DECLARATION

I, BALIKALABA JEMIMAH MERCY hereby declare that this report is original and has not
been published or submitted for any other academic document award to any institution of
learning before. It is as a result of my own findings during the industrial training period. Any
likeliness is therefore a coincidence of ideas. All advice and external assistance are duly
acknowledged.
Signed…………………. Date ….................................

i
 APPROVAL
This is to certify that Balikalaba Jemimah Mercy(21/1/328/D/102) did his internship with
INTERIOR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED on the project “Construction of A Medical School
Block (Anatomy Block) For Ndejje University Medical School. Plot 51 & 53 Block 43,
Ndejje, Nyibwa, Bulemezi, Luweero District” under supervision and this report has been
reviewed and approved.
PROJECT ENGINEER
Name: Mr. Nageswara Rao G
Signature:
……………………………………….
Date:
………………………………………….

DEPARTMENTAL SUPERVISOR
Name Eng. Sekigongo Patrick

Signature:
………………………………………...
Date:
……………………………………………

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank the almighty God for giving me guidance and good health throughout this industrial
training period. I also convey my sincere thanks and indebtedness to the following;
Ndejje University for giving me a chance to train with such a virtuous organization. I greatly
appreciate its idea for starting the project, especially the department of engineering and
survey that has given us a chance to train with the University project.
I would like to extend my deepest sincere gratitude to the Interior technologies limited in
particular the Project Engineer Mr. Nageswara Rao G and Mr. Shafik. I appreciate their help
and careful guidance which is extremely important for my academic excellence and future
career.
I would also like to thank my Departmental Supervisor; Eng. Sekigongo Patrick for the
concern, the follow up and guidance in the compilation of this report and my industrial
training in general.
A great deal of thanks to my fellow students that offered me continuous help and guidance.
Last but not least, I thank my loving parents for the love and care they continuously showed
me and for the financial support rendered during my industrial training period.
May God bless you all.
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to my wonderful Parents for supporting me in all ways, encouraging me,
and providing for me tirelessly may the Lord bless you abundantly

iv
 ABSTRACT
In my pursuit of the Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering at Ndejje University, I was
able to do my internship training with Interior Technologies Limited for eight weeks.

I attained skills from different sectors such as steelwork, block work, site management,
Health and Social Safeguards, and Engineering design.

Chapter one of this report describes the objectives of the training, the background of this
project, the company details, the project description and the project objectives.

Chapter two is the Literature review where I discussed and described the site personnel and
their roles, definitions of the activities on site, materials, tools and equipment used on site

Chapter three includes the activities undertaken and these include; steelwork, block work,
concrete works, MEP engineering, plastering, Health and social safeguards, interpretation of
drawings, and the use of software in engineering.

Chapter four discusses the challenges faced which included; PPE facilitation, little time
allocated to the training yet there are many activities to attend to and language barrier with
the contractor and workers which hindered communication. The mitigations to these
challenges, the duties I undertook, and my recommendations among others.

v
CONTENTS

Table of Contents
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL.............................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................................viii
LIST OF ACRONYMS...............................................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
1.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Objectives of The Industrial Training...........................................................................................1
1.2 About Host Company...................................................................................................................1
1.2.1 Brief Description of the Company.........................................................................................1
1.2.2 Company Address.................................................................................................................2
1.2.3 Vision....................................................................................................................................2
1.2.4 Mission Statement................................................................................................................2
1.2.5 Infrastructure........................................................................................................................2
1.2.6 Quality Assurance.................................................................................................................3
1.2.7 Project Deadlines..................................................................................................................3
1.2.8 Competitive Pricing...............................................................................................................3
1.2.9 Customer Satisfaction...........................................................................................................3
1.2.10 Services Offered..................................................................................................................3
1.2.11 Sectors Served....................................................................................................................4
1.2.12 Contact information............................................................................................................4
1.2.13 Company specialty..............................................................................................................4
1.2.14 Registration Date:...............................................................................................................5
1.4 Project Information.....................................................................................................................5
1.4.1Client.....................................................................................................................................5
1.4.2Design and supervision team.................................................................................................5
1.4.3 Project location.....................................................................................................................5
1.5 Interior Technologies Limited Company Management Structure................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................7

vi
 2.0 Literature Review.........................................................................................................................7
2.1 Site Personnel and Their Roles....................................................................................................7
2.2 Summary of The Theory Lessons at Site......................................................................................8
2.3 Tools and Equipment/ Plant......................................................................................................11
2.4 Materials on Site......................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 3...........................................................................................................................................12
3.1 Activities done on site................................................................................................................12
3.1.1 Project Drawings and Interpretation..............................................................................12
3.1.2 Formwork...........................................................................................................................12
3.1.3 Steel Works.........................................................................................................................14
3.1.4 Concrete Works..................................................................................................................15
3.1.5 Block Work..........................................................................................................................18
3.1.6 Plastering............................................................................................................................18
3.1.7 MEP Works/ Engineering....................................................................................................18
3.1.8 Health and Social Safety Guards.........................................................................................19
3.1.9 Engineering Software..........................................................................................................23
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................................28
4.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................................28
4.1 Duties and responsibilities.........................................................................................................28
4.2 New concepts, knowledge and skills gained..............................................................................28
4.3 Relationship with other group/team members.........................................................................28
4.4 Major benefits derived from the field attachment program......................................................28
4.5 Challenges Faced.......................................................................................................................29
4.6 Mitigation measures to the challenges......................................................................................29
4.7 Recommendations.....................................................................................................................29
4.8 Conclusions................................................................................................................................30
REFRENCES..........................................................................................................................................31
APPENDIX............................................................................................................................................32

