PPT 4 Steps of Chemical Sterilization
4 METHODS USED OUTSIDE THE BODY FOR ● Protection:
MICROBIAL CONTROL DESIGNED TO RESULT ○ refers to using personal protective
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES. equipment (PPE) such as gloves, gowns,
● Sterilization protective eyewear, and masks
throughout the sterilization process.
● Disinfection
PPE helps to prevent harm from the
● Antisepsis
splashing or vapor of chemicals.
● Decontamination
PHYSICAL AGENTS FOR CONTROLLING MICROBIAL ● Preparation:
GROWTH. (5) ○ involves scrubbing all disassembled
● Temperature extremes, including heat and cold: surfaces with soap and water.
○ While low temperatures can slow down the
● Processing:
growth of microorganisms, heat represents
○ involves exposing materials to the
a highly effective method for killing
microbes.
chemical sterilant. This step will kill the
● Desiccation and dehydration: cells of microorganisms. Materials are
○ refer to the removal of water from the submerged into liquid chemical
microbe's environment. Because many sterilants for the prescribed amount of
organisms require water for their survival, time and then rinsed to remove
desiccation represents one way to limit chemicals. For gas sterilization, gases
microbial growth. are applied in a closed chamber.
● Radiation:
○ Part of the light spectrum includes radiation
● Packaging:
produced by ultraviolet light waves. When
○ done before exposure to chemicals for
absorbed by organisms, radiation produces
mutations, or changes, in DNA that can gas sterilization allowing materials to
block the microbe's basic metabolic remain sterile after application.
processes, resulting in the death of the Materials are packaged after
microorganism. application for liquid sterilization and
● Sonication: require adherence to proper sterile
○ Sonication uses sound waves to cause cells techniques to maintain sterility.
to undergo lysis, or breakdown. Particularly
strong vibrations can disrupt the integrity of
PPT 5
the cell wall or cell membrane, thus causing
the microbe to disintegrate and die. Antimicrobials are therapeutic substances used to
● Filtration: prevent or treat infection include; (5)
○ Filtration relies upon the use of materials ● Antiseptics
with small pores to block organisms from
Antifungals
● Antibiotics
passing through filtered liquids . This Antiparasitics
● Antivirals
represents a common method for removing
microbes from vaccines and chemicals used Various antimicrobial agents act by interfering
in experimental testing. inhibit
Chemical Sterilization Methods plasma membrane integrity,
● Liquid sterilization nucleic acid synthesis,
● Gas sterilization ribosomal function,
folate synthesis.
( 3 ) different categories of antimicrobial agents 8 of the most common classes of antibiotics are
1. Sterilizers - an apparatus for destroying viable generally used for and some of the potential side
microorganisms (as by the use of steam or dry heat) effects. (7 lang cya nakasulat)
compare autoclave,sterilant. Penicillin
What is a sterilizer in medical terms? - Sterilization Sulfonamides Tetracyclines
describes a process that destroys or eliminates all Fluoroquinolones Aminoglycosides
forms of microbial life and is carried out in health-care Macrolides Carbapenems
facilities by physical or chemical methods. Under antiviral drugs- viruses are responsible for
2.Disinfectants - is a substance that kills germs. It is used, illnesses such as:
for example, for cleaning kitchens and bathrooms.
*HIV/AIDS
3.Sanitizer - is a product that's used to make something
*influenza
extremely clean. Using hand sanitizer is one good way
*herpes simplex type I (cold sores of the mouth)
to help keep germs from spreading. Sanitizer doesn't
*type II (genital herpes)
just clean, it sanitizes, or kills viruses and bacteria.
*herpes zoster (shingles) *infectious
Four steps you can take to reduce antimicrobial *viral hepatitis *mononucleosis
resistance *encephalitis *common cold
1. Prevent infections in the first place. Common name for anti fungal medication:
2. Improve antibiotic and antifungal use to slow the *clotrimazole (Canesten) *fluconazole (Diflucan)
development of resistance.
*econazole. *ketoconazole (Daktarin)
3. Stop the spread of resistance when it does develop.
*miconazole. *nystatin (Nystan)
Two types of antibiotics are commonly available *terbinafine (Lamisil) *amphotericin
are as follows. Some of the most common signs of a parasitic
1. antibiotics – These antibiotics had killing infection include:
effects on bacteria. *Stomach cramps and pain.
Example: Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Ofloxacin. *Nausea or vomiting.
2. Bacteriostatic antibiotics – These antibiotics *Dehydration.
have an inhibitory effect on bacteria. *Weight loss.
Example: Erythromycin, Tetracycline, *Swollen lymph nodes.
Chloramphenicol. *Digestive problems including unexplained
Antibiotics are classified into three types. constipation, diarrhoea or persistent gas.
Depending on the spectrum of action are as *Skin issues such as rashes, eczema, hives, and
follows: itching.
1. Broad-spectrum antibiotics: These antibiotics *Continuous muscle and joint pain.
are widely used to kill or inhibit the Gram- Two most most common antimicrobial agents:
positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Antiseptics are applied to the injured
Example: Chloramphenicol tissues, cuts, and infected skin surfaces.
2. Narrow spectrum antibiotics: These antibiotics Disinfectants are used to destroy the
are widely effective against specific groups of pathogenic microorganisms in the non-
bacteria. living objects such as floors and drainage
Example: Penicillin G systems.
3. Limited spectrum antibiotics: These antibiotics
are effective against a single organism or a single
disease.
Example: Dysidazirine.
Antiseptic are applied to the injured tissues cuts ○ are organisms that behave like tiny
and infection skin surfaces and are not prescribed animals, living in or on a host and
to be taken orally feeding from or at the expense of
1. Dettol – It is a mixture of chloroxylenol and the host.
terpineol. It is used to apply in the wounds. Three main types of parasites can cause disease in
2. Iodine tincture and iodoform – It has very good humans.
antiseptic properties. ● PROTOZOA
3. Boric acid – It is used as an antiseptic agent for ○ which are single-celled organisms
eyes. that can live and multiply in your
body.
PPT 6 ● HELMINTHS
PATHOGEN ○ which are larger, multi-celled
● an organism causing disease to its host, organisms that can live inside or
with the severity of the disease symptoms outside your body and are
referred to as virulence. commonly known as worms.
PATHOGEN TYPES ● ECTOPARASITES
● VIRUSES ○ which are multi-celled organisms
○ made up of a piece of genetic code, that live on or feed off your skin,
such as DNA or RNA,ed by a coating including some insects, such as ticks
of protein. Once you’re infected, and mosquitos.
viruses invade host cells within your These parasites can be spread in several ways, including
body. through contaminated soil, water, food, and blood,
● BACTERIA as well as through sexual contact and via insect bites.
○ are microorganisms made of a single
What is a non pathogen?
cell.
Non-pathogenic bacteria are the ones that are
○ They are very diverse, have a variety
incapable of causing any disease.
of shapes and features, and have the
ability to live in just about any They are also called non-infectious agents. They do not
environment, including in and on harm their host, instead can be beneficial to some.
your body.
● FUNGI The term "nonpathogenic" refers to organisms that do not
○ There are millions of different fungal afflict, hurt or kill another organism.
species on Earth, also known to
Typically, the phrase is used to refer to germs.
cause sickness. It denotes a bacterium's ability to not make people sick.
○ Fungi can be found just about
everywhere in the environment, Non-pathogenic bacteria are the ones that are incapable of
including indoors, outdoors, and on causing any disease.
human skin.
They are also called non-infectious agents.
○ They cause infection when they
overgrow. They do not harm their host, instead can be beneficial to
● PARASITES some.
