WOLAITA SODO UNVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

THE ASSESSEMENT OF URBAN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN WOLATIA

ZONE DAMOT PULASA WOREDA SHANTO TOWN

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENT OF A BACHELOR OF ART (BA) DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.

PREPARED BY:- TAFESE TOMA

ID No:- Geo/Sum/197/10

ADIVISOR: - Eyob.A(Ass.Prof)

MARCH: 2023
WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA
Table of Contents
Abstract..................................................................................................................................................i
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study..............................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective of the study..................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General objective.................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objectives................................................................................................................4
1.4 Research questions......................................................................................................................4
1.5 Significance of the study..............................................................................................................4
1.6 Scope of the study.......................................................................................................................4
1.7 Limitation of the study.................................................................................................................5
1.8 Organization of the study............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................6
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES...................................................................................................6
2.1 Definition of terms and concepts.................................................................................................6
2.2 Solid waste management system................................................................................................6
2.3 Source of solid waste...................................................................................................................7
2.4 Collection of Households Solid wastes in municipal solid waste management...........................7
2.5 Disposal of Solid Waste Management.........................................................................................8
2.6 Constraints of Municipal Households Sold Waste Management.................................................8
2.7 Municipal solid waste management system in developing countries........................................10
2.8 Disposal solid waste...................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................................13
3 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................13
3.1 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION........................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Geographical Location.......................................................................................................13
3.1.2. Climate..............................................................................................................................13
3.1.3 Topography........................................................................................................................14
3.1.4 Demography.......................................................................................................................14
3.1.5 Economic activity...............................................................................................................14
3.2 Research design and Method of study......................................................................................14
 3.2.1 Research design.................................................................................................................14
3.2.2 Data sources.......................................................................................................................14
3.2.3 Data collection instruments...............................................................................................15
3.2.3.1 Questionnaires................................................................................................................15
3.2.3.2. Interviews......................................................................................................................15
3.2.3.3 Filed observations...........................................................................................................15
3.2.4 Target population, sampling technique and sample size..................................................15
3.2.4.1 Sampling technique........................................................................................................15
3.2.4.2 Sample size...................................................................................................................15
3.3 Data Analysis.............................................................................................................................16
4. Time and cost budget..................................................................................................................17
Time budget....................................................................................................................................17
Cost budget.....................................................................................................................................18
REFFERENCE........................................................................................................................................19
 Abstract
Solid waste management is a critical issue all over the world, but good solid waste
management is not yet more practiced all over the world due to various factor. The problem
was more serious in developing country. Household solid waste management is in Ethiopia is
being a major public health problem and environmental concern in urban areas of the
county. This study is aimed at the overall assessment of the existing municipal solid waste
management service in Shanto town. In order to accomplish these objectives, the researcher
used both primary and secondary source. The primary data were gathered through
questionnaire, interview, field measurement, and field observation. Whereas, the secondary
data were extracted from different published and unpublished materials. The analysis of this
paper was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The finding of this
study revealed that the present system of municipal solid waste management in Shanto town
entirely relied on municipality which provided the full range of waste collection,
transportation and disposal services. But the provision of these services is not kept pace with
the town solid waste generation. Based on the finding of this research, the town household
dominantly produced biodegradable solid waste (83.75%).So that municipal solid waste
management of the town is found in very low status and special coverage. This poor status of
municipal solid waste management is also intensified by three criteria factors. The first one is
poor institutional structure and capacity of sanitation, beatification, and parks development
department. The secondly short coming is limited participation and contribution of
stockholders, I.e. unsatisfactory participation of communities, no collaboration of varies
nongovernmental organization, no privet sector involvement, the third constraint is poor
households solid waste management practices resulted from improper handling of solid
waste storage materials, low level of solid waste separation and research recover activity,
and illegal solid waste disposal system. Therefore, the best ways to tackle the above problem
are: execution of sustainable solid waste management systems through awareness creation
and training, improvement of sanitation beautification and parks development department
institutional structure and capacity, and implementation of integrated municipal solid waste
management approach which recognizes and comprises all stock holders.