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Site location............................................................................................................................5
Figure 2: Company Organogram............................................................................................................6
Figure 3: A hierarchy of controls of safety...........................................................................................22
Figure 4: staircase plan in archicad......................................................................................................24
Figure 5: cross section of the staircase in archicad..............................................................................25
Figure 6: 3D Representation of the staircase in archicad....................................................................25
Figure 7: structural details of staircase in prota details.......................................................................26
Figure 8: take off sheet by prota details..............................................................................................26
Figure 9: Design report produced by prota details..............................................................................27
Figure 10: Laying of blocks...................................................................................................................32
Figure 11: placing cement mortar for blocks......................................................................................32
Figure 12: site cleaning........................................................................................................................32
Figure 13: Batch box............................................................................................................................32
Figure 14: reinforcement for roof slab................................................................................................32
Figure 15: Bending table......................................................................................................................32
Figure 16:Blocks...................................................................................................................................32
Figure 17: Water..................................................................................................................................32
Figure 18: Aggregates..........................................................................................................................32
Figure 19: Scaffolds..............................................................................................................................33
Figure 20: Sand....................................................................................................................................33
Figure 21: Casting concrete.................................................................................................................33
Figure 22: View of the fabricated roof.................................................................................................33
Figure 23: Site tour with engineer Sekigongo......................................................................................33
Figure 24: Form work..........................................................................................................................33
Figure 25: BRC mesh............................................................................................................................33
Figure 26: Concrete mixer machine.....................................................................................................33

viii
 LIST OF ACRONYMS.
BRC- British Retail Consortium

MEP- Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing

PPE- Personal Protective Equipment

BS- British Standard

ITL- Interior Technologies Limited

ix
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Industrial training is a professional learning experience that offers meaningful, practical work
related to a student’s field of study and career interest. This a requirement a civil engineering
student must do to become a professional and graduate in the field of engineering.

This program offers a student the opportunity for career exploration and development, and to
learn new skills. It also provides pre-professional work experience with specific assignments
and responsibilities. Students is expected to write a comprehensive report after this training.

This report represents the detailed description of all the hands-on work done during my
industrial training.

1.1 Objectives of The Industrial Training

 To help a student relate knowledge in theory to its practical application as at site

 To enable students, acquire practical skills and additional knowledge, interpersonal

and managerial skills in the field of engineering.

 To interpret and implement basic engineering concepts like bill of quantities,

technical datasheets, architectural and structural drawings.

 To instill understanding of work ethics and discipline in students, responsibility and

obligations as well as opportunities of employment to students.

 Industrial training teaches students the necessary skill of writing technical and career
reports which is very important in becoming a fully registered engineer.

 To enhance students’ ability to identify and solve technical engineering problems that
are encountered in the field.

 Industrial training exposes students to different disciplines of engineering which is an

essential part of career guidance.

 It exposes students to the different work equipment and how to use them while at site

 To enable student become more familiar with various tasks on site and how each task
is approached.

1.2 About Host Company

1.2.1 Brief Description of the Company
Interior technologies limited was established in 2007 and in a short span of time has made
remarkable progress in the country in providing construction and interior solutions for
residential houses, offices and commercial complexes. The company has established itself as
one of the integrated suppliers of reliable and quality building, ceiling and partition materials,
floor and wall tiles, MDF Boards and many interior decoration materials. Apart from being
the supplier of these materials, the company undertakes turnkey projects from conception to
completion in the areas of civil construction, structural, electro mechanical, aluminum,
stainless steel, ceiling, partitions, joinery, carpentry and other specialized interior decorative
finishing.

Backed by experts in their respective fields, Interior Technologies Limited offers the finest
interior finishes whether it is a house, office, bank, school, commercial complex or a purpose
built out-let. Our expertise lies in innovative ideas, creating iconic interiors and transforming
it into modern lifestyles
1.2.2 Company Address

1.2.3 Vision
To emerge as a niche player in providing inspiring solutions for interiors by setting bench
mark for Quality.
1.2.4 Mission Statement
To contribute on regular basis to the creation of something beautiful.
1.2.5 Infrastructure
The company is equipped with the following state of the art facilities:
• Construction equipment
• Workshop for:

2
Steel fabrication (including stainless steel)
• Workshop for:
Aluminum fabrication
• Workshop for:
Carpentry and joinery
• Latest design techniques
• Skilled and trained manpower
• Storage facilities.
1.2.6 Quality Assurance
The company has reliable and trusted suppliers, state-of-art facilities, trained man power and
close supervision by management to deliver quality projects.
1.2.7 Project Deadlines
At interior technologies limited, priority is given to timely completion of projects. The
company is glad and delighted to execute any fast track project which is evident from its
track record.
1.2.8 Competitive Pricing
Our strength is offering competitive prices, our management team continuously keeps track
of the new products and available alternatives coupled with best practices to enable us offer
competitive deals to our clients
1.2.9 Customer Satisfaction
We ensure that our clients are regularly informed about the projects and incorporate latest
trends as per their requirements to achieve the ultimate goal of customer satisfaction.
1.2.10 Services Offered
Civil Construction
Commercial, Industrial, Residential and Ware houses.
Steel Fabrications
Roof structures, Doors, Windows, Burglar proofing etc.
Stainless Steel Fabrication
Railings, Claddings, etc.
Electro- Mechanical
Electrical, air conditioning, firefighting, CCTVs, access controls and strong rooms etc.
Ceilings
Gypsum tiles ceilings, acoustic ceilings, gypsum board decorative ceilings & metallic
ceilings.

