Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of group- counseling. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

THERAPY  Reality Anxiety – perceives threat from the external

1) Psychoanalytic Therapy world (real threat).
2) Adlerian Therapy  Neurotic Anxiety – fear that instincts will go out of
3) Existential Therapy hand and will lead to undesirable behaviors.
4) Person-Centered Therapy  Moral anxiety – fear of doing something against the
5) Gestalt Therapy moral code.
6) Behavior Therapy o Ego-Defense Mechanisms – aids in coping with anxiety
7) Cognitive Behavior Therapy  Repression – unpleasant feelings or events are
8) Reality Therapy excluded from awareness.
9) Feminist Therapy  Denial – distorts an individual’s way of thinking by
10) Postmodern Therapy refusing to acknowledge one’s current reality.
11) Family Systems Therapy  Reaction Formation – expresses the opposite of what
they truly feel.
CONTENTS FOR EACH THERAPY  Projection – attributes negative traits of oneself to
 Theorist/Proponent others.
 View of Human Nature  Displacement – channels unpleasant emotions away
 Therapeutic Goals from the one whom he/she hates to a less
 Therapist’s Function and Role threatening individual or object.
 Client’s Experience in Therapy  Rationalization – justifying one’s actions or behavior
 Relationship between Therapist and Client by making illogical excuses.
 Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures  Sublimation – unpleasant feelings and impulses are
 Limitations and Criticisms redirected into behaviors that are socially acceptable.
 Regression – reverts back to an earlier developmental
stage when faced with anxiety-arousing or stressful
Psychoanalytic Therapy situations.
 Introjection – adopting traits or characteristics of
THEORIST/PROPONENT other people or object to oneself.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)  Identification – associate’s oneself with people or
o First to develop techniques and community that has good cause.
procedures for psychotherapy.  Compensation – compensates lack of skills in one are
o Works focused on the unconscious by being better at other areas.
mind of people. o Development of Personality – 3 early stages that often bring
people to counseling when not appropriately resolved:
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE  Oral Stage – lacks confidence in oneself and others
Key Concepts: which results to fear love and forming relationships.
o View of human nature: deterministic, life and death instinct.  Anal Stage – lacks ability to understand and express
 Libido – energy of all life instincts rage, which results in denying one’s own strengths as
o Structure of Personality: a person and have no sense of autonomy.
 Id – pleasure principle  Phallic Stage – difficulty in embracing oneself as
 Ego – reality principle either man or woman as well as their sexuality.
 Superego – perfection
o The Conscious and Unconscious Mind – behavior is fueled by COMPARISON OF FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL AND ERIKSON’S
conscious and unconscious mind. PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
 Conscious mind – all mental processes that we are PERIOD OF LIFE FREUD ERIKSON
aware of. First year of life Oral Stage Infancy: Trust
 Unconscious mind – larger part of the mind that versus Mistrust
exists below our awareness. 1-3 years old Anal Stage Early Childhood:
 Aim: Making the unconscious conscious. Autonomy versus
 Dreams shame and doubt
 Slips of the tongue 3-6 years old Phallic Stage Preschool age:
 Posthypnotic suggestions Initiative versus
 Free-association guilt
 Projective techniques 6-12 years old Latency Stage School age:
 Symbolic content Industry versus
o Anxiety – feeling of dread resulting from repression emerging inferiority
to the surface of awareness.

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12-18 years old Genital Stage Adolescence: o Emotional communication with clients is a useful way to gain
Identity versus information and create connection.
role confusion o Transference – a key component of the therapeutic alliance.
18-35 years old Genital Stage Young adulthood: The client is revealing to the therapist feelings and desires that
Continues Intimacy versus are unconscious shifts from past relationships.
isolation o Working-through Process – a continuous and extensive
35-60 years old Genital Stage Middle age: exploration of the unconscious material and defenses that
Continues Generativity mostly stem for childhood.
versus o Countertransference – happens when therapist’s unresolved
Stagnation conflicts from their past is projected onto the client.
60+ years old Genital Stage Later life: Integrity o Therapists needs to be aware of countertransference to
Continues versus despair avoid interfering the objectivity and progress of the
therapy.
o Erik Erikson o It is crucial for therapist to be objective and refrain from
 Psychosocial Stages – basic psychological and social reacting defensively and subjectively when client’s express
tasks which individuals need to master at intervals emotions like rage, love, criticism and other strong emotions.
from infancy to old age. o Not all countertransference is detrimental to therapeutic
 Classical Psychoanalysis – based on id psychology, process.
where instincts and intrapsychic conflicts are basic o Basis for analytical progress is awareness and insights into the
factors in shaping personality repressed material.
 Contemporary psychoanalysis – based on ego o Dynamic self-understanding is important in substantial
psychology, which emphasizes the striving of ego for personality change and resolution of present conflicts.
mastery and competence throughout human life
span. THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES
o It aims to raise awareness, encourage insights into the client’s
THERAPEUTIC GOALS behavior and comprehend the implications of symptoms.
o Ultimate goal: becoming more adaptive functioning, reduce Therapeutic processes progress from client’s talk to catharsis to
symptoms and resolve conflicts. insight to working through unconscious materials.
o Goals of Freudian Psychoanalytic Therapy:
 Make the unconscious conscious SIX BASIC TECHNIQUES IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
 Strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on MAINTAINING THE Procedural and stylistic factors (e.g.,
reality and less on instinctual cravings or irrational guilt.
ANALYTIC analyst’s relative anonymity, regularity and
FRAMEWORK consistency of meetings and start and end
THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE
of meeting, clarity on fees, etc.)
o Therapists assume anonymous stance or also called, “blank-
- Central technique to the therapy and
screen” approach) or having minimal self-disclosure, having
plays key role in maintaining the analytic
neutral stance and fosters transference relationship.
FREE ASSOCIATION framework.
o Transference Relationship – cornerstone of psychoanalysis. It is
- Expressing whatever comes to mind
the transfer of feelings from the past person to the present
without restraint.
person.
- Analyst points out, explains and even
o Must first establish a great deal of listening and interpreting.
teachers the clients the meanings of
o Process is like putting pieces of puzzle together.
INTERPRETATION dreams, free association, resistances, and
the therapeutic relationship.
CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
- Identifies, clarifies, and translates the
o Able to commit to a long-term and intensive therapeutic
client’s material.
process.
- Significant process for revealing
o Engage in Free Association – expressing whatever comes to
unconscious materials and providing client
mind without restraint. That is, clients can speak openly with
with insight into some unresolved
the therapist about anything (classical psychoanalysis).
problems.
o Commits to following the steps of an extensive therapy process
DREAM ANALYSIS - Two Levels of Dreams: Manifest Content
with the help of the therapist.
(literal meaning) and Latent Content
o Therapy can be mutually terminated by client and therapist
(unconscious and hidden meaning)
when symptoms and conflicts have been resolved.
- Uncovering disguise meanings by studying
symbols in the manifest content of dream is
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT
the task of the therapist.
o Being attuned to the nature of the therapeutic relationship.

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ANALYSIS AND - Resistance: any conscious or unconscious  Normal Infantile Autism (first 2 or 4 weeks of life) – infant
INTERPRETATION thought, attitude, sentiment, or behavior responds more to physiological states of tension rather
OF RESISTANCE that fosters status quo and gets in the way than psychological processes.
of change.  Symbiosis (3rd-8th month) – dependency on mother.
- Functions as anxiety defense mechanisms,  Separation-Individuation Process (4th-5th month) –
but impedes the ability to accept change, moves away from symbiotic forms of relating.
which could lead to a more fulfilling  Narcissistic Personality Disorder –
existence. grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-
- Manifestations are helpful because it importance and exploitative attitude which
ANALYSIS AND allows clients to reexperience emotions masks a frail self-concept.
INTERPRETATION that would otherwise be inaccessible.  Borderline Personality Disorder –
OF TRANSFERENCE - Clients may be able to see how their instability, irritability, self-destructive,
interactions with the therapist, important impulse anger, and extreme mood shifts.
people from their past, and current  Final Subphase in the Separation-Individuation Process –
relationships all follow the same dynamic moves toward constancy of self and object.
patterns.
- Central technique in psychoanalysis and LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS
psychoanalytically oriented therapy. o Ignores empirical research.
o Many severely disturbed clients lack the level of ego strength
needed for treatment.
JUNG’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY o Traditional psychoanalytic therapy requires relatively long-time
o Analytical Psychology – an approach to therapy that aims to commitment required to accomplish analytic goals.
harmonize and unite the conscious and unconscious of the o Irrelevant to contemporary culture and being appropriate only
mind. to an elite, highly educated clientele.
o We are shaped by our past, present and future.
o Individuation – harmonious integration of conscious and
unconscious aspects of personality; an innate and primary goal.
o Collective Unconscious – deepest level of psyche which
contains culmination of experiences passed down by our
ancestors.
o Archetypes – images of universal experiences contained in the
collective unconscious
 Persona – mask we wear to protect ourselves (public
face).
 Animus and Anima – biological and psychological aspects
of masculinity and femininity that coexist in both sexes.
 Shadow – deepest roots and the most dangerous and
powerful among all archetypes.

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS: OBJECT-RELATIONS THEORY, SELF-

PSYCHOLOGY, AND RELATIONAL PSYCHOANALYSIS
o Ego Psychology – emphasis on id, ego, and superego, and
identification of defense mechanisms.
o Object-Relations Theory – the way we internalize our
encounters with others and construct mental pictures of them
has an impact on our interactions with them.
 Object – satisfies a need/to significant person of thing
(object/target) of one’s feelings of drives.
o Self-psychology – how we shape our sense of ourselves
through social interactions.
o Relational Model – therapy is interactive process between
client and therapist.
 Countertransference – gives important source of
information about the client’s character and dynamics.
o Summary of Stages of Development (Margaret Mahler)

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Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of group- counseling. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

ADLERIAN Therapy  3 Universal Life Tasks

 Social Task – building friendships
THEORIST/PROPONENT  Love-Marriage Task - establishing intimacy
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)  Occupational Task – contributing to society
o focuses on the idea that persons can only
be understood as integrated, whole beings. BIRTH ORDER AND SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS
o Humas are both creators and creations of Plays a crucial role with how a person develops and interacts with
their own lives their environment.
o Oldest Child – family’s center of attention and receives it all.
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE o Second Child of Only 2 – always seem to feel as though they
o First 6 years of living: key in forming the approach to an were in a race as if in a competitive struggle with the first child.
individual’s life. o Middle Child – squeezed out and assumes a “poor me” attitude
o Humans are motivated by social relatedness rather than sexual o Youngest Child – spoiled and may develop helplessness and
urges; behavior is purposeful and goal-directed; and the focus putting others in his/her service. Tends to be an outlier
of therapy is in consciousness rather than unconsciousness. o Only Child -may have high achievement drive and typically
o Stressed choice and responsibility, meaning in life, and the doesn’t interact with other children well.
striving for success, completion, and perfection.
 Inferiority feelings can motivate us to do better in life. THERAPEUTIC GOALS
 Life Goal – source of human motivation o An agreement shared by the therapist and client is made with
the goal of establishing a rapport based on mutual respect for
SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS OF REALITY one another.
o Phenomenological Orientation: attempts to view the world o Main aim: develop a sense of
from the client’s subjective frame of reference belonging and adopt behaviors
o Subjective Reality – individual’s way in which people perceive characterized by community
their world. feeling and social interest.
o Changing lifestyles to
UNITY AND PATTERNS OF HUMAN PERSONALITY manage life tasks efficiently by
o Individual Psychology – (from Latin word, individuum, meaning uncovering mistaken beliefs
“indivisible) the ability to comprehend a person from all of their about oneself, others and the
life's aspects and how all of these elements interact to help world, as well as by increasing
them achieve a certain life goal. self-confidence and reducing
o Holistic Concept – we should be understood as our whole self inferiority.
rather than parts of it. Client is integral part of social system o Develops a new way of life
with emphasis on interpersonal relationships. by reframing childhood experiences.
o Fictional Finalism – envisioned purpose in life that guide’s a
person’s behavior. THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE
o Striving for Significance and Superiority – inherent to humans o Looking out for significant errors in judgment, such as mistrust,
is the recognition of inferiority feelings and subsequent striving selfishness, unattainable goals, and lack of confidence.
for perfection and mastery.  Not labeling clients based on their diagnosis, rather,
o Lifestyle – development of a life goal, which in turn unites the encourages to better understand, challenge and change
personality and the individual’s fundamental assumptions and their life story.
values that allows transition from a felt minus toward a desired o Major function: make comprehensive assessment of client’s
plus. functioning.
 Encompasses the recurring themes and social norms that o Uses Early Recollections (ERs) as
give significance to our behavior. Often described as assessment procedure.
perception of self, others and the world.  Refers to client’s account of
incidents that occur before the
SOCIAL INTEREST AND COMMUNITY FEELING age of 10. These are specific
o Social Interest – action line of one’s community feeling and events, including emotions and
being equally concerned about others and oneself. thoughts that clients can recall
o Community Feeling – feeling a sense of belonging to the in childhood.
community and making the world a better place to live. o Lifestyle Assessment – process of gathering early memories.
o Gemeinschaftsgefuhl – person’s awareness of being a part of
humanity and their attitude toward interacting in society. CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
o Center their efforts on desired results and adopt a resilient
lifestyle that can serve as a new guide for their behaviors.

