& SCHOOL OF SCIENCE Shyamall Bazar, .0-Kunjaban, Agartala, Tripura (W), Pin-799006, INSTITUTE FOR ALL COMPETITIVE EXAMS TCS/TPS Gr-Il, TPSC (Combined), IBPS, SBI, RRB, SSC, T-TET (1&ll), STGT, STPGT, ete. Curwebsie: mmusshanlahcaseinio Ett schlaicnceatals@emailsom — Dial-943612163 STUDY MATERIAL FoR TCS / TPS Gr-ll (Mains) GENERAL STUDIES (Paper - III) SECTION -C Topic Pageno. SL.No ‘STATE SECRETARIAT 1 1. Meaning 2. Organisation 3. Personnel a2 4. Functions 2 | CHIEF SECRETARY Position Powers and Functions ‘As an Advisor to the Chief Minister 29 A secretary tothe Cabinet ‘As the Head of Civil Service ‘As Chlef Coordinator As the Head of Certain Departments As Crisis Administrator Other Functions and Roles 10. Chief Secretary Vs. Cabinet Secretar 3 | DIRECTORATE 1. Meaning 2 Heads 4 3._Functions 4 | BOARD OF REVENUE : 1. Meaning 2. Functions 3.__Alternative Bodies 5 | DIVISIONAL COMMISSIONER Sexpmaene 1. Meaning 2._Functions u [6 | REGIONAL OFFICER 1. Meaning 7 2\_Functions 7 | DISTRICT COLLECTOR 1. Position 2, Evolution eat 3. Roleand Functions 4. Revenue Administration 5. Lawand Order Administration 6. Development Administration 7. Other Powers and Functions 8._The Collectorate 8 _| DEPARTMENTAL DISTRICT OFFICIALS ry ‘ADMINISTRATION BELOW THE DISTRICT LEVEL 9 1. Sub-Division 1344 2 Tehsil 3. Circle __4. Village 7 DISTRICT RURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY 10 1. Punetions 45 OrganisatonSTUDY MATERIAL FOR TCS/TPS Gr-II (Mains) GENERAL STUDIES PAPER -Ill__SECTION - C STATE SECRETARIAT Meaning Every state has a Secretariat ofits own. Its the nerve centre of sate administration. It consists of several departments of state government jartments are headed politically by the ministers and administratively by the seeretaries. The ChieT Secretary isthe head ofthe entire State Secretariat while, a Secretary is head of eect dpermens, ‘The Secretary 1s usually @ Seni ist). An exception to this rule is the Public Works Department which is headed by the Chief Engineer (a specialist) It should be noted here thar the Secretary is the Secretary tothe State Goverament asa whole and WOTTS We individual minister concerned. Organisation The number of Secretariat departments vary from state to state. It ranges from 15 to 35, ts. The departments which are common to most of the states are mentioned below. ™ General Administration 1 Irigation and Power = Home Law ™ Finance Social Welfare = Jail ® Housing m Revenue = Civil Supplies = Forest = Transport ™ Agriculture ® Local Government ™ Labour and Employment © Excise and Taxation Panchayati Raj Industries ; pe acre nae w Publicity and Information = Education © Cooperation = Planning = aaa ‘Usually, each secretary is given the charge of more than one department. Hence, the number of secretariat ‘departments would be more than the number of secretaries, Personnel A Secretariat department consists of officers who are appointed for a fixed tenure, The heirarchy of the Secretariat officers is: Secretary Special Secretary/Additional Secretary Joint Secretary Deputy Secretary Under Secretary The Stes component of he Secretariat consists of the following personnel. Superintendent (or section officer) ‘Assistant Superintendents Lower Division Clerks Steno-typists and Typists Manual Workers2 Functions A Secretariat is staff agency. Is basic fnction st assist the minister inthe fllment of his role Teperforms the following functions. (To formulate the policies and programmes of the state goverament. (ii) To coordinate the state government policies and programmes, (ii) To prepare the state budget and impose control on public expenditure. iv) To frame legislation, rules and regulations. ‘\(¥)_To supervise the implementation of policies and programmes by field agencies. \(u)- To review the results of the execution of policy. (vii) To maintain contacts with Central and other state governments. ; (vii) To initiate measures to develop greater organisational competence, that i, QandM work. | (Gx), Toassist minister in discharging their responsibilities to the state legislature ike answering questions, (G) To appoint heads of departments and to look into the consequent establishment work like slary administration. (xi) To serve as a think-tank of the state government. (xii) To explore the possibilities of improving the financial position ofthe state. (xii) To receive the complaints, representations end appeals from the people and solve them. (xiv) To approve service rules and their amendments. CHIEF SECRETARY : : Position ‘The office of a Chief Secretary had its origin inthe: itis rule, It was created in 1799 by Lord Welesly, the then Governer-General of India. G.H. Barlow was the first occupant of this office. However, in ‘time, this office the Central Government and was adopted by ‘state governments much before the attainment of Independence. 