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Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) / Velvet Ants of Slovenia

(Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Article · July 2017

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PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJE MUSEUM HISTORIAE NATURALIS SLOVENIAE

SCOPOLIA Revija Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije

90

2017
Journal of the Slovenian Museum of Natural History

CODEN SCPLEK - ISSN 0351-0077

SCOPOLIA 90

2017
SCOPOLIA 90/2017
Glasilo Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije, Ljubljana / Journal of the Slovenian Museum of Natural
History, Ljubljana

Izdajatelj / Publisher:
Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana, Slovenija /
Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Sofinancirata/ Subsidised by:

Ministrstvo za kulturo in Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije. / Ministry of
Culture and Slovenian Research Agency

Urednik / Editor-in-Chief:
Boris KRYŠTUFEK

uredil /Edited by:

Janez GREGORI

Uredniški odbor / Editorial Board:

Breda ČINČ-JUHANT, Igor DAKSKOBLER, Janez GREGORI, Miloš KALEZIĆ (SB),
Mitja KALIGARIČ, Milorad MRAKOVČIĆ (HR), Jane REED (GB), Ignac SIVEC, Kazimir TARMAN,
Nikola TVRTKOVIĆ (HR), Al VREZEC, Jan ZIMA (ČR)

Naslov uredništva in uprave / Address of the Editorial Office and Administration:

Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Prešernova 20, p.p. 290, SI – 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija /
Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Prešernova 20, PO.B. 290, SI - 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia

Račun pri UJP / Account at UJP:

01100-6030376931

Lektor za slovenščino in angleščino / Slovenian and English language editing:

Henrik CIGLIČ

Oblikovanje / Design:
Boris JURCA

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Schwarz print d.o.o., Ljubljana

Izideta najmanj dve številki letno, naklada po 600 izvodov / The Journal is published at least twice a
year, 600 copies per issue.

Natisnjeno / Printed:
julij / July 2017
Naslovnica / Front cover:
Myrmilla calva, samica s Korena nad Horjulom
Myrmilla calva female from Koreno above Horjul

Foto /Photo: Andrej GOGALA

Cena posamezne številke / Price of each issue: 8,50 €

Revija je v podatkovnih bazah / Journal is covered by : COBIB, BIOSIS Previews, Referativnyi Zhurnal,
Zoological Record, Abstract of Mycology90/2017
SCOPOLIA No 90: 1–39 (2017)

Ose mravljarice Slovenije

(Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Velvet Ants of Slovenia

(Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Andrej GOGALA1

UDK(UDC) 595.79(497.4)

Izvleček

Ose mravljarice (Mutillidae) so kozmopolitska družina želatih os, za katere je značilen skrajni
spolni dimorfizem. Ličinke so zunanji parazitoidi ličink ali bub drugih žuželk v njihovih gnezdih
ali skrivališčih. Seznam os mravljaric Slovenije temelji na podatkih iz literature, rokopisnem
seznamu vrst iz zbirke Evgena Jaegra, ki ga je napisal pokojni Guido Nonveiller, in primerkih
iz zbirke Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije v Ljubljani (PMSL). Za Slovenijo je zabeleženih 16
vrst os mravljaric. Prvič so objavljeni podatki za naslednje štiri vrste: Physetopoda cingulata,
Physetopoda daghestanica, Smicromyrme sicanus in Cystomutilla ruficeps. Posebej je navedenih
še 6 vrst, ki so v zbirki PMSL zastopane le s primerki iz drugih držav, predvsem z Balkana.

Ključne besede: Hymenoptera, Mutillidae, favna, Slovenija

Abstract

Velvet ants (Mutillidae) are a cosmopolitan family of aculeate wasps, characterized by extreme
sexual dimorphism. Larvae are external parasitoids of larvae or pupae of other insects in their
nests or hiding places. The list of velvet ants of Slovenia is based on data from the literature, the
late Guido Nonveiller’s handwritten list of species in the collection of Evgen Jaeger and specimens
from the collection of the Slovenian Museum of Natural History in Ljubljana (PMSL). Sixteen
species of velvet ants have been recorded for Slovenia. Data for the following four species are
published for the first time: Physetopoda cingulata, Physetopoda daghestanica, Smicromyrme
sicanus and Cystomutilla ruficeps. Additional 6 species represented in the PMSL collection only
by specimens from other countries (mostly from the Balkans) are listed separately.

Key words: Hymenoptera, Mutillidae, fauna, Slovenia

1
Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Prešernova 20, p.p. 290, SI-1001 Ljubljana; agogala@pms-lj.si

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Vsebina / Contents
Uvod / Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Material in metode / Materials and methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Biologija / Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Kaj je Mutilla saltatrix Scopoli, 1763 /
What is Mutilla saltatrix Scopoli, 1763. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Seznam os mravljaric (Mutillidae) Slovenije /
Check list of velvet ants (Mutillidae) of Slovenia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Myrmosinae Fox, 1894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Myrmillinae Bischoff, 1920. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Mutillinae Latreille, 1802. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Smicromyrmini Bischoff, 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Dasylabrinae Invrea, 1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Sphaeropthalminae Schuster, 1949. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Nekaj vrst iz sosednjih držav in Balkana /

Some species from neighbouring countries and the Balkans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Myrmosinae Fox, 1894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Pseudophotopsidinae Bischoff, 1920. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Mutillinae Latreille, 1802. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Zaključki / Zahvale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Conclusions / Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Literatura / References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2
 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Uvod Introduction
Ose mravljarice (Mutillidae) so kozmopolit- Velvet ants (Mutillidae) are a cosmopolitan
ska družina želatih os z največjo raznovrstnostjo family of aculeate wasps with the greatest di-
v tropskih predelih. Družino sestavlja približno versity in the tropics. The family contains about
4200 opisanih vrst iz sedmih poddružin 4,200 described species in seven subfamilies
(Lelej & Brothers 2008). Za večino vrst je (Lelej & Brothers 2008). Most species are
značilen skrajni spolni dimorfizem. Samice characterized by extreme sexual dimorphism.
so brez kril, gosto odlakane, z zelo debelim Females are wingless, usually densely pubes-
in trdim zunanjim skeletom. Obarvane so cent, with very thick and hard external skele-
rdečerjavo in črno, pogosto imajo lise in proge ton. Their colours are reddish-brown and black,
iz svetlih dlačic. To je svarilna obarvanost, saj often with spots and stripes of bright hairs. This
se lahko branijo z učinkovitim želom. Skleriti is a warning colouration, as they can defend
njihovega oprsja so na zgornji strani večinoma themselves with effective sting. Their thorax
zrasli, navadno brez vidnih šivov, z izjemo sclerites are often fused, usually without visible
poddružin Myrmosinae (s šivom le med pro- suture on dorsal side, except in the subfamilies
in mezonotumom) in Pseudophotopsidinae (z Myrmosinae (only between pro- and mesono-
nekoliko manj izrazitimi šivi med pro-, mezo- tum), and Pseudophotopsidinae (between pro-,
in metanotumom). Samci so večinoma krilati meso- and metanotum, but somewhat less dis-
in njihovo oprsje je predeljeno na sklerite, tinguishable). Males are generally winged and
kot pri drugih osah. Pri mnogih vrstah samci their thorax is subdivided into sclerites like-
prenašajo nekrilate samice pred parjenjem ali wise in other wasps. In many species the males
se celo parijo v zraku. Pri nekaterih vrstah carry wingless females prior to mating or they
in več manjših rodovih (predvsem zunaj even mate in the air. In some species and several
evropske favne) pa so tudi samci brez kril. smaller genera (mostly outside European fauna),
Ličinke os mravljaric so zunanji parazitoidi males are also wingless.
ličink ali bub drugih žuželk v njihovih gnezdih Larvae of velvet ants are external parasitoids
ali skrivališčih. Gostitelji so predvsem druge of larvae or pupae of other insects in their nests
želate ose in čebele (Aculeata), a tudi muhe or hiding places. The hosts are mainly other
(Diptera), metulji (Lepidoptera), hrošči aculeate wasps and bees (Aculeata), but also
(Coleoptera) in ščurki (Blattodea). Zabubijo se flies (Diptera), butterflies (Lepidoptera), bee-
v celici, zapredku ali ooteki gostitelja. Zaradi tles (Coleoptera) and cockroaches (Blattodea).
spolnega dimorfizma mnoge vrste poznamo Pupation occurs in the cell, cocoon or ootheca
le po enem spolu in le v primeru najdbe parov of the host. Due to sexual dimorphism many
med parjenjem ali vzgoje obeh spolov iz species are known only by one sex, and only
istega gostitelja je mogoče zanesljivo ugotoviti finds of couples during mating or breeding of
pripadnost obeh spolov isti vrsti. Večina vrst both sexes from the same host can reliably de-
je dejavna podnevi, le pripadnice poddružine termine the affiliation of both sexes to the same
Pseudophotopsidinae in puščavske vrste so species. Most species are active during the day,
nočne ali somračne (povzeto v glavnem po only members of the subfamily Pseudophotop-
Brothers & Finnamore 1993). sidinae and desert species are nocturnal or cre-
puscular (summarised mostly after Brothers &
Finnamore 1993).

