 81

3 3 China 32 46 27 106
Thailand (host) 9 17 13 39

Korea
4 Indonesia 9 7 7 23 4 16 26 15 57
Republic

5 India 6 9 10 25 5 Indonesia 15 14 17 46

6 Israel 6 6 5 17 6 Israel 7 4 8 19

7 Malaysia 5 1 7 13 7 India 4 12 12 28

8 Burma 3 2 7 12 8 Thailand 4 2 8 14

9 Iran 2 5 17 24 9 Korea DPR 3 4 4 11

10 Ceylon 2 2 0 4 10 Mongolia 2 5 8 15

11 Philippines 1 9 12 22 11 Pakistan 2 0 7 9

12 Sri Lanka 2 0 0 2
12 Republic of 1 5 12 18
China
13 Singapore 1 3 7 11
13 Pakistan 1 2 7 10
14 Iraq 1 0 3 4
14 Singapore 0 6 9 15
15 Philippines 0 2 11 13

15 Khmer 0 2 3 5 16 Malaysia 0 1 5 6
Republic

17 Myanmar 0 1 2 3
16 South Vietnam 0 0 2 2

18 Kuwait 0 1 0 1
Total 137 133 157 427
Sports
19 Afghanistan 0 0 1 1
Sports
Athletics
Athletics Total 186 185 192 563
Badminton Badminton
Basketball Basketball
Boxing Boxing
Cycling Cycling
Football Fencing
Hockey Football
Shooting Gymnastics
Sailing Hockey
Swimming Shooting
Volleyball Swimming
Weightlifting Table Tennis
Wrestling Volleyball
 Weightlifting
Wrestling

8th Asian Games ( 1978 ) 9th Asian Games ( 1982 )

Medal count Medal count

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total

1 Japan 70 58 49 177
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
2 China 51 55 45 151
3 Korea 18 20 31 69
4 DPR Korea 15 13 15 43 1 China 61 51 41 153
5 Thailand (host) 11 11 20 42
2 Japan 57 52 44 153
6 India 11 11 6 28
7 Indonesia 8 7 18 33
3 Korea 28 28 37 93
8 Pakistan 4 4 9 17
9 Philippines 4 4 6 14 4 DPR Korea 17 19 20 56
10 Iraq 2 4 6 12
11 Malaysia 2 1 4 7 5 India (host) 13 19 25 57
12 Singapore 2 1 3 6
13 Mongolia 1 3 5 9 6 Indonesia 4 4 7 15

14 Lebanon 1 1 0 2
7 Iran 4 4 4 12
15 Syria 1 0 0 1
16 Myanmar 0 3 3 6
8 Pakistan 3 3 5 11
17 Hong Kong 0 2 3 5
18 Sri Lanka 0 0 2 2 9 Mongolia 3 3 1 7
19 Kuwait 0 0 1 1
Total 201 198 226 625 10 Philippines 2 3 9 14

Sports Sports 11 Iraq 2 3 4 9

Archery 12 Thailand 1 5 4 10
Archery
Athletics 13 Kuwait 1 3 3 7
Athletics
Badminton
14 Syria 1 1 1 3
Badminton
Basketball
Basketball 15 Malaysia 1 0 3 4
Boxing
Boxing 16 Singapore 1 0 2 3
Bowling
Cycling 17 Afghanistan 0 1 0 1
Cycling
Canoeing
18 Lebanon 0 0 1 1
Fencing
Equestrian Football
Football (Soccer) 19 Bahrain 0 0 1 1
Gymnastics
Gymnastics 20 Hong Kong 0 0 1 1

21 Qatar 0 0 1 1

22 Vietnam 0 0 1 1

Total 199 199 215 613

Hockey Handball
Shooting Hockey
Sailing Sailing
Swimming Shooting
Table Tennis Swimming
Tennis Volleyball Table Tennis
Volleyball Tennis
Weightlifting Volleyball
Wrestling Weightlifting
Wrestling

10th Asian Games ( 1986 ) 11th Asian Games ( 1990 )

Medal table Medal table

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 China (host) 183 107 51 341
1 China 94 82 46 222
2 Korea 54 54 73 181
South Korea
2 93 55 76 224 3 Japan 38 60 76 174
(host)
4 DPR Korea 12 31 39 82
3 Japan 58 76 77 211 5 Iran 4 6 8 18
4 Iran 6 6 10 26 6 Philippines 4 5 9 18
5 India 5 9 23 37 7 Pakistan 4 1 7 12
6 Philippines 4 5 9 18 8 Indonesia 3 6 21 30
7 Thailand 3 10 13 26 9 Qatar 3 2 1 6
8 Pakistan 2 3 4 9 10 Thailand 2 7 8 17
9 Indonesia 1 5 4 10 11 Malaysia 2 2 4 8
10 Hong Kong 1 1 3 5 12 India 1 8 14 23
11 Qatar 1 0 3 4 13 Mongolia 1 7 9 17
12 Lebanon 1 0 1 2 14 Syria 1 0 2 3
13 Bahrain 1 0 1 2 15 Oman 1 0 0 0
14 Malaysia 0 5 5 10 Chinese
16 0 10 21 31
Taipei
15 Iraq 0 5 2 7
17 Hong Kong 0 2 5 7
16 Jordan 0 3 1 4 18 Sri Lanka 0 2 1 3
17 Kuwait 0 1 7 8 19 Singapore 0 1 4 5
20 Bangladesh 0 1 0 1
18 Singapore 0 1 4 5
21 Myanmar 0 0 2 2
19 Saudi Arabia 0 1 0 1 22 Laos 0 0 1 1
20 Nepal 0 0 8 8 23 Macau 0 0 1 1
21 Bangladesh 0 0 1 1 24 Nepal 0 0 1 1
25 Saudi Arabia 0 0 1 1
22 Oman 0 0 1 1
Total 313 312 358 983
Total 270 268 299 837

Sports Sports

Aquatics Archery Aquatics Archery

Athletics Badminton Athletics Badminton
Basketball Boxing Basketball Boxing
Canoeing Cycling Canoeing Cycling
Equestrian Fencing Fencing Football
Football (Soccer) Golf Golf Gymnastics
Gymnastics Handball Handball Hockey
Hockey Judo Judo Kabaddi
Sailing Shooting Sailing Sepak
Takraw
Table Tennis Taekwondo Shooting Softball
Tennis Volleyball Table Tennis Tennis
Weightlifting Wrestling Volleyball
Weightlifting
Wrestling Wushu

12th Asian Games ( 1994 ) Medal table

The 1994 Asian Games also known as XII

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
Asiad were held from October 2 to October 1 China 125 83 58 266
16, 1994 in Hiroshima, Japan. The main 2 Japan (host) 64 75 79 218
theme of this edition was to promote peace 3 South Korea 63 56 64 183
and harmony among Asian nations. It was 4 Kazakhstan 25 26 26 77
emphasized by the host because the venue 5 Uzbekistan 10 11 19 40
6 Iran 9 9 8 26
was the site of the first atomic bomb attack in
7 Chinese Taipei 7 12 24 43
1945. 8 India 4 3 15 22
9 Malaysia 4 2 13 19
This edition of the Asian Games saw two 10 Qatar 4 1 15 20
additions. One is the addition of the return of 11 Indonesia 3 12 11 26
12 Thailand 3 9 13 25
Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of
13 Syria 3 3 1 7
China. The other one is the addition of five 14 Philippines 3 2 8 13
Central Asian countries newly independent 15 Kuwait 3 1 5 9
from the former Soviet Union: Kazakhstan, 16 Saudi Arabia 1 3 5 9
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and 17 Turkmenistan 1 3 3 7
Uzbekistan. The Hiroshima Asian Games 18 Mongolia 1 2 6 9
19 Singapore 1 1 5 7
was the first to be held in a non-capital city. 20 Vietnam 1 2 0 3
Due to the First Gulf War, Iraq was
21 Hong Kong 0 5 7 12
suspended from the games.
22 Pakistan 0 4 6 10
There were a total number of 6,828 athletes 23 Kyrgyzstan 0 4 5 9
and officials involved, from 42 countries, with
24 Jordan 0 2 2 4
a total number of 34 events. Debut sports at
this edition of the Asiad were baseball, karate 25 United Arab Emirates 0 1 3 4
and modern pentathlon. 26 Macau 0 1 1 2

Sports 27 Sri Lanka 0 1 1 2

28 Bangladesh 0 1 0 1
Aquatics Archery
29 Brunei 0 0 2 2
Athletics Badminton
Baseball Basketball 30 Myanmar 0 0 2 2
Bowling Boxing 31 Nepal 0 0 2 2
Canoeing Cycling
Equestrian Fencing 32 Tajikistan 0 0 2 2
Football Golf Total 335 335 411 1081
Gymnastics Handball
Hockey Judo
Kabaddi Karate
Sepak Takraw Shooting
Softball Table Tennis
Taekwondo Tennis
Volleyball Weightlifting
Wrestling

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total

13th Asian Games ( 1998 ) 1 China 129 78 67 274
Medal table
2 Korea 65 46 53 164
3 Japan 52 61 68 181
Thailand
4 24 26 40 90
(host)
The 13th Asian Games were held from December 5 Kazakhstan 24 24 30 78
6, 1998 to December 20, 1998 in Bangkok, Chinese
6 19 17 41 77
Thailand. This was the first time that Thailand bid Taipei
for the event after it shouldered the two postponed 7 Iran 10 11 13 34
hosting rights in 1970 and 1978. 8 North Korea 7 14 12 33
9 India 7 11 17 35
Emblem 10 Uzbekistan 6 22 12 40
11 Indonesia 6 10 11 27
The Official Emblem of the 13th Asian Games elements 12 Malaysia 5 10 14 29
from Asia in general and Thailand in particular. It is 13 Hong Kong 5 6 6 17
based on the letter A, representing Asia and Athletes. 14 Kuwait 4 6 4 14
The Maha Chedi, or pagoda shape, represents 15 Sri Lanka 3 0 3 6
Thailand, in particular. The pinnacle of the Maha Chedi 16 Pakistan 2 4 9 15
symbolises the knowledge, intelligence and athletic 17 Singapore 2 3 9 14
prowess of Thailand's forefathers, which are second to
18 Qatar 2 3 3 8
none. The top is part of the OCA logo.
19 Mongolia 2 2 10 14
Participating NOCs 20 Myanmar 1 6 4 11
21 Philippines 1 5 12 18
National Olympic Committees (NOCs) are named 22 Vietnam 1 5 11 17
according to their official IOC designations and Turkmenista
23 1 0 1 2
n
arranged according to their official IOC country
codes in 1998. 24 Kyrgyzstan 0 3 3 6
25 Jordan 0 3 2 5
26 Syria 0 2 4 6
27 Nepal 0 1 3 4
United Arab
28 0 1 1 2
Emirates
29 Macau 0 1 0 1
30 Bangladesh 0 0 1 1
31 Brunei 0 0 1 1
32 Laos 0 0 1 1
33 Oman 0 0 1 1
34 Bahrain 0 0 0 0
35 Bhutan 0 0 0 0
36 Cambodia 0 0 0 0
37 Lebanon 0 0 0 0
38 Maldives 0 0 0 0
39 Palestine 0 0 0 0
40 Tajikistan 0 0 0 0
41 Yemen 0 0 0 0
Total 379 381 467 1227
Bangladesh Korea DPR Korea
Bhutan Kuwait Qatar
Bahrain Laos Singapore
Brunei Lebanon Sri Lanka
Cambodia Macau Syria
People's Republic of China Malaysia Thailand
Hong Kong, China Maldives Tajikistan
Indonesia Mongolia Turkmenistan
India Myanmar Chinese Taipei
Iran Nepal United Arab
Jordan Oman Emirates
Japan Pakistan Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan Philippines Vietnam
Kyrgyzstan Palestine Yemen