7 ‘The Chief Secretary is the executive heed of the State Secretariat. He is the administrative head of the state administration and stands at the a sal ierarchy. His position vis-a-vis other a ‘eine ren prize pres (int among equa) He fc chi of te sets ‘and his control extends to all the Secretariat depariments, He leads, guides and controls the entire state tiministative system of the state Since 1973, a Chief Secfetary 1s the senior-most civil servant in all the states. Before that, for instance, be was soasidred unit Be Fiat Commnssoner Eun A TS of Bose of esse in UP. In Tamil Nadu, on other Ean, He was Te enol il seat ‘However, this office was ‘Standardised in 1973 on the recommen iinistrative Reforms Commission of India, and this pws ui oft eee Govern edna Sea] ‘The chief secretary is chosen by the Chief nister from the senior LAS officers of the state cadre. Generally, the Chief Minister takes isto account three factors in this regard: seniority of the officer; service record, performance ‘fficer; and his trust and confidence in the officer. Further, ice of Chief Secretary has been excluded trom the operation of ie tenure system. In other words, there is n6Fixed tenure for this post. — Powers and Functions ‘The powers and functions of the Chief Secretary are mentioned in the ‘Rules of Business’ framed by a state ‘government. He also derives some of his powers and functions from conventions, These are explained below. ‘an Advisor to the Chief Minister The Chief Secretary acts as the pri : ‘Chief Minister on all matters of state administration, The Chief Minister consults he Chet Seeny call policy issues related tothe governance of state. He explains to the Chief Minister about the administrative implications of the proposals forwarded by the state ministers, He i Minister and other secretaries ofthe state goverament. avo sg a8 a link between the Chief As Secretary to the Cabinet ‘The Chief Secretary acts as a Sec Se a to the Stat ‘administrative head of the Cabinet Secretariat and attends the meeting of the Cabinet and Sabie, if necessary. He prepares the agenda for Cabinet is and keeps records of its proceedi $ steps forthe implementation of The Secs akon in gach moet ts Boceedings, He takes As the Head of Civil Service The Chi deals with al eases related to appointment, ansfers and prosepca ar eg po te Sil service. He an important role in ‘maintaining the morale ofthe state civil service, He isthe conscience The moralé of the state civil service He the see ays: state civil servants. is the conscience-keeper to al aAs Chief Coordinator The Chief Secretary isthe chief-coordins i atthe 3 secretarial level, he works towards ensuring igey-departm: ion. He advises the secretaries 08 inter-departments difficulties, He is the Chairman of coordination committes set up for resolving inter~ departmental disputes. He presides over the meet secretaries, Below the Secretariat level e presides over the conference attended by Divisional Commissioner, Distet Collectors andthe hheads of departments of district administration to effect coordination. — As the Head of Certain Departments The Chief Secretary aso acts asthe administrative head of some Secretariat departments. However, there is no uniformity throughout the country in this regard ‘and his position varies from state to state. In most cases the General Administration Department, Personne! Department, Planning Department and Administrative Reforms Department are directly under the charge of the Chief Secretary. The General Administration Department isthe most important department in the State Secretariat and its politcal head is the Chief Minister himself. It is concerned with various matters affecting the entire business ofthe state government As Crisis Administrator In times of crisis ike flood, drought, communal disturbances, and other, me) let Seamus play a very significant role ‘He provides guidance and Teads the officers and agencies ‘engaged in relief operations. He is generally a chairfian or an important member of commitves se to take high level policy decisions ‘during a isis situation. Tn Tact, he acts ax Ue a Chief and vial Tepresent the Hae geveramen" TOU te ofc concemed wih reeT operons — Other Functions and Roles The Chief Secretary also performs the following functions and roles. (2) He acts as the residual legatee, that is, he looks afterall those maters which do not fall within the purview of other secretaries (©) He acts as the secretary, by rotation, of the Zonal Council of which the state concerned is a member. (©) He exercises gel tupension nd copa over she cnte State Soran (@) He as administrative control over the Secretariat building, the staf ettsched tothe ministers, the central record branch, the Secretariat library, the conservancy and wi ward staff of the Secretariat departments, (©) He is the principal channel of communication between his government and the Central Government ‘and other state povernments So (He plays a significant role inthe administration of law and order and planning. (g) Hearends the annually held chief secietaries conference presided over by the cabinet secretary of the Union Government (h) He acts as a spokesman of the state government (i) He acts as the chief advisor to the Governor when President's rule is imposed in the state, and if the Central advisors are not appointed. (He attends the meetings of the National Development Counc () He acts as the chief public relations officer ofthe state goverument. Chief Secretary Vs. Cabinet Secretary ‘There is no office in the Union Goverment which can be emuted to tht of Cie Secretary in the at. To Ter cnn the Cabinet Sorat. wt Cel lve abe called w th comma of chit eee. However the fansionrporormed and the Tes tsumel by techie secretary in he sate admiaisetion tres vast vaied ad wide hat hey are shared athe centl level, by the Cabinet ecetary the Personel Secreary, he Home Serer and ihe Finance Secretary. ‘The similarities between the Chief Secretary and the Cabinet Secretary ae: () Both are chief advisors to their respective chief executives, Gi) Both are Sefer ie psc inators ions. (iii) Both are cir respective cabinets, (Gv) Both are administrative heads of their respective cabinet secretaiats. {(v) Both the offices originated atthe Central level. (vi) Both