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Material in metode Materials and methods

Seznam os mravljaric (Mutillidae) Slovenije The list of velvet ants (Mutillidae) of Slovenia
temelji na podatkih iz literature, Nonveiller- is based on data from the literature, on Nonveil-
jevem rokopisnem seznamu vrst, ki si jih je ler’s handwritten evidence of specimens bor-
izposodil iz zbirke Evgena Jaegra, in primerkih rowed from the Evgen Jaeger’s collection (Non-
iz zbirke Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije v veiller, pers. corr. and Ćetković, pers. corr.),
Ljubljani, ki jih je v glavnem zbral avtor. V tej and on specimens from the collection of the Slo-
zbirki je tudi nekaj primerkov iz nekaterih venian Museum of Natural History in Ljubljana,
sosednjih in drugih držav Balkana, ki so mostly collected by the author. In this collection
navedeni posebej. Vrste, ki živijo v Sloveniji, there are also specimens from some neighbour-
je večinoma mogoče določevati s ključi za ing and other countries in the Balkans, which
srednjo Evropo (Lelej in Schmid-Egger are listed separately. Species living in Slove-
2005, Bogusch 2006, Muskovits in György nia can mainly be identified with the keys for
2011). Ključe za italijanske in nekatere dodatne Central Europe (Lelej & Schmid-Egger 2005,
vrste je objavil Invrea (1964), a so že zastareli Bogusch 2006, Muskovits & György 2011).
zaradi mnogih taksonomskih sprememb (npr. Keys for Italian and some additional species
Lelej 1985, Petersen 1988); za posamezne were published by Invrea (1964), but treatment
rodove so uporabni tudi ključi, ki jih navajata of many taxa has become obsolete due to nu-
Lelej (1995) in Pagliano (2009). Klasifi- merous taxonomic changes (e.g. Lelej 1985, Pe-
kacija in nomenklatura sledita delu Lelej in tersen 1988); for individual genera also keys by
Yildirim (2009). Lelej (1995) and Pagliano (2009) are useful.
O favni os mravljaric v Sloveniji ni veliko Classification and nomenclature follow Lelej &
podatkov. Scopoli (1763) je eno opisano vrsto Yildirim (2009).
uvrstil v rod Mutilla, vendar je njena identiteta The records on the fauna of velvet ants in Slo-
vprašljiva. Nonveiller (1976) navaja devet vrst venia are sparse. Scopoli (1763) placed one of
in oblik, živečih v Sloveniji. Po danes veljavni the described species in the genus Mutilla, but
nomenklaturi jih uvrščamo v osem vrst, saj je its identity is questionable. Nonveiller (1976)
Myrmilla distincta (Lepeletier, 1845), navedena listed nine species and infraspecific forms pres-
kot Myrmilla calva f. distincta, sinonim vrste M. ent in Slovenia. According to current nomencla-
calva (Villers, 1789). Veljavni status taksona ture they are classified into eight species, since
Smicromyrme rufipes f. scutellaris (Latreille, Myrmilla distincta (Lepeletier, 1845), listed as
1792) je vrsta Physetopoda scutellaris, ki jo je Myrmilla calva f. distincta, is a synonym of M.
za Kranjsko navedel Bischoff (1909). Podatki calva (Villers, 1789). The valid status of Smi-
za preostale vrste, ki jih navaja Nonveiller cromyrme rufipes f. scutellaris (Latreille,
za Slovenijo, z izjemo vrste Nemka viduata, 1792) is the species Physetopoda scutellaris, re-
temeljijo na primerkih iz zbirke Evgena Jaegra. corded for Carniola by Bischoff (1909). Data of
Shranjeni so bili v Ljubljani (Prirodoslov- other species mentioned by Nonveiller for Slo-
ni muzej Slovenije – PMSL), vendar si jih je venia, with the exception of Nemka viduata, are
Nonveiller izposodil in so še vedno v njegovi based on specimens from the collection of Evgen
zbirki. Ta je sedaj shranjena v Linzu, vendar ni Jaeger, the property of the Slovenian Museum
dostopna, dokler se vse izposojeno gradivo ne of Natural History in Ljubljana (PMSL), but the
vrne lastnikom (Ćetković, osebna koresponden- late Prof. G. Nonveiller borrowed them and are
ca). Natančnih podatkov o najdiščih in datumih still in his collection, temporarily kept in Biol-
najdb zato ni bilo mogoče pridobiti. Obstaja le ogiezentrum in Linz and inaccessible until all
Nonveillerjev zapis seznama vrst iz Jaegrove borrowed material is sorted to be returned to the
zbirke, v kateri navaja najdišča in skupno število owners (Ćetković, personal correspondence).
primerkov obeh spolov. Exact data on the sites and dates of the finds,

4
 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Lelej (2002) in drugi avtorji pojavljanje therefore, could not be obtained. There is only
vrst v Sloveniji povzemajo po Nonveillerju Nonveiller’s handwritten list of the species from
(1976). Podatke o posameznih mravljaricah v Jaeger’s collection with localities and the total
Sloveniji so objavili Graeffe (1911), Vogrin number of specimens of both sexes.
(1955) in Gogala (1991). Najnovejši dostopni Lelej (2002) and other authors follow Non-
vir je Nonveiller in Ćetković (2013), ki veiller (1976) when indicating the presence
pojavljanje mravljaric navaja le po državah. of species in Slovenia. Specimen-level data
V tem delu dodajam nekaj podatkov o gradivu, on velvet ants in Slovenia were published by
zbranem v novejšem času. Graeffe (1911), Vogrin (1955) and Gogala
(1991). The most recent available source is
Nonveiller & Ćetković (2013), dealing only
with country-level records. In this article, I am
adding some data on the material collected in
recent times.