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o Private Logic – ideas about oneself, people and life that make  Reorientation – shifting rules of interaction, process, and
up the philosophy on which a person bases their way of living. motivation.
 Problems arise because conclusions made in private logic  Reeducation – providing information, teaching, guiding to
do not conform to the requirements of social living. increase understanding.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT  Encouragement – build courage.
o Good Therapist-Client Relationship – to be founded on  Discouragement – basic condition which
collaboration, mutual trust, respect, confidence, teamwork, prevents people from functioning.
and shared objectives.
o Therapist aims to have a person-to-person and egalitarian LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS
relationship with clients. o Written presentations are difficult to follow because of his
 Strong therapeutic alliance is essential to successful conflicting decisions to formalize theory or teaching basic
outcomes. concept of Individual Psychology,
o Contract is not necessary but can bring tight focus to therapy. o Some considered his ideas as loose and too simplistic.
 Outlines the goals of the therapy process and details the o Research on effectiveness of theory is limited and requires
responsibilities of both therapist and client. empirical testing and comparative analysis.

THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

4 PHASES:
o Phase 1: Establish the Proper Relationship.
 Collaborative relationship based on sense of interest that
grows into caring, involvement and friendship.
 Main techniques: attending and listening with empathy
into the subjective world of client, identify and clarify
goals, suggest based on initial hunches of client’s life.
o Phase 2: Explore the Psychological Dynamics Operating in the
Client (an assessment).
 Thorough understanding of client’s lifestyle in social and
cultural context as well as his/her family constellation.

 Family Constellation – central impact on personality.

 Early Recollections – one-time occurrences, pictured by
clients in detail.
 Integration and Summary – summary of early
recollections, personal strengths/ assets and coping
strategies that are presented and discussed to clients.
o Phase 3: Encourage the Development of Self-Understanding
(insight into purpose).
 Only possible when hidden purposes and goals of behavior
are made conscious
 Insight – special form of awareness; facilitates meaningful
understanding and acts as a foundation for change.
 Interpretation – underlying motive for behaving the way
they do in the hear
o Phase 4: Help the Client Make New Choices (reorientation and
reeducation).
 Action-oriented phase where clients put insights into
practice and focuses on helping client discover a new and
more functional perspective.

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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
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EXISTENTIAL Therapy Medard Boss (1903- - Dasein (being-in-the-world) – the ability

1991) to reflect on life events and give them
THEORIST/PROPONENT meaning.
o Viktor Frankl (1906-1997) Jean-Paul Sartre - Existence of space or nothingness -
 Developed his own theory and practice (1905-1980) between all of our prior experiences and
of psychotherapy that emphasizes the present.
freedom, responsibility, meaning and - Excuses are bad faith.
search for values. - Self-deception – pin down who we are.
 Founder of “Third Schools of Viennese
Psychoanalysis KEY FIGURES IN CONTEMPORARY EXISTENTIA PSYCHOTHERAPY
o Rollo May (1909-1994) o Viktor Frankl (1906-1997)
 Learned the nature of anxiety. o Rollo May (1909-1994)
 Believes that psychotherapy should be o Irvin Yalom (1931 - )
aimed at helping people discover the o James Bugental (1915-2008) – stressed the importance of
meaning of their lives and should be cultivating the presence of the client and the therapist.
concerned with problems rather than  Develops methods to aid clients in deepening inner
problem solving. exploration or searching.
o Irvin Yalom (1931 - )  Resistance – part of self-and-world construct (how a
 Major figure in the field of person understands his/her awareness and ultimately
psychotherapy increase range of choices).
 Developed an existential approach that o Kirk Scheider & Colleagues – extends existential principles to
addresses four “givens of existence” or new practitioners
ultimate human concerns (e.g., freedom o Emmy van Deurzen
and responsibility, existential isolation,
meaninglessness and death. VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
o Therapy doesn’t have a readily set of techniques. Instead it
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND IN PHILOSOPHY AND EXISTENTIALISM bases on an understanding of what it actually means to be
human.
THEORIST CONTRIBUTION o Existential Tradition – seeks balance between recognition of
tragic dimensions of human existence and possibilities and
Søren Kierkegaard Concerned with angst – a Danish and
opportunities of human life.
(1813–1855) English word which means dread and
o Significance of existence is to continually recreate ourselves
anxiety. He addressed the role of anxiety
through projects.
and uncertainty to life.
Friedrich Nietzsche - Same with Kierkegaard, pioneers analysis
BASIC DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN CONDITION
(1844-1900) of anxiety, depression, subjectivity and the
authentic self, together. PROPOSITION THEMES
- Nietzsche and Kierkegaard are generally
considered to be the originators of the ♦ Foundation of Self-Awareness:
existential perspective freedom, choice, and responsibility.
Martin Heidegger -Phenomenological Existentialism (we exist The greater the awareness, the
(1889-1976) “in the world” and should not try to think of CAPACITY FOR greater the responsibility.
ourselves as beings apart from the world SELF-AWARENESS ♦ Core Existential Position: humans are
into which we are thrown) both free and limited.
- moods and feelings are a way to ♦ Self-awareness is the root of most
understand whether we live authentically other human capacities.
or inauthentically. ♦ Free to choose among alternatives and
Martin Buber - We live in a kind of betweenness where play a huge role in shaping their
(1878-1965) it’s never just I, but also an other. destiny.
- Stressed the importance of presence. FREEDOM AND ♦ 3 values: freedom to become, capacity
Ludwig Binswanger -Proposed holistic model of self that RESPONSIBILITY to reflect and capacity to act.
(1881-1966) addresses the relationship between the ♦ Central Concept: although we yearn
person and his environment. freedom, we often escape from it by
-Dasein Analyse or Existential Analysis – defining ourselves as a fixed or static
highlights the subjective and spiritual entity.
aspects of the human existence.

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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
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♦ Inauthenticity: not accepting personal AWARENESS OF ♦ Aware that death is a basic human
responsibility. DEATH AND condition.
♦ Freedom: we are responsible for our NONBEING ♦ Ability to grasp reality and inevitability
lives. of death.
♦ Existential Guilt: realizations that we
are not what we might have become.
♦ Authenticity: being true to our own THERAPEUTIC GOALS
evaluation of what is a valuable o Assist in moving toward goals and recognize self-deception of
existence; courage to be who we are. clients.
♦ Basic condition for change: assuming o To reclaim and reown their lives.
responsibility o Central Goal: increased awareness as it allows clients to
♦ Preserving uniqueness and discover alternatives in their life.
centeredness while also relating to o 4 Essential Aims according to Schneider and Kruger (2010):
other beings.
♦ Courage to be – takes courage to
discover the “true ground of our
STRIVING FOR being”
IDENTITY AND ♦ Experience of Aloneness – able to
RELATIONSHIP stand alone and tap into our strengths.
WITH OTHERS ♦ Experience of Relatedness –
relationships should be based on
fulfillment.
♦ Struggling with our Identity – got THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE
engrossed with ritualistic behaviors o Understand subjective world of clients and aid assist them in
that binds us to an image or identity discovering new insights and options.
we acquired as children. o Deals with clients who have restricted existence or those who
♦ Distinct human characteristic: have little self-awareness and lacks clarity about the nature of
struggle to find a sense of meaning their problems.
and purpose in real life. o Can use a wide range of techniques from diverse theoretical
♦ Problem of Discarding Old Values is orientations.
not creating other, suitable ones to o Therapeutic journey is creative and uncertain and different
replace them. from each client.
SEARCH FOR ♦ Meaninglessness is when clients
MEANING wonder whether it is worth it to CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
continue struggling or even living. o Encouraged to take ownership of the way they are now
• Existential Vacuum – choosing to interaction with the world.
emptiness and o Must actively participate in the therapeutic process by
hollowness. exploring fears, guilt feelings, anxiety, etc.
♦ Logotherapy – help o Should address ultimate concerns instead of focusing on
clients find meaning in life current problems.
♦ Anxiety – inevitable; stems from one’s
effort to survive, maintain and assert RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT
one’s being. o Central prominence in relationship with client.
o Therapists should have client-focused attitudes as well as their
♦ Existential Anxiety – stems from
own personal qualities (e.g., honesty, integrity, and courage).
unavoidable result when confronted
o Therapy is a voyage into self-discovery and a journey of life-
with the “givens of existence” (e.g.,
ANXIETY AS A discovery for both parties.
death, freedom, choice, isolation and
CONDITION OF o Emphasizes 2 fundamental relationships:
meaninglessness).
LIVING  “I/It” – time and space; necessary starting place for self.
♦ Normal Anxiety (ontic) – appropriate
 “I/Thou” – essential for connecting self to spirit to achieve
response to certain situations.
true dialogue.
♦ Neurotic Anxiety – type of worry that
o Core of Relationship: respect or faith in client’s potential to
is out of proportion to the situation.
cope with problems authentically and find alternative ways of
♦ Psychologically healthy individual:
being.
having little neurotic anxiety as
o Therapist’s presence plays an important role.
possible.

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THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES PERSON-CENTERED Therapy

o Less reliant on techniques.
o Describes, understands and explores the client’s subjective THEORIST/PROPONENT
reality rather than psychological assessment. Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
o Vontress – therapists are philosophical companions rather than o 50 years ahead of his time.
people who repair psyches. o First to formulate a comprehensive
PHASES OF EXISTENTIAL THERAPY theory of personality and
PHASE DESCRIPTION psychotherapy grounded in
empirical research
INITIAL PHASE Assists clients in identifying and clarifying o Known as “quiet revolutionary”
assumptions about the world. This is o Proposed a theory that centered on
accomplished by teaching clients how to the client as the primary agent for
reflect on their own existence and assess constructive self-change
their involvement in causing their problems
in life. BASIC ASSUMPTION
MIDDLE PHASE Aids in conducting a more thorough o People are trustworthy
examination of the source and authority of o People have the potential to understand themselves and
their value system and leads to new resolve their own conflict without therapist’s intervention.
insights and reshape values and attitudes. o People are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a
FINAL PHASE Assisting individuals in putting what they specific kind of therapeutic relationship.
are learning about themselves into practice
4 PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
APPLICATION TO: FIRST PERIOD ♦ Published Counseling and
o Brief Therapy – mirrors time-limited reality of human (1940) Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in
existence; require more structuring and clearly defined and less
Practice (1942) describing philosophy
ambitious goals.
and nondirective counseling.
o Group Counseling – enables to become honest of themselves,
SECOND PERIOD ♦ Rogers published, Client-Centered
widening perspective of themselves and others, and clarify
(1950s) Therapy and renamed his approach as
what is significant to present and future lives.
Client-Centered Therapy
THIRD PERIOD (late ♦ Addressed the necessary and sufficient
LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS
1950s-1970s) conditions of therapy
o Main Limitation: this kind of therapy needs a great deal of
maturity, wisdom, life experience, and training. ♦ On Becoming a Person (1961)
o Lacks systematic statement of the principles and practices of addresses being true to oneself
psychotherapy. FOURTH PERIOD ♦ Expanded to variety of settings,
o Difficult to apply research to determine the effectiveness of (1980s-1990s) increasing the scope of influence.
therapy. ♦ Theory became Person-Centered
o Cannot be evaluated and measured in quantitative and Approach.
empirical ways.
EXISTENTIALISM VERSUS HUMANISM
EXISTENTIALISM SIMILARITIES HUMANISM
♦ We are faced ♦ Respect for ♦ More
with the client's optimistic
anxiety of subjective view that
♦ choosing to experience each person
create an ♦ Emphasis on has a
identity in a concepts like potential to
world that freedom, self-actualize.
lacks intrinsic choice, values, ♦ Less anxiety-
meaning etc. provoking
♦ Writings often ♦ Little value on position.
♦ focus on techniques and
death, anxiety, emphasize
depression, genuine
and isolation encounter.