supervise the implementation of the decisions of their respective cabinets (vii) Both are heads oftheir respective civil services. The differences between the Chief Secretary and the Cabinet Secretary ae: (i) The powers and functions of Chief Secretary are much more thao that ofthe Cabinet Sect (i) The Che Screary iste ennai eae Soe Secs Wee Cine Seek ‘ot the administrative head of the Central Secretariat. (iil) The Chief Secretary is the chief of stat secretaries, while the Cabinet Secretary is not the chief of Central seeretares but only primus inter pares (frst antong equals). (iv) The Chief Secretary is the Residual Legare atthe state level, while the Cabinet Secretary is wot the Residual Legate at the Central level. This Function atthe Central level is performed by the Prncipal ‘Secretary to the Prime Minister who is the administrative head of the PMO. (©) Some departments of the State Secretariat are directly under he charge of chief secretary while no department of the Central Secretariat ig under the direct charge of the Cabinet Seczetary except, of ‘course, the Cabinet Secretariat.4 DIRECTORATES ‘The mii tag ar tne ct ive head are the three components of government atthe state Jevel, The minister andthe secretary together constite what is popularly known asthe Secreta. The office of the executive head, on the other hand is termed asthe Directors, The directorates function under the Sete ‘A secretariat is a staff agency while a Directorate isa line agency In other words, a Secretariat s concerned icy ‘while & is concemed withpolicyexeetion, Tus, dreortes are the encetive . Their duty is to translate into action the polici cat. They are also known as executive departments as distinct fiom the Sect ents. Excepting few cases, each Secretariat department bs a corresponding executive department. Heads The sirectomies at sa rule located outside he seca. They conse din! ognisaionlenes headed by Director who is asi = i t Directors. However, the ead of a Directorate (ie. executive department or executive agency) may also be ‘mown by vious names vi Commision esor General upeder Gener Ream, Conmlle, Cit Engineer, Chief Conservator, and so on. The following table contains the names of directorates or executive departments and their heads. ‘SL No. Directorates or Executive Departments ‘Designation ofthe Heads 1. Agriculture Department Disector of Agreulnre 2. Animal Husbandry Department Director of Animal Husbandry 3. Cooperative Department Registrar of Cooperative Societies 4. Education Deparment Director of Education 5, Excise Department Commissioner of Excise 6 Forest Department (Chief Conservator of Forests 7. Housing Deparment ‘Commissioner of Housing 8, Inigation Deparment (Chief Engineer (rigntion) 9. Jail Department Inspector Genera of ils 10, Labour Department ‘Commissioner of Labour 11, Police Department Director-Generl of Police 12, Sales Tax Department (Commissioner of Seles Tax 13, Printing and Stationery Department Controller of Printing and Stationary 14, Employment Directorate Director of Employment 15.__ Industries Directorate Director of Industries Functions ‘The functions of the Head of the Directorate are: \4FTo provide technical advice to the ministers. ‘\Gii}To prepare the budget of the department, Aili) To exercise disciplinary powers over the subordinate officers as per rules. \Uliv) To render advise to the State Public Service Commission 4) To inspect implementation of work by the departmental i) To allocate grants and make budget reappropriations. Sin ‘To make all appointments, confirmations, postings, transfers and promotions of all subordinate officers within the prescribed limits and approved rules. aii) To organise in-service training programmes for departmental officers. (ix) To carryout departmental research and experiment programme to improve the efficiency of the department. (x) To accord sanction to the officers for the attendance of conferences (other than inter-state or Central Goverament conferences), SS ns and disciplinary actions,BOARD OF REVENUE ‘ABoard of Revenue relieves the state government of the detailed work inthe fied of revenue administrati lis Tevene Rlerarchy of te sate. Its an autonomous body created under 8 act ofthe State Legislature. Hence, itis not a department of the state go pore ofthe sine goverment machine. Howevs 1 RSSUORE TREE or Vast aaa ABoard of Revenue acts as a li state ivisional/ district Its activities are multi-functional and it is thus related to several departments. A Board of Revenue is a multi-member body. The neabes bave both individual as well as collective responsibilities. The number of vari cone state to another stae. It ranges betwee isa it consists of Six Thus, the Board in U.P. has six members whereas in Bibar end Orissa it consists of only-one fulltime, member, The members are usually senior LA.S. officers, The Board has e-separate secretariat of its own. Functions “The functions of the Board can be divided into three categories—advisory, appellate (quasi-judicial) and administrative. These are as follows: ‘ Te tenders.expert advice to the state government on all matters of revenue policy and other matters which are referred to it : 2. Ttacts as the highest ceuenue.comrt in the state. It hears appeals.or petitions for.cexision filed against ities. i ‘and the Divisional Commissioner. orders 3. Ttexercises general supervision over the state revenues and recommends measures to augment those 4, Its responsible for the administration of the revenue policies as well as the revenue legislations of the state government. 