The logical arrangement of ideas is known as the pattern of development.

Narration
in its basest definition, is storytelling. It is a sequence of events, not necessarily arranged in
chronological order, told by a narrator, happening in a particular place at a particular time.
Narration is creating a world based on the writer's imagination.

Definition
Using definition to develop an idea helps to clarify and explain concepts by answering the
question "What does it mean?"

Description
A descriptive paragraph basically provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or
spatial pattern.

Comparison and Contrast

A comparison and contrast pattern organizes ideas based on how the events, places,
people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another.

Classification and Division

A classification pattern organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria and
standards.

Cause and Effect

A cause-effect pattern organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result or
consequences of a certain phenomenon

Problem-solution
A problem-solution pattern organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions..

Persuasion
A persuasion pattern organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical
conclusion or argument.

Exemplification - This pattern presents the general statement and then provides specific
and concrete examples to expound on the main idea.

Coherence - is a literary technique that refers to logical connections of ideas in a written

text.

Cohesion - is the connection of ideas at the sentence level.

Mechanics - is a set of convention on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate and capitalize a

composition.

Paragraph organization - refers to the way sentences are ordered and structured to create
a unified and cohesive body of text.
The claim is a sentence that summarizes the most important thing that the writer wants to
say

Characteristics of a good claim

1. A claim should be argumentative and debatable.
2. A claim should be specific and focused.
3. A claim should be interesting and engaging.
4. A claim should be logical.

Claim of Fact - makes an assertion about something that can be proved or disproved with
factual evidence.

Claim of Value - argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than
another thing.

Claim of Policy - argues that certain conditions should exist, or that something should or
should not be done, in order to solve a problem.

context is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related circumstances
that surround the text

Hypertext is a nonlinear way to present information and is usually accomplished using

"links".

hypertext makes a dynamic organization of information possible through links and

connections (called hyperlink).

The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1963.

Why hypertexts?
• In a hypertext system, the reader is free to navigate information by exploring the
connections provided.
• Hypertext is very different way of presenting information than the usual linear form.
• Text no longer flows in a straight line through a book. Instead, it is broken down into many
smaller units (lexias, to borrow a term from literary criticism), each addressing a few issues.
• It acts as a bridge between two basic, opposite, and complementing elements that may be
called gender of knowledge representation: free and shortcut.

Intertext or intertextuality is technically defined as a process of text development that

merges two more processes such as imitation and creation in doing a text.

Intertextuality has rooted from the work of a Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure
(1857-1913). Meanwhile, the term itself was first used by Bulgarian-French philosopher and
psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva in the 1960s.

1. Retelling - is the restatement of a story or re-expression of a narrative.

2. Quotation - is the method of directly lifting the exact statements or set of words from
a text another author has made.
 3. Allusion - In this method, a writer or speaker explicitly or implicitly pertains to an idea
or passage found in another text without the use of quotation.
4. Pastiche - is a text developed in a way that it copies the style or other properties of
another text without making fun of it unlike in a parody.

To read critically, it is vital that one knows what correct and incorrect reasoning is.

Ways to become a Critical Reader

1. Annotate what you read- writing on the text
2. Outline the text- identify the main points
3. Summarize the text- Get the main gist or point of the text read.
4. Evaluate the text- use the other 3 ways. Question the purpose, intention, and
assumptions. Check if there are pieces of evidence that are valid and credible.

Steps in Critical Reading

1. Before you read

Scan it and look for important information that will give you an idea of its subject as well as
the arguments that it presents. Reading the introductions and subheadings can provide
insight about the material at hand.

2. While you read

Ensure interaction with the author by taking note of important information or writing
annotations on the material. The annotations can be in the form of questions that enter one's
mind on the arguments, ideas, or reasoning of the writer. Highlight, mark or circle information
or details which are particularly striking, significant, or unclear.

3. After you read

Revisit the annotations placed on the margins to get an over-all idea of the text and
summarize the material to fully understand its message.

4. Responding the text

After all the steps, one can now start evaluating and analyzing the arguments as well as the
reasoning of the author. He can now develop his own ideas or even write an essay that
expresses his opposition or agreement to the author's ideas.

Burgeoning. Growing, expanding, or developing rapidly.

Novice. A person new or inexperienced in a field or situation.

Obstacles. Thing that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress

Satire. The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to explore and criticize people.

Skeptics. Persons who question the validity of something.

Synthesize. Combination of parts or elements to form a whole.

assertions are declarative sentences that claim something is true about something.

COMMON TYPES OF ASSERTIONS

1. FACT- This is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience,

testimonies of witnesses, verified observations or the results of the research.
Example: The sampaguita's roots are used for medicinal purposes, such as an aesthetic and
sedative.

2. CONVENTION- It is a way in which something is done, similar to traditions and

norms. This depends on historical precedent, laws, rules, usage and customs.
Example: Sampaguita belongs to the genus Jasminium of the family bleaceae.

3. OPINION- This is based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify because of the
uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness.
Example: The popularity of sampaguita flowers is most evident in places worship.

4. PREFERENCE- It is based on personal choice; therefore they are subjective and

cannot be objectively proven or logically attached.
Example: Sampaguita are the most beautiful and most fragrant of
all flowers.

Counterclaim - Disagreeing to an idea or a point is no new thing for everyone.

Atheism- Disbelief or lack of belief in the existence of God or gods.

Clique- A narrow exclusive circle or group of persons especially : one held together by
common interests, views, or purposes

Invigorating - Making one feel strong, healthy, and full of energy.

Rastafarianism - A religious movement among Black Jamaicans that teaches the eventual
redemption of blacks and their return to Africa

Scientology- A religious system based on the seeking of self-knowledge and spiritual

fulfillment through graded courses of study and training

Squint- Look at someone or something with one or both eyes partly closed in an attempt to
see more clearly or as a reaction to strong light.

Ungrateful- Not feeling or showing gratitude.

Wretch- an unfortunate or unhappy person.

book review or article review is a critical analysis of a book or article.

Reading Actively
1. Read through the article to get the main idea.
2. Mark up the text as you read it through again.
3. Create a legend for your markings.
4. Take some longer notes during subsequent readings.

Gathering of Evidence
5. Ask question whether the writer's overall message is logical.
5. Search the article for any biases.
7. Consider the author's interpretations of other texts.
8. Dig deeply by using your existing knowledge or any research you can gather to support or
disagree the author's article.

Formatting the book review or article

9. Begin with introduction that outlines the argument.
10. Provide evidence for your argument.
11. Conclude the critique by summarizing the argument and suggesting potential
implications.