3
Partitions
Dry wall partitions, aluminum partitions, wooden partitions, demountable partitions, sound
proof and fire proof partitions.
Aluminum & Glass
Windows, doors, cladding, curtain walling, display units, show cases, shower cubicles and
glass design works.
Carpentry and Joinery
Wood work, modular kitchens, wardrobes, modular furniture, reception counters, timber
doors and frames.
Flooring
Granite, porcelain, ceramic, PVC, laminated, Linoleum and raised (access) flooring.
Others
Blinds, wall paper, glass filming, etc.
1.2.11 Sectors Served.
• Banking sector
• Commercial sector
• Construction sector
• Educational Institutions
• Government sector
• Hospitals
• Hotels
• Industrial sector
• Residential sector
• Services sector
• Telecommunications sector
1.2.12 Contact information
P. O. Box 37161 Kampala- Uganda
Tel: 0414258493
Fax: 0414343174
Email: itl@mtninternent.co.ug
info@interior-technologies.co.ug

4
1.2.13 Company specialty
The company specializes in both interior and exterior works
1.2.14 Registration Date:
The company was registered on January 29th, 2007
1.4 Project Information
1.4.1Client
Ndejje University
1.4.2Design and supervision team
The team includes structural engineer, architectural engineers, electrical engineers and other
experienced engineers in other professions. The design and supervision team is a team from
the consultant side which guide every work executed in that site and gives supervision for the
contractor based on the drawing and the specification (bill of quantity).
1.4.3 Project location.
Construction of a medical school block (anatomy block) for Ndejje university medical
school. Plot 51 & 53 block 43, Ndejje, Nyibwa, Bulemezi, Luweero district

Figure 1: Site location

5
1.5 Interior Technologies Limited Company Management Structure

DIRECTOR

MANAGING DIRECTOR

ADMINSTRATION TENDER’S & BID’S PROJECT MANAGER ACCOUNTANT/FINANCE

OFFICER DEPARTMENT/AUDITS
DEPARTMENT

SECRETARY/OFFICE OFFICE QS, SITEQS, CIVIL PROCUREMENT

ASSISTANTS ,
ENGINEERS DEPARTMENT
ARCHITECTURE’S HEALTH&SAFETY
OFFICER

SITE
SUPERVISOR’S

SITE FOREMEN’S

Figure 2: Company Organogram

6
 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
This chapter consists of a brief background about the activities and any other related things I
found and learnt during my internship.

2.1 Site Personnel and Their Roles

Contractor

This is a company that has been given authority by the client to implement the plan of the
proposed structure and bring it to light. In this case the contractor is interior technologies
limited (ITL).

Consultant:

This can be a professional or company that is responsible for checking quality of the work
done and quality and then recommends for the payment by the client. The consultant is also
responsible for designing the project, coming up with the bills of quantities and many other
things. On this project there are a number of companies that are in charge of the consultancy
work. These are;

• Imparqt associates: responsible for Project management, architectural works, and

Quantity surveying.

• Constulka (CTK) Services: these are responsible for civil and structural works on site.

• Sandra Mugisha: in charge of electrical and mechanical engineering works.

Project manager

A project manager is appointed by contractor to monitor the project progress on site and
ensure the proposed structure is perfectly put in place.

Project manager is further accountable for the following tasks and responsibilities:

 Studying the work plan submitted by the contactor and suggests any modifications.

 To watch and inspect the construction work and ensure that it is done in full
accordance with the drawings, technical specifications and bills of quantities.

 Supervising the works on site in accordance with the contract documents and using
the template and procedure established by the consultant.

Foreman

A foreman is the worker who is in charge of a construction crew and is a skilled supervisor
who is responsible to work side by side with the project manager, property owner, and other
construction design engineers in order to complete a project in a given time limit. His job is
to employ the suitable workers on the various tasks to complete the job, and supervise all

7
phases of the construction project from start to end or supervise only a portion of the building
process

A good foreman is the keystone of the project since they control every work more closely
than the personnel like project manager, site engineer, etc.

Quantity Surveyor

A quantity surveyor estimates and manages the costs of materials and labour on large
building projects. The quantity surveyor studies the architects’ and engineers’ plans,
identifies the costs involved and then sets an overall estimated budget for the project.

Clerk of works.

The clerk of works inspects the workmanship, quality and safety of work on construction
sites and reports back to client. He checks drawings and ensures that whatever is drawn on
the plan is well placed on ground.

Skilled and non-skilled persons

This group includes masons, carpenter, bar benders and the daily laborers. In our country
workers of such group are appointed only by experience these have their own role on the
construction site. They do all work as ordered by either the Foreman or the site engineer.

2.2 Summary of The Theory Lessons at Site

Project management

I learnt that a project consists of three main personnel;

-consulting team which includes the architect, structural engineer, consultant

-contractor who is represented by the site engineer

- client who is the owner and funder of the project.

There are two types of projects that is, lumpsum project and measurement project.

I was taught about the tendering process and learnt that the consultant is the middle man
between the client and contractor.

Site management plan

There are mainly two things required on site that is, water and electricity. Site work cannot
start without them. First offices, stores, workers’ accommodation are set. Power should be
connected in workers’ houses and stores. Workers should be given safety equipment.
Materials should be ordered for in a period of about 15 days before site work starts since it
has to go through a long process of approval because a sample of material has to first be sent
to the client and consultant for approval. Surveyor takes measurements and marks then the
site engineer and clerk of works approve them and after that excavation can be done.

8
The construction process

Materials are first sent to the client for approval. A team that is responsible takes material to
the lab then sends back a report. The clerk of works is also responsible for approving
materials. After materials are approved, site cleaning is done then excavation starts.

For hilly areas where caution has to be taken about the water table, hardcore filling is done
first then sand blinding, concrete blinding and then filling.

I also learnt that footings are load taking members.

Levels

The surveyor takes levels and sends them to the architect to check and the architect then
sends them to client for approval. Back filling and excavation are dependent on the levels
because levels give an idea on how much excavation and filling is needed.

Levelling is very Important on site. A bench mark is a leveling reference point.

Drawings

All drawings depend on the architectural drawings. I learnt elements of architectural

drawings which include; plan, section, elevation. Elements of structural drawings include;
footing details, column details, retaining wall details, beam details, etc.

I was taught what a structural engineer should put more emphasis on as he/she reads the
architectural drawings.

Standard measurement of components

I learnt about the specific measurements of some components of a structure such as doors,
windows, balconies, rail, lift openings. Access to the ceiling must be provided for future
maintenance requirements. For a public building, an exit/ escape stair is required.

Concrete.

Spare parts of machinery for concrete mixing should be kept. Concrete should be cast when
temperatures are not so hot. After concrete has been mixed, it should be cast within 45
minutes to 1 hour. I got to learn the standard mix ratios for the various concrete classes and
how to calculate amount of materials for a given concrete mix.