Sports
Aquatics Fencing Sepak Takraw
Archery Field Hockey Shooting
Athletics Football (soccer) Softball
Badminton Golf Soft Tennis
Baseball Gymnastics Squash
Basketball Handball Table Tennis Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
Billiards & Snooker Judo Taekwondo 1 China 150 84 74 308
Bowling Kabaddi Tennis 2 Korea (host) 96 80 84 260
Boxing Karatedo Volleyball
Canoe & Kayak Rowing Weightlifting 3 Japan 44 74 72 190
Cycling Rugby union Wrestling 4 Kazakhstan 20 26 30 76
Equestrian Sailing Wushu 5 Uzbekistan 15 12 24 51
6 Thailand 14 19 10 43
7 Chinese Taipei 10 17 25 52
8 India 10 12 13 35
9 North Korea 9 11 13 33
10 Iran 8 14 14 36
11 Saudi Arabia 7 1 1 9
14th Asian Games ( 2002 )
12 Malaysia 6 8 16 30
Medal table
13 Singapore 5 2 10 17
14 Indonesia 4 7 12 23
Slogan: "Asia is One"
15 Vietnam 4 7 7 18
16 Hong Kong 4 6 11 21
The 14th Asian Games were held in Busan, South Korea
17 Qatar 4 5 8 17
from September 29 to October 14, 2002. A total number of
7,556 athletes competed, coming from 44 countries. There 18 Philippines 3 7 16 26
were 38 sporting events and 18,000 journalists, officials 19 Bahrain 3 2 2 7
and athletes. 20 Kyrgyzstan 2 4 6 12
21 Kuwait 2 1 5 8
It was the first time in the history of the Asian Games that 22 Sri Lanka 2 1 3 6
all 44 member nations of the Olympic Council of Asia 23 Pakistan 1 6 6 13
participated. That included North Korea, which sent an 24 Myanmar 1 5 6 12
unprecedented delegation to South Korea, and 25 Turkmenistan 1 2 1 4
Afghanistan, which returned to the Asian Games for the 26 Mongolia 1 1 12 14
first time since the Taliban had come to power. Body 27 Lebanon 1 0 0 1
building made its debut as an event. 28 Tajikistan 0 2 4 6
29 Macau 0 2 2 4
Participating NOCs United Arab
30 0 2 1 3
Emirates
National Olympic Committees are named according 31 Bangladesh 0 1 0 1
to their official IOC designations and arranged 32 Syria 0 0 3 3
according to their official IOC country codes in 2002. 33 Nepal 0 0 3 3
34 Laos 0 0 2 2
35 Jordan 0 0 2 2
36 Afghanistan 0 0 1 1
37 Yemen 0 0 1 1
38 Brunei 0 0 1 1
39 Palestine 0 0 1 1
Total 427 421 502 1350
 Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan Qatar
Bangladesh South Korea Saudi Arabia
Bhutan Kuwait Singapore
Bahrain Laos Sri Lanka
Brunei Lebanon Syria
Cambodia Macau Thailand
China Malaysia Tajikistan
North Korea Maldives Turkmenistan
Hong Kong Mongolia Timor-Leste
Indonesia Myanmar Chinese Taipei
India Nepal United Arab
Iran Oman Emirates
Jordan Pakistan Uzbekistan
Japan Philippines Vietnam
Kazakhstan Palestine Yemen
Sports
Archery Golf Squash
Athletics Gymnastics Swimming
Badminton Handball Table Tennis
Baseball Hockey Taekwondo
Basketball Judo Tennis
Billiard & Kabaddi Volleyball
Snooker Bowling Karatedo Weightlifting
Boxing Canoeing Rowing Wrestling
Cycling Rugby Wushu
Equestrian Sepaktakraw Modern
Fencing Soccer Shooting Pentathlon
Softball Sailing
Soft Tennis Bodybuilding

15th Asian Games ( 2006 )

Slogan: "The Games of Your Life"

The 15th Asian Games, officially known as the XV Asiad, is Asia's Olympic-
style sporting event that was held in Doha, Qatar from December 1 to
December 15, 2006. Doha was the first city in its region and only the second
in West Asia (following Tehran in 1974) to host the games. There were 46
disciplines from 39 events scheduled to be contested.

It was the first time that all 45 member nations of the Olympic Council of Asia
took part in this event. Also, Eurosport broadcasted the event, marking the
first time that the European continent could watch this Asian sporting event.

The Games were marred by the death of South Korean equestrian rider Kim
Hyung-chil in a fatal accident during competition

Bidding process

On November 12, 2000, voting for the 2006 venue took place in Busan, South Korea.
The voting involved the 41 members of the Olympic Council of Asia and consisted of
three rounds, each round eliminating one of the bidding cities. After the first round,
New Delhi was eliminated, with only two votes. The second round of voting, with
three remaining candidates, gave Doha as the result.

2006 Asian Games bidding results

City NOC Round 1 Round 2

Doha Qatar 20 22

Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 13 13

Hong Kong Hong Kong, China 6 6

New Delhi India 2 −

Under the regulations of the OCA, a candidate which gains half of the
available votes will automatically be selected as the host, and the remaining
rounds of voting will be cancelled. When Doha gained 22 out of 41 votes this
meant they were selected to host the 2006 Asian Games. Most of Qatar's
votes came from the unanimous support from West Asian countries.

After the major upset, Malaysia and Hong Kong, China expressed their
disappointment. Malaysia said that the selection of Doha was ridiculous and
that the selection of Doha was influenced by Qatar's economic wealth.

Medal count
 Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 China 166 87 63 316
2 Korea 58 53 82 193
3 Japan 50 71 77 198
4 Kazakhstan 23 20 42 85
5 Thailand 13 15 26 54
6 Iran 11 15 22 48
7 Uzbekistan 11 14 15 40
8 India 10 17 26 53
9 Qatar (host) 9 12 11 32
10 Chinese Taipei 9 10 27 46
11 Malaysia 8 17 17 42
12 Singapore 8 7 12 27
13 Saudi Arabia 8 0 6 14
14 Bahrain 7 10 4 21
15 Hong Kong, China 6 12 10 28
16 DPR Korea 6 9 16 31
17 Kuwait 6 5 2 13
18 Philippines 4 6 9 19
19 Vietnam 3 13 7 23
20 United Arab Emirates 3 4 3 10
21 Mongolia 2 5 8 15
22 Indonesia 2 3 15 20
23 Syria 2 1 3 6
24 Tajikistan 2 0 2 4
25 Jordan 1 3 4 8
26 Lebanon 1 0 2 3
27 Myanmar 0 4 7 11
28 Kyrgyzstan 0 2 6 8
29 Iraq 0 2 1 3
30 Macau, China 0 1 6 7
31 Pakistan 0 1 3 4
32 Sri Lanka 0 1 2 3
=33 Turkmenistan 0 1 0 1
=33 Laos 0 1 0 1
35 Nepal 0 0 3 3
=36 Afghanistan 0 0 1 1
=36 Bangladesh 0 0 1 1
=36 Yemen 0 0 1 1
Total 428 423 542 1393

Torch relay

The torch relay has been integral to the Asian Games since 1958. The plans
for the Doha 2006 torch relay were revealed by the Doha Asian Games
Organising Committee on January 20, 2006.

The relay itself started on October 8, 2006 with a brief ceremony at the Doha
Golf Club "Flame of Hospitality". With the involvement of over 3000 persons,
the torch is crossed eight former Asian Games host countries and four Gulf
Cooperation Council member states. The first pit stop was in New Delhi on
October 11, 2006. In total the relay passed through 13 countries and 23 cities.
The relay, which has a distance of 50,000 kilometres in 55 days, is the longest
relay in the history of the Asian Games.

Below is a list of places visited by the torch:

1. India – New Delhi
2. South Korea – Busan
3. Philippines – Manila
4. Japan – Hiroshima
5. People's Republic of China – Beijing, Guangzhou
o Macau
o Hong Kong
6. Indonesia – Jakarta
7. Thailand – Bangkok
8. Iran – Mashad, Esfahan, Tehran
9. Oman – Salalah, Muscat, Sohar
10. United Arab Emirates – Hatta, Sharjah, Dubai, Abu Dhabi
11. Kuwait – Kuwait City
12. Bahrain – Manama

The torch travelled back to

Doha held by Sheikh Joan
Bin Hamad AL-Thani, and
the journey around the city
itself started on November
25, 2006 and lasted until
the opening ceremony of
the Games.

Route of the torch relay

Opening ceremony

The Opening Ceremony of the Games was described by the media to be one
of the most breath-taking and technologically spectacular multi-sports event
ceremony, the most expensive multi-sports event ceremony (both Opening
and Closing ceremonies) in the history, and so far as the best opening (and
also closing) ceremonies of any multi-sport event beating the 2000 Sydney
Olympics ceremonies. It was viewed by 50,000 spectators in the Khalifa
International Stadium, and famous guests such as the International Olympic
Committee's Jacques Rogge, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,
Palestinian Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh and Syrian President Bashar
Assad. The opening ceremony was directed by David Atkins, who conducted
the 2000 Summer Olympics opener.

The opening ceremony presented the culture of the Arab World as well as
other Asian cultures and their histories. Several musical artists performed.
The ceremony ended with the lighting of the torch on the Aspire Tower.

Closing ceremony

The closing ceremony featured the Arabic stories of a thousand years ago. It
started with the same young boy as the "Seeker" in the opening ceremony.
He flew on a magic carpet to a book of Arabian stories. "A Thousand and One
Nights" featured stories such as Haroun Al-Raschid and the Dervish, Ali Baba
and the Forty Thieves, Sinbad the Sailor and Aladdin and his Marvellous
Lamp. The show used an array of dancers, horses, and special effects to
portray the different stories. After that, the segment of "Land of the Oryx" was
shown with the whirling of dance.

All 45 nations' athletes entered the stadium after the show's end. Park Tae-
Hwan was announced as the best athlete of the Games, having won seven
medals, three of them being golds from the swimming competitions. The
ceremony also included a minute of silence in homage to the South Korean
equestrian rider Kim Hyung-chil, who died during the competition.

After that, the OCA President Sheikh Ahmad Al-Fahad Al-Sabah officially
announced the Games closed and passed the OCA flag to the mayor of
Guangzhou, Zhang Guangning, as the host of the next Asian Games in 2010.

A special 10 minutes in the final part of the closing ceremony showed a new
China, known as "Oriental Charm", which featured Chinese culture. Followed
by the theme song of the Game "Thriump of the One" sung by Lea Salonga
from the Philippines. Afterwards, fireworks blazed around the stadium and
brought the curtains down on the Games. The breath-taking fireworks display
is also one of the most expensive fireworks display in multi-sports event.

Criticism

Despite the spectacular opening ceremony, which received high praise, there
was some criticism by some delegations and athletes. Heavy rain poured
down just after the end of opening ceremony, and many believed that the
organizers did not have plans to deal with it, creating a chaotic situation. Chef
de Mission of the Philippines, Butch Ramirez, said that some of the members
of the Philippine delegation, including athletes, were soaked in the rain
because the organising officials did not allow them to re-enter the covered
stadium for shelter; instead they had to stay in the heavy rain for more than 30
minutes. He went on to say that the breakdown in transportation protocols due
to the rain caused the athletes to rush to the nearest bus station, exposing
them to rain. Ramirez said that he himself was a victim of pushing and
shoving due to this chaos, and that because of it, he suffered from an asthma
attack.
According to one IOC insider who arrived back at his hotel soaked, this
incident hurt the chances of Doha hosting the 2016 Summer Olympics, which
Doha applied for on 25 October, 2007, and lost on 4 June, 2008 when they
were eliminated from the pool. Transportation was one of the crucial factors
involved in the decision process.