KEY WORDS: Solid waste management, House Holds, Disposal waste

i
 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
HH= Household

NGOs=Non-Government Organization

MSW =Municipal Solid Waste

MSWM =Municipal Solid Waste Management

SBPDD= Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Development Department

UNCHS =United Nation Center of Human Settlement

UNEP=United Nation Environmental Program

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Waste management is a critical issue all over the world. However, good waste management is
not yet more practiced all over the world due to varies factors. The problem is more serious in
developing countries especially fast growing town (Michal, 2011).

Solid waste can create serious problem for human and the environment, if they are not
treated, stored, transported and manage safety (William, 2005).According to Kahn and ashen
(2003).Solid waste is defined as a material that is cheaper to throw away than to share or use.
Solid waste are simply material at wrong place which can be segregated, transformed,
recycled and reused with great financial and environmental benefit. The growing mass of
solid waste produced annually in the world over includes millions of tons of paper and paper
product, plastics, bottles, tyros, junked machines, automobiles and millions of other articles
and appliances of various size and kinds (Seth and Label ,1998).Solid waste management is
major challenges of these days for the administrator, engineers, and planners. Huge volume
of solid waste are generated and needed to be transported speedily and sufficiently without
exercise cost or damage into the environment. Unfortunately in many developing countries
therefore managing wastes primitives (Kahn and Ashen, 2003).

Solid waste management system is planned system efficiently controlling the production
storage collection, transportation, and processing and disposal solid waste in a sanitary
acceptable and economic manner. It includes all administrative, financial, legal, and planning
function as well as physical aspect of waste handling (Encyclopaedic dictionary of vole,
2007).Solid waste management practice use several technique to manage dispose of specific
components solid waste management technique include
avoidance ,reduction ,reuse ,recycling ,recovery and disposal classification ,these activities
into different stage and technique help to identify and understand the problem associated with
solid waste management system and proper response to improve facilities and services
(Anjaneyulu ,2009).In addition ,it also helps to identify source and types of waste that
influence them. Thus to avoid; minimize or sort solid waste materials as it its source requires
active participation on the waste generating house hold, commercial and industrial companies
and their employees (Harriiso,1996).In developing country's it is common to find large heaps

1
of garbage festering allayer the city. The problem get feather complicated due to large
population and the absolute techniques employed of waste management (Khan and Ashen,
2003).

Municipal solid waste management construes one of the most crucial health and
environmental problems facing government of Africa cities. The uncollected or illegal
dumped wastes constitute a disaster for human health and the environmental degradation. Not
only their quantity increase but their varieties also increasing in urbanization income and
changing consumption habits fully by globalization. This scenario places the already
desperate urban authorities in difficult situation especially as they have to develop new
shortages to deal with increasing volume as well as strong varieties of waste poor waste
management practice particularly wide spread dumpling of waste in water bodies and
uncontrolled.

Solid waste management is one of the most important services provided by municipal
authorities. The way of handling collection and disposal of waste can pose risks to the
environment as well as the public health. The scope and complexity of SWM continue
expanding and consume considerable proportion of the city budgets. The SWM sectors,
therefore, deserves careful attention for sticking a balance between quality of service and cost
effectiveness. In a modern city or town, huge volume of solid wastes is generated every day
that need regular collection, transportation and disposal. The operations have to be carried out
speedily and efficiently without incurring excessive cost or damage to the environment. In
many developing countries the system for managing waste in primitive and cannot cope with
the volume of waste being generated (Ahmed, 2009).

Ethiopia solid waste management is a serious problem and low awareness about the impact of
waste and not think about the future generation. Ethiopian solid waste management, the
service of municipality waste passive with in the management of waste.

The main significance of this study was to becoming sustainable environment condition with
in the town, to reject the solid waste, and control illegal dumping around the open area and to
manage the unwanted materials.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Solid wastes a potential of serious problem on environmental and human health, unless
properly managed .It leads to surface and ground water contamination, land pollution and air
quality deterioration (Kahn and Ashen, 2003).

2
In developing countries the practice of solid waste management is low ,resource are in
adequate and uncontrolled dumping is wind to spread poor waste collection and disposal
system have significant environmental and health impact as well as limited regulation of
private sector and illegal dumping of domestic and industrial waste is common practice
(Takel.T,2004).

