ODISHA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND
TECHNOLOGY BHUBANESWAR-751003
FORM- C (PPW)
PLAN OF POST GRADUATED RESEARCH WORK PART – B FOR
THESIS
(MASTER’S/DOCTORAL) PROGRAMME
1. Name of the student : DEBASISH SAHU
2. Name of the College : College of
Agriculture ,Bhubaneswar
3. Degree for which enrolled: M.Sc. Ag (Plant Pathology)
4. Admission Number : 221222203
5. Whether full time or in-service student : Full Time
6. Major Discipline(s)/Subject : Plant Pathology
7. SupportingDiscipline(s)/Subject:Entomology,Nematology,SeedScience and Technology
8. Outline of proposed
Research Programe of thesis :
(a) TITLE OF THE THESIS: “Sclerotinia Root rot of sunflower , Etiology And It’s
Management.”
(b) OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
1. Characterization of the causal organism: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
2. Management of the root rot of sunflower
3. In vitro – Evaluation of biocontrol agents such as native trichoderma
isolates(Trichoderma asperellum)
(c) BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON THE AREA OF STUDY : (Attached in
separate sheet)
(d) Outline of the Programme : With above considerations, the following programme of
work is taken as part of the presentstudy:
i. Surveying the occurrence and incidence& severity of the disease in the field &
collection of soil and infected root sample from the field.
ii. Isolation, purification, identification, and morphological characterization of the
test pathogen.
iii. Pathogenicity test.
iv. To study the growth behavior of the pathogen in different nutritional media.
v. In-vitro study of growth of the pathogen (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) in different
chemicals.
vi. Evaluation of efficacy of the chemicals, botanicals , biocontrol agents &their
combinations in the field condition
vii. Study of the growth of the pathogen in different Nitrogen & Carbon sources
e) Location of Research work:
1. Department of Plant Pathology, OUAT,Bhubaneswar.
2. Instructional Farm , OUAT, Bhubaneswar
f) Whether the available facilities are adequate,
if not what additional facilities are required?: Adequate
Date
Signature of the student
9) Programme of Research approved by theAdvisorycommittee :
Sl.
Members Name of the Member Designation and Address Signature
No.
Professor & Head,
Dr. Mihira Kumara Department of Plant
1 Chairman Pathology, College of
Mishra
Agriculture, OUAT,
Bhubaneswar
Professor , Department of
2 Member Dr. Gayatri Biswal Plant Pathology, College of
Agriculture, OUAT,
Bhubaneswar
Professor, Department of
Dr. Manoj Kumar Entomology, College of
3 Member
Tripathy Agriculture, OUAT,
Bhubaneswar
4 Member Dr. Anita Mahapatra Jr. Agronomist , OIC
AICRP on Sunflower
Recommended by Forwardedby Approved by
Chairman of
Advisorycommittee HOD Dean/Director
Cc to Dean, PGF –cum –DRI/DEAN, CA/Director/Head of Departments/Advisor/Student
BRIEF REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON THE AREA OFSTUDY
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is one of the important crops in India’s oil seed production that has
contributed to rapid growth in oilseed production during the last two decades. “Helios” means
“sun” and “Anthus” means “flower.” Sunflower is a vital oilseed crop of India. Sunflower seeds
contain around 48-53% edible oil. Sunflower is the oil of preference among the consumers’ world
over due to its health appeal and in India too, sunflower oil is the largest selling oil in the branded
oil segment. Sunflower is also a crop of choice for farmers due to its photo insensitivity , wider
adaptability, high yield potential, shorter duration and profitability. The crop, is cultivated in about
3.5 M ha.
Louise F. & Thatcher reported that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a soil-borne necrotrophic and
destructive fungus that is global and omnivorous(Purdy, 1979). In the globe, it was initially
documented from sunflower in 1861 (Purdy 1979),and on chilli by Yanar et al. (1996), but in India,
Sclerotinia rot was first reported on many hosts by Shaw and Ajerakar (1915), and on chilli by
Srivastava and Divacor (1987). Culture media were played most important role in growth of
pathogen and provide platform for isolation of pathogens from infected plant under in vitro
condition. The fungus was able to grow on various solid and liquid media, but growth and number
of sclerotia formation was varied on different media (Sharma et al., 2016; Fagodiya et al., 2017).
On culture medium, mycelial development was first uniform and sparse, but it eventually became
fluffier and compact, with irregular margins (Goswami et al., 2012). S. sclerotiorum colonies were
composed of globose to irregularly shaped black sclerotia that ranged in colour from white to grey
(Kim and Cho, 2002). On PDA medium, S. sclerotiorum colonies developed quickly and were
white in colour. After 8 to 12 days of development under 12 hours of light, a number of sclerotia
appeared around the periphery of the dishes with these colonies (Reis and Nascimento, 2011). The
sclerotia generated by the Sclerotinia fungus on culture medium were silvery white in the early
stages of growth but darkened as the culture became older.