Sports

The sport events contested at the 2006 Asian Games are listed below. Officially there
are 46 disciplines from 39 sports in contention. All events listed started after the
opening ceremony except Badminton, Baseball, Basketball, Football (Soccer), Table
tennis, and Volleyball, which had preliminaries before the opening ceremony.

 Archery  Equestrian (including  Sepaktakraw

 Athletics equestrian endurance)  Shooting
 Badminton  Fencing  Softball
 Baseball  Football  Squash
 Basketball  Golf  Swimming (including
 Bodybuilding  Gymnastics (artistic, synchronised
 Bowling rhythmic, and swimming)
 Boxing trampoline)  Table tennis
 Canoe-Kayak  Handball  Taekwondo
 Chess  Hockey  Tennis (including soft
 Cue sports  Judo tennis)
 Cycling (track  Kabaddi  Triathlon
and road)  Karate  Volleyball (beach and
 Rowing indoor)
 Diving  Rugby  Water polo
 Weightlifting
 Sailing  Wrestling

 Wushu
Participating NOCs

Named and arranged after their List of IOC country codes, all 45 OCA members are
participating in the Games. The number in parentheses indicates the number of
participants that the National Olympic Committee contributed.

 Afghanistan (47)  Kyrgyzstan  Palestine (72)

 Bangladesh (74) (131)  DPR Korea (164)
 Bhutan (21)  Korea (656)  Qatar (359)
 Bahrain (228)  Kuwait (238)  Saudi Arabia (155)
 Brunei (7)  Lao PDR (15)  Singapore (134)
 Cambodia (17)  Lebanon (138)  Sri Lanka (151)
 China (647)  Macau, China  Syria (155)
 Hong Kong, China (203)  Thailand (378)
(282)  Malaysia (244)  Tajikistan (103)
 Indonesia (140)  Maldives (55)  Turkmenistan (43)
 India (387)  Mongolia (175)  Timor-Leste (15)
 Iran (250)  Myanmar (40)  Chinese Taipei (399)
 Iraq (86)  Nepal (51)  United Arab Emirates
  Jordan (98)  Oman (81) (131)
 Japan (631)  Pakistan (157)  Uzbekistan (243)
 Vietnam (247)
 Kazakhstan (338)  Philippines
(233)  Yemen (24)

Participating countries in the 2006 Asian Games

Athlete's death

Tragedy struck the Asian Games when Korean equestrian athlete Kim Hyung-
chil died after falling off his horse on the morning of December 7 during the
cross country competition which took place in the rain. The accident occurred
at jump number eight during the cross-country stage of the three-day eventing
competition. After the horse, named Bundaberg Black, rolled over him, he was
taken to the hospital, with his death later confirmed by the organizing
committee. Kim died shortly before noon Qatar time .

According to South Korea National Olympic Committee president Kim Jung

Kil, sources on the course said that the horse mistimed his jump in the wet
conditions and slipped. South Korean officials are asking for an inquiry to
determine if mismanagement or rain was the cause of the tragedy.

"In my professional opinion, neither the weather nor the footing had any
bearing on this accident. If the horse falls, it's like two tons of bricks falling on
you. There is nothing you can do about it," said Andy Griffiths, the Games
event's technical overseer.
Kim's father was an equestrian athlete for Korea in the 1964 Summer
Olympics in Tokyo and the younger Kim won a silver medal at the 2002 Asian
Games in Busan on the same horse.

This is the eighth death linked to the 2006 Asian Games, and the first
involving an athlete.

Venues
 Al-Arabi Sports Club – Fencing, football (soccer), rugby sevens. table
tennis
 Al-Dana Club – Bodybuilding, chess, weightlifting
 Al-Gharrafa Sports Club – Football (soccer), handball
 Al-Khor Road Course – cycling
 Al-Rayyan Sports Club – Baseball, football (soccer), hockey, volleyball,
softball
 Al-Sadd Sports Club – Cue sports, football (soccer), sepak takraw,
water polo
 ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence – gymnastics, badminton,
boxing, canoe, kayak, cycling, kabaddi, rhythmic gymnastics,
trampoline, wrestling, wushu
 Basketball Indoor Hall – Basketball
 Corniche – Cycling, athletics, triathlon
 Doha Golf Club – Golf
 Doha Racing & Equestrian Club – Equestrian
 Doha Sailing Club – Sailing
 Hamad Aquatic Centre – Diving, swimming, synchronised swimming
 Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex – Soft Tennis,
squash, tennis
 Khalifa Stadium – Athletics
 Lusail Shooting Complex – Archery, shooting
 Mesaieed Endurance Course – Equestrian Endurance
 Qatar Bowling Centre – Bowling
 Qatar Sports Club – Football (soccer), judo, karate, taekwondo
 The Sport City – Beach volleyball
 West Bay Lagoon – Rowing

Problems

Doping

The list of athletes who failed the doping test during the Games:

 Myanmar's Than Kyi Kyi, the 48 kilogram weightlifter, tested positive for
a banned diuretic.
 Oo Mya Sanda, also of Myanmar, silver medalist for 75 kilogram
weightlifting, tested positive for a metabolite.
 Uzbekistan's Elmira Ramileva, the 69 kilogram weightlifter, tested
positive for an anabolic steroid.
 Alexander Urinov, also of Uzbekistan, the 105 kilograms weightlifter,
tested positive for cannabis.
  Iraq's Saad Faeaz, a bodybuilder, disqualified from the Games after a
banned steroid was found in his luggage in Doha International Airport.

Gender test

 India's Santhi Soundarajan, silver medalist for women's 800 metre run,
was officially stripped of her medal after she failed a gender test.

Bed shortage

The Games' organizers faced significant bed shortages due to the record
number of more than 13,000 athletes and officials who attended the 2006
Games. The Athletes' Village had space for only 10,500 people and was not
large enough to accommodate the record amount of attendees. To resolve the
problem, organizers contracted with three cruise ships to provide sleeping
quarters.

2008 Beijing Olympics

The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX
Olympiad, are an international multi-sport event, that will be held in Beijing,
People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24, 2008, and followed
by the 2008 Summer Paralympics from September 6 to September 17. 10,500
athletes are expected to compete in 302 events in 28 sports.

The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing after an exhaustive ballot of the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) on July 13, 2001. The official logo of
the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylized calligraphic character
jīng (京, meaning capital), referencing the host city. The mascots of Beijing
2008 are the five Fuwa, each representing one color of the Olympic rings. The
Olympic slogan, One World, One Dream, calls upon the world to unite in the
Olympic spirit. Athletes will compete in 302 events in 28 sports, just one event
more than was on the schedule of the Athens games of 2004. Several new
National Olympic Committees (NOCs) have also been recognized by the IOC.

The Chinese government has promoted the games to highlight China's

emergence on the world stage and has newly built 12 venues, renovated 11,
temporary built eight with a grand total of 37 venues hosting the events.
Earlier in 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch had said that
he believes that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history."
 Bid

Beijing was elected the host city on July 13,

2001, during the 112th IOC Session in
Moscow, beating Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and 2008 Summer Olympics bidding results
Osaka. Prior to the session, five other cities
(Bangkok, Cairo, Havana, Kuala Lumpur, and City NOC Round 1 Round 2
Seville) submitted bids to the IOC but failed to
make the shortlist in 2000. After the first round
Beijing China 44 56
of voting, Beijing held a significant lead over the
other four candidates. Osaka received only six
votes and was eliminated. In the second round, Toronto Canada 20 22
Beijing was supported by an absolute majority
of voters, eliminating the need for subsequent Paris France 15 18
rounds.
Istanbul Turkey 17 9
After winning the bid Li Lanqing, the vice
premier of China, declared "The winning of the
Osaka Japan 6 —
2008 Olympic bid is an example of the
international recognition of China's social
stability, economic progress and the healthy life of the Chinese people."
Previously, Beijing had bid to host the 2000 Summer Olympics. It led the
voting over the first three rounds, but ultimately lost to Sydney in the final
round in 1993.

Preparations

Venues

By May 2007, construction of all thirty-one Beijing-based Olympic Games

venues had begun. The Chinese government is also investing in the
renovation and construction of six venues outside Beijing as well as fifty-nine
training centers. Its largest architectural pieces will be the Beijing National
Stadium, Beijing National Indoor Stadium, Beijing National Aquatics Centre,
Olympic Green Convention Centre, Olympic Green, and Beijing Wukesong
Culture & Sports Center. Almost 85 percent of the construction budget for the
six main venues is being funded by US$2.1 billion (RMB¥17.4 billion) in
corporate bids and tenders. Investments are expected from corporations
seeking ownership rights after the 2008 Summer Olympics. Some venues
will be owned and governed by the State General Administration of Sports,
which will use them after the Olympics as facilities for all future national sports
teams and events.

Some events will be held outside Beijing, namely football (in Qinhuangdao,
Shanghai, Shenyang, and Tianjin), sailing (in Qingdao), and equestrian (in
Hong
Kong,
because of "uncertainties of equine diseases and major difficulties in
establishing a disease-free zone"). This will be the third time the Olympics are
held under the jurisdiction of 2 different NOCs (Hong Kong and mainland
China compete separately).

The Beijing National Stadium.

The centerpiece of the 2008 Summer Olympics will be the Beijing National
Stadium, nicknamed the "Bird nest" because of its nest-like skeletal structure.
Construction of the venue began on December 24, 2003. The Guangdong
Olympic Stadium was originally planned, constructed, and completed in 2001
for the Games, but a decision was made to construct a new stadium in
Beijing. Government officials engaged architects worldwide in a design
competition. A Swiss firm, Herzog & de Meuron Architekten AG, collaborated
with China Architecture Design & Research Group to win the competition. The
stadium features a lattice-like concrete skeleton forming the stadium bowl and
will have a seating capacity of 80,000 people. Architects originally described
the overall design as resembling a bird nest with an immense ocular—an
opening with a retractable roof over the stadium. However, in 2004, the idea
of retractable roof was abandoned for economic and safety reasons. The
Beijing National Stadium will be the site of the opening and closing
ceremonies, as well as the athletics events and soccer finals. The stadium's
designer Ai Weiwei has since withdrawn his support for China's Olympic
games, saying "he wants nothing to do with them anymore".

Transport
 This is a map of the Olympic venues in Beijing. Several expressways encircle the center of the city, providing for
quick transportation around the city and between venues.

In preparation for the huge rush during the games, Beijing's subway system
underwent a major expansion which increased its capacity to more than twice
its previous size. The previous system was composed of four lines and 64
stations. An additional seven lines and more than eighty new stations were
constructed, including a direct link to Beijing Capital International Airport. In
the airport itself, eleven unmanned trains, each transporting a maximum of 83
passengers, will expedite the movement of people throughout the new
terminal building. Most of them are scheduled to operate from June 30, 2008,
one month before the beginning of the games. In January 2007, the BOCOG
announced that the Metro cars will be fitted with video screens showing the
latest news and events during the games. Additionally, cellphone signals
would be made available, so that people can use their communication devices
in the metro stations or underground.

According to the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, a new five-

level emergency alert system for extreme weather and security threats will be
implemented in the airport. This system is designed to ensure smooth and
safe transportation for the estimated three million domestic and overseas
visitors who will flock to Beijing for the games in August 2008.

On the ground, Beijing is set to designate thirty-eight official public transit

routes that will link the Olympic venues. During the games, 2,500 large-size
buses and 4,500 minibuses will be operated by a total of 8,000 drivers to
transport people across various venues. Prior to the games, public transport
will be optimized in order to reduce the existing 110 overlapping routes.