Household solid waste management in Ethiopia is being a major public health and
environmental concern in urban areas of the countries. In Ethiopia these average solid waste
generation rate is about 0.221kg per person per day and it is also estimated that only 2% of
the population received solid waste collection on service (zebenay, 2010).

Shanto town is characterized by rapid population growth caused by natural increase and
migration. Due to rapid increase in population together with rapid development of the town
has produced increasing the volume of solid waste. In addition to this there are no public
solid waste storage containers and road said dust bens.

This shows that the operational condition of HSWM service and efforts made to change the
situation are low. Before a time many researchers will participated by this issue. The main
objective of the previous researchers was to be coming good environmental condition with in
Shanto town. But the researcher was not generate sufficient solution, because the town was
not far away from any waste and problems. But I belief to that my research was solve this
problems and become good environmental condition on the town. Because, my idea was first
to assess the current municipal household solid waste management and to create awareness
with in the societies about the impacts of waste in the settlers. So my research was the best
one to becoming the solution in the solid waste management of the town. This situation show
that house hold solid waste management in Shanto town has not be carried out in a sufficient
and proper manner. The environmental and sanitary condition of the town has become more
serious from time to time, and people are suffering from living in such condition. So that the
urgent need of efficient household solid waste management on one hand and growth of solid
waste problem on the other hand are still the main feature of the Town. Therefore this study
examines the existing condition of municipal waste management in Shanto town.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General objective

The main objective of the study was to assessing urban solid waste management in Shanto
town.

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1.3.2 Specific objectives
Having the above general objectives the study geared to attain the following specific
objectives.

 To investigate the physical composition of household solid waste in the town.

 To assess present institutional arrangement and capacity of municipal solid waste
management of the town.
 To examine the existing status and spatial coverage of municipal household waste
management service in the town.
 To identify the current opportunity and challenges of municipal solid waste
management in Shanto town.

1.4 Research questions

So as to achieve the intended objectives stated above the following research are formulated.

 What is physical composition of household solid waste in the town?

 What is the current opportunity and challenges of municipal solid waste management in
the town?
 What is the current status and special coverage of municipal household solid waste
management of the town?
 What is the existing institution arrangement and capacity of municipal solid waste
management of Shanto town?

1.5 Significance of the study

This study may have two main significances. First it may give same guide line information to
policy maker, solid waste management and environmental protection agency about existing
situation on municipal solid waste management of Shanto town. The study may also
important in putting base line information to the next other studies how will like to conduct
detailed and comprehensive studies either in Shanto or other study area.

1.6 Scope of the study

This study confined to Wolatia Zone, Shanto town. This is mainly because there is severe
problem of household waste management and no surveys conducted so far regarding the town
solid waste management. On the other hand, the problem that the researcher studies is
delimited to overview of the current condition municipal and household solid waste

4
management and institutional arrangement and capacity of stakeholders for delivering of
proper household solid waste management practice in the town.

1.7 Limitation of the study

The researcher did not finish this research without short coming. Some of them were lack of
sufficiently available data, shortage of money during data collection. The writer also faced
shortage of secondary data. Official workers in the municipality of the town are also refused
to give detail information related to operational cost of SBPDD work process of some
consecutive year. But, the researcher tried to overcome some of those problems by finding
reference documents about the town MSWM from public and other different libraries and by
using its own money.

1.8 Organization of the study

This paper is organized in to five chapters. The first chapter is an introductory part of the
paper that includes background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study,
research questions, and significance of the studies, scope of the study, limitation of the study
and organization of the paper. The Second chapter deals with review of related literature
obtained from various published and unpublished reference materials. The third is research
methodology. The fourth result and discussion present analysis and interpretation of data
about the existing status and special coverage of municipal solid waste management practice,
and institutional arrangement and capacity of municipal solid waste management of town.
The last part of this study is chapter five which presents the conclusion and recommendation
of the study. Appendices are also attached at the end of the paper.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.1 Definition of terms and concepts

2.1.1 Waste and solid waste

According to UK environmental protection act(2009) “waste is any substance which

constitutes scrap materials, an effluent or other un wanted surplus arising from application of
any substance or article which requires to be disposed of which has broken, worn out,
contaminated or other with spoiled.”

Solid waste can be defined as “any gavages, refuse, sludge, and other discarded solid
materials resulting from industrial, commercial agricultural operations, and community
activities but does not include dissolve materials”(Samuel,2011).