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MASLOW AND HIS HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY CONTRIBUTIONS o To be real in the relationship with clients.
o Pioneer in the development of
humanistic psychology. CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
o Many of Carl Roger’s ideas are o Change depends on client’s perceptions both of their own
built from Maslow’s basic experience in therapy and therapist’s basic attitudes.
philosophy (e.g., positive aspects o They come in a State of Incongruence – discrepancy between
of human being and the fully self-perception and experience in reality.
functioning person) o They seek therapy because of the feeling of basic helplessness,
o Positive Psychology emergence powerlessness, and inability to make decisions or effectively
o Self-actualization and Self-actualized People direct their own lives.
o Hierarchy of Needs o When they feel understood and accepted, they become more
congruent, less defensive, and more open to experience.
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE o Clients heal themselves, create their own self-growth, and who
o People are trustworthy, resourceful, and capable of self- are active self-healers.
understanding and self-direction, able to live effective and
productive lives. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT
o 3 Therapist Attributes that Foster Growth-Promoting Climate: Hypothesis:
 CONGRUENCE or genuineness or realness. 1. Two persons are in psychological contact.
 UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD or acceptance and 2. First is client who is in a state of incongruence.
caring. 3. Second is therapist, who is congruent in the relationship.
 ACCURATE EMPATHIC UNDERSTANDING or an ability to 4. Therapist experiences unconditional positive regard to
deeply grasp the subjective world of another person. client.
5. Therapist experiences empathic understanding of client’s
internal frame of reference.
6. Communication of empathic understanding and
unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree
achieved.
7. No other conditions are necessary.
Therapeutic Core Conditions
o Actualizing Tendency – directional process of striving toward 1. Congruence (genuineness or realness)
realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self-determination. • Therapist is real – genuine, integrated and
o Rejects therapist as the authority in therapeutic process. authentic during therapy.
o Therapy is rooted in the client’s capacity for awareness and • Serves as a model of a human being struggling
self-directed change in attitude and behavior. toward greater realness while also expressing a
range of feelings including anger, liking, concern.
THERAPEUTIC GOALS 2. Unconditional Positive Regard (acceptance and caring)
o Aims to achieve a greater degree of independence and • Empathic identification with client by showing
integration. deep and genuine care for client as a person.
o The focus is on person not on its presenting problems. • Acceptance – recognize that clients have their
o Assist clients in their growth progress so they can better cope own feelings and beliefs.
with problems are they identify them. • The greater the degree of caring, the greater the
o Characteristics of People who Increasingly self-actualize: chance that the therapy will be successful.
1. Openness to experience 3. Accurate Empathic Understanding (an ability to deeply
2. A trust in themselves grasp the subjective world of another person).
3. An internal source of evaluation • Therapist’s ability to sense client’s feelings as if
4. Willingness to continue growing they were his/her own without becoming lost in
o Basic goal is to encourage the characteristics mentioned above. those feelings
o Clients have the capacity to define and clarify their own goals. • Empathy – deep and subjective understanding
with the client.
THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE  Subjective Empathy –
o Role: rooted in ways of being and attitudes, not techniques. experience client’s point of
o Use themselves as an instrument of change. view.
o Role is to be without roles.  Interpersonal Empathy –
o Encounter clients in a person-to-person way. understand client’s internal
o Function: to be present and accessible to clients and focus on frame of reference and
their immediate experience.

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conveying a sense of private  Directive, client-centered counseling approach to elicit

meanings to the person. behavior change by helping clients explore and resolve
 Objective Empathy – knowledge ambivalence.
sources outside client’s frame of o MI SPIRIT – rooted in the said therapy but with a “twist”
reference.  Uses attitudes and skills such as open-ended questions,
♦ Accurate Empathy – cornerstone approach and employing reflective listening, affirming and supporting
necessary ingredient of any effective therapy. client, nonconfrontational approach to resistance, guide
ambivalence discussion and reinforcing “change talk”
THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES o Basic Principles
o Earlier View - grasping the world of the client and reflecting  Strives to experience client’s world without judgment.
this understanding.
o Evolution of Person-Centered Methods:
 Roger’s contribution wherein he stressed the notion of
quality therapeutic relationship.
 Therapist’s ability to establish strong connection with
clients is a critical factor for successful therapy.
 “Being with” clients and entering their subjective world is
sufficient to facilitate the process of change.
 Techniques are not basic in this kind of therapy, rather, it
can be suggested to foster the process of client and
therapist being together in an empathic way. Therapists
can freely use a variety of responses or techniques to
assist clients.
 Presence of the therapist is essential for client’s progress.
 Immediacy is highly valued in this approach as it address
what’s going on between the client and therapist.
o Role of Assessment
 Traditional assessment and diagnosis are considered not  Emphasizes Reflective Listening
useful in this approach.  Reluctance is viewed as normal and expected.
 The best source of knowledge is the individual client.  Designed to explore both discrepancies and ambivalence.
o Application of Philosophy o 5 Stages of Change
 Effective in treating problems such as anxiety disorders,  Progress in this stage is not in a linear fashion. Client’s
alcoholism, psychosomatic disorders, depression, etc. progress can fluctuate.
 Viable than goal-oriented therapies.  Reluctant or resistance indicates misjudgment of therapist
o Application to Group Counseling on client’s readiness to change.
 Group counselor is a facilitator rather than a leader.
 Facilitator creates a safe and healing climate. EMOTION-FOCUSED THERAPY (EFT)
o Rooted in person-centered approach but integrative as it
EXPRESSIVE ARTS THERAPY: PERSON-CENTERED TECHNIQUE integrates gestalt and existential therapy.
o Natalie Rogers – proponent o Aims to understand the role of emotion in psychotherapeutic
o Spontaneous creative expression that symbolizes deep and change.
sometimes inaccessible feelings and emotional states. o Stresses importance of awareness, acceptance, and
o Principles understanding of emotion and visceral experience of emotion.
 Uses various artistic forms (e.g., drawing, music, writing,
etc.) toward the ed of growth, healing, and self-discovery. LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS
 Creative Connection – our movement affects how we o There are errors in methodology such as relying on self-reports
write and paint and it affects how we feel and think. as a major technique to evaluate effectiveness of therapy, and
o Creativity and Offering Stimulating Experiences uses inappropriate statistical procedures, fails to use control
 Deep faith in the individual’s innate drive to become one’s groups, subjects are not candidates of therapy, and has
full self. inappropriate statistical procedures.
o Downplays the significance of techniques to influence client’s
MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING: PERSON-CENTERED TECHNIQUE behavioral change.
o Motivational Interviewing (MI) o Another challenge for counselors who use this approach is
 Developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick whether they are actually helping clients in discovering their
own path.
o Practitioners and interns have tendency to be very supportive
of clients without being challenging.

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GESTALT Therapy ♦ Humans have capabilities to self-

regulate by taking actions and make
THEORIST/PROPONENT contacts to restore equilibrium.
Frederick S. (“Fritz”) Perls, MD, PhD (1893-
1970) THE NOW
o Primary inventor and developer of the o Emphasis on gaining awareness of and participation in the
said approach. present moment; “Power is in the present” (Polster, 1973)
Laura Posner Perls, PhD (1905-1990) o Phenomenological Inquiry - paying attention to what is
o Brought significant contributions to occurring now.
Gestalt’s development and o Aim: for clients to become aware of their present awareness.
maintenance of therapy movement  Dialogue in present tense
around the world.  Asks “what” and “how” questions, but rarely the “why”

VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE UNFINISHED BUSINESS

o 2 Agendas: o Unresolved problems from the past can be manifested in
 Moving the client from environmental support to self- unexpressed feelings such as resentment, rage, hatred, pain,
support. anxiety, grief, guilt, and abandonment.
 Reintegrating the disowned parts of one’s personality o Unacknowledged feelings create unnecessary emotional debris
o Rooted in existential philosophy, phenomenology and field that clutters present-centered awareness.
theory. o Effects can op in some blockage within the body
 Genuine Knowledge: a result of what the perceiver can
clearly see in their experience CONTACT AND RESISTANCE TO CONTACT
o Aim: awareness and contact to both external (other people) o Contact - necessary if change and growth are to occur. made by
and internal (disowned parts of self) worlds. seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving.
o Basic Assumption: humans have self-regulating capacity when  Effective Contact – interacts with environment without
they are aware of what is happening around them. losing one’s sense of individuality.
o Paradoxical Theory of Change: authentic change comes from o After contact experience, there is typically a withdrawal to
being who you are than from striving to be someone you’re integrate what has been learned.
not.  2 functions: to connect and separate.
SOME PRINCIPLES OF GESTALT THERAPY o Contact Boundary Phenomena – resistance
SOME PRINCIPLES OF GESTALT THERAPY
HOLISM ♦ Gestalt – German word meaning
“whole or completion.” A form that ♦ tendency to uncritically accept others’
cannot be separated into parts INTROJECTION beliefs and standards without
without losing its essence. assimilating them to make them
♦ The idea that nature is regarded as a congruent with who we are.
unified, coherent whole that differs ♦ reverse of introjection. Disowning
from the sum of its parts. PROJECTION certain aspects of ourselves by
♦ Emphasis on figure (prominent aspects assigning them to the environment.
at any given time) and ground (aspects ♦ turning back onto ourselves what we
that are out of his/her awareness). RETROFLECTION would like to do to someone else or
FIELD THEORY ♦ The organism must be understood as a doing to ourselves what we would like
component of the dynamic someone else to do to or for us.
environment, or context. ♦ process of distraction or veering off, so
♦ Everything is relational, in flux, DEFLECTION that it is difficult to maintain a
interrelated and in process. sustained sense of contact.
FIGURE- ♦ Describes how the individual organizes CONFLUENCE ♦ blurring the differentiation between
FORMATION experience from moment to moment. the self and the environment.
PROCESS ♦ Differentiates into a foreground
(figure) and a background (ground). ENERGY AND BLOCKS TO ENERGY
ORGANISMIC SELF- ♦ Intertwined with the figure-formation o Attention is given to where energy is located, how it is used,
REGULATION process. and how it can be blocked.
♦ Process where equilibrium is  Blocked energy – defensive behavior manifested by some
“disturbed” by the emergence of a tension in certain parts of body, posture, numbing feelings
need, sensation or an interest. o Therapist helps clients identify blocked energy and transform it
into more adaptive behaviors.