Cement mortar

This is the mixture of fine aggregates and cement with water. Cement mortar is used in
blockwork, plaster, tiles laying, terrazzo floor, etc.

9
The ratios are different for each use. For plastering a ratio of 1:3or1:6 is used and for
blockwork a ratio of 1:4 is used. For inside plastering only one coat is applied while for
outside plastering two coats are applied; the rough cast first then the final coat.

Construction of retaining wall.

There are several types of retaining walls such as block, brick, concrete and stone masonry
retaining walls. Pipes are placed in the retaining wall such that any water from the building
foundation can flow out to prevent floors and walls from being damp. For retaining walls,
water proofing is crucial.

Fabricating roofing.

The roof design is given by the structural engineer. It can also be done by the contractor in
case the was no specification given. The consultant checks and confirms the roof design.

Some parts of a roof include; rafters, purlins, braces, etc.

Flooring

Samples are prepared for the floor then the client is called to check and approve. Cleaning
ought to be done thoroughly before any floor finishes start. Levels should also be taken using
a dumpy level or a water level. Clerk of works and the project management team also need to
approve before any floor finishing is done. Terrazzo is preferred for public buildings.

Structural analysis and design

I learnt about the use of codes of practice for example BS6399 and BS8110. Then we
discussed the design the analysis of a hollow and solid slab.

The bar bending schedule was also discussed.

Thumb rule

This is about standard measurements of materials on site.

Health and safety

Every site should have a safety engineer to educate and implement safety on the site. This
engineer calls for meetings called ‘tool box’ and they are supposed to occur every day before
starting any work for the day. This meeting assesses that all workers have the required safety
gears before starting any work so as to minimize injuries in case of accidents. Examples of
safety gears include, gumboots or safety shoes, overall, gloves, helmets, welding glasses, and
others.

The safety of workers on a site is crucial before if they are not safe, the work does not go on
and this affects the work plan.

10
2.3 Tools and Equipment/ Plant
A tool refers to an instrument that is used by hand. Examples may include;

o A trowel. o Wooden float

o A hammer o Wheel barrow,

o A spade o Chisel

o Tape measure o Tamper

o Plumb bob o Saw

o Hand hoe o Poker vibrator etc.

Equipment/plant refers to a set of tools used for a single purpose

This may include heavy equipment such as;

o Excavators.
o Backhoe.
o Bulldozers
o Graders
o Loaders
o Tower cranes and lifts
o Trucks

2.4 Materials on Site.

Cement: this is a material with adhesive and cohesive properties that make it capable of
bonding minerals fragments [aggregates] into a compact whole. The cement used in the
making of concrete are called hydraulic cements because they have a property of reacting
chemically with water in an exothermic process called hydration. On this particular site CEM
II 32.5 Portland and CEM II 42.5 Pozzolana are the types of cement used and it depends on
the strength for usage.
Aggregates: Aggregate occupies about three-quarters of the volume of concrete, it
contributes significantly to structural performance of concrete, especially strength, durability
and volume stability. Aggregates in concrete have been grouped according to their sizes into
fine and coarse aggregates. Coarse aggregate is further into 12mm aggregates and 10mm
aggregates on this project.
Water: Water has a significant role to play in the making of concrete, mixing of fresh
concrete and curing of hardened concrete in order to ensure proper strength development,
durability and workability of concrete.

11
Reinforcements: they are generally used to increase the strength of concrete on site in the
tensile sense

CHAPTER 3
3.1 Activities done on site
3.1.1 Project Drawings and Interpretation
Drawings are the means by which the designer conveys the physical, quantitative, and visual
description of the project to the contractor. The drawings are a two-dimensional
representation of the physical structure that meets the objectives of the owner. They were
drawn by an architect from Impact associates then checked and approved before the project
started. In case of any queries the contractor is supposed to request for a clarification and a
change in the drawings will be made and then checked and approved again by the consultant
or the engineer. At the end of the project, drawings of the structure as built on ground will be
required.
On site, I saw a number of drawings including;
 Architectural drawings; these are produced on the basis of the client’s needs and is
implemented by the Architect.
1. Site layout plan
2. Floor plans
3. Elevations
4. Cross sections
5. Detail drawings
 Structural drawings; they are produced by the structural engineer and he depends on
the architectural drawings and according to intended usage and purpose of the structure he
designs.
1. Foundation layout
2. Column detail drawings
3. Slab detail drawings
4. Beam detail drawings
5. Stair case details
6. Retaining wall details (etc.)
 Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing drawings; these are made to represent the
mechanical equipment, electrical connections and water connections.
 Shop drawings (roof structural drawings): these are usually done by a separate sub-
contractor in charge of the construction of that specific part of the buildings in this case
the roof structure.
Drawings are the main language between the architect, engineer, contractor and any worker
at the site. Thus, to work as an engineer on a construction site one must be able to study and
interpret drawings and any other specification. Drawings are the most common means of
communication for all types and sizes of project. Therefore, I took time to understand each
drawing and got to know every symbol abbreviation for every section and was able to
communicate with different workers using it.

12
3.1.2 Formwork
As fresh concrete is in plastic state, when it is placed for construction purpose, it becomes
necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine and support the concrete till it gains
sufficient strength for self-supporting. This temporary structure is called formwork.
Formwork refers to molds used to form fresh concrete into structural shapes of beams,
columns, slabs, shells for building as it subsequently hardens. Form work can be of timber,
steel, plastic or fiber glass. On this site, marine boards and reusable steel panels were being
used as formwork.

Concrete formwork serves as a mold to produce concrete elements having a desired size and
configuration. It is usually erected for this purpose and then removed after the concrete has
cured to a satisfactory strength. The removal of the formwork is normally done to enable the
concrete stand its own dead weight in the absence of the form work. In some cases, formwork
is left to become part of the permanent structure.

Operations with formwork included; Propping and centering, Shuttering and supports to the
sides, Provision of levels jerks, to make sure all the work is on the same level, cleaning and
surface treatment to enable one to work in a clean area.