According to solid waste management proclamation No 513/2007 of FDRE under the term
waste is defined as “anything that may or may not have any value, including glass, metal,
cigarette buttes, paper fabric, food garden remnants or other materials that in any way spoil
the aesthetics of the place or make it unhygienic.’’

2.1.2 Solid waste management

Means the collection transportation, storage, recycling or disposal of solid waste or the
subsequent use of disposal site that is no longer operational. (Federal Negarit Gazeta of
Ethiopia, proclamation number 513/2007).

Solid waste management is a term that used to refer to the process of collecting and treating
solid wastes. It also offers solution for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash.
As long as people have been living in statements and residential areas, garbage or solid waste
has been an issue. Waste management is all about how solid waste can be changed and used
as a valuable resource. Solid waste management should be embraced by each and every
household including the business owners across the world. Industrialization has brought a lot
of good things and bad things as well. One of the negative effects of industrialization is the
creation of solid waste (Dereje, 2011).

6
2.2 Solid waste management system
Planned system of efficiency controlling the production storage collection, transpiration
processing and disposal solid in sanitary aesthetical and conceptual manner Solid waste
management system includes all administrative financial and planning functions as well as
the physical solid waste handling (Cyclopaedia dictionary environment. Vile, 2007).

Solid waste management is the practice of using several techniques to manage disposal of
specific component solid waste. Solid waste management techniques include
avoidance ,reduction ,reuse recycling ,recovery and disposal ,classifying this activity in to
different stages and techniques will be help to identify and understand the problems
associated with solid waste management system and proper response improve the facility and
service (Anjeneyulu.2009)

2.3 Source of solid waste

2.3.1 Domestic solid wastes: wastes generated from household activities such as food
preparation, cleaning fuel burning, old clothes, furniture, absolute utensils and equipment,
packaging, news print and garden wastes. In developing countries, food waste and ashes
dominate household solid wastes. (Dereje, 2011).

2.3.2 Commercial wastes: wastes from shops, offices, hotels, restaurants, etc. and typically
consisting packaging materials, office supplies and food wastes in low income countries food
markets contribute the largest portion of commercial waste. (Dereje, 2009).

2.3.3 Institutional wastes: waste from school, hospitals, clinics, government offices, military
bases, etc. and comprise hospital and clinical wastes including potentially infectious and
hazardous materials (Dereje, 2011).

2.3.4 Industrial wastes: compositions of industrial wastes depend on the kind of industrial
involved. It consists food waste from kitchens and contains, packaging materials, plastic and
metal items (Dereje, 2011).

2.3.5 Street sweeping: dust soil, paper, etc. in developing countries street sweeping also
include fruit and vegetable residues household waste dump along road drain cleaning animal
manure and plant remains(Dereje,2011).

2.3.6 Construction and Demolition wastes: its composition depend on type of construction
materials used but it typically includes soil, brick, stone, concrete, ceramic materials, wood,
packaging materials and the like (derege2011)

7
2.4 Collection of Households Solid wastes in municipal solid waste management
Collection involves the process of pecking up of wastes from collection ponds , lauding them
into vehicle and transporting it to processing facilities ,transfer stations or disposable sites ,in
most municipal solid waste management system .Cost of collection accounts a significance
portion of total cost for instance ,industrialized countries collection accounts about 60-70% of
total cost and from 70=90% in developing and transition countries (UNEP,2010).Collection
is structural similar in developing countries transition and industrialized countries .However,
in developing countries collection often involves a face to face truncation bin generator and
collectors .The level of services is low and generators often have to bring their waste along
distance and place it in containers .As result many collection activities in developing
countries are carried out by informal sectors (UNPE,2009).

2.5 Disposal of Solid Waste Management

This is finally functional element in solid waste management system. Disposal activities are
associated with finally dump of solid wastes directly to a land fill site. Today disposal of
wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes whether this are
residential wastes ,or residual materials from materials recovers facilities; ”However in most
developed countries this methods official banned a longing only sanitary land fill for finally
disposal .Because sanitary land fill is not a dump it is an engineered facilities used for
disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health and
environment (techobanningless,2011).Though it is the most common technology around the
world, conventional and environmental un friendly methods such as open –burning, open
dumping and non-sanitary land fill can still be used as disposal method “(UNPE,2009).