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THERAPEUTIC GOALS  Accommodation – clients recognize that they have a

o Not ascribed to “goal-oriented methodology,” but emphasizes choice.
well-ground methodology.  Assimilation - client’s learning how to influence their
o 6 Methodological Components: environment.
 Continuum of Experience  Improvisation - confidence that comes from
 Here and Now knowledge and skills.
 Paradoxical Theory of Change
 Experiment RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT
 Authentic Encounter o Person-to-person relationship between therapist and client.
 Process-Oriented Diagnosis o Therapists are responsible for the quality of their presence,
o Assist clients to attain greater awareness and greater choice. knowing themselves, and remaining open to the client.
 Awareness of environment, knowing and accepting oneself  Responsible for establishing and maintaining therapeutic
and being able to make contact. atmosphere that will foster a spirit of work on the client’s
part.
THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE  Remain themselves and not get lost in a role.
o Invite clients into active partnership where they learn about  Demonstrates an attitude of respect, acceptance, present-
themselves and adopts experimental attitude where they can centeredness, and presence.
try out new behaviors and notice what happens. o Emphasis on presence, authentic dialogue, gentleness, more
o Use active methods to engage clients in increasing their direct self-expression, decreased use of stereotypic exercises
awareness, freedom, and self-discretion. and greater trust in the client’s experiencing.
o Clients are viewed as experts of their own life and encourage
them to attend to their sensory awareness in the present. THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES
o Create climate of change where clients try new ways of being. o Exercises - ready-made techniques that are sometimes used to
o Pays attention to client’s body language. make something happen in a therapy session or to achieve a
goal.
ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE THERAPISTS MIGHT FOCUS ON o Experiments - grow out of the interaction between client and
therapist, and they emerge within this dialogic process; the
“IT” TALK ♦ using “it” instead of “I” is a very cornerstone of experiential learning.
depersonalizing language.  Fundamental to Gestalt therapy as therapy sessions are
“YOU” TALK ♦ global and impersonal language tends series of experiments.
to keep the person hidden. Therapists o Preparing Clients for Gestalt Experiments
asks clients to say “I” instead of “you  Establish trusting relationship with clients
QUESTIONS ♦ have a tendency to keep the  Honoring and respecting reluctance resistance and
questioner hidden, safe, and support clients to become aware of their experience.
unknown. Therapists asks clients to o Role of Confrontation
change questions into statements.  Perlsian style as a “boom-boom-boom therapy”
LANGUAGE THAT ♦ tendency to deny their personal power characterized by theatrics, abrasive confrontation, and
DENIES POWER by adding qualifiers or disclaimers to intense catharsis.’
their statements (e.g., maybe,  Confrontation can be done in such a way that clients
perhaps, sort of, I guess). cooperate, especially when they are invited to examine
LISTENING TO ♦ gets rich clues to client’s internal their behaviors, attitudes and thoughts.
CLIENTS’ struggles. o Gestalt Therapy Interventions
METAPHORS SOME PRINCIPLES OF GESTALT THERAPY
LISTENING FOR ♦ Storytelling
LANGUAGE THAT ♦ Pay close attention to splits in
♦ “fleshing out a flesh.”
UNCOVERS A personality function.
♦ Uses language that is elusive yet gives
STORY ♦ Top dog - “Critical parent” that
significant clues to their life struggles.
badgers with “shoulds” and “oughts”
INTERNAL and manipulates with threats of
CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
DIALOGUE catastrophe.
o General orientation: toward dialogue. It creates ground for a
EXERCISE ♦ Underdog - manipulates by playing the
meeting place between client and therapist
role of the victim: by being defensive,
o Active Participants who make their own interpretations and
apologetic, helpless, and weak and by
meanings.
feigning powerlessness. Plays the role
o 3-Stage Integration Sequence that Characterizes Growth:
of the “disobedient child”
 Discover - often come as a surprise, clients discover and
realize new things about themselves and the social world.

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♦ Top dog and underdog are engaged in BEHAVIOR THERAPY

a constant struggle for control.
♦ Empty-chair technique – one way of THEORIST/PROPONENT
getting the client to externalize the B.F. SKINNER (1904-1990)
introject. Clients become the top dog o Considered as the father of the
and then shift to underdog. behavioral approach to
MAKING THE ♦ asking a person in a group to go up to psychology.
ROUNDS others in the group and either speak o Radical Behaviorism – primary
to or do something with each person. emphasis on the effects of
♦ ask a person who claims to suffer from environment on behavior.
REVERSAL EXERCISE severe inhibitions and excessive ALBERT BANDURA (b.1925)
timidity to play the role of an o Social Cognitive Theory – we
exhibitionist function as self-organizing,
REHEARSAL ♦ Therapists encourage clients to share proactive, self-reflective and self-
EXERCISE their rehearsals out loud regulating beings.
♦ Person is asked to exaggerate the o We are not simply reactive
EXAGGERATION movement or gesture repeatedly, organisms shaped by
EXERCISE which usually intensifies the feeling environmental forces or driven
attached to the behavior and makes by inner impulse.
the inner meaning clearer. ARNOLD A. LAZARUS (b.1932)
♦ Clients refer to a feeling or a mood o A pioneer in clinical behavior
that is unpleasant and from which therapy and the developer of
STAYING WITH THE they have a great desire to flee, the multimodal therapy
FEELING therapist may urge clients to stay with o A comprehensive,
their feeling and encourage them to systematic, holistic
go deeper into the feeling or behavior approach to behavior
they wish to avoid. therapy.
♦ The intent is to bring dreams back to
life and relive them as though they ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE THERAPISTS MIGHT FOCUS ON
GESTALT were happening now. ♦ Refers to what happens prior to
APPROACH TO ♦ According to Perls: dreams are a royal learning that creates a response
DREAMWORK road to integration; dream is the most CLASSICAL through pairing.
spontaneous expression of the CONDITIONING OR ♦ Key Figure: Ivan Pavlov
existence of the human being. RESPONDENT ♦ Joseph Wolpe’s Systematic
CONDITIONING Desensitization - can be applied to
o Application to Group Counseling people with intense fears such as
 Well-suited for a group context. phobia.
 Leaders take an active role in creating experiments to help ♦ A type of learning in which behaviors
members tap their resources. OPERANT are influenced mainly by the
 Creates a great deal of creativity in using interventions and CONDITIONING consequences that follow them.
designing experiments. Experiments need to be tailored to ♦ Can be instrumental in developing
each group member and used in a timely manner; they prosocial and adaptive behaviors.
also need to be carried out in a context that offers a
♦ A triadic reciprocal interaction among
balance between support and risk.
the environment, personal factors
(beliefs, preferences, expectations,
LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS
self-perceptions, and interpretations),
o Many criticisms pertain to older version or style of Fritz Perls.
SOCIAL LEARNING and individual behavior.
o Therapists should be well trained to be effective in practice.
APPROACH ♦ A basic assumption is that people are
 Should have advanced clinical training and supervised
(SOCIAL-COGNITIVE capable of self-directed behavior
experience as well as engaging in their own personal
APPROACH) change and that the person is the
therapy.
agent of change.
o Some therapists do not have solid grounding of theory and
♦ Self-Efficacy: belief or expectation that
practice, resulting in an abuse of power.
humans can master a situation and
bring about desired change.

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COGNITIVE ♦ operates on the assumption that what 7. Behavioral treatment interventions are individually
BEHAVIOR people believe influences how they act tailored to each client
THERAPY and feel.  Several techniques can be used.
♦ Cognitive factors as central role in
understanding and treating emotional THERAPEUTIC GOALS
and behavioral problems. o General Goals: (1) increase personal choice, and (2) create new
conditions for learning.
o Goals must be: clear, concrete, understood, and agreed on by
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE the client and the counselor.
o Grounded on a scientific view of human behavior that o Continual assessment throughout therapy determines the
accommodates a systematic and structured approach to degree to which identified goals are being met.
counseling o Behavior therapists and clients alter goals throughout the
o The person is both the producer and the product of his or her therapeutic process as needed.
environment.
o SEVEN KEY CHARACTERISTICS: THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE
1. Based on principles and procedures of the scientific o Conduct a thorough functional assessment (or behavioral
method analysis) to identify the maintaining conditions by
 Experimentally derived principles systematically gathering information about the ABC Model:
 Systematic adherence to precision and A. Situational Antecedents
empirical evaluation B. The dimensions of the problem Behavior
2. Not limited to overt actions but also encompasses C. Consequences of the problem.
internal processes (e.g., cognitions, images, beliefs and o Suggests that behavior (B) is influenced by some particular
emotions). events that precede it, called antecedents (A), and by certain
 Characteristics of behavior can be events that follow it, called consequences (C).
operationally defined. o Use techniques common to other approaches such as
summarizing, reflection, clarification, and open-ended
3. Deals with current problems and factors influencing
questioning.
them.
o Therapists should be active and directive, possess intuitive
 Specific factors that influence present
skills and clinical judgment in selecting appropriate techniques,
functioning and the factors to modify
use strategies that are supported by research, and conduct
performance.
follow-up assessments.
 Undergoes process of functional
o Baseline - outcome measure that are given to the client at the
assessment or behavioral analysis.
o beginning of treatment; collected during and after treatment
 Recognizes the importance of the
also.
individual, the individual’s environment,
and the interaction between the person and
CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
the environment in facilitating change.
o Unique contributions of behavior therapy: it provides the
4. Clients are expected to assume an active role in therapy therapist with a well-defined system of procedures to employ.
 Required to do something than only talk o Client and therapists have clearly defined roles, and the
about it by monitoring behaviors both importance of client awareness and participation in therapy.
during and outside therapy sessions, learn o Active role for both therapist and client.
and practice coping skills, and role-play new o Client engages in behavioral rehearsal with feedback until
behavior. skills are well learned. They also receive homeworks to
 Therapy is an action-oriented and an complete between therapy sessions.
educational approach, and learning is o Clients are encouraged to experiment for the purpose of
viewed as being at the core of therapy. enlarging their repertoire of adaptive behaviors
5. Assumes change can take place without insight into
underlying dynamic RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT
 behavior can occur prior to or o Stresses the value of establishing a collaborative working
simultaneously with understanding of relationship with their clients.
oneself, and that behavioral changes may  therapeutic relationship and therapist behavior are critical
well lead to an increased level of self- factors in the process and outcome of therapy.
understanding. o Therapeutic flexibility and versatility enhance treatment
6. Assessment is an ongoing process of observation and outcome.
self-monitoring o Therapists conceptualizes problems behaviorally and makes use
 Asses client’s culture. of the client-therapist relationship in facilitating change.

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• 3-Step Process:
THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES o Progress muscle relaxation - asked to
o Strength of Approach: the development of specific therapeutic create imagery of previously relaxing
procedures that must be shown to be effective through situations
objective means. o Anxiety hierarchy (graduated) - stimuli that
o Hallmark of behavioral technique: empirically supported and elicit anxiety in a particular area, such as
evidence-based rejection, jealousy, criticism, disapproval, or
o Therapeutic procedures are specifically designed for a any phobia, are analyzed
particular client rather than being randomly selected from a o Desensitization - imagine first the least
“bag of techniques.” Often quite creative. anxiety-provoking situation until it
o RANGE OF BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES: progressively moves to the most anxiety-
1. Applied Behavioral Analysis: Operant Conditioning provoking situation
Techniques 4. In Vivo Exposure and Flooding
• Most important contribution of applied behavioral • Exposure – systematic confrontation whether in vivo
analysis: offers a functional approach to or imaginary with a feared stimulus
understanding client’s problems and addresses these • In Vivo Exposure - exposure to the actual anxiety-
problems by changing antecedents and consequences evoking events
(ABC model) o Self-managed in vivo exposure—a
• Goal of reinforcement: increase the target behavior procedure in which clients expose
• Key Principles: themselves to anxiety- evoking events on
o Positive Reinforcement – addition of their own
something of value to the individual (e.g., • Flooding – refers to either in vivo or imaginal
praise, attention, money, or food) as a exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli for a prolonged
consequence of certain behavior. period of time
o Negative Reinforcement – the escape from o In vivo flooding – consists of intense and
or the avoidance of aversive (unpleasant) prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-
stimuli producing stimuli.
o Extinction – withholding reinforcement o Imaginal Flooding - based on similar
from a previously reinforced response. principles and follows the same procedures
o Punishment (aversive control) – in which except the exposure occurs in the client’s
the consequences of a certain behavior imagination instead of in daily life
result in a decrease of that behavior. • Frequently used for treatment of anxiety-related
 Positive Punishment - an aversive disorders, specific phobia, social phobia, panic
stimulus is added disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder,
 Negative Punishment – a posttraumatic stress disorder, and agoraphobia.
reinforcing stimulus is removed 5. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
• Key Principle: to use the least aversive means possible - Francine Shapiro (2001)
to change behavior, and positive punishment is • form of exposure therapy that entails three basic
known to be the most powerful change agent. phases: assessment and preparation, imaginal
2. Progressive Muscle Relaxation – Jacobson (1938) flooding, and cognitive restructuring in the treatment
• aimed at achieving muscle and mental relaxation and of individuals with traumatic memories
is easily learned • Treatment involves the use of rapid, rhythmic eye
• Clients are given a set of instructions to teach them to movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat
relax, assume passive and relaxed position in a quiet clients who have experienced traumatic stress.
environment while alternatingly contracting and 6. Social Skills Training
relaxing muscles. • deals with an individual’s ability to interact effectively
• Common to problems such as stress and anxiety that with others in various social situations; help achieve
are manifested in psychosomatic symptoms (e.g., skills in interpersonal competence.
asthma, headache, hypertension, panic disorder). • Social skills - involve being able to communicate with
3. Systematic Desensitization – Joseph Wolpre others in a way that is both appropriate and effective.
• clients imagine successively more anxiety-arousing • Key elements through a collection of techniques:
situations at the same time that they engage in a assessment, direct instruction and coaching,
behavior that competes with anxiety. modeling, role-playing, and homework assignments
• based on the principle of classical conditioning • Role-playing - individuals actively practice desired
behaviors