Beijing will be implementing a temporary road space rationing based on plate

numbers during the Games in order to significantly improve air quality in the
city. Under the traffic plan made public on June 20, 2008, the rationing will be
enforced for two months, between July 20 to September 20, as the Olympics
will begin on August 8, and then will be followed by the 2008 Paralympics,
from September 6 until 17. The restrictions will be in placed on alternate days
depending on the plates ending in odd or even numbers. This measure is
expected to take 45% of the 3.3 million car fleet off the streets. In addition,
300,000 heavy polluting vehicles will be banned from July 1, and the plan also
prohibits access to most vehicles coming from outside Beijing. The boosted
public transport network is expected to absorve this additional demand,
estimated in more than 4 million extra passengers per day.
Marketing

Emblem, Slogan and Mascots

Dancing Beijing emblem depicted in a flower garden.

The 2008 Summer Olympics emblem is known as "Dancing Beijing". The

emblem combines a traditional Chinese red seal and a representation of the
calligraphic character jīng with athletic features. The open arms of the
calligraphic word symbolizes the invitation of China to the world to share in its
culture. IOC president Jacques Rogge was very happy with the emblem,
saying, "Your new emblem immediately conveys the awesome beauty and
power of China which are embodied in your heritage and your people."

The slogan for the 2008 Olympics is "One World, One Dream". The slogan
calls upon the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future
for humanity. It was chosen from over 210,000 entries submitted from around
the world.

The 2008 Olympic Mascots are the five Fuwa ("good luck dolls"). The Fuwa
consist of five members that incorporate fish, giant panda, fire, Tibetan
antelope, and swallow designs. They roughly correspond with the five
elements of Chinese philosophy: water, metal, fire, wood, and earth. The
Fuwa each have as their primary color one of the colors of the five Olympic
Rings that stand for the five continents. The five Fuwa are named Beibei,
Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, and Nini. When the first syllable of each of the
five names are said together, the result is the phrase (Běijīng huānyíng nĭ)
which means "Beijing welcomes you".

Tickets

In April 2007, the over seven million tickets for sporting events and
ceremonies went on sale. Approximately 75% of tickets went on sale through
the Beijing Organizing Committee, which set low ticket prices for domestic
tickets, to encourage the Chinese people to attend the Games. International
tickets are available through each nation's NOC. By June 2007, 2.2 million
tickets had already been sold.

Merchandising

Since early 2007, licensed Olympics merchandise stores have been in

business throughout China. More than 800 official stores were in operation at
the end of July 2007. Since August 2007, Olympic merchandise has been
made available online, with more than 5000 products available via the official
merchandising website, which include apparel, mascot dolls, key-chains and
commemorative chopsticks. In November 2007, the overseas Olympic E-shop
provided online access to customers all over the world to Licensed Products
of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, excluding the USA, Japan, UK, Canada and
China. China's central bank also issued a new 10-yuan note without the
picture of Mao Zedong.

Music

The official theme for the torch relay was "Light the Passion, Share the
Dream", with the English version performed by the 106 contestants of Miss
World 2007. The official song for the game's one-year countdown celebration
was "We Are Ready" with a version recorded by Jackie Chan. "Beijing Huan
Ying Ni" ("Beijing welcomes you") was the theme song for the 100-day
countdown celebration. "I am a Star" and "Smile Beijing" have been selected
as theme songs for the Beijing Olympic Volunteers Committee.

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the Olympics in Beijing will be held in the Beijin National
Stadium, and begin at 08:08:08pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) on 8 August 2008. It has
been announced that Canada's Celine Dion and Taiwan's Jay Chou would perform
during the opening ceremony.

Sports

The program for the Beijing 2008 Games is quite similar to that of the Athens
Games held in 2004. The 2008 Olympics will see the return of 28 sports, and
will hold 302 events (165 men’s events, 127 women’s events, and 10 mixed
events), one event more in total than in Athens.

Overall nine new events will be held, which include two from the new cycling
discipline of BMX. Women will compete in the 3000 m steeplechase for the
first time. In addition, marathon swimming events for men and women, over
the distance of 10 kilometers, will be added to the swimming discipline. Team
events (men and women) in table tennis will replace the doubles events. In
fencing, women's team foil and women's team sabre will replace men's team
foil and women's team epee.

The following are the sports to be contested at the games. The number of
events to be contested in each sport is indicated in parentheses. (The
Olympic sport of aquatics has been split into its constituent disciplines of
diving, swimming, synchronized swimming, and water polo.)
 Archery (4)  Diving (8)  Modern pentathlon (2)  Taekwondo (8)

 Athletics (47)  Equestrian (6)

 Rowing (14)
 Tennis (4)
 Badminton (5)  Fencing (10)
 Sailing (11)
 Baseball (1)
 Triathlon (2)
 Field hockey (2)
 Shooting (15)
 Basketball (2)  Volleyball (4)
 Football/Soccer (2)
 Boxing (11)  Softball (1)
 Gymnastics (18)  Water polo (2)
 Canoeing (16)  Swimming (34)
 Handball (2)  Weightlifting (15)
 Synchronized swimming
 Cycling (18) (2)
 Judo (14)  Wrestling (18)

 Table tennis (4)

Calendar
In the following calendar for the 2008 Olympic Games, each blue box represents an
event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes
represent a medal-awarding final for a sport. The number in each box represents the
number of finals that will be contested on that day.

● Opening ceremony ● Event competitions ● Event finals ● Closing ceremony

August 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th T

Ceremonies ● ●

Archery 1 1 1 1 4

Athletics 2 4 6 6 5 3 6 7 7 1 47

Badminton 1 2 2 5

Baseball 1 1

Basketball 1 1 2

Boxing 5 6 11

Canoeing 2 2 6 6 16

Cycling 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 1 1 18

Diving 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8

Equestrian 2 1 1 1 1 6
Fencing 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 10

Field hockey 1 1 2

Football (soccer) 1 1 2

Gymnastics 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 1 1 18

Handball 1 1 2

Judo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 14

Modern pentathlon 1 1 2

Rowing 7 7 14

Sailing 2 1 2 2 2 2 11

Shooting 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 15

Softball 1 1

Swimming 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 34

Synchronized swimming 1 1 2

Table tennis 1 1 1 1 4

Taekwondo 2 2 2 2 8

Tennis 2 2 4

Triathlon 1 1 2

Volleyball 1 1 1 1 4

Water polo 1 1 2

Weightlifting 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 15

Wrestling 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 18

August 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 302

Torch relay

The design of the Olympic Torch is based on traditional

scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as
the "Propitious Clouds" (祥云). The torch is designed to remain lit in 65
kilometer per hour winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimeters per hour.

The relay, with the theme Journey of Harmony, is expected to last 130 days
and carry the torch 137,000 km (85,000 mi)—the longest distance of any
Olympic torch relay since the tradition began at the 1936 Berlin Games. So
far, the torch relay has been called a "public relations disaster" by The Times
for China, with protests of China's human rights record, particularly in Tibet.

Route of the 2008 Olympic Torch Relay

The relay began 24 March 2008, in Olympia, Greece. From there, it traveled
across Greece to Panathinaiko Stadium in Athens, and then to Beijing,
arriving on 31 March. From Beijing, the torch followed a route passing through
every continent except Antarctica. The torch visited cities on the Silk Road,
symbolizing ancient links between China and the rest of the world. A total of
21,880 torchbearers have been selected from around the world by various
organizations and entities.

The international portion of the relay has been a problematic, month-long

world tour that has seen wide-scale protests to China's human rights abuses
and recent crackdown in Tibet. After trouble in London saw several attempts
to put out the flame, the following day, the flame was extinguished in Paris .
The American leg in San Francisco on 9 April was altered without prior
warning to avoid such scenes, although there were still demonstrations along
the original route, but the remaining legs have not been as disastrous. The
relay was further delayed and simplified after the devastating 2008 Sichuan
earthquake affecting western China.

Protesters in support of the Tibetan Independence Movement during the

Olympic torch relay in San Francisco.

The flame was carried to the top of Mount Everest on a 108 km (67 mi) long
"highway" scaling the Tibetan side of the mountain especially built for the
relay. The $19.7 million blacktop project spanned from Tingri County of
Xigazê Prefecture to the Everest Base Camp. In March 2008, China banned
mountaineers from climbing its side of Mount Everest and later persuaded the
Nepalese government to close their side as well, officially citing environmental
concerns. It also reflected concerns by the communist government that Tibet
activists may try to disrupt its plans to carry the Olympic torch up the world's
tallest peak.
The original route included a stop in Taipei before heading for Hong Kong.
Taiwan's government, however, later rejected this proposal, claiming that
such arrangement would make the Taiwan relay be seen as part of China's
domestic route, rather than the international route. The IOC eliminated Taipei
from the relay; both China and Taiwan have blamed each other for injecting
politics into the event.

Participating NOCs

Though the qualifying competitions for various sports are well underway, it
cannot be certain which of the current 205 National Olympic Committees
(NOCs) will participate in 2008. Most NOCs participate regularly, although
various circumstances could cause a nation to be absent from the games, as
was the case for six NOCs at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Nevertheless,
placements in various qualifying events can help predict which nations and
how many athletes will be at the games. Steven Roush, chief of sport
performance for the United States Olympic Committee, expects that the
United States will bring about 600 competitors to the games, their largest
Olympic team thus far. Other delegations will be much smaller; Afghanistan,
for example, will be represented by just four competitors.

South African swimmer Natalie du Toit, five time gold medallist at the Athens
Paralympics in 2004, has qualified to compete at the Beijing Olympics, thus
making history by becoming the first amputee to qualify for the Olympic
Games since Hector Castro in 1928 and the first leg amputee since George
Eyser in 1904.

List of participating NOCs

 Afghanistan  Czech Republic  Latvia  Russia

 Albania  Denmark  Lebanon  Rwanda
 Algeria  Djibouti  Lesotho  Saint Kitts and Nevis
 American  Dominica  Liberia  Saint Lucia
Samoa  Dominican  Libya  St. Vincent &
 Andorra Republic  Liechtenstein Grenadines
 Angola  Ecuador  Lithuania  São Tomé and Príncipe
 Antigua and  Egypt  Luxembourg  Samoa
Barbuda  El Salvador  FYR Macedonia  San Marino
 Argentina  Equatorial Guinea  Saudi Arabia
 Madagascar
 Armenia  Eritrea  Senegal
 Malawi
 Aruba  Estonia  Serbia
 Malaysia
 Australia  Ethiopia  Seychelles
 Maldives
 Austria  Fiji  Sierra Leone
 Mali
 Azerbaijan  Finland  Singapore
 Malta
 Bahamas  France  Slovakia
 Marshall Islands
  Bahrain  Gabon  Mauritania  Slovenia
 Bangladesh  Gambia  Mauritius  Solomon Islands
 Barbados  Georgia  Mexico  Somalia
 Belarus  Germany  FS Micronesia  South Africa
 Belgium  Ghana  Moldova  Spain
 Belize  Great Britain  Monaco  Sri Lanka
 Benin  Greece  Mongolia  Sudan
 Bermuda  Grenada  Montenegro  Suriname
 Bhutan  Guam  Morocco  Swaziland
 Bolivia  Guatemala  Mozambique  Sweden
 Bosnia and  Guinea  Myanmar  Switzerland
Herzegovina  Guinea-Bissau  Namibia  Syria
 Botswana  Guyana  Nauru  Tajikistan
 Brazil  Haiti  Nepal  Tanzania
 British Virgin  Honduras  Netherlands  Thailand
Islands
 Hong Kong, China  Netherlands Antilles  Timor-Leste
 Brunei
 Hungary  New Zealand  Togo
 Bulgaria
 Iceland  Nicaragua  Tonga
 Burkina Faso
 India  Niger  Trinidad and Tobago
 Burundi
 Indonesia  Nigeria  Tunisia
 Cambodia
 Iran  Norway  Turkey
 Cameroon
 Iraq  Oman  Turkmenistan
 Canada
 Ireland  Pakistan  Tuvalu
 Cape Verde
 Israel  Palau  Uganda
 Cayman Islands
 Italy  Palestine  Ukraine
 Central African
Republic  Jamaica  Panama  United Arab Emirates
 Chad  Japan  Papua New Guinea  United States
 Chile  Jordan  Paraguay  Uruguay
 China  Kazakhstan  Peru  Uzbekistan
 Chinese Taipei  Kenya  Philippines  Vanuatu
 Colombia  Kiribati  Poland  Venezuela
 Comoros  South Korea  Portugal  Vietnam
 DR Congo  North Korea  Puerto Rico  Virgin Islands
 Congo  Kuwait  Qatar  Yemen
 Cook Islands  Kyrgyzstan  Zambia
 Costa Rica  Romania
 Côte d'Ivoire  Laos  Zimbabwe
 Croatia
 Cuba