Biologija Biology
Biologija je poznana le pri redkih vrstah os Biology of only a few velvet ant species is
mravljaric. Gostitelji so znani le za približno known. Hosts are known of only about 2-3% of
2 – 3 % opisanih vrst mravljaric. Večina zajeda the described velvet ant species. Most are para-
pri samotarskih gostiteljih, predvsem pri osah sites of solitary hosts, predominantly wasps and
in čebelah (Brothers et al. 2000). bees (Brothers et al. 2000).
Brothers (1972, 1978) je opisal vedenje Brothers (1972, 1978) described the behav-
in razvoj dveh ameriških vrst, ki zajedata iour and development of two American species
družbene vitke čebele (Halictidae). Njuna parasitizing social sweat bees (Halictidae). Bi-
biologija si je podobna, čeprav pripadata ology of both species is similar, even though
različnim poddružinam (Myrmosinae in they belong to different subfamilies (Myrmo-
Sphaeropthalminae). Čebele se pred mravlja- sinae and Sphaeropthalminae). Bees are de-
ricami branijo z zaporo vhoda v rov s svojim fending their nests by blocking the entrance of
telesom ali z napadom na mravljarico. Ko jim the burrow with their body or by attacking the
uspe priti v gnezdo, se mravljarice hranijo velvet ant. When they get into the nest, velvet
z ličinkami gostitelja. Jajčece odložijo le na ants feed on some of the host’s larvae. Eggs are
povsem doraslo ličinko ali bubo. Večinoma je laid only on fully grown larvae or pupae. Mostly
pred tem ne ohromijo, le bube so bile verjetno they are not paralyzed, only pupae were prob-
ohromljene z želom. Po odlaganju jajčeca ably paralyzed with the sting. After laying an
celico ponovno zaprejo. Ko se njihova ličinka egg, the velvet ant closes the cell again. When
ne hrani več, se zaprede v kokon. Svilo izloča larvae finish feeding, they spin a cocoon. Silk
na spodnji ustni (labiumu). Parjenje se začne is secreted from the labium. Mating occurs as
takoj, ko mlada samica zapusti rov. soon as the young female leaves the tunnel.
Tudi evropske mravljarice iz rodu Myrmilla European velvet ants of the genus Myrmilla
zajedajo gnezda vitkih čebel (Halictidae). also parasitise nests of sweat bees (Halictidae).
Oprašene samice prezimijo v podzemnem Fertilized females overwinter underground and
skrivališču in se spomladi odpravijo na search for a host in the spring (Knerer 1973).
iskanje gostitelja (Knerer 1973). V tem času At this time the overwintered sweat bee females
prezimljene samice vitkih čebel že končajo stop bringing food to the nest where their prog-
s prinašanjem hrane v gnezdo, v katerem se eny develops. The entrance to the nest is closed
razvija zarod njihovih ličink. Vhod v gnezdo with excavated soil, so the velvet ant must find

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

zaprejo z izkopano zemljo, zato ga mora it mainly by smell and dig it out. A confronta-
mravljarica najti predvsem po vonju in odkopati. tion with the owner of the nest follows, as the
Sledi spopad z lastnico gnezda, ki ga skuša bee is trying to defend herself against the intrud-
ubraniti pred vsiljivko. Vendar je mravljarica er. However, velvet ant is stronger and protect-
močnejša in zaščitena s trdo hitinjačo. Če čebela ed with hard integument. If a bee closes the en-
z glavo in oprsjem zapre vhod, mravljarica trance with the head and thorax, she digs a new
skoplje nov rov s strani. V boju ne uporablja tunnel from the side. She does not use the sting
žela, ki ga uporablja predvsem za obrambo. in fight, as it serves mainly for defense. Dead
Čebelo, ki jo v boju umori, navadno vrže iz bee is usually thrown out of the nest, which she
gnezda, ki ga sedaj straži pri vhodu, da vanj guards now at the entrance, so that other para-
ne zaidejo drugi zajedavci. Po nekaj dneh vhod sites do not get in. After a few days the entrance
zapre s koščki zemlje. Njeni jajčniki morajo is closed with pieces of soil. Her ovaries have
še dozoreti in beljakovine za njihov razvoj si yet to mature and she provides proteins for their
verjetno zagotovi z ostanki gostiteljskih čebel development probably by the remains of host
in njihovimi ličinkami. Naslednjih tri do pet bees and their larvae. The next three to five
tednov ostaja blizu zarodnih celic, kjer gosti- weeks she stays close to the brood cells, where
teljske ličinke dokončujejo rast. Svoja jajčeca the host larvae are finishing their growth. She
odloži na dorasle ličinke ali bube. Izležejo se lays her eggs on fully grown larvae or pupae.
ličinke, ki se začno hraniti z gostiteljsko ličinko. Larvae hatch and begin to eat the host larva.
Po končanem razvoju spredejo zapredke in Upon completion of the development they spin
tedaj samica mravljarice gnezdo zapusti. Junija cocoons and then the female velvet ant leaves
se izleže prva generacija os mravljaric. Samci the nest. In June, the first generation of velvet
in samice se sparijo in samice poiščejo gosti- ants hatch. Males and females mate and females
teljsko gnezdo, ki ima v tem obdobju že veliko search for a host nest, which has many workers
delavk. Čebele se branijo tako, da z zemljo in this period. Bees defend themselves by filling
zatrpajo rove in mravljarica mora kopati, da the tunnels with soil and velvet ant must dig to
pride do zarodnih celic. Velikost osebkov nove get to the brood cells. The size of velvet ants of
generacije mravljaric je odvisna od velikosti the new generation depends on the size of host
gostiteljskih ličink. Ličinke samcev in delavk larvae. Larvae of males and workers are smaller
so manjše od ličink matic. than the larvae of queens.
Tudi mravljarice vrste Mutilla europaea, Velvet ants of the species Mutilla europaea,
ki zajedajo v gnezdih čmrljev, imajo verjetno which parasitize the nests of bumblebees, prob-
dve generaciji v letu. Samica odpre celico, ably have two generations in a year as well.
v kateri je dorasla ličinka ali buba čmrlja. A female opens a cell which contains a fully
S pikom z želom jo omrtviči in nanjo odloži grown bumblebee larva or pupa, paralyzes it
jajčece. V zajedanem gnezdu čmrljev je with a sting and lays an egg. In a parasitized nest
lahko večina ličink parazitiranih. Drewsen of bumblebees most larvae may be parasitized.
(1847) je poročal, da se je iz gnezda čmrljev, Drewsen (1847) had reported that from the nest
prinesenega domov, izleglo 76 mravljaric, of bumblebees being transported home, 76 velvet
od tega 24 samcev, in le dve delavki čmrljev ants hatched, of which 24 were males, and only
(Invrea 1964). Potem ko mravljaricam uspe two bumblebee workers (Invrea 1964). After
priti v gnezdo, se med njimi in čmrlji skoraj velvet ants manage to get into the nest, fighting
nikoli ne vnamejo spopadi (Brothers 1972, between them and bumblebees almost never hap-
Brothers et al. 2000). pens (Brothers 1972, Brothers et al. 2000).
Ose mravljarice se večinoma oglašajo z Most velvet ants stridulate by rubbing the
drgnjenjem zadnjega roba 2. zadkovega tergita rear edge of the second abdominal tergum
ob rebrasto strukturo na sredini 3. tergita against the rippled structure in the middle of
(Tschuch in Brothers 2000). Stridulatorni the third tergum (Tschuch & Brothers 2000).

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 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

organ imata večinoma oba spola. Samci neke Both sexes generally have stridulatory organs.
nočne vrste stridulirajo med letom, verjetno Males of a certain nocturnal species stridulate
kot pozivni napev. Samice se lahko oglašajo during flight, probably as a calling signal. Fe-
med zavračanjem parjenja. Oglašanje je naj- males may stridulate to reject mating. Sound
verjetneje svarilo plenilcem pred nevarnostjo production is likely a warning to the predators
obrambe z želom. Vibracije ob oglašanju lahko of a danger of defense with the sting. Vibra-
pomagajo tudi pri odkopavanju zemlje. Invrea tions produced by stridulation may also help
(1964) je opazoval samico vrste Mutilla during soil excavation. Invrea (1964) observed
quinquemaculata, ki je ob odpiranju celice v a female of the species Mutilla quinquemacula-
gnezdu iz ilovice na skali glasno stridulira- ta, which stridulated loud when opening a cell
la. Poleg tega, da se oglašajo, mravljarice v in the clay nest on a rock. Besides sound produc-
nevarnosti izločajo tudi kemične snovi iz man- tion, velvet ants in danger secrete chemical sub-
dibularnih žlez (Tschuch in Brothers 2001). stances from the mandibular glands (Tschuch
Gogala (1991) je opazoval mravljarico & Brothers 2001).
vrste Myrmilla mutica, katere gostitelji niso bili Gogala (1991) observed Myrmilla mutica,
znani, pri preučevanju gnezdenja družbenih for which no hosts were known, while studying
vitkih čebel vrste Halictus scabiosae. Čeprav the nesting of social sweat bee Halictus scabi-
ni bilo neposrednega dokaza za parazitski osae. Although no direct evidence of parasit-
odnos, je ta zelo verjeten, saj tudi druge vrste ic relationship was established, this is highly
rodu Myrmilla zajedajo pri vitkih čebelah in probable case, since several Myrmilla species
Halictus scabiosae je po velikosti edina izmed are documented parasitoids of sweat bees, and
pojavljajočih se v okolici ustrezala velikosti H. scabiosae was the only species of appropriate
mravljarice. size nesting in the area.