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o Follow-up phase is critical for clients in • Premise: Therapeutic flexibility and versatility, along
establishing a range of effective behaviors with breadth is most important than depth, are highly
that can be applied to many social valued
situations • BASIC I.D. – divided into 7 major areas of functioning:
• Anger Management Training – designed for o B = behavior
individuals who have troubles with aggressive o A = affective responses
behavior o S = sensations
• Assertion Training – useful for people who lack o I = images
assertive skills. Useful for those who: o C = cognitions
o (1) who have difficulty expressing anger or o I = interpersonal relationships
irritation, o D = drugs, biological functions, nutrition,
o (2) who have difficulty saying no, and exercise.
o (3) who are overly polite and allow others 9. Mindfulness and Acceptance-Based Cognitive Behavior
to take advantage of them, Therapy
o (4) who find it difficult to express affection • “Third Wave” of behavior therapy, emphasize
and other positive responses, considerations that were considered off limits for
o (5) who feel they do not have a right to behavior therapists until recently.
express their thoughts, beliefs, and feelings, • 5 core themes: (1) an expanded view of psychological
or health, (2) a broad view of acceptable outcomes in
o (6) who have social phobias therapy, (3) acceptance, (4) mindfulness, and (5)
7. Self-Management Programs and Self-Directed Behavior creating a life worth living
• “Giving psychology away” - psychologists being • Mindfulness - being aware of our experiencing in a
willing to share their knowledge so that “consumers” receptive way and engaging in activity based on this
can increasingly lead self-directed lives and not be nonjudgmental awareness.
dependent on experts to deal with their problem • Acceptance - receiving one’s present experience
• Basic Idea: change can be brought about by teaching without judgment or preference, but with curiosity
people to use coping skills in problematic and kindness, and striving for full awareness of the
• Basic Steps to succeed in self-management: present moment.
o 1. Selecting goals – goals should be • Four major approaches:
established one at a time; realistic; o Dialectal Behavior Therapy (DBT) –
measurable, attainable, positive and treatment for borderline personality
significant for the client disorder or people with problems in
o 2. Translating goals into target behaviors – emotional regulation
identify behaviors targeted for change.  Skills are taught in four modules:
Anticipate obstacles and think of ways to • Mindfulness
negotiate them • Interpersonal
o 3. Self-monitoring – deliberately and Effectiveness
systematically observe your own behavior • Emotional Regulation
and keep a behavioral diary • Distress Tolerance
o 4. Working out a plan for change – devise o Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
action program; self-reinforcement. (MBSR) – 8-10-week group program to cope
o 5. Evaluating an action plan – determine with stress and promote physical and
whether goals are achieved and psychological health
adjust/revise plan to meet goals; evaluation  Aims to assist people in learning
is an ongoing process; self-change is a how to live more fully in the
lifelong practice present rather than ruminating
8. Multimodal Therapy: Clinical Behavior Therapy about the past.
• comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to o Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
behavior therapy developed by Arnold Lazarus (MBCT) – treatment for depression
• Although the assessment process is multimodal, the o Acceptance And Commitment Therapy
treatment is cognitive behavioral and draws upon (ACT) – encourage clients to accept rather
empirically supported methods; grounded in social- than attempt to control or change
cognitive therapy and applies diverse behavioral unpleasant sensations
techniques • Application to Group Counseling:
o Teach self-management skills and a range of
new coping behaviors, restructure thoughts

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• Distinguishing characteristic of behavioral COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR Therapy

practitioners: systematic adherence to specification
and measurement THEORIST/PROPONENT
• Tend to utilize short-term, time-limited interventions ALBERT ELLIS (1913-2007)
aimed at efficiently and effectively solving problems o developed an approach to
and assisting members in developing new skills. psychotherapy, the Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy (REBT).
LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS o Grandfather of Cognitive Behavior
o Behavior therapy may change behaviors, but it does not change Therapy
feelings. AARON TEMKIN BECK (b.1921)
o clients are not encouraged to experience their o developed a cognitive theory of
emotions depression, which represents one of
o Behavior therapy does not provide insight. the most comprehensive
o Behavior therapy treats symptoms rather than causes. conceptualizations
o Unless historical causes of present o He found the cognitions of depressed
o Behaviors are therapeutically explored; new symptoms will individuals to be characterized by
soon take the place of those that were “cured. errors in interpretation that he called
o Behavior therapy involves control and social influence by the “cognitive distortions.”
therapist o Father of Cognitive Therapy
JUDITH BECK (b.1954)
o she and her father, Aaron Beck,
opened the nonprofit Beck Institute
for Cognitive Therapy in suburban
Philadelphia, and she is currently
president of the institute
DONALD MEICHENBAUM
o Conducted research on the
development of cognitive behavior
therapy (CBT).
o Psychotherapeutic approach of
constructivist narrative therapy, in
which clients to tell their stories and
describe what they did to “survive
and cope.”

ALBERT ELLIS’ RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) – first of the cognitive

behavior therapies. Focuses on cognition and behaviors and also
stresses thinking, judging, deciding, analyzing, and doing.
o Basic Assumption: people contribute to their own
psychological problems, as well as to specific symptoms,
by the rigid and extreme beliefs they hold about events
and situations
o Integrative approach
o Alfred Adler and Karen Horney (tyranny of shoulds):
precursor to rebt; Epictetus: stoic Greek philosopher
o Basic Hypothesis: our emotions stem mainly from our
beliefs, which influence the evaluations and
interpretations we make of the reactions we have to life
situations.
o Self-indoctrination: maintain self to identify acquired
dispute irrational beliefs
o Implications: working with thinking and acting rather than
expressing feelings; therapy as an educational process

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VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE 3. Demonstrate how clients are keeping their emotional
o based on the assumption that human beings are born with a disturbances active by continuing to think illogically and
potential for both rational, or “straight,” thinking and irrational, unrealistically
or “crooked,” thinking 4. challenge clients to develop a rational philosophy of life so
o Humans have predispositions for self-preservation, happened, that in the future they can avoid becoming the victim of
loving, etch and they also have propensities for self- other irrational beliefs
destruction, avoidance of thought, procrastination, etc.
o VIEW OF EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
o we learn irrational beliefs from significant others o Clients learn how to apply logical thought, participate in
during childhood and then re-create these irrational experiential exercises, and carry out behavioral homework as a
beliefs throughout our lifetime way to bring about change.
o Major Goal: to encourage clients to be less o Largely focuses on clients’ experiences in the present.
emotionally reactive o Clients are expected to actively work outside the therapy
o Blame is at the core of most emotional disturbances sessions.
o We have strong tendencies to transform our desires o Homework is carefully designed and agreed upon and is aimed
and preferences into dogmatic “shoulds,” “musts,” at getting clients to carry out positive actions that induce
“oughts,” demands, and commands emotional and attitudinal change.
o A-B-C FRAMEWORK - central to REBT theory and practice. o Toward the end of therapy, clients review their progress, make
Provides a useful tool for understanding the client’s feelings, plans, and identify strategies for dealing with continuing or
thoughts, events, and behavior potential problems
o A (the activating event) does not cause C (the
emotional consequence). Instead, B, which is the RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT
person’s belief about A, largely creates C, the o Warm relationship between therapist and client is not
emotional reaction. required.
o Practitioners strive to unconditionally accept all clients and to
teach them to unconditionally accept others and themselves.
o Often open and direct in disclosing their own beliefs and
values.
o Establish as much as possible an egalitarian relationship.
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
o General Goal: teaching clients how to separate the evaluation THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES
of their behaviors from the evaluation of themselves—their o multimodal and integrative.
essence and their totality—and how to accept themselves in o Cognitive Methods - usually incorporate a persuasive cognitive
spite of their imperfections methodology in the therapeutic process. REBT relies heavily on
o Basic goal: teach clients how to change their dysfunctional thinking, disputing, debating, challenging, interpreting,
emotions and behaviors into healthy ones explaining, and teaching
o Two Main Goals:  Disputing Irrational Beliefs – and teach them how to do
o (1) assist clients in the process of achieving this challenge on their own.
unconditional self-acceptance (USA) and  Cognitive Homework – clients are expected to make lists
unconditional other acceptance (UOA) of their problems, look for their absolutist beliefs, and
o (2) to see how these are interrelated dispute these beliefs
o General Goal: teaching clients how to separate the evaluation  Bibliotherapy – utilize bibliotherapy as adjunctive form of
of their behaviors from the evaluation of themselves—their treatment
essence and their totality—and how to accept themselves in  Changing one’s language – imprecise language is one of
spite of their imperfections the causes of distorted thinking processes
 Psychoeducational Methods – educate clients about the
THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE nature of their problems and how treatment is likely to
o Steps for the task of the therapist: proceed.
1. Show clients how they have incorporated many irrational o Emotive Techniques – clients are taught the value of
absolute “shoulds,” “oughts,” and “musts.” Replace rigid unconditional self-acceptance
“musts” with preferences.  Rational Emotive Imagery (REI) - form of intense mental
2. Demonstrate how clients are keeping their emotional practice designed to establish new emotional patterns.
disturbances active by continuing to think illogically and  Using Humor
unrealistically.  Role Playing – clients can rehearse certain behaviors to
bring out what they feel in a situation