 Cyprus

Medal count from 1959 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games to 2007

Southeast Asian Games

1st Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (1959) 2nd Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
(1961)
Medal count Medal count

Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total

Thailand
1 35 26 15 76
(host)
2 Burma 11 15 14 40
3 Malaya 8 15 11 34
4 Singapore¹ 8 7 18 33
South
5 5 5 6 16
Vietnam
6 Laos 0 0 2 2 Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Burma (host) 35 26 43 104
Sports 2 Thailand 21 18 22 61
Sports
3 Malaya 16 24 39 79
Aquatics South
4 9 5 8 22
Aquatics Athletics Vietnam
Athletics Badminton
5 Singapore 4 13 11 28
Badminton
Basketball 6 Cambodia 1 6 4 11
Basketball
Boxing 7 Laos 0 0 8 8
Boxing
Cycling Cycling
Football Football
Shooting Shooting
Table Tennis Sailing
Tennis Table Tennis
Volleyball Tennis
Weightlifting Volleyball
. Weightlifting

3rd Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (1963)

The 1963 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games was cancelled, as the designated host
Cambodia was not able to host the event due to unsettling in-country conditions, and a
disagreement with the International Amateur Athletic Federation. The 3rd SEAP Games then
passed to Laos as hosts, but they begged off the 1965 event citing financial difficulties.
Fortunately though, Malaysia stepped in. The 1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games was
held in Kuala Lumpur with around 1,300 athletes and officials taking part. By then, the SEAP
Games Federation had gained another member with Singapore's independence from
Malaysia in August that year.

3rd Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (1965) 4th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
(1967)

Medal count Medal count

Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Thailand 38 33 35 106
Rank Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
Malaysia
2 33 36 28 97 1 Thailand (host) 77 48 40 165
(Host)
3 Singapore 18 14 16 48 2 Singapore 28 31 28 87

4 Burma 8 7 18 33 3 Malaysia 23 29 43 95

South 4 Burma 11 26 32 69
5 5 7 7 19
Vietnam 5 South Vietnam 6 10 17 33
6 Laos 0 0 2 2 6 Laos 0 0 0 0

Sports Sports
Aquatics Athletics Aquatics Athletics
Badminton Basketball Badminton Basketball
Boxing Cycling Boxing Cycling
Football Judo Football Judo
Shooting Sepak Takraw Shooting Sepak Takraw
Table Tennis Tennis Sailing Tennis
Volleyball Weightlifting Table Tennis Volleyball
. Weightlifting

5th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (1969) 6th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
(1971)

Medal count Medal count

Rank Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Burma (host) 57 46 46 149
Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
2 Thailand 32 32 45 109
1 Thailand 44 27 38 109
3 Singapore 31 39 23 93
2 Malaysia ( host ) 41 43 55 139
4 Malaysia 16 24 39 79
3 Singapore 32 33 31 96
5 South Vietnam 9 5 8 22
4 Burma 20 28 13 61
6 Laos 0 0 3 3
5 Khmer Republic 17 18 17 52
6 South Vietnam 3 6 9 18
7 Laos 0 1 4 5

Sports

Weightlifting
Aquatics Sports
Athletics
Badminton Aquatics Athletics
Basketball Basketball Boxing
Boxing Cycling Football
Cycling Hockey Judo
Football Sepak takraw Shooting
Gymnastics Table Tennis Tennis
Judo Volleyball Weightlifting
Shooting
Sailing
Table Tennis
Tennis
Volleyball
7th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games ( 1973 ) 8th Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
(1975)

Medal count Medal count

Rank Country Gold Silver Bronze Total Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
Position
1 Thailand 47 25 27 99
Thailand
Singapore 1 80 45 39 164
2 45 50 45 140 ( host )
( host )
3 Malaysia 30 35 50 115 2 Singapore 38 42 49 129
4 Burma 28 24 15 67
Khmer 3 Burma 28 35 33 96
5 9 12 20 41
Republic
South 4 Malaysia 27 49 51 127
6 2 13 10 25
Vietnam
7 Laos 0 5 4 9

Sports Sports
Aquatics Athletics Aquatics Athletics
Badminton Basketball Badminton Basketball
Boxing Cycling Boxing Bowling
Football Hockey Football Judo
Shooting Sepak Takraw Shooting Sepak Takraw
Table Tennis Tennis Sailing Tennis
Volleyball Weightlifting Table Tennis Volleyball
Hockey Sailing. Bowling Hockey
Volleyball Weightlifting Rugby Football
Volleyball Cycling

9th Southeast Asian Games (1977) 10th Southeast Asian Games

(1979)

Medal count Medal count

Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total

Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
Indonesia
1 Indonesia 62 41 34 137 1. 92 78 52 222
(host)
2 Thailand 37 35 33 105 2. Thailand 50 46 29 125
3 Philippines 31 30 30 91 3. Burma 26 26 24 76
4 Burma 25 42 43 110 4. Philippines 24 31 38 93
5 Malaysia ( host ) 21 17 21 59 5. Malaysia 19 23 39 81
6 Singapore 14 21 28 63 6. Singapore 16 20 36 72
7 Brunei 0 0 3 3 7. Brunei 0 1 0 1

Sports Sports
Aquatics Archery Aquatics Archery
Athletics Badminton Athletics Badminton
Basketball Boxing Basketball Boxing
Bowling Cycling Cycling Football
Football Hockey Gymnastics Hockey
Rugby Football Judo Judo Shooting
Shooting Sepak Takraw Sepak Takraw Softball
Tennis Table Tennis Tennis Table Tennis
Volleyball Weightlifting Volleyball Weightlifting
11th Southeast Asian Games ( 1981 )
 The 11th Southeast Asian Games were held in Manila, Philippines
from December 6, 1981 to December 15, 1981. This was the first
time that the Philippines hosted the Games since its first participation
in 1977. The event was officially opened by President Ferdinand
Marcos and the cauldron was lit by Benjamin Silva-Netto. The
colorful opening ceremony was held in the Rizal Memorial Stadium in
Manila. A new football stadium and indoor arena was built in Pasig
named the University of Life Track & Field and Arena or the ULTRA,
now called the PhilSports Arena. The adjacent apartments were used
as the athlete's quarters and was converted into a BLISS housing
project of First Lady Imelda Marcos.

Medal count
In the 11th Southeast Asian Games held in Manila in 198,
Bong emerged as its most successful Filipino campaigner. She won six medals in six events,
four of which were gold medals where she set six individual game records. Bong won the gold
in Ladies Doubles with Lita de la Rosa and averaged 221 in Trios en route to an Individual All
Events gold medal and became the South East Asian Games Masters champion.

Sports Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total

Aquatics Archery
Athletics Badminton 1 Indonesia 85 73 56 214
Basketball Bowling
Boxing Cycling
Football Gymnastics 2 Thailand 62 45 41 148
Judo Shooting
Sepak takraw Softball Philippines
3 55 55 77 187
Table Tennis Tennis (host)
Volleyball Weightlifting
4 Malaysia 16 27 31 74

5 Burma 15 19 27 61
12th Southeast Asian Games (1983 )
Sports Medal 6 Singapore 12 26 33 71
count
7 Brunei 0 0 0 0

Aquatics Archery
Athletics Badminton Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
Basketball Boxing 1. Indonesia 64 67 54 185
Equestrian Football
Hockey Judo 2. Philippines 49 48 53 150
Sailing Shooting
Sepak takraw Table Tennis 3. Thailand 49 40 38 127
Tennis Volleyball 4. Singapore ( host ) 38 38 58 134
Weightlifting
5. Burma 18 15 17 50
6. Malaysia 16 25 40 81
7. Brunei 0 0 5 5
People's Republic
8. 0 0 0 0
of Kampuchea

13th Southeast Asian Games (1985) 14th Southeast Asian Games

(1987)

Medal count Medal count

Position Country: Gold Silver Bronze Total
Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
1. Thailand 92 66 59 217
1 Indonesia ( host ) 183 136 84 407
2. Indonesia 62 73 76 211
2 Thailand 63 57 67 188
3. Philippines 43 54 32 129
3 Philippines 59 78 69 206
4. Malaysia 26 28 32 86
4 Malaysia 35 41 67 144
5. Singapore 16 11 23 50
5 Singapore 19 38 64 121
6. Burma 13 19 34 66
6 Burma 13 15 21 50
7. Brunei 0 0 3 3
7 Brunei 1 5 17 24
People's
People's Republic of
8. Republic of 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 9 10
Kampuchea
Kampuchea

Sports Sports
Aquatics Archery Aquatics Archery
Athletics Badminton Athletics Badminton
Basketball Boxing Basketball Boxing
Bowling Cycling Bowling Body Building
Football Gymnastics Canoeing Cycling
Judo Sailing Fencing Football
Shooting Sepak Takraw Golf Gymnastics
Table Tennis Tennis Hockey Judo
Volleyball Weightlifting Karatedo Pencak Silat
. . Sailing Shooting
.
Table Tennis Tennis
Taekwondo Volleyball
Water Skiing Weightlifting
. Wrestling

15th Southeast Asian Games ( 1989 )

Medal count

Sports Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total

Aquatics Archery 1 Indonesia 102 78 71 251
Athletics Badminton
Basketball Body Building 2 Malaysia 67 58 75 200
Bowling Boxing 3 Thailand 62 63 66 191
Cycling Fencing
Football Golf 4 Singapore 32 38 47 117
Judo Karatedo
5 Philippines 26 37 64 127
Pencak Silat Sailing
Shooting Sepak takraw 6 Myanmar 10 14 20 44
Table Tennis Tennis
Taekwondo Volleyball 7 Vietnam 3 11 5 19
Weightlifting 8 Brunei 1 2 24 27
9 Laos 0 1 0 1

17th Southeast Asian Games (1993) 18th Southeast Asian Games

(1995)
Medal count Medal count
Positio Gol Silve Bronz Tota
Country
n d r e l
Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Indonesia 88 81 84 253 1 Thailand (host) 157 98 91 346
2 Thailand 63 70 63 196 2 Indonesia 77 67 77 221
3 Philippines 57 59 72 188 3 Philippines 33 48 64 145
Singapore 4 Malaysia 31 49 69 149
4 50 40 74 164
(host)
5 Singapore 26 27 42 95
5 Malaysia 43 45 65 153 6 Vietnam 10 18 24 52
6 Vietnam 9 6 19 34 7 Myanmar 4 21 37 62
7 Myanmar 8 13 1 22 8 Brunei 0 2 6 8
8 Laos 0 1 0 1 Cambodia 0 0 2 2
9
Laos 0 0 2 2
Sports
Sports Aquatics Archery
Aquatics Archery
Athletics Badminton Athletics Badminton
Basketball Billiard and Snooker Basketball Billiard and Snooker
Body Building Bowling Bowling Boxing
Boxing Cycling Cycling Equestrian
Fencing Football Fencing Football
Golf Gymnastics Golf Gymnastics
Hockey Judo Hockey Judo
Karatedo Pencak Silat Pencak Silat Rowing
Sailing Sepak Takraw Rugby Sailing
Shooting Squash Sepak Takraw Shooting
Table Tennis Taekwondo Squash Table Tennis
Tennis Traditional Boat Race Taekwondo Tennis
Volleyball Weightlifting Volleyball Weightlifting
Wushu