Striking the formwork was not done earlier than twelve (12) hours after completion of
concrete casting works. For the slabs, the formwork is left for a considerable amount of time
since they contain larger volumes of concrete that takes longer to set. The inside surface was
coated with a bond breaker such as oil to prevent the concrete from sticking to the formwork.

Marine boards are used extensively for concrete forms and provides the following
advantages:

 It is economical in large panels.

 It is available in various thicknesses.

 It creates smooth, finished surfaces on concrete.

The general step used to construct formwork in the site is:

 Prepare the false works in the desired position and level.

 Preparing the form work in a desired shape based on the drawing or the size of the
structure that is going to be cast.

 Painting with a releasing agent (oil) if needed.

 Nailing it with appropriate bracing element and false work.

The bracing was done from timber and nailed perfectly to confine the fresh concrete.
Reinforced concrete slabs and beams formwork was supported and fixed on eucalyptus pops
and props. Dismantling of the formwork commenced after the allowable dates have elapsed
since the day of the concrete casting.

13
Types of work Duration of Removal

 Vertical columns, walls and beams after 16 hours

 Soffit works to slab and beam after 21 days

 Props to slab and beam after 14 days

During my internship we applied form work for structural elements such as beams, roof top
slabs, roof gutters, stair cases and the construction for the shear walls of the lift. The form
work was organized to ensure that it comes up with such a shape of the above elements.

3.1.3 Steel Works

Tools used

 Hooks  Binding wire

 Steel benders(pipes)  Grinding machine (for cutting)

 Steel bending table  Tape measure

Reinforcement steel bars increase strength of concrete in tension. Concrete is much weaker in
tension than in compression. Its tensile strength is approximately 10% of its compressive
strength. Therefore, concrete is generally used in conjunction with steel reinforcement, which
provides the tensile strength in a concrete member. Reinforcements help the structure to carry
the loads imposed on it but also to limit the failure due to creeping. The use of plain concrete
without steel reinforcement is limited to pavements and some slabs-on-ground floors. Various
sizes of steel bars were used for different structural members depending on the strength and
size the was required, for example 8mm,10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm, 25mm among others.

The drawings and bar bending schedules were provided in regards to where the reinforcement
steel bars were to be placed in various members. These drawings included the sections,
elevations, and plans of the structure and were supposed to clearly indicate the type of
reinforcements used.

The sections of the structure showed the number and the sizes of the bars. They also showed
the thickness of the members, the concrete cover (25mm), the bends, the lap lengths as per
the codes of practice specifications, and their dimensions in all portions in form of a bar
mark.

Bar marks are detailed in the bar bending schedules. These are prepared for the entire bar
reinforcements in order to show the size, shape, cutting length and how to bend it. After
bending, the next step is fixing the bars into their positions. Fixing of the bars is very
essential as it prevents the movement of the bars during placement of concrete. This was done
using binding wire.

The nomenclature of the type of steel depends on the type and strength it’s to offer i.e. T12
means a 12mm bar of high tensile strength. Also, a statement like 10T25-01-200B2 may be

14
used to label steel which simply means that they are 10 bars of high tensile strength, each
25mm diameter of bar mark 01 in the bar bending schedule, spaced at 200mm usually center
to center(c/c) and finally B2 represents the position meaning bottom 2.

Reinforcements are also bought from steel industries and for the case of this site they
purchase them from Mhadivani industries. They are purchased in terms of weight (kgs or
∅2
tonnes) and can be converted by the formula ( kg/m).
162.2

Some of the areas where we did steel work include:

1. The Gutter

The shear links of the gutter were made using the T8 bars with a spacing of 200mm c/c and
the main reinforcements were done using T12 bars. The bends on the main reinforcements
were 150mm. The gutter beam links were bent to the side of 550x150mm for the horizontal,
450x150mm and 1000x150mm for the vertical beams. Binding wires were used to bind them.

2. The roof top beam and slab

We used T25 bars for the beams at the roof top. We also used T12 for some of the extra
reinforcement in the same beams. Then we also used links of T8 at a spacing of 100mm c/c.
the T25 bars were bent to hook at 150mm.

As for the slab we did a double mat of reinforcements of T12 bars and the spacing between
the top and bottom reinforcement was 150mm which was maintained by benches.

3. The staircase

In the stair case we used T16 bars as main bars T12 bars as distribution bars. T16 bars were
used on the landing with the benches to support the double mat formed by the reinforcement.
We used binding wire to bind the reinforcement. Also, spacer blocks of 25mm were placed
between the reinforcement and the formwork to cater for the concrete cover.

3.1.4 Concrete Works

Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregates bonded together with cement and
water. These materials are mixed in measured amounts to make it easy to: transport, place,
compact, finish and which will set, and harden, to give a strong and durable product.

It should be noted that the amount of each material (i.e. cement, water and aggregates) affects
the properties of hardened concrete and hence should be taken good care of.

Concrete the second most used substance in the world after water. Concrete is much stronger
in compression than tension and hence to enable it resist tensile stresses, it is reinforced or
strengthened with steel inform of steel bars or wire netting and such a concrete is referred to
as “Reinforced concrete.”

15
The concrete classes include C10, C15, C20, C25, C50, etc. The strength of concrete
increases with increase in the class.

Concrete Constituents.

The constituents of modern concrete have increased from the basic four (cement, water,
coarse aggregates and sand) to include both chemical and mineral admixtures. These
admixtures

Cement

Cement may be described as a material with adhesive and cohesive properties that make it
capable of bonding aggregates into a compact whole. In this process, it imparts strength and
durability to the hardened mass called concrete. It reacts with water in a process called
hydration to form a paste that binds together the ingredients of concrete, therefore cement is
referred to as a binder. The major types of cement used on site were; PPC and OPC.

Aggregate

Aggregates in concrete are classified into two according to their size;

Fine aggregate: Aggregate smaller than (5 or 4.75 mm) in diameter is classified as fine
aggregate or sand.

Coarse aggregate: Aggregate larger than (5 or 4.75mm) in diameter is classified as coarse

aggregate.

