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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Marathon (disambiguation).

Athletics
Marathon

Competitors during the 2007 Berlin Marathon

World records

Men Kelvin Kiptum 2:00:35 (2023)

Women Tigst Assefa 2:11:53 (2023)

Olympic records

Men Samuel Wanjiru 2:06:32 (2008)

 Women Tiki Gelana 2:23:07 (2012)

World Championship records

Men Tamirat Tola 2:05:36 (2022)

Women Gotytom Gebreslase 2:18:11 (2022)

Competitors during the

2014 Orlen Warsaw Marathon

Aerial view of runners in the Kigali International Peace Marathon in Rwanda, 2019
 Participant at the 2016 Boston
Marathon
The marathon (from Greek Μαραθώνιος) is a long-distance foot race with a distance of
42.195 km (26 mi 385 yd),[1] usually run as a road race, but the distance can be covered
on trail routes. The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy.
There are also wheelchair divisions. More than 800 marathons are held throughout the
world each year, with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes, as
larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants.[2]
The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896. The distance did
not become standardized until 1921. The distance is also included in the World Athletics
Championships, which began in 1983. It is the only running road race included in both
championship competitions (walking races on the roads are also contested in both).
History[edit]
Origin[edit]
 Luc-Olivier Merson's 1869 painting depicting
the runner announcing the victory at the Battle of Marathon to the people of Athens
The name Marathon comes from the legend of Pheidippides, the Greek messenger.
The legend states that, while he was taking part in the Battle of Marathon, which took
place in August or September 490 BC,[3] he witnessed a Persian vessel changing its
course towards Athens as the battle was near a victorious end for the Greek army. He
interpreted this as an attempt by the defeated Persians to rush into the city to claim a
false victory or simply raid,[4] hence claiming their authority over Greek land. It was said
that he ran the entire distance to Athens without stopping, discarding his weapons and
even clothes to lose as much weight as possible, and burst into the assembly,
exclaiming "we have won!", before collapsing and dying.[5]
The account of the run from Marathon to Athens first appeared in Plutarch's On the
Glory of Athens in the first century AD, which quoted from Heraclides Ponticus's lost
work, giving the runner's name as either Thersipus of Erchius or Eucles.[6] This was the
account adopted by Benjamin Haydon for his painting Eucles Announcing the Victory
of Marathon, published as an engraving in 1836 with a poetical illustration by Letitia
Elizabeth Landon.[7] Satirist Lucian of Samosata gave one of the earliest accounts
similar to the modern version of the story, but its historical veracity is disputed based on
its tongue-in-cheek writing and the runner being referred to as Philippides and not
Pheidippides.[8][9][full citation needed]
There is debate about the historical accuracy of this legend.[10][11] The Greek
historian Herodotus, the main source for the Greco-Persian Wars, mentioned
Philippides as the messenger who ran from Athens to Sparta asking for help, and then
ran back, a distance of over 240 kilometres (150 mi) each way.[12] In some Herodotus
manuscripts, the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta is given as
Philippides. Herodotus makes no mention of a messenger sent from Marathon to
Athens, and relates that the main part of the Athenian army, having fought and won the
grueling battle, and fearing a naval raid by the Persian fleet against an undefended
Athens, marched quickly back from the battle to Athens, arriving the same day. [13]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Pheidippides

In 1879, Robert Browning wrote the poem Pheidippides. Browning's poem, his
composite story, became part of late 19th century popular culture and was accepted as
a historic legend.[14]
Mount Pentelicus stands between Marathon and Athens, which means that Philippides
would have had to run around the mountain, either to the north or to the south. The
latter and more obvious route is followed by the modern Marathon-Athens highway
(EO83–EO54), which follows the lay of the land southwards from Marathon Bay and
along the coast, then takes a gentle but protracted climb westwards towards the eastern
approach to Athens, between the foothills of Mounts Hymettus and Penteli, and then
gently downhill to Athens proper. This route, as it existed when the Olympics were
revived in 1896, was approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) long. It was the approximate
distance originally used for marathon races. However, there have been suggestions that
Philippides might have followed another route: a westward climb along the eastern and
northern slopes of Mount Penteli to the pass of Dionysos, and then a straight southward
downhill path to Athens. This route is slightly shorter, 35 kilometres (22 mi), but includes
a very steep climb over the first 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).
Modern Olympic marathon[edit]
Main article: Marathons at the Olympics
When the modern Olympics began in 1896, the initiators and organizers were looking
for a great popularizing event, recalling the glory of ancient Greece. The idea of a
marathon race came from Michel Bréal, who wanted the event to feature in the first
modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. This idea was heavily supported by Pierre
de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympics, as well as by the Greeks.[15] A
selection race for the Olympic marathon was held on 22 March 1896 (Gregorian)[a] that
was won by Charilaos Vasilakos in 3 hours and 18 minutes.[16] The winner of the first
Olympic marathon, on 10 April 1896 (a male-only race), was Spyridon Louis, a Greek
water-carrier, in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds.[17] The marathon of the 2004
Summer Olympics was run on the traditional route from Marathon to Athens, ending
at Panathinaiko Stadium, the venue for the 1896 Summer Olympics. That men's
marathon was won by Italian Stefano Baldini in 2 hours 10 minutes and 55 seconds, a
record time for this route until the non-Olympics Athens Classic Marathon of 2014, when
Felix Kandie lowered the course record to 2 hours 10 minutes and 37 seconds.
 Burton Holmes's photograph entitled "1896:
Three athletes in training for the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens". [18][19]