19th Southeast Asian Games (1997)

Medal count
Sports Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
Aquatics Archery Indonesia
Athletics Badminton 1 194 101 115 410
Basketball Billiard and Snooker
(host)
Body Building Bowling 2 Thailand 83 97 78 258
Boxing Canoeing
Cycling Fencing 3 Malaysia 55 68 75 198
Football Golf
Gymnastics Hockey 4 Philippines 43 57 109 209
Judo Karatedo
Pencak Silat Rowing 5 Vietnam 35 48 50 133
Sailing Sepak Takraw 6 Singapore 30 26 50 106
7 Myanmar 8 34 44 86
8 Brunei 0 2 8 10
9 Laos 0 0 7 7
10 Cambodia 0 0 6 6
Shooting Softball
Squash Table Tennis
Taekwondo Tennis
Traditional Boat Race Volleyball
Water Skiing Weightlifting
Wrestling Wushu

20th Southeast Asian Games(1999) 21st Southeast Asian Games(2001)

Medal count Medal count

Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total

1. Thailand 65 48 56 169

2. Malaysia 57 45 42 144

3. Indonesia 44 43 58 145

4. Singapore 23 28 45 96

5. Philippines 20 26 41 87
Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
6. Vietnam 17 20 27 64 1 Malaysia (host) 111 75 85 271
2 Thailand 103 86 89 278
7. Brunei (host) 4 12 31 47
3 Indonesia 72 74 80 226
4 Vietnam 33 35 64 132
8. Myanmar 3 10 10 23
5 Philippines 31 65 67 163
6 Singapore 22 31 42 95
9. Laos 1 0 3 4
7 Myanmar 19 14 53 86

10. Cambodia 0 0 0 0 8 Laos 1 3 7 11

9 Cambodia 1 1 5 7
10 Brunei 0 5 6 11
Sports 11 Timor-Leste 0 0 0 0
Sports Aquatics
Athletics Aquatics Archery
Badminton Basketball Athletics Badminton
Billiard and Snooker Bowling Basketball Billiard and
Snooker Boxing Cycling Bowling
Boxing Football Golf Cycling
Equestrian Fencing Football Fencing
Football Hockey Karatedo
Golf Gymnastics Lawn balls Pencak Silat
Hockey Judo Shooting Squash
Karatedo Lawn balls Table Tennis Taekwondo
Netball Pencak Silat Tennis Traditional Boat
Race Petanque Rowing
Sailing Sepak Takraw
Shooting Squash
Table Tennis Taekwondo
Volleyball Weightlifting
Wushu
22nd Southeast Asian Games(2003)

Sports Medal count

Aquatics ( Swimming,Diving and Fin Swimming)
Archery Athletics Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
Badminton Basketball
Billiard and Snooker Body Building 1 Vietnam (host) 158 97 91 346
Boxing Canoeing 2 Thailand 90 93 98 281
Cycling Fencing
Football Gymnastics 3 Indonesia 55 68 98 221
Handball Judo
Karatedo Petanque 4 Philippines 49 55 75 179
Pencak Silat Rowing 5 Malaysia 43 42 59 144
Sepak Takraw Shooting
Shuttlecock Table Tennis 6 Singapore 30 33 50 113
Taekwondo Tennis
7 Myanmar 16 43 50 109
Traditional Boat Race Volleyball
Weightlifting Wrestling 8 Laos 1 5 15 21
Wushu
9 Cambodia 1 5 11 17
10 Brunei 1 1 8 10
11 Timor-Leste 0 0 0 0

24th Southeast Asian Games (2007)

The 24th Southeast Asian Games (also known as SEA Games) was held in Nakhon
Ratchasima, Thailand from December 6 to December 15, 2007.

The Thai Olympic Committee planned the event to coincide with the commemoration of 80th
birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Officials studied the possibility of doing the events in
multiple venues like what was done in Vietnam and the Philippines. It was the sixth time
Thailand has hosted the SEA Games. Thailand had hosted the 1959 (inaugural games),
1967, 1975, 1985 and 1995 SEA Games. The 2007 games were to be hosted in Singapore,
but the city-state gave up the chance in 2004 as the National Stadium was slated for
demolition in around that time to build the Singapore Sports Hub.

Medal count
Rank Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Thailand (host) 181 124 103 408
2 Malaysia 68 52 96 216
3 Vietnam 64 58 82 204
4 Indonesia 56 64 82 202
5 Singapore 43 43 41 127
6 Philippines 42 90 96 228
7 Myanmar 14 26 48 88
8 Laos 5 7 32 44
 Brunei
009 Cambodia 2 5 11 18 10 1
Darussalam
00

Venues

His Majesty the King's 80th Anniversary Birthday Anniversary Stadium (5th December 2007)

 Main Stadium (Opening and Closing Ceremony, Athletics, Football)

 Aquatic Centre (Diving, Swimming, Water Polo)
 Beach Volleyball Stadium (Volleyball)
 Gymnasium 1 (Gymnastic)
 Gymnasium 2 (Volleyball)
 Tennis Court (Tennis)
 Velodrome (Cycling)

Suranaree University of Technology

 Football Field 2 (Archery)

 Keelapirom Gymnasium (Basketball)
 National Synchrotron Research Centre (Fencing)
 Petanque Court (Petanque)
 Student Resident (Athlete Village)
 Surapala Keetha Sathan Stadium (Football)
 Suraphat 2 Building (IBC, MPC)

Other Venue

 Amphoe Pak Thong Chai Sport Complex (Boxing, Football)

 Bonanza Golf and Country Club (Golf)
 Chanapolkhan Institute of Technology (Karate, Wushu)
 Khao Yai Thiang (Cycling)
 Klang Plaza Jomsurang Department Store (Table Tennis)
 Mittraphap Highway (Cycling)
 Municipal Sport Complex (Football, Muay Thai)
 Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University (Body Building, Softball)
 Nakhon Ratchasima Vocational College (Weightlifting)
 Rajamangala University of Technology Isan (Judo, Wrestling)
 Sima Thani Hotel (Billiards and Snooker)
 Sung Noen Municipality Hall (Pencak Silat)
 Suranaree Camp (Rugby Football)
 The Mall Department Store (Sepak Takraw)
 Wongchawalitkul University (Badminton, Dance Sport, Taekwondo)

Bangkok
 National Sport Complex (Handball)
 Queen Sirikit Sport Centre (Baseball, Hockey, Lawn Bowl)
 Ratchaphruek Club (Squash)
 SF Strike Bowl (Bowling)
 Sport Authority of Thailand Sport Complex (Futsal, Shooting)
  VR Sport Club (Polo)

Chon Buri
 Ambassador City Jomtien (Triathlon)
 Horseshoe Point (Equestrian)
 Map Prachan Reservoir (Canoe-Kayak, Rowing, Traditional Boat Race)
 Ocean Marina Yacht Club (Sailing)
 Thai Polo Club (Equestrian)

Sports

The 2007 SEAG featured more than 400 events in 43 sports and also 2 demonstration sports
(i.e. Go and Kempo).The 24th edition of the games will have the highest number of
sporting events in the entire history of the SEAG, more events than the Asian Games
and the Olympic Games.
 o AthletesOfficials¹ - not an
official Olympic Sport
² - sport played only in the
SEAG
³ - not a traditional Olympic
nor SEAG Sport and
introduced only by the host
country.
° - a former official Olympic
Sport, not applied in previous
host countries and was
 Cycling  Lawn bowls³
introduced only by the host
country.  Dancesport³  Muay Thai²
ʰ
- sport not played in the  Equestrian  Pencak Silat²
previous edition and was  Fencing  Pétanque²
reintroduced by the host  Football  Polo¹
country.Archery  Golf  Rowing
o  Gymnastics  Rugby
 Handball  Sailing
Participating nations  Hockey  Sepak Takraw¹
 Judo  Shooting
Country
 Aquatics  Karate¹  Softball°
 Athletics
 Badminton
 Baseball
 Basketball
 Billiards and Snooker¹
 Bodybuilding¹
 Boxing
 Bowling¹

 Canoe/Kayak
Brunei
Darussalam51
106144246IOC
CodeSquash¹
 Table
tennis
 Taekwo
ndo
 Tennis
 Traditio
nal boat
race¹ Name Men Women Total Men Women Total
 Triathlo
n
 Volleyb
all
 Weightl
ifting
 Wrestli
ng

 Wushu¹
CAMBRU Cambodia 161 71 232 64 4 68
INA Indonesia 369 205 574 160 28 188
LAO Laos 246 168 414 186 35 221
MAS Malaysia 494 326 820 239 55 294
MYA Myanmar 292 214 506 156 35 191
PHI Philippines 373 247 620 143 32 175
SIN Singapore 262 180 442 165 51 216
THA Thailand 540 442 982 342 65 407
TLS Timor Leste 7 - 7 8 - 8
VIE Vietnam 331 293 624 152 17 169
Total 3126 2156 5282 1659 324 1983

Controversies
 The 24th Southeast Asian Games is most protested games in the entire history of the
games especially on the 10 day showpiece was overshadowed by claims of unfair
judging.
 Thai male field hockey player, Surathep Wisawathiron became the first athlete tested
positive for using methyltestosterone.
 Also, the Thai gymnast athlete, Panaporn Kosol tested positive for steroids.
 Malaysia withdrew from all Sepak Takraw events after they disapproved of the use of
a new rubber ball. Sepak Takraw usually uses a ball made out of rattan. This led to
Thailand winning several of the Sepak Takraw events. But there had also been
claims Malaysia was concerned that its youthful teams might have struggled to
compete.
 Mary Antoinette Rivero of the Philippines was defeated 7-4 by Cassandra Haller of
Thailand in women's taekwondo under-65-kilogram category; Rivero was actually
leading by three points in the third round and floored Haller but Haller was given the
points by the judges. This led to the disgust of the other Filipino taekwondo-jins that
they walked out of the venue.
 The Philippines staged a massive walkout in the finals of the Boxing events to signal
their displeasure against the judges and officials for biased judging during the
women's boxing bout a day earlier. Two out of seven Filipino boxers didn't answer the
bell for round 1 while 4 others didn't answer the bell for succeeding rounds on their
gold medal matches against their Thai opponents, thus forfeiting their bouts in favor
of the Thais. Only Boonjumnong's opponent, Larry Semilano, fought the entire match,
losing to his Thai opponent on points.

25th Southeast Asian Games(2009)

The 25th Southeast Asian Games is scheduled to be held in Vientiane, Laos in 2009. This will be the
first time the country has ever held a Southeast Asian Games. If Laos failed to meet qualifications to
hold the event in time, the games would be moved to Singapore. It will also commemorate the 50 years
of the SEA Games in the said event.

Sports
Despite the limited sports facilities in Vientiane, only 25 disciplines will be in competition, compared to
43 held in Nakhon Ratchasima. Among the sports will be missing from competition are cycling,
gymnastics, hockey, rowing and weightlifting.[1]

Archery Aquatics Athletics

Badminton
Basketball Boxing Billiard and Snooker ¹ Bowling
Body Building¹ Football Golf ¹ Handball
Judo Karatedo ¹ Muay thai ²
Petanque² Pencak Silat ² Shooting
Shuttle cock kickingʰ Table Tennis
Taekwondo Traditional Boat Race ¹ Wrestling Wushu
¹ - not an official Olympic Sport
² - sport played only in the SEA Games
³ - not a traditional Olympic nor SEA Games Sport and introduced only by the host country.
° - a former official Olympic Sport, not applied in previous host countries and was introduced
only by the host country.
ʰ
- sport not played in the previous edition and was reintroduced by the host country.