Since aggregate occupies about three-quarters of the volume of concrete, it contributes

significantly to the structural performance of concrete, especially strength, durability and
volume stability.

Aggregate properties

A number of tests are described to assess the quality of the aggregate, in terms of the
following physical and mechanical properties:

• particle size, shape and surface texture: size and shape influence strength; shape
and texture influence bond between the aggregate and the cement paste.

• Specific gravity and bulk density: of aggregate particle and aggregate whole
respectively;

• moisture content, water absorption and bulking of sand: the moisture present in
aggregate or the moisture that may be absorbed by the aggregate, as the case may be, must
be accounted for in the water content of the concrete mix.

• Strength: resistance to compression, measured in terms of the aggregate crushing

value.

• Toughness: resistance to impact, measured in terms of the aggregate impact value.

16
 • Hardness: resistance to wear measured in terms of the aggregate abrasion value.

Mixing Water

Water, which is necessary for hydration, must be clean and fresh and not contain any
impurities such as oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar and organic materials since these may affect
the concrete properties especially strength development and durability.

water also plays a significant role in curing of concrete after it has hardened.

Concrete Mixing

Stationery mixers (fed by man power) were used. Those are mixers that use ―nominal
mixing or traditional mixing of concrete. Their productive capacity is 0.227 m3 and the time
required for one batch is 6 minutes. The class of concrete that was used is C25 and gauge
boxes of volume 0.035cubic meters were used. The mixing ratio was 1:1.5:3 indicating one
bag of cement, 1 and half batch boxes of sand and 3 batch boxes of aggregates.

Casting of Concrete

After the concrete is mixed, the next step is casting or pouring the concrete in to the required
place. Before commencing the casting process, supervision was made for the bars, spacers,
different installations and the formwork if it was in the expected quality for casting.

Concrete cubes were cast in moulds for testing the strength of concrete and a slump test was
done to test for the workability of concrete.

Casting of concrete for the roof slab.

A mixer machine was used and a mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 to achieve a concrete class of C25. The
mix was then transported by a lift to the roof and removed using spades and wheelbarrows to
pour. Then a poker vibrator was used to remove air voids and compact the concrete.

Casting concrete for the staircase

The batch was placed into the mixer machine in the same ratio of 1:1.5:3 and filled into
wheel barrows which were transported to the staircase and then used to pour the concrete. A
poker vibrator was used to remove voids from the concrete and compact it.

Casting of concrete for the shear walls.

Materials were placed into the mixer machine in the ratio of 1:1.5:3 to achieve a concrete
class of C25. The concrete was later transported to the first floor by use of a crane lift and
then casted. The concrete was later compacted.

Curing of Concrete.

17
The hydration reaction begins as soon as water and cement come into contact, but the rate at
which this reaction proceeds is extremely slow. It takes up to 6 months or longer for concrete
to gain its full strength. However, approximately 80% of concrete strength develops in 28
days. This is true only if sufficient water and favorable temperature are available for the
hydration reaction to continue. That is why concrete test cylinders are kept in a moist
chamber until tested.

Providing moisture to concrete continuously for hydration is called curing of concrete.

Water was always sprayed onto the concrete in order to cure it.

3.1.5 Block Work

Several block sizes exist such as (400x200x200) mm, (400x150x200) mm, (400x100x200)
mm. The major block size used on this project is (400x200x200).

Economically blockwork is better than brickwork because it requires use of less cement
mortar, it also increases the life span of buildings. The frame structure method of construction
was used where beams and columns are built first then blocks are placed to raise walls.

After every two courses of blockwork, hoop iron was placed to increase the strength of the
wall and control cracking. A plumb bob was used to ensure each block was rightly placed and
aligned.

The following is the procedure,

 The surface where blocks were laid was cleaned and sprinkled with water.

 Strings were tied along the building line at grids.

 Cement sand mortar was mixed in a ratio of 1:4.

 Base mortar was spread and concrete blocks of 400x200x200mm marked at the center
was laid at the corners and aligned using a plumb bob to be in straight line.

 The rest of the blocks in between the corners were laid and aligned with string.

 After every two courses, one piece of hoop iron was laid before proceeding with the
other courses.

 Curing of concrete raised blocks.

3.1.6 Plastering
Mortar was mixed in ratios of 1:3 or 1:6 then placed wheel barrows which were used to
transport the mortar to the areas where plastering was to be done. Trowels were used to apply
mortar to the walls and a float was used to make the surface smooth and uniform. The first
coat called rough cast is 12mm while the final coat is 6mm for outside plastering while only
one coat of 12mm is applied on the inside.

18
3.1.7 MEP Works/ Engineering
MEP stands for “Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing.” It is also known as mechanical,
electrical and plumbing engineering. Therefore, MEP Engineering is the science of planning,
designing and managing the MEP systems of a building. MEP drawings are produced by
specialized personnel in each of the above sectors and the drawings help to guide the
contractor on how to plan his daily schedule of the structure, decision making, cost
estimations, construction administration, documentation, building management and building
maintenance. MEP systems make the building structure complete and pleasant.

1. Mechanical design elements of a structure.

These are mostly the heating and the cooling systems, communication systems, etc. They
help to make life inside the building more comfortable. The above systems help us to occupy
the buildings in hot and cold conditions. For the case of this project such systems are highly
required. Also, the installation of the lift in this anatomy building will include the mechanical
works. Drawings were made to assist in the position of the above elements in the structure.

2. The electrical works or system in the building.

These systems include a lighting appliances and electric devices or gadgets. The process of
installation includes; placement of conduits inside the elements of the structure that is the
slabs. Inside the walls too but it is done by harking or chiseling the wall minimum seven days
after the construction of the block work wall. These conduit pipes for wiring are not placed in
the columns and beams because they are load bearing and don’t have to be harked to create
weak points around them which can easily lead to the failure of the structure. Also, the socket
pockets were chiseled through the walls. Later after the finished work of the structure is done
the wiring shall be done and the lighting installation.