5. Itundertakes tours and inspects the revenue sections in he divisional commissioner's offices and the collectorates. 6. leis responsible for civil supplies, land reforms, survey, settlement and land records. 7. In some states, the President of the Board of Revenue acts as the Chairman of the State Transport ‘Authority. 8. In those states which do not have divisional commissioners, the Board.of Revenue comes in direct ist istration. Here, the Board supervises and coordinates the work of various departments at the supra-district evel. 9. In some states, the Board is responsible for conducting the departmental examinations for the LAS and. __ other categories of officers 10, In some states, the President of the Board of Revenue is empowered to write the Annual Confidential Reports (ACRS) of the Divisional Commissioners and the District Collectors. Alternative Bodies ‘The first Board of Revenue was crested in Bengal in 1786, At present (2010), a Board of Revenue is existing inal the states except the following: 1. Maharashtra and Gujarat, which have the institution of Revenue Tribunal in place of the Board of Revenue. 2. Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, which have the institution of Financial instead of the Board of Revenue Commissioners in 1977.6 DIVISIONAL COMMISSIONER For the purpose of administrative convenience, a state is divided into divisions. Each division consists of four to six districts. Thus, a division can be called an administrative area between the districts and the state ‘headquarters. A divisional commissioner is the head of a division, He acts as a supervisory and directorial officer and ‘cocupies.an intermediate position in the hierarchy Between te position in the hierarchy between the district collector and the state secretariat A divisional commissioner represents the state government is his division. He is appointed by the state government. He is a senior member ofthe IAS. Pe ‘The institution of divisional commissioner was created in 1829 by Lord William Benue. Serena exits ih all the states except Tamil Nedu, Pradesh, Kerala, Rajasthan and Gujarat, In these states, te di coler des daw ute eet it a ey Functions A divisional commissioner isthe head of the di nistration. However, the entire administration of divisional administration {the division is not subject to-his control and supervision. His jurisdiction extents to revenue administration, ns las and-onder-administation and development administration. Broadly speaking, bis powers ste as follows: i 10, He is the highest executive authority in the division. He supervises, guides and controls the various offices in the division, especially that of collectors, ci exzcutive officers of zila parishads, ‘supsrintendents of police and municipal councils. He is the head of linistration in the division. He hears appeals (in revenue matters) against roca gedaan rina menace coordinator at the divisional-evel ofthe various organisations of the government and Public. He ensues proper and effective ationof in the division. +e removes bowenesks in hei smooth implementation. . He sees inter departmental differences and disputes inthe division. Thus, he acts as a trouble shooter and ensures interdistrict coordination. He is the bead of law nistraton in the division. He is responsible forthe maintenance of peace and jail administration, Ms ppv led ae got af eas pr Taco ft the firearms. ‘He undertakes periodical touring and inspects district, sub-divisional and tehsil offices. He deals with land reforms, survey and settlement, taccavi loans and other dues He looks into the integrity of the gove cials. He ensures that they behave properly and ourteousiy with the public. He tries to redress the public grievances. ‘He deals with all rsis and emergeney situations. He supervises relief and rehabilitation operations. He issues necessary orders and provi district collectors, He supervises the functioning of panchayati raj bodies and municipal institutions in the diREGIONAL OFFICER 7 re Many executive. ents (directorates) of the state goverment have their regional offices. The jurisdiction Of regal fee eens We OS Te ae i Tsuen is an intermediate level administrative set-up between the state. (directorates) its district Snes yee tv ne ce tnd A regional officer (by whatever name he is called) is the head (in-charge) of a. regional office. The examples of regional officers are: Deput eral of Police who heads the range office (a region in case of the police department is called ‘range’), Conservator of Forests who heads the ranj office (also called as circle office), Superintending Engineer of Public Works who heads the circle office, and Regi ‘the regii nal atice. The ice. The other examples are: Deputy Director of Agriculture, Joint Director of Animal Husbandry, Regional Joint Director of Education, Superintending Engineer of lrrigation and so on. A regional officer cannot be compared to a divisional commissioner whose activities are multi-functional. ‘The jurisdiction of a regional officer, on the other hand, is limited to the activities of the concemed department in the region. Notably, the territorial jurisdiction of regional offices of various executive departments are not co- terminus. This is because, each executive department creates its regional offices to suit its own peculiar Tequirements, Also, the territorial jurisdiction of a regional office may or may not be co-terminus with the division of a divisional commissioner. Functions The functions of a regional office include the following: ~T- To