23rd Southeast Asian Games (2005)

The 23rd Southeast Asian Games (also known as the 2005 SEAG) were held
in the Philippines from November 27th to December 5th in 2005. The games
were participated by the eleven (11) nations of Southeast Asia. This was the
first time that the opening and closing ceremonies were held in a large open
field, despite the fact that Manila has many stadiums and/or arenas. The
organization decided to hold the games at an open space to accommodate
the large number of participants and spectators. As a result, the 2005 SEAG
ranks as having the largest audience having reached 200,000 people during
the opening and closing ceremonies. These games were also noted for
having the most number of delegates in the history of the SEA Games. In the
end, all participating countries received medals. The event was meant to
tighten ties among Southeast Asian countries as a region and as a
preparation as well for the upcoming Asian Games and Olympic Games .

Events in men's football actually started on November 20th, prior to the

opening ceremony. Water polo events began on November 21st, womens'
football on November 23rd, sailing on November 26th, and tennis on
November 26th.

The first gold medal of the games was awarded to Singapore on November
25th when their water polo team came out undefeated during the round-robin
tournament round. The Philippine team took the silver medal in that event,
and Malaysia brought home the bronze.

East Timor received its first ever medal as a sovereign nation in the Philippine
indigenous sport of Arnis.

The Games were also considered a valuable opportunity for athletes to gain
competition experience and preparation for the upcoming Asian Games and
Olympic Games. It was purposely created to strengthen friendship, solidarity
and understanding among neighboring countries in the region.

This was the third SEA Games to be hosted by the Philippines. The last two
times the Philippines hosted the games were in 1981 (see 1981 Southeast
Asian Games), and again in 1991 (see 1991 Southeast Asian Games).
Although the majority of events took place in/around Manila, logistical hurdles
required the unusual step of spreading-out the events across the country; to
ten other cities. This arrangement was not seen favorably by the participating
countries who anticipated travel and accommodation issues to arise; a worry
which was confirmed soon after their arrival.

Medal tally
Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Philippines (host) 113 84 94 291
2 Thailand 87 78 118 283
3 Vietnam 71 68 89 228
4 Malaysia 61 49 65 175
5 Indonesia 49 79 89 217
6 Singapore 42 32 55 129
7 Myanmar 17 34 48 99
8 Laos 3 4 12 19
9 Brunei Darussalam 1 2 2 5
10 Cambodia 0 3 9 12
11 Timor Leste 0 0 3 3

There were 1,461 medals awarded, 444 of which were gold, 434 were silver, and 583 were bronze.

Mascot
Gilas (Elegance) is a Philippine Eagle. It is one of the
world's largest eagles; distinct for its majestic
plumage on its head. The eagle is a symbol of
elegance, strength and pride. It captured the winning
spirit of the athletes. Gilas was inspired by the
Filipino words Maliksi (agile), Malakas (strong),
Matalino (smart), Mataas (high), and Matalas (sharp).

Originally, the mascot was supposed to be a

Philippine tarsier until the Philippine SEA Games
Organizing Committee (PhilSOC) changed it to the
Philippine eagle.

Logo

The 2005 SEAG Logo shows a festival mask similar to

those found in most Southeast Asian countries. It
represents the many different cultures that came
together for the Games. At the same time the mask
captures the exuberant spirit and hospitality of the
Filipinos. The logo was inspired by the Maskara
Festival held annually in Bacolod City, one of the
satellite venues of the event.

The logo was designed by Filipino freelance graphic

designer Joel Manalastas.
Theme and Hymn

The theme of the games was "One Heritage, One Southeast Asia." The
theme emphasized the importance of unity and cooperation necessary to
meet a common goal and aspiration.

The official hymn was "We're All Just One." The hymn was composed by
singer-composer Jose Mari Chan and lyricist Rene Nieva. It was sung by
nine-year-old Julia Abueva, granddaughter of Philippine national artist
Napoleon Abueva, and University of the Philippines President Dr. Emerlinda
R. Roman. She was accompanied by the San Miguel Philharmonic Orchestra
under the baton of Ryan Cayabyab.

Preparations

The organizing body for these Games was the Philippine SEA Games
Organizing Committee (PhilSOC). Preparations by the host country for the
SEA Games were criticized both locally and regionally. The visiting nations
experienced logistical problems, particularly with accommodations and
transportation. In addition, while venues outside Manila actively prepared for
welcoming the visiting athletes, organizers in the capital region had numerous
problems drumming-up widespread support and exposure for the Games.
Among the only visible indications of the Games, apart from the commercial
sponsors' advertisements, were the welcome banners put up by the city
government.

Nations

Country Athletes Officials

IOC
Name Men Women Total Men Women Total
Code

BRU Brunei Darussalam 88 21 109 109 11 120

CAM Cambodia 62 15 77 41 3 44

INA Indonesia 367 266 633 315 89 404

LAO Laos 66 9 75 60 6 66

MAS Malaysia 281 134 415 220 81 301

MYA Myanmar 192 140 332 154 34 188

PHI Philippines 454 289 743 221 87 308

SIN Singapore 195 168 363 216 75 291

 THA Thailand 389 288 677 221 47 268

TLS Timor Leste 24 9 33 13 2 15

VIE Vietnam 360 292 652 254 60 314

Total 3213 2159 5336 1824 495 2319

Sports

The 2005 SEAG featured 40 sports in more than 393 events. The 23rd edition
of the games had the highest number of sporting events in the entire history of
the SEAG at that time; more events than the Asian Games and the Olympic
Games. The Southeast Asian Games Federation, through the
recommendation of the Philippine SEA Games Organizing Committee
(PhilSOC), decided to exclude basketball, a popular sport in the Philippines,
from the competitions due to the decision of FIBA to ban the host country to
participate in any international competitions of the sport.

Archery Arnis³ Aquatics Athletics

Badminton Baseball° Billiards and Snooker¹ Bodybuilding¹

Boxing Bowling¹ Canoe/Kayak Chess¹

Cycling Dancesport³ Equestrian Fencing

Football Golf¹ Gymnastics Judo

Karatedo¹ Lawn Bowls³ Muay Thai² Pencak Silat²

Petanque² Rowing Sailing Sepak Takraw¹

Shooting Softball° Squash¹ Table tennis

Taekwondo Tennis Traditional Boat Race¹ Triathlon

Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Wushu¹

¹ - not an official Olympic Sport

² - sport played only in the SEA Games
³ - not a traditional Olympic nor SEA Games Sport, and introduced only by the
host country.
° - a former official Olympic Sport, not applied by previous host countries, and
was introduced only by the current host country.
16th Southeast Asian Games (1991)

The 16th Southeast Asian Games were held in Manila, the Philippines from
24 November - 3 December 1991. This was the second time that the country
hosted the biennial regional sporting event. It was officially opened by
President Corazon Aquino at the Rizal Memorial Stadium in Manila through a
colorful opening ceremony. It was the only SEA Games where the overall
championship was heavily contested. The deciding medal came from the last
sporting event - women's marathon where Indonesia got the gold medal. The
host country was disappointed when they were two gold medals short of
getting the over-all championship.

Logo

The Philippine vinta, the official logo of the XVIth

Southeast Asian Games, was presented by
MANSOC to the SEAG federation Council during
its meeting on November 9, 1990.

The Vinta aptly symbolizes the spirit of the Games.

“The world of sports is a world of adventure,
challenges and rewards. It is a drive for excellence
carried beyond the ordinary; testing the
acknowledge limits of human strength and
stamina. The vinta, setting sail, resolute and
dauntless, colors bright against all adversity,
against all odds, embodies the spirit of adventure
of man’s quest for excellence. It is a perfect
expression of the Filipino craft and passion.”
Mascot
The selection of mascot for the 16th Southeast Asian
games posed difficulties for the organizers. The final
three choices for a mascot were considered based on the
following criteria:
a) it must be an animal indigenous to the host
country:
b) it must be remarkable: and
c) it must have some environment relevance
(endangered species)

The study for the choice of mascot was entrusted to the Marketing Group.
Among the choices were the Philippine Eagle, the Palawan Bearcat and the
labuyo. Studies and design on these animals were presented by design firms
to the Group. The labuyo, which was affectionately called “KIKO LABUYO”,
was finally chosen and served as the official mascot of the SEAGames.
Medal count

Position Country Gold Silver Bronze Total

1 Indonesia 92 86 67 245

2 Philippines (host) 91 62 86 239

3 Thailand 72 80 69 221

4 Malaysia 36 38 66 140

5 Singapore 18 32 45 95

6 Myanmar 12 16 29 57

7 Vietnam 7 12 10 29

8 Brunei 0 0 8 8

9 Laos 0 0 0 0

Sports
Aquatics Archery
Athletics Badminton
Basketball Billiard and Snooker
Body Building Bowling
Boxing Cycling
Fencing Football
Golf Gymnastics
Judo Karatedo
Rowing Sepak Takraw
Shooting Softball Squash
Table Tennis Taekwondo
Tennis Volleyball
Weightlifting Wushu
Sports Venues

Opening Ceremony Quirino Grandstand, Luneta Park, Manila

Arnis Emilio Aguinaldo College, Ermita, Manila
Athletics Track & Field Stadium,RSMC, Manila/Macapagal Blvd., Pasay City
Aquatics
-Swimming
Trace College, Los Banos, Laguna
-Diving
-Water Polo
Archery Remy/Baseball Field, SBMA, Olongapo City
Badminton Philsports Multi Sports Complex, Pasig City
Baseball Baseball Stadium, RMSC, Manila
Billiards and Snooker Makati Coliseum
Body Building GSIS Teatro, Pasay City
Bowling Pearl bowling Center, Paranaque City
Cycling Track Amoranto, Velodrome, Quezon City
Equestrian Alabang Country Club Polo Field, Muntinlupa City
Fencing San juan Gymnasium, San Juan Elem. School, San Juan
Football (Women) Marikina Sports Center, Marikina City
Gymnastics RMSC, Multi-Purpose Arena
Rowing La Mesa Dam, Novaliches, Quezon City
Shooting PSC-PNSA Shooting Range, BNS Ft. Bonifacio, Taguig
Softball Rosario Sports Arena, Pasig City
Squash Makati Sports Club, Makati City
Table Tennis Ninoy Aquino Stadium, RMSC, Malate, Manila
Taekwondo Cuneta Astrodome, Pasay City
Tennis Tennis Court, RMSC, Malate, Manila
Traditional Boat race La Mesa Dam, Novaliches, Quezon City
Wrestling San Andres Gym, Malate, Manila
Wushu Emilio Aguinaldo College, Ermita, Manila
Golf The Country Club, Sta. Rosa, Manila
Chess Tagaytay City, Convention Center
Petanque Hidden Vale Sports Club, Angeles City, Pampanga
Canoe/Kayak Malawaan Fishing Area, SBMA, Olongapo City
Sailing Subic Bay Yacht Club, Olongapo City
Triathlon Boardwalk, SBMA, Olongapo City
Judo Mandaue Coliseum, Mandaue City
Karatedo Mandaue Coliseum, Mandaue City
Pencak Silat Cebu Coliseum, Cebu City
Sepak takraw University of san Carlos Gym, Cebu City
Boxing La Salle Coliseum, Bacolod City
Football (Men) Panaad Sports Complex, Bacolod City
Volleyball West Negros College, Bacolod City
Weightlifting Bacolod Convention Center, Bacolod City
Closing Ceremony Quirino Grandstand, Luneta Park, Manila
23rd Southeast Asian Games Venues

June 12, 2008

ARCH’T. RUDY O. FERRER

Dean, School of Architecture
M. L. Q. University
916 R. Hidalgo St., Quiapo, Manila

Dear Sir:

In fulfillment of a partial requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Architecture, I have the honor to submit for your approval the title
of my intended Thesis in Architectural Design as follows:

“PHILSPORTS ACADEMY, A VENUE FOR ASIAN GAMES”

In choosing the subject matter mentioned above, I had in mind the

following objectives:

1. To build a sports complex that will provide complete sports facilities

and infrastructure to support national sports program in one site.
2. To build a sports complex that will serve as a recreational complex
as well as cultural and educational complex of the country.
3. To design a sports complex based on Olympic standards.
4. To provide a building for the latest modern equipments to ensure its
security and safety of its users.
5. To develop the athletes and trainers in different sports education
programs.
6. To serve as a training venue of national athletes.
7. To serve as a home for national athletes by providing decent
dormitories and other amenities.
8. To provide an academy of sports with shall institutionalize sports
development for the athletes, coaches, trainers and professional in
sports.