3. The plumbing works

Plumbing systems provide fresh water for drinking, cleaning etc. They also take storm and
wastewater away safely. The plumbing works, the pipes have been installed through the slabs
to the prepared ducts to dispose off the waste water,

Examples of the plumbing works being planned for at the anatomy block include;

 Sinks and taps for the wash rooms and laboratories,

 Pipe work that directs water from the gutters off the roof through the constructed
ducts.

 Sanitary points for waste management like toilets and more.

Generally, ducts for services control as the above mention were included in the construction
of the structure to ease the maintenance and regulation of these MEP systems.

19
3.1.8 Health and Social Safety Guards
Safety involves protecting site workers and others from death, injury, disease or any other
related risks. It is clearly known that construction is often hazardous and site workers may be
exposed to various risks. Site risks can include working at heights, moving and operating
machinery, materials with high chemical content, power tools and electrical equipment, plus
the effects of excessive noise, dust and vibration.

Nowadays accidents have become common in the construction industry. Therefore, it cannot
be denied but to work on increasing the safety of workers on the site. The most effective way
of avoiding risks is the preventive strategy.

Safety of all working staff and visitors should be observed to a highest care. Infliction of
injury shall then be minimized. For this prior readiness is very important. The safety
management will be carried out with a special personnel to be assigned on site. The
superintendent will be assisted with a dresser to be employed for the site. Safety of the
workers and visitors will be managed in the following strategies;

Preventive Strategy: Success would only be possible if there are workers, who can give
their potential output without fear of any unforeseen risks. While they are striving to achieve
the targeted result, they may not be focused on their safety matters. This has to be taken care
of by others, devoted for the same purpose. The preventive strategy involves the following
elements:

Orientation: - All working and visiting people must be oriented about safety and the care
they have to take once they are within the territory of construction. Falls from scaffoldings,
suspended slabs, roofs, ladders, lift holes, stairs, pits and the like are the potential risks that
the workers should be aware of. Orientation must include on how to work with machines and
equipment, the possible danger they may inflict and what rules and procedures they have to
follow when working with.

Signage: - Important signs that could remind people who are moving within the working
location should be situated in a place where everybody can see or look.

Firm Temporary Works: - All temporary works like scaffoldings and ladders should be
made strong, so that they are able to withstand the possible load to come upon them.

Temporary guards: Temporary guard rails should be made in places where there are open
spaces where a person might fall down.

Lighting: - Appropriate lighting must be delivered, if there need to work on the night times.
Accident administration

After involving the above stated methods of prevention of accident, there could arise different
disastrous calamities within the project, which necessitate the application of most serious and
acute acting administration.

20
First Aid: - A dresser, who has relevant professional background will be assigned on site for
any possible first aid.

Secondary Treatment: Some accidents may require secondary treatment as a result of

infliction serious injury

Toolbox meeting

While at site, I had an opportunity to attend a toolbox meeting which is usually attended by
the site workers and is intended for them to learn more about their work ethics, air out their
challenges and also learn more about health and safety.

This meeting was conducted by the safety officer from ITL Mr. Edward Lusiba. He termed
the meeting as an induction meeting and was going to address more about management,
nature, and safety at this site. He reminded us about the basic facilities required at site which
include; sanitary facilities, site office, site entrance and exit, accommodation for the workers,
material stores and many more.

Mandatory safety equipment

we discussed more about the mandatory safety equipment that everyone starting from the
visitor to the workers.

1. The head

A hard hat(helmet): is required to protect the head from falling and flying objects

2. The eyes

The use of goggles and full transparent face masks can help protect the eyes from sawing
dust, grindings from the metals, welding light and many others.

3. The ears

Ear plugs should be worn by the machine operators to protect them from sound pollution and
other related long-term diseases from noise.

4. The nose

This can be protected by the masks

5. Protective clothing

 An overall: this is important for every worker for Identification, storing light
equipment at site, body protection from direct contact with any thing harmful on site
etc.

 Hand gloves: to protect the hands from rough and sharp objects.

21
  Safety shoes and gum boots: to protect the feet from fall hard material and stepping
on sharp and piercing things.

All the above is termed as PPE (personal protective equipment)

We also discussed the social behavior and conduct that is required on site including; no
stealing, no use of drugs at site, quarreling and vulgar language is not allowed at site and
proper sanitation should be maintained at site.

Working at heights includes working on temporary and permanent platforms

 Scaffolding

 Ladders

 And use of safety belts

During the meeting we were taught how to use the safety belts and also understood that they
should be anchored on firm anchor points.

Finally, there is a hierarchy of controls of safety at sites. These include;

i. Elimination iv. Engineer controls

ii. Substitution v. Administrative controls

iii. Isolate vi. PPE

The above is fully explained in the picture below.

Figure 3: A hierarchy of controls of safety

22
3.1.9 Engineering Software
During my internship I was encouraged and motivated to do software where I learnt a number
of them and how they are applied to the different construction projects.

The use of computer aided design has rampantly increased in the world and the use of the
different CAD software has eased work in terms of design and analysis of structures.
Software are designed based on the normal manual calculation of design and analysis of
structures and also the codes of practice from different regions are also included. These codes
include BS codes, IS codes, ASCI codes, Eurocodes etc.

Importance of CAD in civil engineering.

 It has reduced the use of manual methods of drawing which allows for quick designs
of 2D and 3D drawings accurately and even modify them without any hassles.

 CAD allows civil engineers to plan site layouts sites, roads, bridges, sidewalks etc.,
more accurately, saving them a lot of time.

 CAD can also be used as an architectural planning tool which eases the planning of
drawings and projects.

 CAD increases in productivity of the designer as he does multiple designs in the

shortest time possible.

 CAD also helps increase the accuracy of drawings being done.

 It can also be used to plan for the project scheduling.

