UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS
FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
CORE-PERIPHERY MODEL
PREPARED BY GROUP 4:
ADEFISOYE OLUWATOBI 120503004
ADEWUNMI MUINAT 120503010
AKANDE TOLUWALASE 120503016
ALOBA OLUWATOSIN 130503052
BADRU FUAD 120503031
DURU CHUKWUEMEKA 130503071
COURSE:
IBRAHIM ABASS 120503046
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
MUSA SIMBIAT 120503056
PLANNING
NWEZE ONYEKA 130503044
COURSE CODE:
NWOKORO NNEKA 130503069
OKON EMMANUEL 120503070 URP 407
OLAYOMI ALLEN 130503045
LECTURER-IN-CHARGE:
WILLIAMS OLAWALE 120503095
MR. S. A. ADEYEMI
DATE:-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
1.0. INTRODUCTION 3
1.1.The theory of core-periphery growth 3
1.1.0. Keywords 3
1.1.1.World Systems Analysis As An Example Of The Core-Periphery 3
1.2. John Friedmann’s Model Of Regional Development 5
1.3. Friedmann’s Core -Periphery Model 6
1.4. A “core-periphery relationship” on an international level 7
1.4.1.Spread Effects 9
1.4.1.Spread Effects 10
2.0. CONCLUSION 11
References 13
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1.0. INTRODUCTION
1.1.THE THEORY OF CORE-PERIPHERY GROWTH
1.1.0. KEYWORDS
• Core;
• Periphery;
• World regions;
• Economic geography;
Core–periphery the concept of a developed core surrounded by an undeveloped periphery.
The concept can be applied at various scales.
Core–periphery model is based on the idea that as one region or state expands in economic
prosperity.The area of high growth or former high growth becomes known as the core, and
the neighboring area is the periphery. Cores and peripheries can be towns, cities, states, or
nations.
1.1.1.WORLD SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AS AN EXAMPLE OF THE CORE-
PERIPHERY
There is a Global Economy which all countries are a part of. Therefore countries are
interdependent and development in one country depends on the country’s position in the
Global Economy (World system).
The Global Economy is divided into the Core, Semi Periphery and Periphery.
The application of core–periphery theory at the global scale identifies the developed
countries of the world as the economic core of the global economic system and the
developing countries as the economic periphery.
Other terms used to distinguish between the richer and poorer nations are:
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• developed and developing countries.
• more economically developed countries (MEDCs) and less economicallydeveloped
countries (LEDCs).
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CORE COUNTRIES
The core countries are the industrialized capitalist countries on which periphery
countries and semi-periphery countries depend. Core countries control and benefit from the
global market.
SEMI-PERIPHERY COUNTRIES
The semi-periphery countries (sometimes referred to as just the semi-periphery) are
the industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned between the periphery
and core countries. Semi-periphery countries have organizational characteristics of both core
countries and periphery countries and are often geographically located between core and
peripheral regions as well as between two or more competing core regions
Semi-peripheral countries contribute to the manufacturing and exportation of a variety of
goods. They are marked by above average land mass, as exemplified by China, India,
Brazil, Mexico, and Iran.
PERIPHERY COUNTRIES
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The periphery countries (sometimes referred to as just the periphery) are those that are less
developed than the semi-periphery and core countries. These countries usually receive
disproportionately small share of global wealth.
The core goes along coast of India with cities like Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore,
Chennai ,Hyderabad. Also there is another core around city new Delhi. The periphery is
inland with Madhya Pradesh and other cities inland are the periphery where primary
industries are dominant.
1.2. JOHN FRIEDMANN’S MODEL OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
The core region- the focus of economic, political and social activity.
Upward transitional area could be seen as the semi periphery.
Resource frontier is peripheral but endowed with resources.
Downward transitional area could be seen as the periphery suffering from backwash effects
of development in the Core.
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1.3. FRIEDMANN’S CORE -PERIPHERY MODEL
John Friedmann (1966) developed the core-periphery model studying differences between
regions and the development policy of Venezuela. He differs four stages of development in
economic space which gives a more detailed explanation of periphery and highlights that
spatial inequalities change over time:
Stage 1 – No urban hierarchy
Stage 2 – Primate city
Stage 3 – Regional sub-centres
Stage 4 – Regional inequalities are reduced in a fully integrated urban system
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Core-periphery models were used in the late 1950's to explain uneven development and
relations of dependency within countries, particularly in developing economies where the
gradual achievement of economic "equilibrium" between areas was patently absent.
1.4. A “CORE-PERIPHERY RELATIONSHIP” ON AN INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
• On an international level, core refers to DCs like colonial powers (Britain, France,
Netherlands) while periphery refers to LDCs like some former colonies (Malaya &
Singapore, French Indo-China, Indonesia)
• Generally, core country better employment opportunities in secondary & tertiary
industries due to presence of infra-structure like transport cum telecommunication
links, wealth, good housing, access to electricity & piped water supply, schools,
hospitals & amenities like shopping & entertainment, hence attractive to foreign
investment.
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• Periphery country fundamentally agriculture & mining based economy with
limited infra-structure, limited access to social services, hence fewer job
opportunities.
• Periphery provides core with resources like cheap raw materials & labour thus
enhancing industrial expansion & wealth accumulation in core.
• Meanwhile, periphery drained of labour because workers from periphery attracted
to better paid jobs in core.
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The advantages to the periphery is known as the Spread Effect, while disadvantages to the
periphery is known as the Backwash Effect.
1.4.1.Spread Effects
Positive effects of the core’s growth on the periphery. Core unable to supply all the products
the Core is demanding so supply from the Periphery to the Core. Core becomes affected by
NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES (high rents, overcrowding, congestion) so firms locate in
periphery.
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1.4.2.Backwash Effects
Negative effects of the core’s growth on the periphery. Out-migration of economically active
people, outflows of capital, decreasing tax base, firms of the periphery not able to compete
with the firms of the core and therefore periphery being flooded with core’s products.
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2.0. CONCLUSION
From the above, it can be seen that the Core-Periphery model (see below) helps explain
why some inner city areas enjoy considerable prosperity, whilst others display all the
signs of urban deprivation and poverty.
Services, investment and jobs are concentrated in the core Central Business District
(CBD), but accessible inner city areas may benefit from a trickle down of wealth from
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the core. For example, in some areas there may be a through-flow of office workers to the
inner city seeking low-price lunchtime meals. The core also provides work for inner city
residents.
Less accessible inner city areas may experience a backwash effect, with the little
investment that does occur in the inner city becoming concentrated close to the CBD,
widening the poverty-wealth gap. This is illustrated in the diagram below, a reversal of the
core-periphery model.
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Core-Periphery Model Reversal or Backwash
REFERENCES
Ar. Dweep Buch(2014). The theory of core and periphery.Retrieved on March 20th, 2016
from http://www.slideshare.net/dweepbuch/core-periphery-theory-for-planning
Garri Raagmaa (2003). 43rd Congress Of The European Regional Science Association.
Centre–periphery model explaining the regional Development of the informational and
transitional Society. Retrieved on march 20th, 2016 from https://www.jyu.fi/ersa2003/cdr
om/papers/503.pdf
Retrieved on March 20th, 2016 from http://geographyfieldwork.com/CorePeriphery.htm
Retrieved on March 20th, 2016 from http://www.slideshare.net/guest0edc68/core-periphery
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