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o Behavioral Techniques - assignments are done systematically DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REBT AND CBT
and are recorded and analyzed on a form.
 Homeworks such as desensitization and life exposure to REBT CBT
daily life situations. ♦ highly directive, ♦ uses Socratic dialogue by
o Applications of REBT to Various Settings - applicable to a wide persuasive, and posing open-ended
range of settings and populations confrontational; questions with the aim of
o Application of REBT as a Brief Therapy - well suited as a brief teaching role of the getting clients to reflect on
form of therapy therapist; therapist personal issues and arrive at
o Application to Group Counseling - employ an active role in models rational thinking their own conclusion.
getting members to commit themselves to practicing in and helps clients Identify misconceptions;
everyday situations what they are learning in the group identify and dispute reflective questioning
sessions irrational beliefs. process
♦ Ellis view faulty thinking ♦ Beck views faulty thinking as
AARON BECK’S COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY as irrational and more inaccurate than
nonfunctional irrational
COGNITIVE THERAPY - perceives psychological problems as ♦ Collaborative Empiricism –
stemming from commonplace processes such as faulty thinking, attempts to collaborate with
making incorrect inferences on the basis of inadequate or incorrect clients in testing the validity
information, and failing to distinguish between fantasy and reality. of their cognitions.
o Theoretical Assumptions:
 (1) that people’s internal communication is accessible to THE CLIENT-THERAPIST RELATIONSHIP
introspection, o Emphasis on the therapeutic relationship) – first necessary step
 (2) that clients’ beliefs have highly personal meanings, and o Effectivity of therapy: combine empathy and sensitivity along
 (3) that these meanings can be discovered by the client with technical competence
rather than being taught or interpreted by the therapist o Effective cognitive therapists strive to create “warm, empathic
relationships with clients while at the same time effectively
BASIC PRINCIPLES using cognitive therapy techniques that will enable clients to
o Automatic Thoughts – personalized notions that are triggered create change in their thinking, feeling, and behaving”
by particular stimuli that lead to emotional responses. o Collaborative Relationship: good therapeutic alliance = well
 Primary focus: assist clients in examining and restructuring done homework
their core beliefs o Aim: identify specific, measurable goals and to move directly
o Cognitive Distortions - Systematic errors in reasoning that leads into the areas that are causing the most difficulty for clients
to faulty assumptions and misconceptions o Bibliotherapy: clients complete readings dealing with the
 Arbitrary Inferences - making conclusions without philosophy of cognitive therapy
supporting and relevant evidence. “Catastrophizing” or o Homework: experiment. Complete homework if tailored to
thinking of the absolute worst scenario and outcomes for their needs
most situations
 Selective Abstraction - forming conclusions based on an APPLICATIONS OF COGNITIVE THERAPY
isolated detail of an event. o “strong empirical support for its theoretical framework and to
 Overgeneralization - process of holding extreme beliefs on the large number of outcome studies with clinical populations”
the basis of a single incident and applying them o Has been successful in treating problems and mental disorders
inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings. (e.g., phobias, psychosomatic disorders, eating disorders,
 Magnification and Minimization - perceiving a case or anger, panic disorder, GAD, PTSD, etc.)
situation in a greater or lesser light than it truly deserves. o Applying Cognitive Techniques – strategies are both cognitive
 Personalization - tendency for individuals to relate and behavioral techniques
external events to themselves even when there is no basis  Cognitive techniques: identifying and examining a client’s
for making this connection. beliefs, exploring the origins of these beliefs, and
 Labeling and mislabeling - portraying one’s identity on the modifying them if the client cannot support these beliefs
basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and  Behavioral techniques: activity scheduling, behavioral
allowing them to defi ne one’s true identity. experiments, skills training, role playing, behavioral
 Dichotomous thinking - categorizing experiences in either- rehearsal, exposure therapy
or extremes. Polarized thinking labeled in black or white o Treatment of Depression - content of the depressive’s negative
terms. thinking and biased interpretation of events
 Cognitive Triad:
1. clients hold a negative view of themselves

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2. tendency to interpret their personal world in a negative o Relapse Prevention - procedures for dealing with the inevitable
manner (selective abstraction) setbacks clients are likely to experience as they apply what they
3. depressed clients’ gloomy vision and projections about are learning to daily life
the future o Constructivist Narrative Perspective (CNP) - stories people tell
 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) – assess depth of about themselves and others regarding significant events in
depression their lives. We are all storytellers
o Application to Family Therapy o Successful therapy: clients become their own therapists and
 family interaction patterns, and family relationships, take the therapists’ voice with them
cognitions, emotions and behavior are viewed as exerting
a mutual influence on one another LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS
 A cognitive inference can evoke emotion and behavior, ELLIS’ REBT
and emotion and behavior can likewise influence cognition o Question’s REBT’s assumption about exploring the past is
in a reciprocal process that sometimes serves to maintain ineffective in helping clients change faulty thinking and
the dysfunction of the family unit. behavior.
o Misuse of the therapist’s power by imposing ideas of what
MEICHENBAUM’S COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION constitutes rational thinking.
o REBT is a forceful and confrontational therapy.
o Focuses on changing the client’s self-verbalizations o For practitioners who value a spiritual dimension of
o Self-statements affect a person’s behavior in much the same psychotherapy, Ellis’s views on religion and spirituality are likely
way as statements made by another person to raise some problems.
o Distressing emotions are typically the result of maladaptive BECK’S CBT
thoughts o Focusing too much on the power of positive thinking; being too
o Self-instructional training - helping clients become aware of superficial and simplistic; denying the importance of the client’s
their self-talk and the stories they tell about themselves. past; being too technique oriented; failing to use the
Cognitive restructuring plays a central role. Practices through therapeutic relationship; working only on eliminating
role-play symptoms, but failing to explore the underlying causes of
 Cognitive structures - organizing aspect of thinking, which difficulties; ignoring the role of unconscious factors; and
seems to monitor and direct the choice of thoughts neglecting the role of feelings.
through an “executive processor” that “holds the o Therapists do not explore the unconscious or underlying
blueprints of thinking” that determine when to continue, conflicts but work with clients in the present to bring about
interrupt, or change thinking changes in their core beliefs.
o How Behavior Changes - behavior change occurs through a MEICHENBAUM’S CBM
sequence of mediating processes o Some practitioners focus too much on client’s reaction to stress
 3-phase change process or their internal dialogue.
 Phase 1: Self-observation o Cautions cognitive behavioral practitioners against the
 Phase 2: Starting a new internal dialogue tendency to become overly preoccupied with techniques.
 Phase 3: Learning New Skills. o The therapist’s level of personal development, training,
o Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) - teaching clients stress knowledge, skill, and perceptiveness.
management techniques o therapists need to learn the specific cognitive formulation for
 a combination of information giving, Socratic discovery- each disorder they treat and learn how to address the key
oriented inquiry, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, cognitions and behavioral strategies for each disorder.
relaxation training, behavioral rehearsals, self-monitoring,
self- instruction, self-reinforcement, and modifying
environmental situations.
o 3-Stage Model of SIT
 conceptual-educational phase - primary focus is on
creating a working relationship and therapeutic alliance
with clients
 skills acquisition and consolidation phase - giving clients a
variety of behavioral and cognitive coping skills to apply to
stressful situations
 application and follow-through phase - carefully arranging
for transfer and maintenance of change from the
therapeutic situation to everyday life.

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REALITY Therapy who they are and owning what they are
doing right now.
THEORIST/PROPONENT  Keep the Therapy in the Present - whatever
WILLIAM GLASSER (b.1925) mistakes were made in the past are not
o developed reality therapy, founded on choice pertinent now.
theory.  Challenge Traditional Views of Mental
o Father of Reality Therapy Illness - rejects the traditional notion that
ROBERT E. WUBBOLDING, EdB (b.1936) people with problematic physical and
o Demonstrates choice-centered approach and psychological symptoms are mentally ill.
reality approach to various cultures and
ethnic groups THERAPEUTIC GOALS
o WDEP system o Help clients get connected or reconnected with the people
they have chosen to put in their quality world.
REALITY THERAPY o Help clients learn better ways of fulfilling all of their needs,
o Provides a delivery system for helping individuals take more including achievement, power or inner control, freedom or
effective control of their lives independence, and fun.
o Underlying problem of clients: either involved in a present
unsatisfying relationship or lack what could even be called a THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE
relationship. o Often considered as a mentoring process in which the therapist
o Choice Theory – theoretical basis for reality therapy. is the teacher and the client is the student.
o Choice Theory: highway; Reality Therapy: vehicle delivering the o Assist clients in evaluating their own behavioral direction,
product specific actions, wants, perceptions, level of commitment,
o Prerequisite for effective therapy: satisfying relationship possibilities for new directions, and action plans.
 The outcome is better relationships, increased happiness,
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE and a sense of inner control of their lives.
o Choice Theory - we are not born blank slates waiting to be o Function as an advocate; instill hope
externally motivated by forces in the world around us. We are
born with five genetically encoded needs that drive us all our CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
lives: survival, or self-preservation; love and belonging; power, o Not expected to backtrack into the past or get sidetracked into
or inner control; freedom, or independence; and fun, or talking about symptoms
enjoyment. o Emphasis in on actions. When clients change what they are
 Primary need: love and to belong because we need people doing, they often change how they are feeling and thinking.
to satisfy the other needs. o Therapists will gently, but firmly confront clients.
 Quality world – at the core of our life. Store information o Self-evaluation cornerstone of therapy
inside our minds and build a file of wants; like a picture
album of specific wants as well as precise ways to satisfy RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT
these wants. o Emphasizes an understanding and supportive relationship, or
o Choice Theory Explanation of Behavior - all we ever do from therapeutic alliance, which is the foundation for effective
birth to death is behave and, with rare exceptions outcomes.
 Total Behavior – all behavior is made up of four o Therapy skills in establishing trusting relationship are critical.
inseparable but distinct components—acting, thinking, Important that the client perceives the therapist as being skilled
feeling, and physiology—that necessarily accompany all of and knowledgeable.
our actions, thoughts, and feelings o Counselors must have certain personal qualities, including
 Emphasizes thinking and acting (a general form of CBT) warmth, sincerity, congruence, etc. for involvement to thrive.
o Characteristics of Reality Therapy o Therapeutic interventions’ efficiency rests on a fair, firm,
 Focuses quickly on the unsatisfying relationship or the lack friendly and trusting environment.
of a relationship, which is often the cause of clients’
problems THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES
 Basic Axiom: “The only person you can control is yourself.” o Practice of Reality Therapy
 Characteristics:  Cycle of Counseling
 Emphasize Choice and Responsibility - If we  Creating the counseling environments and
choose all we do, we must be responsible  Implementing specific procedures that lead
for what we choose. to changes in behavior.
 Reject Transference – transference is a way  Clients explore their total behavior and make their own
that both therapist and client avoid being evaluation of how effective they are in getting what they
want.

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o Counseling Environment FEMINIST Therapy

 a supportive and challenging environment allows clients to
begin making life changes. THEORIST/PROPONENT
 Counselors who hope to create a therapeutic alliance JEAN BAKER MILLER, MD (1928–2006)
strive to avoid negative behaviors o Expands this theory and exploring new
o Procedures that Lead to Change applications to complex issues in
 we are motivated to change (1) when we are convinced psychotherapy and beyond, including issues of
that our present behavior is not meeting our needs and (2) diversity, social action, and workplace change
when we believe we can choose other behaviors that will CAROLYN ZERBE ENNS, PhD
get us closer to what we want. o exploring the profound impact feminist theory
 Therapists take the mystery and uncertainty out of the has on the manner in which therapists
therapeutic process implement therapeutic practices
 In the first session a skilled therapist looks for and defines OLIVA M. ESPIN, PhD
the wants of the client and the rest of therapy focuses on o a pioneer in the theory and practice of feminist
how clients can make better choices. therapy with women from different cultural
 Clients acquire a sense of hope for a better future. backgrounds and has done extensive research,
o The “WDEP” System teaching, and training on multicultural issues in
 effective, practical, usable, theory-based, cross-cultural, psychology
and founded on universal human principles. LAURA S. BROWN, PhD
 help clients explore their wants, possible things they can o is a founding member of the Feminist Therapy
do, opportunities for self-evaluation, and design plans for Institute, an organization dedicated to the
improvement. support of advanced practice in feminist
 Cluster of Categories: therapy
 Wants (exploring wants, needs, and No single individual can be identified as the founder of this
perceptions) - explore “picture album” or approach, reflecting the central theme of feminist collaboration.
quality world
 Direction and Doing - help clients make A GUIDE TO FEMINIST THERAPY
more need-satisfying choices.
 Self-Evaluation - cornerstone of reality Feminist Therapy - built from oppression of women, but has grown
therapy procedures. to understand the role of both men and women from different
 Planning and Action – involves specific ways origin.
to fulfill clients’ wants. Planning enables o built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social,
them to gain effective control over their cultural, and political context that contributes to a person’s
lives. Central Role: SAMIC (simple, problems in order to understand that person
attainable, measurable, immediate, o Therapy is partnership between equals and built mutuality into
involved, controlled by the planner, the therapeutic process.
committed to, and consistently done) o 1960s – laid foundation for development of feminist therapy.
o Application to Group Counseling o 1980s – marked by efforts to define feminist therapy as an
 well suited for various kinds of group counseling. provide entity in its own right. Approach changed dramatically,
members with many opportunities for exploring ways to becoming more diverse.
meet their needs through the relationships formed within
the group ENDURING FEMINIST PHILOSOPHIES OR “SECOND-WAVE” OF
FEMINISM
LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS LIBERAL FEMINISTS ♦ helping individual women overcome
the limits and constraints of traditional
o It does not give adequate emphasis to the role of the following gender-role socialization patterns
aspects of the counseling process: the role of insight, the
CULTURAL ♦ believe oppression stems from
unconscious, the power of the past and the effect of traumatic
FEMINISTS society’s devaluation of women’s
experiences in early childhood, the therapeutic value of
strengths, values, and roles
dreams, and the place of transference.
RADICAL FEMINISTS ♦ oppression of women that is
o View of transference as a misleading concept.
embedded in patriarchy and seek to
o Mental disorders are seen as life choice because of unsatisfying
change society through activism and
present relationship.
equalizing power
o Reality therapy makes use of concrete language and simple
concepts SOCIALIST ♦ share with radical feminists the goal of
FEMINISTS societal change with emphasis on
multiple oppressions and believe