2.6 Constraints of Municipal Households Sold Waste Management

As it is noted alertly atypical sold waste management system in developing countries displays
an array of problem including low collection coverage and irregularly collection series and
crude open dumping and burning without air and water control .this problem are caused by
various factories which constraint development of effective municipal solid waste
management system. The can be categorized in to technical, financial, institutional, social
constraints and awareness and attitude (Ogawa 2013) each of this constants discuses below.

2.6.1 Human and Technical constraints

In most developing countries there is lack of human resources and technical experts both at
national and local level .Many officers in charge of municipal solid, waste management,

8
particularly at local level, have little technical back ground or training in management
(Odawa2013).This is the many resound for lock of compressive waste management planning
in developing countries, Furthermore, collection and analyses of solid waste data are
generally not give sufficient attention.

2.6.2 Financial constraints

Municipal solid waste management is given priority in developing countries as a result very
limited funds are allocated to the sector by government. This problem is acute at the local
government level where local revenue collection system is indigently developed and financial
base for public services including municipal solid waste management is weak. In addition to
limited funds many local government in developing countries lack good financial
management and planning. For instance, in a developing countries town over 90% of annual
budget provided for solid waste management is used up with in first six months. Lack of
financial management particularly cost accounting deplete to limited resource available for
the sector even more quickly and causes solid waste management service to halt for some
periods. (Gebrie, 2009)

2.6.3 Awareness and attitude towards solid waste

Public awareness and attitude to waste can affect the whole municipal solid waste
management system. All steps in municipal solid waste management starting from household
waste storage, collection frequency, to waste segregation recycling, willingness to pay for
waste management services and opposition to sitting of waste treatment and disposal facilities
depends on public awareness and school education about the importance of proper solid
waste management for health and wellbeing of people severely restrict use of community
based approaches in developing countries and also crucial for failure of a municipal solid
waste management service in developing countries(Zubrugg, 2011).2.6 Relationship between
institutional capacity and provision of municipal solid waste management

First of all institutional capacity means; the ability institutions to perform functions, solve
problem and set the achieve objectives in sustainable manner’’ (Abeje, 2009).

According to Abeje capacity of an institution to deliver municipal solid waste management

(MSWM) is mainly depend on three factors.

These including,

A) Capacity of individual to perform their job or tasks

9
B) Consideration of structure and culture characteristics of organization and its leadership
and

C) Institutional context of public sectors and expansion of the task network.

2.6.4 Lacks of legislation and enforcement

Lacks of legislation on waste management has also been cited as being partially responsible
for the undefined role of agencies in the waste sector as well as the lacks of coordination
among them. Legislation related to waste management in developing country is usually
fragmented and several acts (such as public health ) local government and environmental
protection cause related to waste
management .Rule and regulation

therefore to be enforced by different

agencies with duplication of
responsibility and gabs in the regulatory
provision which constrain the development of effective solid waste management system
(Ibid).

Source; Ethio GIs, 2021 please be sure for your photo source

2.7 Municipal solid waste management system in developing countries

The rapid extent and nature of urbanization in developing countries made MSWM as a major
issue of concern in those countries. ‘’In the next 35 years, the urban population of world is
expected to be double to more than five billion people, and from this 90% of growth is taking

10
place in developing countries’’. As a result of this, the existing MSWM of developing
countries fail to catch up with the rapid increase of solid waste production in these countries.
To show this situation ‘’one third to one half of solid waste generated with in most cities in
low and middle income countries are not collected, rather it ends up as illegal dumps on
streets, open space, and sewerage systems, and contribute to spread of disease.’’
Furthermore, MSWM schemes generally serve only part of the urban population. For
instance, ‘’Kenya- Nairobi municipal solid waste collection service is mainly concerned in
central business district and more affluent communities. As a result, in poor suburban zone
indiscriminate disposal of solid waste at river side’s, roadsides, and other open space are
common.’’(Gebrie, 2009).

Transport of waste from households, commercial areas, institution and other generation sites
is also a growing problem in developing countries. The transport waste becomes longer and
more time consuming, and hence, more expensive and less efficient. In developing countries
many sources of waste might only be reached by roads or alleys which may be inaccessible to
certain method of transport because of their width, slope congestion, and surface.