Slika 1: Myrmosa atra, samica iz Lukovice

Fig. 1: Myrmosa atra female from Lukovica

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Slika 2: Oxybelus uniglumis s plenom; gostitelj vrst Myrmosa atra in Smicromyrme rufipes
Fig. 2: Oxybelus uniglumis with its prey; a host of Myrmosa atra and Smicromyrme rufipes

Slika 3: Myrmilla calva, samica s Korena nad Horjulom

Fig. 3: Myrmilla calva female from Koreno above Horjul

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 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Slika 4: Delavka vrste Halictus scabiosae pri vhodu v gnezdo; verjetni gostitelj vrste Myrmilla mutica
Fig. 4: Halictus scabiosae worker at the nest entrance; a probable host of Myrmilla mutica

Slika 5: Myrmilla mutica, samica iz Brij

Fig. 5: Myrmilla mutica female from Brje

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Kaj je Mutilla saltatrix What is Mutilla saltatrix

Scopoli, 1763 Scopoli, 1763
Ioannes Antonius Scopoli je leta 1763 In his book Entomologia Carniolica (1763),
v knjigi Entomologia Carniolica opisal novo Ioannes Antonius Scopoli described a new
vrsto iz rodu Mutilla, ki ga je leta 1758 uvedel species of the genus Mutilla, which was intro-
Carl Linnaeus. Kasneje se ime M. saltatrix ni duced in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus. However, the
uporabljalo za nobeno od os mravljaric. Lelej name M. saltatrix was later not used for any of
(2002) ime navaja kot incertae sedis, z nejasnim the velvet ants. Lelej (2002) lists it among the
položajem. Za tipsko lokaliteto zmotno navaja names incertae sedis, with an undetermined po-
Karnijo, Italija. V resnici je Scopolijevo delo sition. For the type locality he erroneously states
favna avstrijske dežele Kranjske, katere Carnia, Italy. In fact, Scopoli’s work is the fauna
ozemlje je danes pretežno v Sloveniji. Najdišča of the Austrian province of Carniola, the territo-
Scopoli sicer ne navaja. Njegov opis je sledeč: ry of which is today located largely within Slo-
venia. Scopoli, however, did not state the find-
ing site. His description reads as follows:

838. Mutilla Saltatrix. 838. Mutilla Saltatrix.

— long.— — — long.— —
Huc refero animal 21. Martii cum floribus Huc refero animal 21. Martii cum floribus
Farfarae lectum, pediculo triplo minus, Farfarae lectum, pediculo triplo minus,
fuscum glabrum ; maxillis pedibusque fuscum glabrum ; maxillis pedibusque
ferrugineis ; antennis motatoriis , infractis , ferrugineis ; antennis motatoriis , infractis ,
thorace longioribus: articulo oblongo, acuto , thorace longioribus: articulo oblongo, acuto ,
fusco clavatis ; stipite albido ; abdomine ovato, fusco clavatis ; stipite albido ; abdomine ovato,
subtus jugo seu plica compressa instructo. subtus jugo seu plica compressa instructo.
Haec currit velociter, leviter tacta saltat, Haec currit velociter, leviter tacta saltat,
antennas assiduo agitat. antennas assiduo agitat.
[Tu poročam o živali, najdeni 21. marca [Here I report on an animal found on 21
na lapuhovem cvetju, trikrat manjši od uši, March in Coltsfoot flowers, three times smaller
rjavi in gladki. Čeljusti in noge rjaste; tipalke than a louse, brown and smooth. Jaws and
trepetajoče, prelomljene, daljše od oprsja: to legs are rusty; antennae trembling, broken,
je ovalno, priostreno, s temno zadebelitvijo; longer than chest: this is oval, acute, with dark
pecelj je belkast; zadek jajčast, se spodvije. thickening; stalk is whitish; Abdomen ovoid,
Hitro teče, ob rahlem dotiku skoči, neprestano it bends. Runs fast, jumps at slight touch,
miga s tipalkami.] constantly shakes its antennae.]

Več opisanih značilnosti se ne ujema z Several of the described characteristics are

značilnostmi os mravljaric. Te niso gladke, not consistent with the characteristics of the
temveč kosmate in grobo punktirane. Nimajo velvet ants. They are not smooth, but hairy and
tako dolgih tipalk in ne skačejo. Opis se veliko roughly punctured. They do not have such long
bolje ujema z značilnostmi mravljelikih pajkov antennae and do not jump. The description is
skakačev (Araneae: Salticidae), ki en par nog better suited to the features of ant-like jumping
uporabljajo kot tipalke. V Sloveniji živijo spiders (Araneae: Salticidae), which use a pair of
štiri mravljelike vrste pajkov, po dve iz rodov legs as feelers. In Slovenia, four ant-like spider
Myrmarachne in Synageles (Kostanjšek species exist, two of the genera Myrmarachne

10
 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

in Kuntner 2015). Ker tipski primerek ni and Synageles (Kostanjšek & Kuntner 2015).
ohranjen, ni mogoče ugotoviti, kateri vrsti As the type specimen has not been preserved, it
pripada Scopolijev opis. Najpogostejša izmed is not possible to determine which species corre-
njih je verjetno Myrmarachne formicaria sponds to Scopoli’s description. The commonest
(De Geer, 1778), vendar naj bi bil Scopoli of these is probably Myrmarachne formicaria
to vrsto po sedanjem razumevanju opisal že (De Geer, 1778), but according to present inter-
pod imenom Aranea joblotii (Kostanjšek in pretation Scopoli described this species already
Kuntner 2015). Glede na navedeno majhno under the name Aranea joblotii (Kostanjšek &
velikost bi šlo lahko za juvenilni primerek. Kuntner 2015). According to the small given
size, it might be a juvenile specimen.

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Seznam os mravljaric (Mutillidae) Slovenije /

Check list of velvet ants (Mutillidae) of Slovenia

Myrmosinae Fox, 1894

Myrmosa Latreille, 1796

Myrmosa atra Panzer, 1801

M. melanocephala (Fabricius, 1793)

Nonveiller 1976, Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija
Podčetrtek, Maribor, 8♀ 6♂, coll. E. Jaeger (Nonveiller in litteris, 1984)
Log, Lukovica, VL59, 1. 7. 1984, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Stomaž, Sela, Dolina Raše, VL16, 13. 9. 2009, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL

Gostitelji: Oxybelus uniglumis, Crabro Hosts: Oxybelus uniglumis, Crabro peltarius,

peltarius, Crossocerus palmipes, Crossocerus palmipes, C. wesmaeli,
C. wesmaeli, Diodontus tristis, Lindenius Diodontus tristis, Lindenius panzeri,
panzeri, L. albilabris (Crabronidae) L. albilabris (Crabronidae) (Invrea 1964,
(Invrea 1964, Bogusch 2006). Primerek Bogusch 2006). Specimen from Lukovica
iz Lukovice je bil najden na gnezdišču was found at the nests of Oxybelus
vrste Oxybelus uniglumis. uniglumis.
Zahodnopalearktična vrsta. Najdena West Palaearctic species. Collected in the
v subpanonskem, predalpskem in sub-Pannonian, pre-Alpine and sub-
submediteranskem območju Slovenije. Mediterranean regions of Slovenia.
Sorodno, a redko vrsto M. moesica Suarez, A related but rare species M. moesica
1981, opisano iz vzhodne Srbije, je mogoče Suarez, 1981, described from eastern
razločiti od M. atra le po genitalijah samca. Serbia, can be distinguished from M. atra
Možno je, da je razširjena širše, kot nam je only by male genitalia. It is possible that it
znano doslej (Srbija, Črna gora) (Ćetković, is spread wider than known so far (Serbia,
osebna korespondenca). Montenegro) (Ćetković, pers. comm.).