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solutions to society’s problems must  Gender-role expectations tend to generate a false sense of
include considerations of class, race, self and force women to accept stereotyped gender roles.
sexual orientation, economics,  Women’s sense of self and morality is based in issues of
nationality, and history responsibility and care for other people and is embedded
POSTMODERN ♦ model for critiquing other traditional in a cultural context.
FEMINIST and feminist approaches, addressing  Concepts of connectedness and interdependence is
(START OF THIRD the issue of what constitutes reality central to women’s development, but is virtually ignored
WAVE) and proposing multiple truths as in male-dominated developmental theories.
opposed to a single truth  Women’s relational qualities are seen as strengths and as
WOMEN OF COLOR ♦ essential that feminist theory be pathways for healthy growth and development instead of
FEMINIST broadened and made more inclusive being identified as weaknesses or defects
LESBIAN FEMINIST ♦ share commonalities with many  Relational-Cultural Theory - the vital role that
aspects of radical feminism relationships and connectedness with others play in the
♦ women’s oppression as related to lives of women
heterosexism and sexualized images of  Gender Schemas - are internalizations of the gender roles
women perpetuated in a sexist society
GLOBAL  Engendered Lives - that gender is the organizing principle
♦ worldwide perspective and seek to
INTERNATIONAL in people’s lives
understand the ways in which racism,
FEMINIST  Women have developed “women’s intuition” and have
sexism, economics, and classism affect
included in their gender schema an internalized belief that
women in different countries
women are less important than men.
 Central in feminist work: Understanding and
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
acknowledging internalized
o Fundamentally different from that of most other therapeutic
 Traditional gender stereotypes are still prevalent in
models
cultures throughout the world and uncritical acceptance of
o Androcentric - male-oriented constructs to draw conclusions
it greatly restricts their range of freedom.
about human, including female, nature.
o Principles of Feminist Therapy
o Gendercentric - proposing two separate paths of development
 The personal is political - based on the assumption that
for women and men
the personal or individual problems that individuals bring
o Heterosexist - viewing a heterosexual orientation as normative
to counseling originate in a political and social context
and desirable and devaluing lesbian, gay male, and bisexual
 Commitment to social change - not only to help individual
orientations
clients in their struggles but also to advance a
o Deterministic - assuming that personality patterns and
transformation in society
behavior are fixed at an early stage of development
 Women’s and girl’s voices and ways of knowing are
o Intrapsychic orientation - attributing behavior to internal
valued and their experiences are honored - women’s
causes, which often results in blaming the victim and ignoring
perspectives are considered central in understanding their
sociocultural and political factors
distress
o Constructs are:
 Counseling relationship is egalitarian – clients are experts
 Gender-fair approaches - differences in the behavior of
of their own lives.
women and men in terms of socialization processes rather
 Focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of
than on the basis of our “innate” natures, thus avoiding
psychological distress - psychological distress is reframed,
stereotypes in social roles and interpersonal behavior.
not as disease but as a communication about unjust
 Flexible–multicultural perspective - uses concepts and
systems
strategies that apply equally to individuals and groups
 All types of oppression are recognized - acknowledge that
regardless of their origin.
social and political inequities have a negative effect on all
 Interactionist view - concepts specific to the thinking,
people
feeling, and behaving dimensions of human experience
and accounts for contextual and environmental factor.
THERAPEUTIC GOALS
 Life-span perspective - assumes that human development
o Goals: empowerment, valuing and affirming diversity, striving
is a lifelong process and that personality and behavioral
for change rather than adjustment, equality, balancing
changes can occur at any time rather than being fixed
independence and interdependence, social change, and self-
during early childhood.
nurturance
o Feminist Perspective on Personality Development
o Key Goal: assist individuals in viewing themselves as active
 Emphasize that societal gender-role expectations
agents on their own behalf and on behalf of others
profoundly influence a person’s identity from the moment
o Goal: empower to create a world of equality.
of birth and become deeply ingrained in adult personality

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o Ultimate goal: create the kind of society where sexism and ROLE OF ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
other forms of discrimination and oppression are no longer a o sharply critical of the DSM classification system; extremely
reality. difficult to arrive at a meaningful assessment or diagnosis.
o Long-term therapeutic goal: empowering the client. o Diagnostic criteria is normative to male gender-role traits, thus
women are prone to become pathologized.
THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE o Refers to distress than pathology; use diagnostic labels very
o Rests on a set of philosophical assumptions can be applied to carefully
various theoretical orientations o Encouraged to be tentative in diagnosis of diverse backgrounds.
o Therapist’s role and functions will vary to some extent o Diagnosis or distress becomes secondary to identification and
depending on the particular therapist and client in the assessment of client’s strengths, skills, and resources.
therapeutic relationship.
o Feminist therapists have integrated feminism into their TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES
approach to therapy and into their lives o Does not prescribe any particular set of interventions but
o Also committed to understanding oppression in all its forms tailors interventions to clients’ strengths with the goal of
o Value being emotionally present for their clients, being willing empowering clients while evoking their feminist consciousness
to share themselves during the therapy hour, modeling  Empowerment – goal of therapy.
proactive behaviors, and being committed to their own  Process begins with informed consent
consciousness-raising process process or empowerment consent
o Techniques are unique in feminist therapy  Self-Disclosure – sharing information and experiences.
o Relationship should be nonhierarchal, person-to-person  Gender-Role Intervention – insight into how societal
relation and aims to empower clients. expectations have affected psychological condition.
o Convery genuineness and strive for mutual empathy  Power Analysis - range of methods aimed at helping
clients understand how unequal access to power and
CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY resources can influence personal realities.
o Active participant in the study.  Bibliotherapy –
o Appropriate self-disclosure is affirmed.  Assertiveness Training
o Doesn’t restrict therapy with only females.  Reforming and Relabeling
o The expert in determining what he or she wants from therapy.  Reforming – shift in perspective
o Male: explore ways that has limit his experiences because of  Relabeling – changes lablel/evaluation
gender-role socialization.  Social Action -essential quality of therapy
o Clients acquire a new way of looking and responding to the  Group Work – way to discuss lack of voice
world.
o Needs to be prepared for major shifts in how they view the ROLE OF MEN IN FEMINIST THERAPY
world. o Men can be feminist therapist and female therapist can be
practiced with male clients.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT o Principles and practices are useful in working with male clients.
o Based on mutuality, equality, and empowerment o Any presenting issue can be dealt with from a feminist
o Identify and use power responsibly perspective
o Therapists clearly state their values to reduce the chance of
value imposition and allows clients to make a choice; a step in LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS
demystifying process o Do not take a neutral stance; believe therapy is value-oriented
o Employ a number of strategies process.
 1. acutely sensitive to ways they might abuse their own o There is a danger that therapists may unduly influence clients,
power in the relationship especially those who lack a strong sense of their own values
 2. actively focus on the power their clients have in the o Issues with regards to working with abused women.
therapeutic relationship and make this part of their o Potential strength and limitation is moving aware from
informed consent processes. exploring intraphsyic domain by looking at contextual or
 3. work to demystify the counseling relationship by sharing environmental factors.
with the client their own perceptions o Viewing the source of a client’s problem as being in the
o Defining theme: inclusion of clients in both the assessment and environment could contribute to the client not taking personal
the treatment process, keeping the therapeutic relationship as responsibility to act in the face of an unfair world.
egalitarian as possible o There are factors that inhibit growth of feminist therapists such
o Collaboration leads to genuine partnership as nonsysematic training, and lack of quality control.
o Evidence-based on efficacy of therapy is lacking

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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of group- counseling. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

POSTMODERN Therapy  focus on what is possible. Assessing

problem is not necessary for change to
THEORIST/PROPONENT occur
INSOO KIM BERG (1935–2007)  Clients can choose the goals they wish to
o co-developer of the solution-focused accomplish
approach.  Little attention is given to diagnosis, history
STEVE de SHAZER (1940–2005) taking, or exploring emergence of problem.
o one of the pioneers of solution-focused  Positive Orientation – grounded on optimistic
brief therapy. assumptions; people are healthy and competent and have
MICHAEL WHITE (1949–2008) the ability to construct solutions and enhance lives.
o cofounder, with David Epston, of the  We have ability to resolve challenges life
narrative therapy movement brings us, but we lose sense of direction or
DAVID EPSTON (b. 1944) awareness of our competencies
o one of the co-developers of narrative  Has parallels with positive psychology (what
therapy is right and working with people)
 Looking for what is working – find out what people are
Do not have a single founder. Rather, it has been a collective effort doing that’s working and help them apply this knowledge
by many. to eliminate problems in a short time.
o SFBT - a model that explains how people change and how they
o Believe realities do not exist independent of observational can reach their goals.
processes o Move away from the term narrative and refer it to Positive
o Social constructionism - psychological expression of consultation
postmodern worldview
 values the client’s reality without disputing whether it is THERAPEUTIC PROCESS
accurate or rational. o Collaborative and cooperative relationships tend to be more
 Knowledge about realities is socially constructed. effective than hierarchical relationships in therapy
o forms of language and the use of language in stories create o Clients can generally build solutions to their problems without
meaning any assessment of the nature of their problems
o Clients are viewed as experts about their own lives;
collaborative partnership. THERAPEUTIC GOALS
o Goals are unique to each client and are constructed by the
o 4 Key Assumptions of Social Constructionist Theory
client to create a richer future
 1. theory invites a critical stance toward taken-for-granted
o Concentrate on small, realistic, achievable changes that can
knowledge
lead to additional positive outcomes.
 2. language and concepts we use to generally understand
o Early phase of therapy: clients are given opportunity to express
the world are historically and culturally specific
what they want and their concerns.
 3. knowledge is constructed through social processes
o Several forms of goals: (1) changing view of a situation or
 4. social constructions are considered to be practices that
frame of reference, (2) changing doing of the problematic
affect social life rather than being abstractions from it
situation, and (3) taps client’s strengths and resources.
o Collaborative Language Systems Approach
o Therapist assist clients to created well-defined goals that are:
 Unstructured social construct dialogue that developed a
(2) stated positively in one’s language, (2)process/action-
therapy of caring and being with the client; enters therapy
oriented, (3) here and now, (4) attainable, concrete, specific
in a “not-knowing” position.
and measurable, and (3) controlled by client.

VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE
o SOLUTION-FOCUSED BRIEF THERAPY
o Adopts not-knowing position to put clients as the experts of
 future-focused, goal-oriented therapeutic approach to
their lives.
brief therapy
o Therapist-as-expert is replaced by client-as-expert
 emphasizes strengths and resiliencies of people by
o Role is to point client in the direction of change without
focusing on exceptions to their problems and their
dictating change
conceptualized solutions
o Therapists strive to create climate of mutual respect, dialogue
o Key Concepts:
and affirmation in which clients experience freedom to create,
 Unique Focus of SFBT – differs from traditional therapies
and coauthor evolving stories.
by eschewing the past in favor of both the present and the
future

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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of group- counseling. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY o Terminating – once clients are able to construct a satisfactory
o Clients fully participate when perceive themselves as solution.
determining the direction and purpose of conversation.  Main goal of SFBT

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT NARRATIVE Therapy

o Determining factor in the outcome of SFBT: quality of the Individuals construct the meaning of life in interpretive
relationship between therapist and client stories, which are then treated as “truth.”
o Crucial to therapy: attitude of therapist (create sense of trust)
o Clients should be actively involved, having positive relationship VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
with therapist. o Focus: encouraged to establish a collaborative approach with a
o Therapist show clients how they can use their innate strengths special interest in listening respectfully to clients’ stories
and resources to construct solutions. o Role of Stories: shape reality in that they construct and
o 3 Kinds of Relationship that develops between two parties: constitute what we see, feel, and do.
 Customer – both jointly identify a problem and a solution o Listening with an Open Mind: listening to clients without
to work toward. Client realizes personal effort is required. judgment or blame, affirming and valuing them
 Complainant – describes problems but not able/willing to  Normalizing Judgment - any kind of judgment that locates
assume role in constructing a solution believing that it is a person on a normal curve and is used to assess
the therapist’s role. intelligence, mental health, or normal behavior.
 Visitor – comes to therapy because someone else thinks o The narrative perspective focuses on the capacity of humans
the client has a problem. May not agree that there is an for creative and imaginative thought, which is often found in
existing problem and is unable to identify it. their resistance to dominant discourse
 Both complainant and visitor can become a customer.
THERAPEUTIC GOALS
THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES o General goal: describe their experience in new and fresh
o Pretherapy Change – asking changes can elicit, evoke or language
amplify what clients have done by way of making positive
change. THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE
o Exception Questions – there were times when problems o Narrative therapists are active facilitators
identified weren’t problematic (news of difference). o Relational necessity: concepts of care, interest, respectful
 Direct clients to times when problem didn’t exist curiosity, openness, empathy, contact, and even fascination are
 Exceptions – times where problem is anticipated to occur seen as a relational necessity
but it didn’t. o Not-knowing position creates participant-observes and
 Change-focused questions – explore important goals and process-facilitator roles for therapist and integrates therapy
tap strengths and resources to reach it. with a postmodern view of human inquiry.
o Miracle Question – main SFBT technique. o Help clients construct a preferred story line.
 Changing the doing and viewing of perceived problem o Stance of respectful curiosity.
changes the problem. commitments o Avoids language that embodies diagnosis, assessment,
 Opens range of future possibilities. treatment and intervention.
o Scaling Questions – used when change in human experiences o No set of techniques to follow
are not easily observed (e.g., feelings, moods, or
communication). Rating such experiences on a scale. CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
o Formula First Session Task (FFST) - form of homework a o Honored as the senior author in the construction of an
therapist might give clients to complete between their first and alternative narrative.
second sessions. o Often stuck in a pattern of living a problem-saturated story that
 Emphasizes future solution than past problems. does not work
o Therapist Feedback to Clients – 5-10 minute break from o Narrative therapist supplies the optimism and sometimes a
therapy to summarize message for clients. Formulate feedback process, but the client generates what is possible and
 3 Basic Parts of Summary Feedback contributes the movement that actualizes it
 Compliments – genuine affirmations of what clients are
doing RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT
 Bridge – links the initial compliments to the suggested o Therapist place great importance on the values and ethical a
tasks that will be given. Rationale for suggestions. therapist brings to the therapy venture
 Suggesting a Task – homework o Should be aware how power manifests itself in his or
 Observational Tasks – self-monitoring her professional practice.
 Behavioral Tasks – does something useful o Collaboration as coauthoring or sharing authority.
in constructing solutions.

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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of group- counseling. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Family systems Therapy

o More dependent on therapist’s attitudes or perspectives than
techniques. THEORIST/PROPONENT
o Questions...and More Questions - embedded in a unique ALFRED ADLER (1870–1937)
conversation, part of a dialogue about earlier dialogues, a o first psychologist of the modern era to do
discovery of unique events, or an exploration of dominant family therapy using a systemic approach
culture processes and imperatives MURRAY BOWEN (1913–1990)
o often circular, relational, and seek to empower clients o one of the original developers of mainstream
in new ways. family therapy.
o Generate experience rather than gather information. o help family members develop a rational,
o Externalization and Deconstruction – problem is not the nonreactive approach to living (called a
person, it is the problem. Products of cultural world. differentiation of self) and to de-tangle family
o Separating problem from individual facilitates hope. interactions that involved two people pulling a
o Externalizing conversations – opens to newly third person into the couples’ problems and arguments
emerged stories (triangulation)
o Search for Unique Outcomes – talks about moments of choice VIRGINIA SATIR (1916–1988)
or success regarding the problem. o developed conjoint family therapy, a human
o Alternative Stories and Reauthoring – people can actively and validation process model that emphasizes
continually reauthor their lives. More coherent and communication and emotional experiencing.
comprehensive stories. CARL WHITAKER (1912–1995)
o Documenting the Evidence - new stories take hold only when o creator of symbolic-experiential family
there is an audience to appreciate and support them. Writing therapy, a freewheeling, intuitive approach to
letter. helping families open channels of interaction.
SALVADOR MINUCHIN (b. 1921)
LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS o refined the theory and practice of structural
o Therapists should be skilled in brief interventions. family therapy
o Some inexperienced or untrained therapists JAY HALEY (1923–2007) and CLOÉ MADANES (b.
o may be enamored by the variety of techniques: the miracle 1941)
question, scaling questions, the exception question, and o blended structural family therapy with the
externalizing questions concepts of hierarchy, power, and strategic
o Concerns over those counselors who attempt to employ interventions.
narrative ideas in a mechanistic fashion o Contributed to the development of a brief,
o It is a mistake to perceive that the practice is simple. solution-oriented therapy approach.
o Cautions practitioners that losing sight of the potency of the
therapeutic relationship “will only doom SFBT to be Represented by a variety of theories and approaches, all of which
remembered as a disembodied set of clever techniques” focus on the relational aspects of human problems.

VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

Family Systems Perspective
o Individuals are best understood through assessing the
interactions within an entire family.
o Symptoms are viewed as an expression of a dysfunction within
a family (e.g., set of habits and patterns).
o Client’s problematic behavior may:
 serve a function or purpose for the family
 unintentionally maintained by family processes
 function of the family's inability to operate productively,
especially during developmental transitions
 a symptom of dysfunctional patterns handed down across
generations
o Central Principle: client is connected to living systems.
o Family is an interactional unit and a change in one member
affects all members.

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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of group- counseling. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

o STRUCTURAL-STRATEGIC FAMILY THERAPY

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYSTEMIC AND INDIVIDUAL APPROACHES  an individual's symptoms are best understood from the
vantage point of interactional patterns, or sequences,
INDIVIDUAL THERAPIST SYSTEMIC THERAPIST within a family, and further, structural changes must occur
♦ Focus on accurate ♦ Explore family process and in a family before an individual's symptoms can be
diagnosis rules using genogram reduced or eliminated.
♦ Begin therapy ♦ Invites family members to 
immediately therapy
♦ Focus on causes, ♦ Focus is on familial THERAPEUTIC GOALS
purpose and cognitive, relationship o ADLERIAN FAMILY THERAPY
emotional and ♦ Concerned with  Unlock mistaken goals and interactional patterns
behavioral processes transgenerational meaning,  Emphasis on family’s motivational patterns
♦ Concerned with rules, cultural and gender  Promotion of effective parenting
individual experience perspectives within family. o MULTIGENERATIONAL FAMILY THERAPY
and perspectives ♦ Intervene ways to change  Differentiate the self
♦ Intervene ways to cope. client’s context.  Change the individual within the context of the system
 Decrease anxiety
o ADLERIAN FAMILY THERAPY o EXPERIENTIAL THERAPY
 Basic Assumption: both parents and children often  maintain or enhance anxiety so that it would serve as a
become locked in repetitive, negative interactions based motivation for change
on mistaken goals that motivate all parties involved  promote spontaneity, creativity, and ability to play
Emphasis on birth order family constellation o STRUCTURAL-STRATEGIC FAMILY THERAPY
o MULTIGENERATIONAL FAMILY THERAPY  (1) reduce symptoms of dysfunction and
 Patterns in across multiple generations.  (2) bring about structural change within the system by
 Problems manifested in one's current family will not modifying the family's transactional rules and developing
significantly change until relationship patterns in one's more appropriate boundaries.
family of origin are understood and directly challenged o HUMAN VALIDATION PROCESS MODEL
 Triangulation – triads result in a two-against-one  Promote growth, self-esteem, and connection
experience  Help family reach congruent communication and
 Differentiation of self - psychological separation of interaction
intellect and emotion and independence of the self from o STRATEGIC FAMILY THERAPY
others  Eliminate presenting problem
o HUMAN VALIDATION PROCESS MODEL  Change dysfunctional patterns
 the development of a nurturing triad or parents working  Interrupt sequence
for the well-being of their child.
 importance of communication and meta-communication THERAPIST’S FUNCTION AND ROLE
in family interactions, and the value of therapeutic o ADLERIAN FAMILY THERAPY
validation in the process of change  Educator, motivational investigator, collaborator
 4 communication stances people adopt under stress: o MULTIGENERATIONAL FAMILY THERAPY
 Blaming – shift responsibility to someone  Guide, objective researcher, teacher, monitor own
else reactivity
 Placating – opposite of blaming, taking the o HUMAN VALIDATION PROCESS MODEL
blame to protect the one responsible  Active facilitator, resource detective, model for
 Super Reasonable – maintain control of congruence
one’s messy and painful emotions o EXPERIENTIAL FAMILITY THERAPY
 Irrelevance – distracting communication to  Family coach, challenger, model for change through play
avoid pain and stress. o STRUCTURAL-STRATEGIC FAMILY THERAPY
 Antidote to stress communications: congruence or  “Friendly uncle”, stage manager, promoter of change in
emotional honesty family structure
o EXPERIENTIAL FAMILITY THERAPY o STRATEGIC FAMILY THERAPY
 importance of the relationship between the family and the  Active director of change, problem solver.
therapist
 more confrontive in his “realness” CLIENT’S EXPERIENCE IN THERAPY
 no set of methods but emphasize personal involvement of o Therapist answer initial questions of clients and give them what
therapist to expect in the therapy session.
o Introduce themselves and express their concerns

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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
Corey, G. (2012). Theory and Practice of group- counseling. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

o Enactments, ordeals and paradoxical interventions were often

done to clients without their knowledge.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST AND CLIENT o Practitioners are cautioned not to assume that Western models
o Collaborative therapist-client relationship in which mutual of family are universal and must be culturally competent
respect, caring, empathy and a genuine interest in others is o Therapists with a Westernized view of the family may
primary. inadvertently overlook the importance of extended family
o Therapist begin to form relationship with clients from the when working with families from other cultures
moment of first contact
o Empathy and understanding through active listening lays
foundation of effective working relationship.

THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES

o ADLERIAN FAMILY THERAPY
 Family constellation, typical day, goal disclosure,
natural/logical consequences
o MULTIGENERATIONAL FAMILY THERAPY
 Genograms, dealing with family-of-origin issues,
detriangulating relationships
o HUMAN VALIDATION PROCESS MODEL
 Empathy, touch communication, sculpting, role playing,
family-life chronology
o EXPERIENTIAL FAMILITY THERAPY
 Co-therapy, self-disclosure, confrontation, use of self as
change agent
o STRUCTURAL-STRATEGIC FAMILY THERAPY
 Joining and accommodating, unbalancing, tracking,
boundary making, enactments
o STRATEGIC FAMILY THERAPY
 Reframe, directives and paradox, amplifying, pretending,
enactments

4 GENERAL MOVEMENTS IN MULTILAYERED PROCESS OF FAMILY

THERAPY:
1. Forming a Relationship – collaborative therapist-client
relationship is necessary.
2. Conducting an Assessment
a. Genogram – a type of formal assessment where
it allows family structure and stories can be
presented in clearer, more orderly manner.
3. Hypothesizing and sharing meaning - form a set of ideas
about people, systems, and situations that focus meaning
in a useful way
4. Facilitating change - happens when family therapy is
viewed as a joint or collaborative process
a. Knowing goals and purposes for our behaviors,
feelings, and interactions tends to give us
choices about their use.

LIMITATIONS AND CRITICISMS

o An overemphasis on the system may result in the unique
characteristics of the individual family members being
overlooked
o Concern with the well-being and function of the system may
overshadow the therapist’s view of the needs and functioning
of the individuals in the system

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