supervise and control the work of the district level officers of the department 2. To relieve the head of the d is work. This would enable him to concentrate on u him to concentrate 0 more important matters 3. To provide technical guidance to the district level functic the department 4. To coordinate the work of the district level officers so as to facilitate the smooth implementation of the policies and programmes 5. To act as an evaluation agency, ic., measuring the achievement of targets by the field offices §. Toundertake an adequate number of fours and inspections to the field offices to identify their problems and difficulties 7. To maintain an active touch with the working of panchayati raj bodies under its region 8. Tosenda consolidated report to the head of the department on the functioning of departmental officers8 DISTRICT COLLECTOR 2 Position A District Collector is also called a Deputy Commissioner in Kamataka, Assam, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir and Haryana, and District Magistrate in West Bangal and Uttar Pradesh. The office of a Dist lector is, called as the Collectarate. ‘A District Collector is the head of district administration and the official agent of the state government in the district. The office of a District Collector is a unique.as it has no parallels in the administrative systems of other countries except the office of Prefect in France. In France, the Prefect is the head of the department (ie. the largest territorial unit of administration in France) and an official agent of the Central Government. The office of Prefect is called as the Prefectorate. Hence the French Prefect is considered as the nearest analogue of the District Collector in India. The Revenue and General Administration Department and the Registration Department of the district ‘administration are directly under the charge of District Collector. But his control, supervision and influence extend to all the other departments of district administration. He is a multi-purpose functionary around whom revolves the entire administration of the district. The District Collector belongs to the General Administration Department of the state government (i.e the State Secretariat) which is headed politically by the Chief Minister and administratively by the Chief Secretary. The collector is controlled and supervised by Divisional Commissioner. The place of Collector in the administrative system of a state can be illustrated by the following diagram. ‘State Government o Chief Minister J t State Secretariat o Chief Secretary t t Division” ° Divisional Commissioner + 1 District o District Collector Evolution District is the basic lia. The term ‘District’ is defined by the Oxford Dictionary as “a territory marked off for special administrative purposes.”” Originally, the Constitution of India made no mention of the term “district” except in Article 233, which mentioned the term ‘district judges.’ But the 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts of 1992 included the term district in the constitution at many places under Part IX and IXA which dealt with Panchayats and _ municipalities respectively. “District, istration,” in the words of S.S. Khera, “is the total management of public affairs within this unit. District Administration is that portion of public administration which functions within the territorial limits of a district.” District as a territorial unit of administration in India has a long history beginning with the Mauryan Era. During the Mughal rule, g-dist ad it was headed by Karori-Faujdar, a military — the office of District Collector came into existance in India, — the British East India Company. This office was created in 1772 by Warren Hastings, the than jovernor-General of India. Jn 1787, i vil justi : ddl orevemeanlian eee x civil justice and magistracy in irre indian Statutory Commission (the Simon Commission-1930) remarked thatthe district collector “i in the eyes of most of its inhabitants, the government” while Ramsay MacDonald compared the District Collector to a tortoise on whose back st Lord Wavel said that the Eaglish would be remembered not b tut i i fom of ton omen this institution or that, but by the ideals left behind in the‘After Independence, the office of District Collector suffered in terms of status and authority due 0 the following factors §)-Expansion in the sphere of governmental activities and functions due to the replacement of ‘police state’ by ‘welfare state’, (i) Change in the form of government, that is, adoption of parliamentary government both at the Centre and in states, (ii) Change in the ends and objectives of the government, that i, welfare-orientation replaced colonial exploitation. (iv) ‘The emergence of Panchayati Raj es a unit of local administration. (¥) Separation of judiciary fromthe executive. (vi) Increasing political consciousness among people. (vii) The emergence and growth of large number of departments in the Lviii) Replacement of ICS by IAS. L Aix) Role and inffuence of pressure groups and political parties. L)_Rise of Commissionerate system of law and order administration in big cities. Role and Functions The role played and the functions performed by the District Collector in district administration can be studied under the following heads. Revenue Administration Historically, collection of revenue has been the first charge (function) of the District Collector as the very title Collector signifies, He is still the head of revenue administration in the district. He is responsible for the collection of