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 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Paramyrmosa Saussure, 1880

Paramyrmosa brunnipes (Lepeletier, 1845)

Nonveiller 1976, Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija
Podčetrtek, coll. E. Jaeger (Nonveiller in litteris, 1984)
Log, Lukovica, VL59, 10. 6. 1992, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., 12. 7. 1990, 1♂, A. Gogala leg., PMSL

Gostitelji: Lasioglossum majus, L. pauxillum, Hosts: Lasioglossum majus, L. pauxillum,

L. morio, L. malachurum (Halictidae), L. morio, L. malachurum (Halictidae),
Crabro peltarius, Cerceris rybyensis Crabro peltarius, Cerceris rybyensis
(Crabronidae) (Invrea 1964, Knerer (Crabronidae) (Invrea 1964, Knerer
1973, Bogusch 2006). 1973, Bogusch 2006).
Zahodno palearktična vrsta. Najdena v West Palaearctic species. Collected in the
subpanonskem in predalpskem območju sub-Pannonian and pre-Alpine regions of
Slovenije. Slovenia.

Myrmillinae Bischoff, 1920

Myrmilla Wesmael, 1852

Myrmilla calva (Villers, 1789)

M. distincta (Lepeletier, 1845)

Vogrin 1955: Gorica, coll. Hensch
Nonveiller 1976, Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija
Podčetrtek, coll. E. Jaeger, including 1 gynandromorphic specimen, with the following label
data: „STYR. Podčetrtek, 28.5.30. Dr. Jaeger“ (Nonveiller in litteris, 1984, Ćetković, pers.
corr.)
Brje pri Komnu, VL07, 16. 6. 1990, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., 23. 8. 1992, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Bezovica, VL14, 3. 10. 1990, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Sečovlje, Fontanigge, UL93, 24. 8. 1991, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Gorjansko, UL97, 7. 6. 1992, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., 26. 6. 1993, 1♂, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Ljubljana, Črnuče, Jarški prod, VM60, 3. 9. 1998, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Štanjel, Lukovec, VL07, 3. 5. 2008, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Horjul, Koreno, VL49, 26. 4. 2014, 1♀, photo A. Gogala

Gostitelji: Lasioglossum morio, L. calceatum, Hosts: Lasioglossum morio, L. calceatum,

L. marginatum, L. malachurum in druge L. marginatum, L. malachurum and
družbene čebele iz družine Halictidae other social bees of the family Halictidae
(Knerer 1973, Bogusch 2006). (Knerer 1973, Bogusch 2006).
Palearktična vrsta. Najdena v Palaearctic species. Collected in the sub-
submediteranskem, predalpskem in Mediterranean, pre-Alpine and sub-
subpanonskem območju Slovenije. Pannonian regions of Slovenia.

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Myrmilla mutica (André, 1903)

Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija
Gogala 1991: Komen, near the nests of Halictus scabiosae
Brje pri Komnu, VL07, 21. 5. 1989, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL

Gostitelji: verjetno Halictus scabiosae Hosts: probably Halictus scabiosae

(Halictidae), saj je bila samica najdena na (Halictidae), since a female was found
gnezdišču teh družbenih čebel (Gogala on the nesting ground of this social bee
1991). (Gogala 1991).
Vzhodnomediteranska vrsta, razširjena East Mediterranean species, distributed
od okolice Trsta (Italija) na zahodu do from the surroundings of Trieste in
Krima na vzhodu in od Avstrije, Češke Italy in the west to Crimea in the east
in Slovaške na severu do Krete na jugu and from Austria, Czech Republic and
(Ljubomirov 2011). V seznamu Fauna Slovakia in the north to Crete in the
Europaea je za Slovenijo navedena south (Ljubomirov 2011). Listed for
zaradi splošne razširjenosti, ki jo podaja Slovenia in Fauna Europaea database
Ljubomirov (2011), posebno zaradi bližine following specific suggestions and general
potrjenega pojavljanja v okolici Trsta distribution elaborated in Ljubomirov
(Ćetković, oseb. kor.). V Sloveniji najdena (2011), particularly owing to the proximity
na Krasu (submediteransko območje). of the confirmed presence in the Trieste
area (Ćetković, pers. comm.). In Slovenia,
it was found in the Kras (Karst),
sub-Mediterranean region.

Myrmilla erythrocephala (Latreille, 1792)

Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija

V seznamu Fauna Europaea je za Slovenijo Listed for Slovenia in Fauna Europaea

navedena zaradi splošne razširjenosti, ki jo database following specific suggestions
podaja Ljubomirov (2011), posebno zaradi and general distribution elaborated in
bližine potrjenega pojavljanja v okolici Ljubomirov (2011), particularly due to the
Trsta (Ćetković, oseb. kor.). proximity of the confirmed presence in the
Trieste area (Ćetković, pers. comm.).

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 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Mutillinae Latreille, 1802

Mutillini Latreille, 1802
Mutilla Linnaeus, 1758

Mutilla europaea Linnaeus, 1758

M. notomelas André, 1902

Nonveiller 1976, Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija
Styria (Štajerska), 13♀ 6♂, coll. E. Jaeger (Nonveiller in litteris, 1984); label data available for
1♂: „STYR. Podčetrtek, 17. 6. 31, Dr. Jaeger“ (Ćetković, pers. corr.)
Kranjska Gora, Krnica, VM04, 3. 7. 1976, 1♀, V. Furlan leg., PMSL
Vršič, VM04, 29. 7. 1976, 1♀, V. Furlan leg., PMSL
Komna – Vratca, VM02, 26. 8. 1990, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Mrzlica, 1100 m, WM01, 23. 7. 1991, 2♂, V. Furlan leg., PMSL
Čaven, VL08, 22. 8. 1992, 1♂, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Begunjščica, VM44, 3. 8. 1994, 1♂, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Smrekovec, Komen, 1650 m, VM84, 8. 8. 1998, 1♂, A. Gogala leg., PMSL

Gostitelji: čmrlji, Bombus spp. (Apidae) Hosts: bumblebees, Bombus spp. (Apidae)
(Invrea 1964, Bogusch 2006). (Invrea 1964, Bogusch 2006).
Palearktična vrsta. V Sloveniji prebivalka Palaearctic species. In Slovenia, a resident
gorskih predelov, najdena v alpskem, of mountainous areas, collected in the
predalpskem in submediteranskem Alpine, pre-Alpine and sub-Mediterranean
območju. Samci imajo lahko mezonotum regions. Males may have mesonotum and
in skutelum na oprsju rjavo obarvan, lahko scutellum on the thorax brown in colour,
pa so povsem črni. V tem primeru se od but may be completely black. In this case,
podobne vrste M. marginata ločijo po they are distinguished from the similar
veliko bolj grobi punktiranosti in ravnih species M. marginata by much more robust
dlakah. punctuation and straight hair.