The scope of work, in general terms, shall involve the following:

1. Choice of the site and its justification;

2. Preparation of a design program and formulation of a plan concept
corresponding thereto;
3. Conceptualization of architectural volume and space corresponding
to the plan solution;
4. Selection of a structural system most logically applicable for the
project.
 5. Conceptual analysis of sanitary, electrical, mechanical, and other
technical facets of the design.
6. Assessment covering the financial, legal, and other pertinent data
on the project.

I hope that the foregoing will meet your approval.

Very truly yours,

___________________________
MICHAEL ADRIAN E.
ELNAR
Thesis Class S.Y.2008-2009

Recommending Approval:

_________________________________
ARCH’T. BERNARDO R. LAURENA
Thesis Adviser

Approved by:

________________________________
ARCH’T. RUDY O. FERRER
Dean, School of Architecture

CHAPTER I
Background of the Study

A. Foreword

Sports as we know it today has been a part of the Philippine culture since the
late 19th century. Early observers have noted however that Filipinos in
general have adopted a rather passive approach to competition. Small cities
and limited space is no problem considering the diverse list of sports native
Filipinos have adopted to. Perhaps this can be attributed to how Philippine
society has evolved under colonial rule for three and a half centuries.

Despite having 7,107 islands, all the inland seas and access to two major
bodies of water, an inclination towards watersports is oddly not high on the list
of sports-minded Filipinos. Prevailing socio-economic issues and conditions
are blamed for the general state of Philippine sports.

While there is no shortage of participation in several team and individual

sports, the level of competition generated across the board has simply lagged
behind world class standards. Lack of innovative training methods, state-of-
the art facilities, and modern equipment are usually cited as undermining the
potential of Filipino athletes. Nevertheless, politics surrounding Philippine
sports probably ranks higher on the list and this has undoubtedly cast a dark
shadow on hindering the growth of sports across the archipelago. This despite
the early accolades afforded to the country through the early part of the
second half of the 20th century when the Philippines produced world-class
talent in baseball, football/soccer, basketball, track and field, and swimming
among popular sports.

Presently, there exists an odd disparity prevalent in Philippine sports. On one

end of the spectrum is a general populace whose exposure is limited to what
can be afforded a third world country. On the other end is a segment of
society whose exposure is that of the developed world, where active
involvement is prevalent, but only to a minority. Such a situation has
subsequently limited the available talent base. Some sports have flourished
more than others, but that is by no means an indication of the sports Filipinos
enjoy. One only need visit the country and immerse himself/herself and
discover society across the islands. Suffice it to say, Filipinos have already
warmed up to more than just passive participation in sports.

One of the oldest stadium being known in the Philippines is the Rizal
Memorial Sports Complex, the national sports complex of the Philippines,
which is built during World War II. It is considered as the oldest sports
complex in Asia and one of the largest complexes in the Philippines which
contains all major facilities and activities. It is located on Pablo Ocampo
(formerly Vito Cruz) St., Malate, Manila. Formerly the Manila Carnival
Grounds, the RMSC was built in 1934 for the Far Eastern Championship
Games, a precursor to the Asian Games. It is named after the country's
national hero, Dr. José Rizal. It was reconstructed in 1953 after it was
destroyed during World War II and was used in the Asian Games. Until 2005,
no major renovations were done in the complex. The complex was criticized
by local and international sports officials for its age and limited space. The
National Stadium, the main centerpiece of the sports complex, has a
maximum seating capacity of only 30,000. The complex also houses the
administrative office of the Philippine Sports Commission, and quarters for the
Philippine national athletes.

As the trend pass by, its character had lost its capability to get along with the
modernize form of technology as far as construction is concern. Now the Rizal
Memorial Sports Complex cannot be use as venue for international
competition because most of the venues are not in standard in so many
aspects such as BP 344 otherwise known as Accessibility Law for the
disabled persons. Most of the venues of RMSC has no emergency exits as a
requirement based on the National Building Code of the Philippines. For this
reason, there is need to establish a Sports Complex with complete sports
facilities in standard sports of Asian Games that is capable enough to
consolidate the needs for the satisfaction of the people responsible for
operation of the center as well as the athletes.

1. Statement of the Problem :

 What is the intended use of the project?

 What will be the appropriate design for the proposed project?

 What will be the architectural character design to be applied in

the proposed project?

 What will be the proper grouping of the required building

spaces in order to achieve effective integration?

 What will be the ideal design in controlling the traffic flow of

pedestrians and vehicles along the complex?

2. Significance of the Study:

This study will be a great help to the following:

 To the architecture and engineering students to make their

research easy.

 To those Universities Colleges that needs requirements on their

sports facilities.
  To architects and engineers, designers, and other entities such
as the Local Government unit officials who wish to build Sports
facilities.

 To Provincial and City Government that often made errors on

their
construction.

B. Definition of Terms

 Asian Games - also called the Asiad, is a multi-sport event held

every four years among athletes from all over Asia. The games
are regulated by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) under the
supervision of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Medals
are awarded in each event, with gold for first place, silver for
second and bronze for third, a tradition which started in 1951.

 Olympic Games - is an international multi-sport event subdivided

into summer and winter sporting events. The summer and winter
games are each held every four years.

 The Southeast Asian Games (also known as the SEA Games) - is

a biennial multi-sport event involving participants from the current
11 countries of Southeast Asia. The games is under regulation of
the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Olympic Council
of Asia. The Southeast Asian Games owes its origins to the
Southeast Asian Peninsular Games.

 Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) - is a governing body of sports in

Asia, currently with 44 member National Olympic Committees.

 Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) - is a private, non-

governmental organization composed of and serve as the mother
organization of all National Sports Associations (NSAs) in the
Philippines. It is recognized by the International Olympic
Committee (IOC) as having the sole authority for representation of
the Philippines in the Olympic Games, the Asian Games, the
Southeast Asian Games and other multi-event competition.

 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs) - are the national

constituents of the worldwide Olympic movement. Subject to the
controls of the International Olympic Committee, they are
responsible for organizing their country's participation in the
Olympic Games.
 International Olympic Committee (IOC) - is an organization based
in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and
Demetrios Vikelas on June 23, 1894. Its membership is 205
National Olympic Committees.The IOC organizes the modern
Olympic Games held in Summer and Winter, every four years.

 Archery - is the practice of using a bow to shoot arrows.

 Athletics - also known as track and field, a sport, comprising a

group of athletic events or disciplines, each of which involves
either running, walking, throwing or jumping

 Badminton - is a racquet sport played by either two opposing

players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take
positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided
by a net.

 Baseball - is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of

nine players each. The goal of baseball is to score runs by hitting
a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four markers
called bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or
diamond.
 Bodybuilding - is the process of maximizing muscle hypertrophy
through the combination of weight training, sufficient caloric
intake, and rest.

 Cue sports - are a wide variety of games of skill generally played

with a cue stick which is used to strike colored billiard balls,
moving them around a cloth-covered billiards table bounded by
rubber cushions.

 Cycling - is the use of bicycles, or - less commonly - unicycles,

tricycles, quadricycles and other similar wheeled human powered
vehicles (HPVs) as a means of transport, a form of recreation or a
sport.

 fencing - is the art of armed combat involving cutting, stabbing, or

bludgeoning weapons directly manipulated by hand, rather than
shot, thrown or positioned.

 Football - is the name given to a number of different team sports,

all of which involve (to varying degrees) kicking a ball with the foot
in an attempt to score a goal.

 Gymnastics is a sport involving performance of exercises

requiring physical strength, agility and coordination. The modern
form of gymnastics typically involves exercises on uneven bars,
balance beam, floor exercise, and vault (for women), and high bar
 and parallel bars, still rings, floor exercise, vault, and pommel
horse (for men).

 Handball - also known as team handball, field handball, European

handball, or Olympic handball is a team sport where two teams of
seven players each (six players and a goalkeeper) pass and
bounce a ball trying to throw it in the goal of the opposing team.

 Hockey - is any of a family of sports in which two teams compete

by trying to maneuver a ball, or a hard, round disc called a puck,
into the opponent's net or goal, using a hockey stick.

 Rowing - is a sport in which athletes race against each other on

river, lakes or on the ocean, depending upon the type of race and
the discipline. The boats are propelled by the reaction forces on
the oar blades as they are pushed against the water.

 Sepak takraw – also known as “sipa”or kick volleyball is a sport

native to Southeast Asia, resembling volleyball, except that it
uses a rattan ball and only allows players to use their feet, knee,
chest and head to touch the ball.
 Softball - is a team sport popular especially in the United States. It
is a direct descendant of baseball and the rules of both sports are
substantially similar; baseball is sometimes referred to as
hardball.

 Squash - is a racquet sport that was formerly called squash

racquets, a reference to the "squashable" soft ball used in the
game (compared with the harder ball used in its parent game
Racquets. The game is played by two players (or four players for
doubles) with "standard" rackets in a four-walled court with a
small, hollow rubber ball. Squash is characterized as a "high-
impact" exercise that can place strain on the joints, notably the
knees.

 Sailing - is the art of controlling a sailing vessel. By changing the

rigging, rudder and dagger or centre board, a sailor manages the
force of the wind on the sails in order to change the direction and
speed of a boat.

 Table tennis - is a sport in which two or four players hit a

lightweight, hollow ball back and forth to each other with paddles.

 Triathlon - is an endurance sports event consisting of swimming,

cycling and running over various distances.

 Volleyball - is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of six

active players, separated by a high net, each try to score points
 against one another by grounding a ball on the other team's court
under organized rules.

 Water polo - is a team water game. A team consists of six field

players and one goalkeeper. The winner of the game is the team
that scores more goals.

 Wrestling - is the act of physical engagement between two

unarmed persons, in which each wrestler strives to get an
advantage over or control of their opponent.

 Wushu - Aalso known as modern wushu or contemporary wushu,

is both an exhibition and a full-contact sport derived from
traditional Chinese martial arts.

 Gymnasium – a building for gymnastic exercises.

 Arena - is an enclosed area, often circular or oval-shaped,

designed to showcase theater, musical performances, or sporting
events. It is composed of a large open space surrounded on most
or all sides by tiered seating for spectators.

E. Methods of Research

The research for the project involves the gathering of data through research
studies, interviews, ocular inspection on the site, library research,
consultation, internet usage, as well the observation of related project for the
purpose of knowing the feasibility of the proposal and to know other factors
that can physically affect the outcome of the design.

F. Scope and Delimitations

This study of the proposed ”Philsports Academy, A venue for Asian Games”
focuses mainly in designing all sports facilities in Asian Games with Olympic
Standards. This includes archery field, stadium for athletics, badminton
courts, baseball field, basketball coliseum, body building gym, billiard hall,
bowling alley, boxing court, pools for swimming, diving and water polo, soccer
field, hockey field, sepak takraw court, shooting area for shooting sports,
squash court, tennis court, volleyball court, and multi-purpose gymnasium for
other sport games like fencing, gymnastics, ,judo, kabaddi, karate, wrestling,
wushu, etc.

It will discuss the physical nature of the project, which includes it’s functional
components and spatial relationships, space requirements and allotments,
building technologies and site selection and analysis.

It will also consider the legal factors such as design standards, law and
ordinances affecting the design project.

However, this study shall not include some of engineering details for the
reason that the researcher has limited time.