Tevenue to the state government through the Board of Revenue | in Maharashtra, Financial Commissioner in Punjab, Haryana and Jammu & Kashmir, As the head of revenue administration in district, the Collector is responsible for the following functions. : -9-To collect land revenue Gi) To collect other government dues. Gi). To distribute and recover taccavi loans. Liv) To maintain land records. (v) collect rural statistics, (vj) To exercise the power of land acquisition officer, that is, acc industry, slum clearance, capital construction and so on. (vii)-To implement land reforms. (Wilf) To look after the welfare of the agriculturists. : (x) To make an assessment of losses of crops and recommend relief during natural calamities like fire, drought and flood. ~@x) To supervise treasury and sub-treasury, (xi) To enforce Stamp Act. xii) To pay rehabilitation grant. (iii) To manage goverament estates. “(xiv) To hear revenue appeals against the orders of lower authorities. Ge") To pay Zamindari abolition compensation, Law and Order Administration The mainter aw and order in district is the principal duty of the District Collector. Before Independence, the District Collectbr acted as both, the Executive Magistrate and the Judicial Magistrate. As an Executive Magistrate, he was responsible for the maintenance of law and order and as # Judicial Magistrate, he was responsible for the tri i i interpreting the laws. After Independence, the judiciary has been separated from the executive in accordance with Article 50 of the Directive Principles of State Policy of the Indian Constitution. As a consequence, the role of Collector as a judicial magistrate came to an.end. This function has heen handed aver ta anew functionary called the district judge who works under the direct control of the State High Court. The District Collector in his capacity as the district magistrate (i.e. executive magistrate) is ultimately responsible for the maintenance of law and order in the district. For this purpose, the district police force head i tof Police is kept under the control, supervision and direction of the district magistrate. The Indian Police Act of 1861 vests the e quiring land for the purpose of colonisation,ig of the district magistrate. Thus there is a system of istic t of Police under the control the ; ai aac or tdministration inthe ARTY, tha contol bythe district magisoae and control by the departmental line 1 of Police. ‘The District Collector in hi Gi To ssc ben te eto publ ens and ede under ston 14 of he Cin Procedure Code. (iii) To dis, all the petitions received from the government and others. {iv) To release prisoners on parole. (v) To inspect the jails. (vi) To submit an annual criminal Teport to the government. : ion (vii) To grant, suspend or cancel many kinds of licenses like arms, hotel, explosives, petroleum and others. (viii) To grant superi is (ix) To supervise and control local bodies. (x) To control and direct the acti listric lice. mtrol and direct the action of district police. (xi) To enforce Entertainment Tax Act, and Press Act. : (xi) To call the armed forces to aid and assist the civil administration to deal with any abnommal-simation in the district. (xiii) To prosecute offenders under the Factories Act and Trademark Act. -(xiv) To order disposal of unclaimed property. (is) To recommend schemes forthe date offre Development Administration Before Independence, the developmental role ofa Collector was, not that important as British India was a ‘police state’ concerned mainly with the regulatory administration. After Independence and with the initiation of development planning strategy, the developmental role of a Collector became significant. He has become a pivotal figure in the implementation of development programmes. However, the position in this regard is not same in all the states. Broadly, there have emerged two distinct patterns of development administration in the district. One is the Tamilnadu, Rajasthan and cer state" pattern and the ur isthe Maharashra and Gujarat Pater, In the first pattern the Collector is thade responsible both for regulatory and development administration. . As such, be looks after fevenue, magisraT and developmen actvieer i Wese sates Al the dstic level officers engaged in the implementation of development programmes function under the supervision, guidance and leadership of the Collector. Even though, in technical matters they function under the control and supervision of their respective departments, in the actual implementation of their development Programmes they are placed under the administrative control of the District Collector. In many states, the Collector is ignated as the District Development Officer and is authorised to write the Annual ed ent administration. Cc til Report of icers In the second pattern found in Maharashtra and Gujarat_the Collector is made responsible only for. regulatory administration. The development administration in these states is made the responsibility of the Zila Parishad it the District level officers engaged inthe implementation of development programmes Panto ender the administrative control and supervision ofthe Zila Parishad, For this pourpose, the Zila Paris! ‘appointed the District Development Officer (or chief executive officer) P who also belc te the IAS. By this arrangement, the Collector is relieved of his responsibility in the developmental fel. ‘An iy ¢ role of the Collector in the deve field is his association with ‘he District Rural Development Agency ( ft should be noted here that the le of