Distinguishing between fact and opinion In Indonesian:
Cerlang ‘luminous’, cemerlang ‘
Being able to discern the differences
brilliant’
between fact and opinion will help your
Circumfixes: Consists of two parts- a
evaluation of the
prefix and a suffix that together create a
reliability and usefulness of texts you
new word. The prefix and suffix are not
encounter.
considered as separate. E.g. In Dutch
Critical thinking is the best possible
berg ‘mountain’ ge-berg-te
way of determining which statements
‘mountain chain’.
are fact and which
Simulfix: A simulfix is a change or
statements are opinion.
replacement of vowels or consonants
It may seem at first that the differences
(usually vowels) which changes the
are easy to see; however, not
meaning of a word: E.g. eat ate,
everything is as black and
tooth teeth etc.
white as it first seems.
Root, Stem, Base
Fact- something which can be verified with
evidence for example, the river flows through Root: A root is the irreducible core
London is called the Thames. of a word, with absolutely nothing
else attached to it. E.g. jump-
Opinion -based on belief and viewpoint.
jumps, jumping, jumped. Here,
- Personal entrepretations and jump is the root.
cannot be verified with evidence. Stem: the stem is that part of a
- I think, adjectives, comparatives word that exists before the addition
and superlatives such as good, of any inflectional morpheme. E.g.
better, the best. worker workers, shift shifted
Base: Base is any unit of a word
Morpheme types: where any kind of affixes can be
Free morpheme: A free morpheme is a added. It could be both inflectional
word that can occur by itself. It can or derivational. E.g. boy boys,
stand alone. However, we can add boy boyish, boy boyhood
other morphemes in it. E.g. boy, man, The bottom-line: All roots are
establish, measure etc are free bases, bases are called stem in
morphemes. context of inflectional morphology
Bound morpheme: It is a grammatical Inflectional Morphemes and
unit that never occurs by itself, but is Derivational Morphemes
always attached to some other
morphemes such as [s] in cats, [ness] in "The difference between
kindness, [ize] in visualize etc. derivational and inflectional
morphemes is worth
Affixation emphasizing. An inflectional
an affix is a bound morpheme that is morpheme never changes the
joined before, after or within a root or grammatical category of a
stem. word. For example, both old
and older are adjectives. The -er
Types of affixes inflection here (from Old
Prefix: this is added before the root or English -ra) simply creates a
stem of the word. E.g. unpredictable, different version of the
unresponsive, revitalize, etc. adjective.
Suffix: a suffix is an affix that is attached However, a derivational
to the end of a root or stem. E.g. the morpheme can change the
plural formatives, -s, -en, -ing, -d, -er, - grammatical category of a
est, and –less, -ment, -ion, etc. word. The verb teach becomes
Infix: An infix is an affix that is inserted the noun teacher if we add the
within a root or stem. It is added in the derivational morpheme -er
base form of a word to create a new (from Old English -ere). So, the
word or intensify meaning. E.g. suffix -er in modern English can
In Philippines (Tagalog) buli root, ‘buy’ be an inflectional morpheme as
-um- infix, ‘agentive’ part of an adjective and also a
Bumili ‘ bought’ distinct derivational morpheme
as part of a noun. Just because Noun Noun
they look the same (-er) doesn't
mother motherhood
mean they do the same kind of
work. sense non-sense
Inflectional morpheme:
Inflectional word formation is Apart from these process we
word formation that expresses can also add suffixes such as –
grammatical distinctions. They hood (status), -ship (state or
perform certain grammatical condition), -ness(quality, state
functions like: or condition) , -ity (state or
number (singular vs plural), E.g. condition), -ment (result or
cat-cats, child-children etc. product of doing the action), -al
tense (present vs past) E.g. (act of smthg), -er (agentive), in
walk-walks-walking, walked the words like brotherhood,
person (first, second, third) E.g. friendship, wildness, sincerity,
3rd PSG government, refusal, walker
Case (subject, object, etc.
possessive) E.g. mother’s child, Noun Adjective
mothers’ children etc. master masterly
It doesn’t result in the creation brother brotherly
of new lexeme or words. Verb adjective
It changes the grammatical read readable
form of lexemes to fit into love loveable
different grammatical context. Adjective to adjective
Inflectional is more relevant to common uncommon
syntax possible impossible
Inflectional morphemes don’t We also have some suffixes
change meaning and word which are used to form
class. adjective such as –less
Inflectional morphemes are (without), -ful (having), -ic
very productive in nature. (pertaining to), -al (pertaining
Inflectional morphemes are to or of the kind) in the words
limited in number. like, powerless, colorless,
Inflectional morphemes usually powerful, democratic,
block further affixation of a medicinal, etc.
suffix. Eg agree + ed *[-s] There are also some prefixes
which are used to derive
Derivational Morphemes adjective: -in (inaccuracy), -im
(improper) etc.
In derivation a new word is
Noun Verb
formed by adding an affix to the
analysis analyze
root or stem
slave enslave
Derivational morphemes form
Adjective verb
new words either:
rich enrich
a) by changing the meaning of
legal legalize
the base to which they are
Verb verb
attached. E.g. kind unkind
continue discontinue
(adjectives), obey disobey
pack unpack
(verbs)
Prefixes used for deriving verbs
b) by changing the word-class
-re (revisit), en (encage)
that a base belongs to. E.g. kind
Suffixes used for deriving verbs
kindly,simple-> simply
-ize (nationalize,
Verb Noun
sympathize),
speak speaker
-fy (codify, modify)
swim swimming
read reader/ reading
Adjective Noun
kind kindness
good goodness
black blackness