This is especially critical in unplanned settlement such as slums or low income area. In
addition to this vehicles that serve for waste transports are also out dated, poorly maintained
and frequently out of action (Zerbock,20011).

The operational in efficiency of MSWM in developing countries is also further reflected in

resource recovery. Although the material recovery from the west stream has a great potential
in economic as well as environmental point of view, municipality and formal privet sector
contribution in this activities is minimum. Beside this, west disposal is also neglected area in
many low income countries and cases for environmental health hazards. Most of municipal
solid west in developing countries are dumped on land in more or less uncontrolled manner.
These dumps make very an economical use of the available space, allow free access to west
pickers, animal and flies and often produce unpleasant and hazardous smoke from slow
burning fire (Zurbrugg, 2009).

11
2.8 Disposal solid waste
This is finally functional element in solid waste management system. Disposal activities are
associated with finally dump of solid waste directly to land fill site .Today disposal of wastes
by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes whether this are
residential waste or residual material from materials recover facilities ;"However, inmost
developing countries this methods official banned a longing only sanitary land fill for final
disposal .Because sanitary land fill is not a dump it is an engineered facilities used for
disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health and
environment (Techobannigless, 2011).Through ,it is the most common technology around the
world ,conventional and environmental unfriendly methods such as open burning ,open
dumpling and non-sanitary land fill can still be used as disposal method (UNPE,2009)

2.8.1 Disposal methods

Recycling:-is refers to separation of collected solid waste and transformation manufacture

solid waste into usable or marketable. This implies that the cycling program insures to enable
countries to prevent waste from ending up in landfills and in clinerarators. Furthermore it
support low income household to buy or purchase the recycle solid waste at lower cost
(Helen, etal 2008).

Land filling the fact that source reduction, recycling and composting taken the protection
solid waste management system, some solid remain to be placed in landfills. Land fill of
waste is the most important widely used in solid waste management methods , however ; land
fill practices most low and middle income countries are open dumpling and burning with very
little control(Helin,etal 2008).

Combustion: for many developing countries burning of waste material in the open land fill
disposal site has been a common method of reducing the volume of waste .Combustion refers
to the confined and controlled burning which help to decrease the volume of waste deposed
an open landfills. Further in industrialized countries the waste burning process recover energy
which used to produce steam and electricity (Horn WERA, etal 2008).

12
13
 CHAPTER THREE

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION

3.1.1 Geographical Location

The study will conduct Damot pullassa Woreda Shanto town in Wolatia Zone, SNNPR from
Ethiopia. The study are located southern part of Ethiopia and 354 KM from the capital city of
Ethiopia. The total area of the Kebele 900 kms. Astronomically the study area location is
found 705’20’’N latitude and 37054’40’’ E. the temperature of the study are ranges 210C and annual rainfall
is 1800-200 mm.

Source ETHIO_GIS CSA 2015

3.1.2. Climate
Shanto town is one of the cool town, which is found at dega agro climatic zone of Ethiopia.
Such climate zone was revealed by annual and monthly temperature of the town computed
with an average maximum temperature of 20.1°c and minimum temperature of 6.5°c the town

14
has get annual mean temperature of 10°c and annual rain fall of 964mm , has moderate
annual rainfall during the summer season . (Shanto municipal bureau, 2021)

15
3.1.3 Topography
The topography of Shanto town is a lowland and plain area. Its elevation ranges between
1700 and 3028 metres above sea level (m.s.a.l). Out of the total area of the town, flat plan
covers 82%, will 16% is plateau, and the remaining 2% is mountainous. Administratively the
town is sub divided to 23 kebeles. From this selected shanto town (Shanto town
administration office magazine, 2013).

3.1.4 Demography
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the central statistical agency of Ethiopia
(CSA), Shanto town has a total population of 11,349 out of this 5,619 were male and 5,730
women; from the total population of the total settlers of the town 80% is Protestant and 16%
is Orthodox and 3% Muslim and the rest is catholic and others.-

3.1.5 Economic activity

Currently, Shanto town has exhibiting promising improvements in all most all area of
development activities in general and local economic development in particular. Owing to its
strategic location on the main north –south transportation root, Shanto town is an important
trade and transport centre for the north eastern part of the country. As a result, the town’s
economy is largely characterized by diversified trade activities particularly involves
collection and distribution of agricultural and industrial commodities and provision of
catering services and also civil servant included. (Shanto town administration office
magazine, 2013).