a Collector enced here that the ChIET Tole of a Collecto in the field of development administration is i infor ease ey tnation cin tivities of district lowever, the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act e € ent Panchayati-Rej 1993 and 1994 of various states have reduced the role of Collector inOther Powers and Functions functions. o (i) ii) (iv) wv) (wi) (wii) (vii) (x) &) (xi) (xii) (xiii) 11 In addition to the above, the Collector also performs the following He acts as the Returning Officer for elections to parliamentary and state assembly constituencies. Hence, he coordinates the election work at the district level. He acts as the District Census officer. Hence, he conducts the census operations once in ten years. He acts as the Chief Protocol Officer in a district, , He presides over the District Plan Implementation Commitee, He acts as the official representative of the state government during ceremonial functions in the district. He acts as a kind of buffer between citizens and administration in the district. He supervises the municipal administration in the district, He acts-as the Public Relations Officer of the government. . He acts as the trator-in-chief during natural calamities and other emergencies. As a head of district administration, he deals with personnel matters ofthe district staff. He is responsible for civil supplies-food and other essential commodities. He handles work pertaining to civil defence. He maintains liaison with military authorities and looks after the welfare of both serving and retired members of the armed forces. The Collectorate A Collectorate is the office of District Collector located in the headquarter of the district. It is divided into various sections. Each section helps the Collector in the performance of administrative responsibilities. The following are some of the sections of a typical Collectorat ‘Accounts Section ~& Civil Supplies Section = = * oT Development Section Election Section c Establishment Section 7 General Section Housing Section -& Intelligence Section eubonnd Judicial Section Land Acquisition Section Land Record Section Land Reforms Section Panchayat Section Protocol Section Public Relations Section ~s- Revenue Section “Rehabilitation Section + = = Registration Section Statistical Section Transport Section12 DEPARTMENTAL DISTRICT OFFICIALS RR aac alam elle Majority of thégtate ts are represented at the district level] Each district department has its own head. ec a ana ee Wea Oem is, specialist civil servants. They are ‘bome on the cadres of specialised state services created on ental lines. They work under the control and supervisi i or Commissioner who head the Directorate). However, the Di district administration, supervises and coordinates their work. Unlike the other district officials, the collector is a generalist civil servant, usually a member of IAS: The following table shows the departments and their heads inthe district. Re a Sto Name of Department ‘Designation of the District Head \ oe ‘General Administration District Collector/Deputy Commissioner/District Magistrate 2. Registration Department —do— 3. Police ‘Superintendent of Police 4. Excise ‘Superintendent of Excise/District Excise Officer 5. Medical Civil Surgeon/District Medical Officer 6. Public Health District Health Officer 7. Forest District Forest Officer 8. Education Inspector of Schools/District Education Officer 9. Cooperation Assistant Registrar of Cooperative Societies 10. Agriculture Assistant Director of Agriculture/ District Agricultural Officer 11. Industries Assistant Director of industries District Industries Officer 12, dudicial District Judge/District and Sessions Judge 13. Social Welfare + | Social Welfare Officer/Backward Classes Welfare Officer 14. Jails Superintendent of Jails 15. Labour Assistant Commissioner of Labour/District Labour Officer 16. Public Works Executive Engineer 17. Civil Supplies/Rationing District Food and Civil Supply Officer ‘18. Veterinary District Veterinary Officer/Assistant Director of Veterinary Services 19. Information/Publicity * District Information Officer/Assistant Director of Publicity 20. Statistics District Statistics Officer : 21. , Employment - “+ District Employment Officer 22, Panchayats District Panchayats Officer 23. Treasury and Accounts District Treasury Offizer/District Accounts Officer 24, Planning District Planning Officer 25, Sales Tax District Sales Tax OfficerADMINISTRATION BELOW THE DISTRICT LEVEL 13 The District Collector isthe head of administration inthe distict. Inthe performance of his multifarious asks he is assisted by the following hieararchy of finctionaries. Collector 1 o ‘Sub-Divisional Officer + 4 Tehsil Taluka) ° Teksildar 4 : 1 Circe (Pargana) ° Revenue Inspector (Quonungo) 1 L Village 2 Patwari Sub-Division Under the provisions of the Land Revenue Code and the Criminal Procedure Code, a district i territorially divided into a number of units for the purpose of revenue and criminal administration. ‘The names of these units and their heads (ie. officials-in-charge of them) differ from state to state as mentioned below in Table 6.2. sce fa a REO ce ES) Se eSESFe ‘Sates Unies Heads @ Uttar Pradesb ‘Sub-Division| ‘Sub-Divisional Officer/Sub- Divisional Magistrate Gi) Tamil Ned Revenue Division Revenue Divisional Office/Sub-Collector (iy Maarastira Prant Prant Office Depuy Collector/Assstant Collector ‘The Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) is ether a member of IAS or State Civil (executive or administrative) ‘Service and is appointed and