Mohammad Akram Husain and C. S. Choudhary (2018) reported that the morphological, cultural
and physiological of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were studied on solid and liquid media at Laboratory
of the Department of Plant Pathology, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, Bihar,
India. Isolation of the pathogen was made on PDA medium and identified as Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. The pathogen produce aerial mycelium, which was hyaline, branched
well developed and appeared cottony, consisting of closely septate hyphae which were both inter
and intra cellular. The hyphae were 2.0 to 11.5 µm in width and contained dense granular
protoplasm. The sclerotia were
round to irregular in shape in culture and measured 1.5 to 7 mm in width and 2 to 15 mm in length.
Cup-shaped apothecia were developed on germination of sclerotia. Apothecia were brown in
colour and were round to globate type. The length of apothecia measured from 5 to 21 mm,
whereas diameter ranged from 0 to 7 mm with number ranged from 1 to 9 per sclerotium. The
pathogenic behaviour of the fungus was also confirmed after test. Potato dextrose agar (PDA)
medium among solid media and Richards’ medium among liquid media were found most
supportive for the growth and sclerotial formation of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Under
physiological studies, the result concluded that the temperature 20-25 ⁰C and pH 4.5 to 5.5 was
most suitable for the growth and sclerotial formation by the pathogen.
Duane Le Tourness (2019) reported the germination of & growth of sclerotia of Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum , factors affecting it’s germination, metabolic changes associated with its growth.
Growth and morphogenesis of fungi may be studied conveniently by using culture media in which
various nutritional and non-nutritional factors can be controlled. The life cycle of Sclerotinia be
completed on a variety of artificial and synthetic media As a result, numermus articles reporting
various aspects of morphogenesis.The formation and germination of dark-colored hardened
compact masses of fungal tissue known as sclerota have been studied in sumeroas fungi From sach
studies, certain similarities and differences have been noted. Depending on the manner in which
hyphae aggregate, the main types of sclerotium development are classified as terminal, strand, or
loose. Further, sclerotium formation occurs in theve stages or phases: initiation fo formation of
sclerotial initials, development formation of full-sized sclerotia, and maturation-formation of a
compact mass with dark-colored external pigmented cells. Once sclerotia are formed they hey may
remain viable for up to several years. Under appropriate conditions, sclerotia germinate in one or
more of three ways: mycelingenic the formation of hyphar, carpogenicthe forma tion of sexual
fruiting bodies, and sporogenic the production of exual spores. Both carpegenic and myceliogenic
germination occur in & sclerotiorum.
Sharma et al., 2016; Fagodiya et al., 2017 reported that Culture media were played most important
role in growth of pathogen and provide platform for isolation of pathogens from infected plant
under in vitro condition. The fungus was able to grow on various solid and liquid media, but growth
and number of sclerotia formation was varied on different media. On culture medium, mycelial
development was first uniform and sparse, but it eventually became fluffier and compact, with
irregular margins . S. sclerotiorum colonies were composed of globose to irregularly shaped black
sclerotia that ranged in colour from white to grey (Kim and Cho, 2002). On PDA medium, S.
sclerotiorum colonies developed quickly and were white in colour. After 8 to 12 days of
development under 12 hours of light, a number of sclerotia appeared around the periphery of the
dishes with these colonies .
Katharina Belt and Louise F. Thatcher (2021) reported the pathogen epidemiology and Disease
cycle
As a necrotrophic fungal pathogen, the Sclerotinia fungus needs to kill plant cells in order to
establish disease and obtain nutrients.It is such a destructive pathogen in agriculture, because it is
able to infect plants at any growth stage including young seedlings,mature plants, and fruits in the
field or in storage. In addition,when not infecting plants, the fungus may spend more than 90% of
its life as sclerotia, its primary resting stage. Sclerotia are hard, melanised survival structures that
are resistant to desiccation and act as food storage reserves, allowing the fungus to survive in soil or
stubble for up to 5 years or more (Agrios, 2005; Peltier et al., 2012; Young and Werner, 2012;
Smolinska and
Kowalska, 2018). These resting structures allow the pathogen to survive in the absence of a plant
host and serve as a source of infection in subsequent crops (Agrios, 2005; Young and
Werner,2012). The sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum typically 2–5 mm in diameter but sometimes greater
than 10 mm, while S. minor produces small sclerotia of 0.5–2 mm in diameter.
Dilip K. Lakshman , Presley Mosher (2021) reported the Pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum was
confirmed through mycelial inoculation of seeds and roots under laboratory and greenhouse condi-
tions. Inoculated seeds showed a range of symptoms that included pre- and post-emergence
damping off, wilting, black discoloration of roots, constricted collar regions and stunted seedling
growth. Under laboratory conditions, roots were artificially wounded using a cork borer and
inoculated by mycelial plug. This resulted in noticeable root decay and growth of whitish, cottony
mycelia and sclerotia externally. Transverse sections of the diseased root showed brown to black
discoloration and rotting of internal tissue. Root inoculation of 4-week old sugar beet plants was
achieved by depositing pathogen colonized barley grains near roots in the greenhouse, resulting in
brown to black lesions and necrosis of root tissue when evaluated at 28 days post inoculation.
The S. sclerotiorum was re-isolated from inocu- lated roots showing infection and identical pure
isolates of the pathogen were recovered from field samples. These findings could be useful for
sugar beet growers in Minnesota, allowing better management of this pathogen under field and
storage conditions before its widespread future occurrence.
References
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