3.2 Research design and Method of study

3.2.1 Research design

The researcher mainly focuses on both qualitative and quantitative research design method.
The main reason is that qualitatively design was used to find data, information and
quantitative design was use to show the amount of waste generate from the town by
percentage.

3.2.2 Data sources

Both primary and secondary data source were used in the investigation. Primary source of
data was the researcher used ask 77 respondents in a form of questionnaire, and interview
with to sanitation beautification parks development department (SBPDD) heads. Secondary
source were as both published and unpublished documents.

16
3.2.3 Data collection instruments
When the researcher conducted the study was done by using primary and secondary source of
data. Primary information can be collected by using interview, questionnaire (having both
open and close ended questions), and field observations were used. The interview was semi
structured interview which intended to be interviewed to municipal workers of sanitation
beautification parks and development department (MWSBDD). Whereas the questionnaire
was presented to the selected households. The questionnaires were first prepared in English
but later it translated in to Amharic for making it easily understandable to samples. 77
questionnaires were prepared and all will be distributed and collected. As far as secondary
data concerned document analysis were used.

3.2.3.1 Questionnaires
Questionnaires contain both open and close ended questions to collect primary data from the
house holds administration and waste collectors to get general information on solid waste
management in Shanto town.

3.2.3.2. Interviews
Interview also used to obtain relevant information which is not included in questionnaire.

3.2.3.3 Filed observations

The researcher used observation great input to supplement primary data and to cross check
the response of the sample Households by directly observing and collecting relevant
information.

3.2.4 Target population, sampling technique and sample size

3.2.4.1 Sampling technique

The researcher used both purposive and systematic sampling technique. The purposive
sampling technique was used so as to get the necessary data from the town sanitation
beautification and parks development department (SBPDD) head and workers in the
department. Systematic sampling technique was applied so as to get relevant data from
households.

3.2.4.2 Sample size

The sample size of household will be determined by percentage. The researcher determined
the sample by taking five percentages of the total population 1543 households. So it is 77
households after it will be computed. Then the researcher will have to determine from which
17
household the data gathered. So we used the house number will give from the municipal body
from 01-1543. After this the researcher went through the systematic sampling technique as
follow:

I=N/n where I =interval value

N=total population size

n =sample size

Therefore; 1543/77=1/20, so the data were collected from the households in 20 interval unit
until they require sample number completed. Means that the data were taken per each 20
houses. Determine the sample size using interval value =N*I, where N is total population and
I is interval value i.e. 1543*1/20= 77

3.3 Data Analysis

The collected data from the questionnaires and interviews are organized quantitatively and
qualitatively. In quantitative analysis the percentage will used. Interview and open ended
questions from questionnaire where organized finally, the result obtain from each instruments
are presented by comparing and contrasting to reach on the conclusion and possible solution.

18
 4. Time and cost budget

Time budget
In order to manage the overall research process it needs time budget. The table given bellow
shows that the time that will be take from topic selection to final presentation.

No Activity Dec Jan Feb Mar April Ma June July

y

1 Topic selection X

2 Preparation of research proposal X

3 Recommendation of comments to 1st

x
draft of the proposal

4 Typing of final proposal (submition) X

5 Collection of proposal x

6 Data collection X

7 Data analysis X

8 Submission of first draft research X

report comment

9 Typing of final report X

10 Submission of final research X

11 Presentation X

19
 Cost budget
In order to undertake the research process effectively and efficient, it is necessary to prepare
cost budget. The table given below shows the cost that is expected will be incurred in the
research process.

Item Quantity Duration in day Unit cost Total cost

Personal cost ,Researcher consumption 6 5 30 Br

Transportation 6 10 60 Br

Typist 250 150

Equipment printing and duplicating 3x50 3 450 Br

Paper 2 500 1000 Br

Pen 4 20 80 Br

Pencil 2 10 20Br

Ruler 1 10 10 Br

Miscellaneous expense 590

Total 2390 EB

20
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22