comtolled hy the state government. Like he Disuist Collector, he is a territeriat officer, generals administetor anda multipurpose fncionary. Hes vested withreven magisterial and executive powers. As the chief executive officer ic official representative of the state government he has to Keep i touch with the activites 0 ents ofthe goverament inthe sub-division. He acts, on doe ee ‘as a link between the Sa Rees aa tc cher ir evar HITE td, on he ‘ther hand, between the district magistrate ane Ure FlatOn PoTice OMicert . order. Thus he is the principal assistan ide to the District Collector and is responsible to him for a stration Ti the sub-division. c ‘ce The sub-divisions are of Fwo Types—Uhe Office type and the touring type. In the first type, which is prevalent in most states, the SDO has a permanent office I thin the sub-division itself. In the second type, which is prevalent in few 5 ie SDO does not maintain an office and performs. his functions as a touring officer. He resides at the district headquarters. Tehsil Each sub-division is further teritorally divided into a number of adminiswative units. The nomenclatures for these units and their officials-in-charge differ fom state to state as mentioned below in Table 6.3. eae Siates Tits Heads (Uttar Pradesh Tehsil Tehsldar (sista by Nalb-Tehsldar) Gi) Tamil Nad Taluk Tehsildar (assisted by Deputy-Tebsildat) (Gi)_Mabnarashars Taluka/Mahal Mamlaidar(Mahalhar ‘A tehsil isthe bagic unit for various aspects of administration like land revenue, land records, treasury, magistracy and 50 on, [is described as a” Miniature district’ as the offices of various field departments are located within it. However, certain states li Bihar and West Bengal have no tehsils and a sub-division is the unit below the district. “The Tehsildar belongs to the state civil service and isan officer of gazetted rank. Like Collector and $00, he is a terioral ofier, © generli-ramhistator and a multi-purpose funtonary He is vesied with revenue, megisterial and executive powers. He is responsible for collection of revenue as well as ‘maintena ‘order in the fehl. Ata chief executive officer and as an offi nati the state government, he has to Keep in touch with the activities of various departments of the government inthe tehsil and coordinate their activitesnd the ultimate unit for all adm the states. In Tamil Nadu, th onary in a village is called erforms revenue aan inate Police, and general adminitrative duties andacts as the vermin hc_village area. The functionary equal to him in Maharashtra is called 1. In UP, there is no sh pester Ce a aaa Poss, Fagan rar Ta Punjab, Himachal Prades, Haryana and Madhya Prades us the village accountaat: He is called by ‘alniaing the village revenue accounts and and recon, He ue ie various other names inter sates, foinsiane, ebipal in UP Kaman ot kanok.nla a ome Xe O01 alatl i Maharashtra. He is called as “the kingpin of revenue adminstration in the district” by S.S. Kher,Functions A Disict Rural Develonment Agency DRDA) Si a perceags TT THe alloca 280 the administrative cost of the DRDAs were met by seting apart a certain agency at the district ora each programme. However, keeping in view the need for an effective iron i nae ems ren Pr The primary obj the DRDAS 50 the gen got he stheme of DRDA administration is to suengthen and professionaise vote DaDACien ‘niga Ministry of Rural Development. insutions, banks and other Sareea with the line departments, Panchayati Raj to puhering support and ee aaeiaL institutions, the NGOs as well as technical institutions with «view The role of DRDAs win ees required for poverty reduction effort inthe district. nonitor progress RDAs will be to facilitate the implementation of pro to supervise/ove tual development progrmpers. ‘and maintain accounts of funds received for various al development programm The DRDAs are expected to deal i-pove 1s of the Union Ministry of es of other ministries or those of the state Rural Development, If DRD; governments, it should be e1 ese have a definite anti-poverty focus. Organisation Each district will have its own DRDA. The DRDA would be headed by a project director, who should be of the rank of an Additional District Magistrate. In respect of such states where DRDAS do not have a separate ‘identity, a cell will be created in the zilla parishad to maintain separate accounts so that these are capable of being audited separately. ‘The chairman of zilla parishad would be the chairman of the governing body of the DRDA. The DRDA shall also have an executive Committee. The walling suture of the DRIDAs includes positon for passing for paver alieiaton, projet formulation, social organisation and capacity building, gender concerns, engineering supervision and quality control, project monitoring, accounting and audit functions as well as evaluation and impact studies. Each DRDA should have the following wings: so (i) Women’s Wing i) Self-employment Wing ar ‘Wage Employment Wing a Waterbed Wing Engineering Wi (vi) Accounts Wing ia sev (viii) General Administration Wing. Monitoring and Evaluation Wing, and cent staff and should not resort to direct recruitment. The 6 co so ee putaton for spec ; to ensure better choice OF Statt ang Rexibi employees should be taken on deputation for specific periods to ensue Beier cHoVee OTS bility technical posts should in suing pater sect directors, project officers, asistant project officers and all teshni te Rear wi ro ee en capability aid motivaion seeted in an objective manner by selection aanned by officers with proven SPU!) committees.