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Ronisia Costa, 1858

Ronisia brutia (Petagna, 1787)

Vogrin 1955: Gorica, coll. Hensch; Podpeca, 23. 7.; Kranj, 8. 8.
Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija
Brje pri Komnu, VL07, 29. 7. 1990, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL

Gostitelji: Megachile albisecta, M. parietina Hosts: Megachile albisecta, M. parietina

(Megachilidae), Anthophora crinipes (Megachilidae), Anthophora crinipes
(Apidae), morda tudi Polistes spp. (Apidae), possibly also Polistes spp.
(Vespidae) (Invrea 1964, Bogusch 2006). (Vespidae) (Invrea 1964, Bogusch
Opazovanje mravljaric te vrste in vrste 2006). Observation of this and the species
Tropidotilla litoralis z glavo naprej zaritih Tropidotilla litoralis head on in cells of
v celice gnezda družbenih os iz rodu nests of social wasps of the genus Polistes
Polistes si lahko razlagamo kot hranjenje can be interpreted as feeding on their
z njihovimi ličinkami. Parazitiranje larvae. Parasitization of velvet ants in
mravljaric v gnezdih družbenih os ni bilo the nests of social wasps has never been
nikoli potrjeno (Brothers et al. 2000). confirmed (Brothers et al. 2000).
Mediteranska vrsta, ki naseljuje tudi tople Mediterranean species inhabiting warm parts
predele srednje Evrope. Najdena na Krasu of Central Europe. Collected in the Karst
(submediteransko območje). Vogrin (1955) (sub-Mediterranean region). Vogrin (1955)
navaja tudi najdbe iz predalpskega in lists also finds in the pre-Alpine and Alpine
alpskega območja, in sicer kot var. differens regions as var. differens Lepeletier, 1845.
Lepeletier, 1845. Ta je sinonim vrste This is a synonym of Ronisia ghilianii
Ronisia ghilianii (Spinola, 1843), vendar (Spinola, 1843), but it is unlikely for this
ni verjetno, da bi ta zahodnomediteranska West Mediterranean species to be present
vrsta živela v Sloveniji, zato te podatke in Slovenia, so I interpret this record as R.
pripisujem vrsti R. brutia. brutia.
V zbirki PMSL imamo tudi primerka iz In the PMSL collection, we have also
Grčije: specimens from Greece:

Greece: Fokida: Lidoriki, Skaloula, 12. 7. 2010, 1♀, M. Gogala & T. Trilar leg., PMSL
Greece: Andros Is.: Batsi, Agia Marina, 26. 6. 2013, 1♀, T. Trilar & M. Gogala leg., PMSL

16
 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Smicromyrmini Bischoff, 1920

Nemka Lelej, 1985

Nemka viduata (Pallas, 1773)

Nonveiller 1976, Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija

Gostitelji: Bembecinus tridens, Gorytes sp., Hosts: Bembecinus tridens, Gorytes sp.,
Larra anathema (Crabronidae), Dasypoda Larra anathema (Crabronidae), Dasypoda
hirtipes (Melittidae) (Invrea 1964, Lelej hirtipes (Melittidae) (Invrea 1964, Lelej
1995, Bogusch 2006). 1995, Bogusch 2006).
Palearktična vrsta, živeča tudi v toplejših Palaearctic species present in the warmer
delih srednje Evrope. Vezana je na peščena parts of central Europe. Restricted to sandy
tla, zato jo verjetno lahko pričakujemo le v soil, so it can probably be expected only in
vzhodni Sloveniji. Nonveillerjeva navedba eastern Slovenia. Nonveiller’s indication of
vrste za Slovenijo verjetno temelji na the species for Slovenia was probably based
neobjavljenih podatkih. on unpublished records.
V zbirki PMSL sta le primerka s Krete: In the PMSL collection, there are only
specimens from Crete:

Greece: Crete: Hanya, Granvousa, Balos, 10 m, 17. 8. 2006, 2♀, T. Trilar & K. Prosenc Trilar
leg., PMSL

Physetopoda Schuster, 1949

Physetopoda cingulata (Costa, 1858)

Komen, Vale, UL97, 27. 9. 1997, 1♂, A. Gogala leg., PMSL

Vrsta, večinoma znana le po samcih. Samica Species known almost exclusively for males.
je bila opisana šele leta 2006 (Standfuss Female described only in 2006 (Standfuss
2006). 2006).
Mediteransko srednjeazijska vrsta. Najdena Mediterranean Central Asian species.
na najtoplejšem, najnižjem delu Krasa Collected in the warmest, lowest part of the
(submediteransko območje). Karst (sub-Mediterranean region).

Physetopoda daghestanica (Radoszkowski, 1885)

Brje pri Komnu, VL07, 11. 10. 2003, 1♂, A. Gogala leg., 22. 7. 2006, 1♂, A. Gogala leg., PMSL

Vrsta je znana le po samcih. Samice še The species known only for males. Females are
ne znamo razločevati od drugih vrst, not yet distinguishable from other species;
verjetno jih uvrščamo med primerke vrste they are probably confused with specimens
Physetopoda halensis (Bogusch 2006). of Physetopoda halensis (Bogusch 2006).
Mediteransko srednjeazijska vrsta. Najdena na Mediterranean Central Asian species. Collected
Krasu (submediteransko območje). in the Karst (sub-Mediterranean region).

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Physetopoda halensis (Fabricius, 1787)

Smicromyrme montana (Panzer, 1805)
Graeffe 1911: Tolmein (= Tolmin), Loitsch (= Logatec)
Nonveiller 1976, Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija
Podčetrtek, Pokojišče, coll. E. Jaeger (Nonveiller in litteris, 1984)
Brezovica pri Ljubljani, VL59, 1. 5. 1984, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Topolovec, VL03, 9. 5. 1991, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Planina Vogar, VM12, 24. 5. 1996, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL

Gostitelji: ličinke hroščev Clytra Hosts: larvae of beetles Clytra quadripunctata

quadripunctata in Labidostomis humeralis and Labidostomis humeralis (Coleoptera:
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Clytrinae) Chrysomelidae, Clytrinae) (Sergeev &
(Sergeev in Lelej 2011). Ličinke vrste Lelej 2011). The larvae of the species Clytra
Clytra quadripunctata se razvijajo v quadripunctata develop in the nests of ants
gnezdih mravelj iz rodu Formica. Ličinke of the genus Formica. Velvet ant larvae
mravljaric zajedajo dorasle ličinke ali bube v parasitize fully grown larvae or pupae in
njihovih zapredkih (Brothers et al. 2000). their cocoons (Brothers et al. 2000).
Zahodno palearktična vrsta. Široko razširjena West Palaearctic species. Widespread in
v Sloveniji, najdena v predalpskem, Slovenia, collected in the pre-Alpine,
alpskem, dinarskem, submediteranskem in Alpine, Dinaric, sub-Mediterranean and
subpanonskem območju. sub-Pannonian regions.

Physetopoda scutellaris (Latreille, 1792)

Bischoff 1909: Krain (= Kranjska, Carniola), Klug leg.
Nonveiller 1976, Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija

Zahodno palearktična vrsta. Edini podatek West Palaearctic species. The only record
za Slovenijo je objavil Bischoff, ki pa ne for Slovenia was published by Bischoff
navaja natančnega nahajališča. who, however, does not indicate the exact
locality.

Smicromyrme Thomson, 1870

Smicromyrme rufipes (Fabricius, 1787)

Nonveiller 1976, Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija
Podčetrtek, Maribor, 7♀, coll. E. Jaeger (Nonveiller in litteris, 1984)

Gostitelji: Oxybelus uniglumis, O. Hosts: Oxybelus uniglumis, O. bipunctatus,

bipunctatus, Tachysphex sp., Miscophus Tachysphex sp., Miscophus spurius,
spurius, Palarus variegatus, Hoplisoides Palarus variegatus, Hoplisoides latifrons
latifrons (Crabronidae), Pompilidae, (Crabronidae), Pompilidae, Halictidae,
Halictidae, Andrenidae (Invrea 1964, Andrenidae (Invrea 1964, Bogusch 2006,
Bogusch 2006, Amiet 2008). Amiet 2008).
Palearktična vrsta. Najdena v subpanonskem Palaearctic species. Collected in the sub-
območju Slovenije. Pannonian region of Slovenia.