Examples of some relevant software used in field:

1. AutoCAD (for detailing and modeling)

2. ArchiCAD (for design of architectural drawings)

3. Protastructure (for structural analysis, modeling and detailing)

4. Prokon (for structural analysis and modeling)

5. ETABS (for structural analysis and modeling)

6. Plan swift (for taking off to prepare the bills of quantities)

7. Idea Statica (helps in the design of steel connections)

8. Tekla Trimble (for structural analysis and modeling)

ACTIVITY UNDERTAKEN (DESIGN OF A STAIRCASE)

I practiced the design and analysis of a stair case using some softwares like archicad and
prota sructure.

23
I followed the following steps:

First, I created the stair hall

Then I specified the stair height which is the height of the story where the stair is leading

Then I specified the rise and tread dimensions

Some parts of the staircase include;

 Tread
 Riser
 Waist
 Landing
 Rails
 Stair well

Figure 4: staircase plan in archicad

24
Figure 5: cross section of the staircase in archicad

Figure 6: 3D Representation of the staircase in archicad

25
Figure 7: structural details of staircase in prota details

Figure 8: take off sheet by prota details

26
Figure 9: Design report produced by prota details

27
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction
In chapter three discuss the duties and responsibilities I undertook, the new concepts,
knowledge, and skills I gained, my social conduct with others, major benefits from this
program, the challenges I faced and how solved them, then the recommendation and my
conclusion.

4.1 Duties and responsibilities

1) I involved in steel work and reinforcements placement with the guidance of Mr.
Ambrose who is in charge of reinforcement at this site.

2) I also participated involved in block work and plumbing with the guidance of Mr.
Titus who is the foreman at this site.

3) I also actively acted as the team leader in charge of safety for the internees chosen by
Eng. Sekigongo Patrick.

4) I engaged myself in the use of software like ArchiCAD, AutoCAD, Protastructure,

and many others to design some of the elements on the site.

4.2 New concepts, knowledge and skills gained

1) I learnt general knowledge about the process of construction of a structure starting
from the foundation to the roof fabrication and placement.

2) I learnt how to interpret structural and architectural drawings

3) I have also learnt to use Computer Aided Design (CAD) to do some structural
designs, architectural design and produce some quantities.

4) I improved on my communication skills as I was able to interact with my fellow

internees and workers and inquire for instance when a concept was not clear enough.

5) I have also learnt more about safety from the toolbox meeting where I realized safety
is a key factor.

4.3 Relationship with other group/team members.

I was able to cooperate with the people I was working with. They are all willing to provide
assistance that I required and readily answered the questions I had about various concepts.

4.4 Major benefits derived from the field attachment program

1) I was able to gain knowledge and practical skills on various activities such as CAD
design as well as getting to know about the elements on a structure.

2) I was able to improve on my communication and team work skills after having
involved in various work tasks as I interacted with the workers and fellow internees.

3) I was able to bridge the theoretical knowledge attained from class with the practical
knowledge and skills that I attained during my field attachment program.

28
4.5 Challenges Faced
My industrial training was good but there were a number of challenges encountered which
included the following;

1) The facilitation for the safety on site was not the best in terms of the internship
students where by our safety gear was not facilitated for.

2) There were several activities carried out at the same time which made it difficult to
capture some of the data as well as participate in some activities.

3) There was a problem of language barrier which made it difficult to interact with some
people on site for example some workers who didn’t understand English well

4) Time was very limited yet there was a lot to cover thus as a result I was not able to
concentrate on some of the activities.

5) Some activities done at site were inaccessible to us the students because they were at
heights making the dangerous to the students.

4.6 Mitigation measures to the challenges

1) My parents were able to sponsor my safety gear and welfare hence overcoming
the challenge of personal protective equipment.

2) I made a personal training program which I followed and it helped me capture and
participate in almost all activities regardless of the time challenge.

3) There were always project workers to interpret for me what their friends would be
communicating hence easing communication and for the others I had to use some
simple Luganda to communicate.

4) For the inaccessible activities such as the placement of the roof truss, I decided to
spectate from a distance and see what exactly they were doing and then made my
own notes and research.

4.7 Recommendations
 The contracting company of the project should engage the workers into more toolbox
meetings because I saw it’s more important for them to talk about their challenges and
also understand the way forward.

 More safety gear should be added to this site to both replace the old ones the workers
are using and for emergency such as maybe if students or visitors come to site.

 Students should take it upon themselves to involve themselves in all the activities
concerned with industrial training, that is, to actively participate and not just
spectating since it is through active participation that more is learnt and skills are
gained.

29
  The university should continue to focus on industrial training as an important aspect
for students in regard to acquiring practical skills and preparing them for life after in
the construction industry

 The university should increase on the time allocated for industrial training so as the
students can grasp more skills in the field.

4.8 Conclusions.
My training period with INTERIOR TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED on the project
“Construction of A Medical School Block (Anatomy Block) For Ndejje University Medical
School. Plot 51 & 53 Block 43, Ndejje, Nyibwa, Bulemezi, Luweero District” was profitable
since I was able to work with almost all the departments on site. I thank Ndejje University for
coming up with this program because it has exposed me to the real engineering world. I have
learnt how to manage different construction situations and got a chance to interact with
people from different departments concerning construction.

30
 REFRENCES
1. McGinley, T.J., Choo, B.S. (2003). Reinforced Concrete Design Theory. Taylor &
Francis Limited.

2. Shetty, M. (2004) concrete technology theory and practice. First edition. New Delhi:
S. Chand & Company Ltd.

3. British Standards Institution (1997) BS 8110: Part 1-3 structural use of concrete.
London: BSI

4. British Standards Institution (1996) BS 6399: Part 1-2 loading for buildings. London:
BSI

5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD

31
 APPENDIX

Figure 10: Laying of blocks Figure 11: placing cement Figure 12: site cleaning
mortar for blocks

Figure 13: reinforcement for roof Figure 15:Blocks Figure 17: Aggregates
slab

Figure 14: Batch box Figure 16: Bending table Figure 18: Water

32
 Figure 20: Sand Figure 21: Casting concrete
Figure 19: Scaffolds

Figure 22: View of the fabricated roof

Figure 23: Site tour with engineer Sekigongo

Figure 24: Form work Figure 25: BRC mesh

Figure 26: Concrete mixer machine

33