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 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Smicromyrme sicanus (De Stefani, 1887)

Komen, Vale, UL97, 26. 4. 1998, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL

Mediteransko srednjeazijska vrsta. Najdena Mediterranean Central Asian species.

na najtoplejšem, najnižjem delu Krasa Collected in the warmest, lowest part of the
(submediteransko območje). Karst (sub-Mediterranean region).

Dasylabrinae Invrea, 1964

Dasylabris Radoszkowski, 1885

Dasylabris maura (Linnaeus, 1758)

Nonveiller & Ćetković 2013: Slovenija

V seznamu Fauna Europaea je navedena Listed for Slovenia in the Fauna Europaea
za Slovenijo na podlagi neobjavljenih database on the basis of unpublished data
podatkov (Ćetković, oseb. kom.) (Ćetković, pers. comm.).

Sphaeropthalminae Schuster, 1949

Cystomutilla André, 1896

Cystomutilla ruficeps (Smith, 1855)

Brje pri Komnu, VL07, 15. 7. 1990, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL
Divača, Škocjan, VL25, 15. 6. 1994, 1♀, A. Gogala leg., PMSL

Gostitelji: ose grebače, ki gnezdijo v suhih Hosts: Crabronid wasps nesting in dry Rubus
steblih robide: Ectemnius rubicola, stems: Ectemnius rubicola, Pemphredon
Pemphredon wesmaeli (Crabronidae) wesmaeli (Crabronidae) (Invrea 1964,
(Invrea 1964, Bogusch 2006). Vrsta velja Bogusch 2006). Species is considered very
za zelo redko, kar pa je lahko posledica rare, but this may be due to the nesting of
gnezdenja njenih gostiteljev v rastlinskih its hosts in plant stems and tree trunks, in
steblih in deblih, v nasprotju z gostitelji contrast to the hosts of other velvet ants
drugih os mravljaric, ki večinoma gnezdijo that nest mainly in the ground. Therefore
v tleh. Zato se Cystomutilla ruficeps ne Cystomutilla ruficeps does not occur on
pojavlja na tleh, kot druge mravljarice, the ground, as other velvet ants do. On the
medtem ko jo na rastlinah težje opazimo. other hand, it is hardly noticeable on plants.
Zahodno palearktična vrsta. Najdena na Krasu West Palaearctic species. Collected in the
(submediteransko območje). Karst (sub-Mediterranean region).

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Slika 6: Myrmosa atra, samica iz doline Raše, zbirka Slika 7: Paramyrmosa brunnipes, samica iz Lukovice,
PMSL zbirka PMSL
Fig. 6: Myrmosa atra female from the Raša valley, Fig. 7: Paramyrmosa brunnipes female from
coll. PMSL Lukovica, coll. PMSL

20
 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Slika 8: Paramyrmosa brunnipes, samec iz Lukovice, zbirka PMSL

Fig. 8: Paramyrmosa brunnipes male from Lukovica, coll. PMSL

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Slika 9: Myrmilla calva, samec iz Gorjanskega, zbirka PMSL

Fig. 9: Myrmilla calva male from Gorjansko, coll. PMSL

22
 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Slika 10: Myrmilla calva, samica iz Lukovca, zbirka Slika 11: Myrmilla mutica, samica iz Brij, zbirka
PMSL PMSL
Fig. 10: Myrmilla calva female from Lukovec, coll. Fig. 11: Myrmilla mutica female from Brje, coll.
PMSL PMSL

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Slika 12: Mutilla europaea, samica z Vršiča, zbirka

PMSL
Fig. 12: Mutilla europaea female from Vršič, coll.
PMSL

24
 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Slika 13: Mutilla europaea, samec s Čavna z rjavim oprsjem, zbirka PMSL
Fig. 13: Mutilla europaea male from Čaven with brown thorax, coll. PMSL

Slika 14: Mutilla europaea, samec z Begunjščice s črnim oprsjem, zbirka PMSL
Fig. 14: Mutilla europaea male from Begunjščica with black thorax, coll. PMSL

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Slika 15: Ronisia brutia, samica iz Brij, zbirka PMSL Slika 16: Nemka viduata, samica s Krete, zbirka
PMSL
Fig. 15: Ronisia brutia female from Brje, coll. PMSL
Fig. 16: Nemka viduata female from Crete, coll. PMSL

26
 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Slika 17: Physetopoda cingulata, samec iz Val, zbirka PMSL

Fig. 17: Physetopoda cingulata male from Vale, coll. PMSL

Slika 18: Physetopoda daghestanica, samec iz Brij, zbirka PMSL

Fig. 18: Physetopoda daghestanica male from Brje, coll. PMSL

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Slika 19: Physetopoda halensis, samica iz Topolovca, Slika 20: Physetopoda halensis, samica z Vogarja,
zbirka PMSL zbirka PMSL
Fig. 19: Physetopoda halensis female from Topolovec, Fig. 20: Physetopoda halensis female from Vogar,
coll. PMSL coll. PMSL

28
 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Slika 21: Smicromyrme sicanus, samica iz Val, zbirka Slika 22: Cystomutilla ruficeps, samica iz Škocjana,
PMSL zbirka PMSL
Fig. 21: Smicromyrme sicanus female from Vale, coll. Fig. 22: Cystomutilla ruficeps female from Škocjan,
PMSL coll. PMSL

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Nekaj vrst iz sosednjih držav in Balkana /

Some species from neighbouring countries and the Balkans

V zbirki Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije The collection of the Slovenian Museum of

je nekaj primerkov os mravljaric iz sosednjih Natural History includes specimens of velvet
in drugih držav, predvsem z Balkana, ki ants from neighbouring and other countries,
pripadajo vrstam, ki doslej v Sloveniji niso mostly from the Balkans, representing taxa
bile zabeležene. Najdbe nekaterih izmed teh not recorded in Slovenia so far. Some of
vrst lahko pričakujemo tudi v Sloveniji. these species may be expected to be found in
Slovenia.

Myrmosinae Fox, 1894

Krombeinella Pate, 1947

Krombeinella nigriceps (S.S. Saunders, 1850)

Greece: Peloponnese: Mani Peninsula: Panaghia Giatrissa, 948 m, 30. 6. 2013, 1♀, T. Trilar &
M. Gogala leg., PMSL

Balkanska vrsta, na severozahod razširjena Balkan species, spread in the northwest

do Trogirja (Dalmacija) in Domanovićev to Trogir (Dalmatia) and Domanovići
(Hercegovina) (Nonveiller et al. 1998). (Herzegovina) (Nonveiller et al. 1998).
Največja vrsta poddružine Myrmosinae. The largest species in the subfamily
Primerke iz evropskega in azijskega dela Myrmosinae. Specimens from the
Turčije ter Bolgarije obravnavata Lelej in European and Asian parts of Turkey and
Yildirim (2009) kot K. gaullei (Invrea, Bulgaria are dealt by Lelej and Yildirim
1952). Vrsta brez stridulatornega organa (2009) as a distinct species, K. gaullei
(Tschuch in Brothers 2000). (Invrea, 1952). Species lacks stridulatory
organ (Tschuch & Brothers 2000).

Pseudophotopsidinae Bischoff, 1920

Pseudophotopsis André, 1896

Pseudophotopsis obliterata (Smith, 1855)

Greece: Peloponnese: Arkadia: Ag. Andreas, Korakovouni, 390 m, N37.30517° E22.74962°, 4. 6.
2016, 1♀, M. Gogala leg., PMSL

Vrsta, znana iz Albanije, Grčije in Cipra Species, known from Albania, Greece and
(Lelej, L. in K. Standfuss 2003a). Cyprus (Lelej, L. & K. Standfuss 2003a).

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 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Mutillinae Latreille, 1802

Mutillini Latreille, 1802
Mutilla Linnaeus, 1758

Mutilla marginata Baer, 1848

Austria: Koralpe: Weinebene-Schäferkreuz, 1700-1800 m, VM98, 10. 8. 1991, 1♂, A. Gogala
leg., PMSL

Gostitelji: čmrlji, Bombus spp. (Apidae) Hosts: bumblebees, Bombus spp. (Apidae)
(Bogusch 2006). (Bogusch 2006).
Palearktična vrsta. V Sloveniji še ni bila Palaearctic species. It has not been found in
najdena, vendar jo lahko pričakujemo, saj Slovenia yet, but is expected as known to
je znana iz bližnjih pogorij Avstrije, npr. iz occur in nearby mountain ranges in Austria
Koralp. such as Koralpe.

Mutilla quinquemaculata Cyrillo, 1787

Greece: Andros Is.: Batsi, Agia Marina, 26. 6. 2013, 1♀, T. Trilar & M. Gogala leg., PMSL

Gostitelji: Osmia tricornis, Megachile Hosts: Osmia tricornis, Megachile

(Chalicodoma) sp. (Megachilidae) (Invrea (Chalicodoma) sp. (Megachilidae) (Invrea
1964). 1964).
Mediteranska vrsta. Lahko jo pričakujemo Mediterranean species. May be expected in
tudi v Slovenskem primorju. the Slovenian littoral.

Tropidotilla Bischoff, 1920

Tropidotilla litoralis (Petagna, 1787)

Croatia: Otok Korčula: Zavalatica, 10. 6. 1998, 1♀, T. Trilar & M. Gogala leg.
Krk, 8/11. 6. 1934, 1♂, Dr. Jaeger leg.; Krk, 17. 6. 1934, 1♂, Dr. Jaeger leg., Krk, 1♂, Mader leg.
PMSL (specimens from Krk currently in Linz – Ćetković, pers. corr.)
Macedonia: Skopje, 30. 6. 1934, 1♂, PMSL (specimens currently in Linz – Ćetković, pers. corr.)
Greece: Fokida: Lidoriki, Skaloula, 683 m, 12. 6. 2012, 1♀, T. Trilar & M. Gogala leg., PMSL

Gostitelji: Paragymnomerus spiricornis Hosts: Paragymnomerus spiricornis

(Eumeninae) (Amiet 2008), morda tudi (Eumeninae) (Amiet 2008), possibly also
družbene ose, Polistes spp. (Vespidae) social wasps, Polistes spp. (Vespidae)
(Invrea 1964, Bogusch 2006). (Invrea 1964, Bogusch 2006).
Palearktična vrsta. Živi v vseh sosednjih Palaearctic species. It is present in all
državah, zato bi jo lahko našli tudi v neighbouring countries, and could thus be
Sloveniji. found in Slovenia as well.

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Smicromyrmini Bischoff, 1920

Dentilla Lelej in Lelej & Kabakov, 1980

Dentilla curtiventris (André 1901)

Smicromyrme errana Nonveiller, 1958
Smicromyrme erronea cretica Nonveiller, 1972
Greece: Fokida: Lidoriki, Skaloula, 668 m, 8. 7. 2007, 1♂, T. Trilar & M. Gogala leg., PMSL

Vzhodnomediteranska vrsta, razširjena East Mediterranean species. Spread from Italy

od Italije do Armenije in Azerbajdžana to Armenia and Azerbaijan (Lelej, L. & K.
(Lelej, L. in K. Standfuss 2003a). Standfuss 2003a).

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 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Slika 23: Krombeinella nigriceps, samica s Slika 24: Pseudophotopsis obliterata, samica s
Peloponeza, zbirka PMSL Peloponeza, zbirka PMSL
Fig. 23: Krombeinella nigriceps female from the Fig. 24: Pseudophotopsis obliterata female from the
Peloponnese, coll. PMSL Peloponnese, coll. PMSL

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Slika 25: Mutilla marginata, samec s Koralp, zbirka PMSL

Fig. 25: Mutilla marginata male from Koralpe, coll. PMSL

34
 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Slika 26: Mutilla quinquemaculata, samica z otoka Slika 27: Tropidotilla litoralis, samica z otoka
Andros, zbirka PMSL Korčule, zbirka PMSL
Fig. 26: Mutilla quinquemaculata female from Andros Fig. 27: Tropidotilla litoralis female from Korčula
Island, coll. PMSL Island, coll. PMSL

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

Slika 28: Dentilla curtiventris, samec iz Fokide, zbirka PMSL

Fig. 28: Dentilla curtiventris male from Fokida, coll. PMSL

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 Andrej GOGALA: Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)/Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

Zaključki Conclusions
Za Slovenijo je bilo doslej zabeleženih Altogether, 16 species of velvet ants have so
16 vrst os mravljaric. Tu so prvič objavljeni far been recorded for Slovenia. Data for the fol-
podatki za naslednje vrste: Physetopoda lowing four species are published here for the
cingulata, Physetopoda daghestani- first time: Physetopoda cingulata, Physetopoda
ca, Smicromyrme sicanus in Cystomutil- daghestanica, Smicromyrme sicanus and Cysto-
la ruficeps. Vrsti Myrmilla mutica in Ronisia mutilla ruficeps. Myrmilla mutica and Ronisia
brutia v katalogu palearktičnih vrst (Lelej brutia were not listed for Slovenia in the Cat-
2002) nista navedeni za Slovenijo, čeprav alogue of Palaearctic species (Lelej 2002), al-
sta podatke o njunem pojavljanju že objavila though the data on their presence had already
Gogala (1991) in Vogrin (1955). Za štiri vrste been published by Gogala (1991) and Vogrin
je bil doslej objavljen le podatek za državo, (1955). Four species have been published only
brez navedbe natančne lokalitete: Myrmilla as country-records, without exact locality
erythrocephala, Nemka viduata, Physetopoda data available so far: Myrmilla erythroceph-
scutellaris in Dasylabris maura. V Sloveniji ala, Nemka viduata, Physetopoda scutellaris
lahko pričakujemo še nekaj vrst, ki so znane and Dasylabris maura. Indeed, we can expect
iz sosednjih držav. V splošnem raznovrstnost a few more species that are known from our
os mravljaric hitro upada od mediteranskih neighbouring countries. Generally, diversity of
dežel proti severu. Tako je v Grčiji znanih 56 velvet ants rapidly declines from the Mediter-
vrst (Lelej, L. in K. Standfuss 2003b), na ranean countries to the north. Thus, 56 species
Hrvaškem 31 (Nonveiller et al. 1998), na are known in Greece (Lelej, L. & K. Standfuss
Slovaškem 19 in na Češkem 16 vrst (Bogusch 2003b), 31 species in Croatia (Nonveiller et
2006). Le tri vrste dosežejo sever Evrope al. 1998), 19 in Slovakia and 16 species in the
(Bogusch 2006). Czech Republic (Bogusch 2006). Only three
species are known to reach the north of Europe
(Bogusch 2006).

Zahvale Acknowledgements
Pokojni Guido Nonveiller je določil moje The late Guido Nonveiller determined my
prve primerke os mravljaric in mi izročil spisek first specimens of velvet ants and handed me
vrst iz zbirke Evgena Jaegra. Aleksandar a list of species from the collection of Evgen
Ćetković je pojasnil trenutno stanje Nonveil- Jaeger. Aleksandar Ćetković explained the cur-
lerjeve zbirke in kot eden izmed recenzentov rent state of Nonveiller’s collection and as one of
pomagal z dopolnitvami besedila. Matjaž the reviewers helped with additions to the text.
Kuntner je izrazil mnenje o mravljam podobnih Matjaž Kuntner has expressed his opinion on
pajkih, ki bi lahko bili Mutilla saltatrix. ant-like spiders, which could be Mutilla saltatrix.

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SCOPOLIA No 90 – 2017

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Dodatak, 3-74.

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COPOLIA Vsebina / Contents:

Andrej GOGALA:
Ose mravljarice Slovenije (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
Velvet Ants of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)

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