The women's marathon was introduced at the 1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles,
US) and was won by Joan Benoit of the United States with a time of 2 hours 24 minutes
and 52 seconds.[20]
It has become a tradition for the men's Olympic marathon to be the last event of the
athletics calendar, on the final day of the Olympics.[21] For many years the race finished
inside the Olympic stadium; however, at the 2012 Summer Olympics (London), the start
and finish were on The Mall,[22] and at the 2016 Summer Olympics (Rio de Janeiro), the
start and finish were in the Sambódromo, the parade area that serves as a spectator
mall for Carnival.[23]
Often, the men's marathon medals are awarded during the closing ceremony (including
the 2004 games, 2012 games and 2016 games).
The Olympic men's record is 2:06:32, set at the 2008 Summer Olympics by Samuel
Kamau Wanjiru of Kenya.[24] The Olympic women's record is 2:23:07, set at the 2012
Summer Olympics by Tiki Gelana of Ethiopia.[25] The men's London 2012 Summer
Olympic marathon winner was Stephen Kiprotich of Uganda (2:08:01). Per capita,
the Kalenjin ethnic group of Rift Valley Province in Kenya has produced a highly
disproportionate share of marathon and track-and-field winners.[citation needed]
Marathon mania[edit]
The Boston Marathon began on 19 April 1897, and was inspired by the success of the
first marathon competition in the 1896 Summer Olympics. It is the world's oldest annual
marathon, and ranks as one of the world's most prestigious road racing events. Its
course runs from Hopkinton in southern Middlesex County to Copley Square in
Boston. Johnny Hayes' victory at the 1908 Summer Olympics also contributed to the
early growth of long-distance running and marathoning in the United States.[26][27] Later
that year, races around the holiday season including the Empire City Marathon held on
New Year's Day 1909 in Yonkers, New York, marked the early running craze referred to
as "marathon mania".[28] Following the 1908 Olympics, the first five amateur marathons in
New York City were held on days that held special meanings: Thanksgiving Day, the
day after Christmas, New Year's Day, Washington's Birthday, and Lincoln's Birthday.[29]
Frank Shorter's victory in the marathon at the 1972 Summer Olympics would
spur national enthusiasm for the sport more intensely than that which followed Hayes'
win 64 years earlier.[27] In 2014, an estimated 550,600 runners completed a marathon
within the United States.[30] This can be compared to 143,000 in 1980. Today marathons
are held all around the world on a nearly weekly basis.[31]
Inclusion of women[edit]
For a long time after the Olympic marathon started, there were no long-distance races,
such as the marathon, for women. Although a few women, such as Stamata Revithi in
1896, had run the marathon distance, they were not included in any official results. [32]
[33]
Marie-Louise Ledru has been credited as the first woman to complete a marathon, in
1918.[34][35][36] Violet Piercy has been credited as the first woman to be officially timed in a
marathon, in 1926.[32]
Arlene Pieper became the first woman to officially finish a marathon in the United States
when she completed the Pikes Peak Marathon in Manitou Springs, Colorado, in 1959.[37]
[38]
Kathrine Switzer was the first woman to run the Boston Marathon "officially" (with a
number), in 1967.[39] However, Switzer's entry, which was accepted through an
"oversight" in the screening process, was in "flagrant violation of the rules", and she was
treated as an interloper once the error was discovered.[40] Bobbi Gibb had completed the
Boston race unofficially the previous year (1966),[41] and was later recognized by the race
organizers as the women's winner for that year, as well as 1967 and 1968.[42]
Distance[edit]
Olympic marathon distances

Distanc
Distance
Year e
(miles)
(km)

1896 40 24.85

1900 40.26 25.02

1904 40 24.85

1906 41.86 26.01

1908 42.195 26.22

1912 40.2 24.98

 1920 42.75 26.56

1924 onward 42.195 26.22

The length of an Olympic marathon was not precisely fixed at first, but the marathon
races in the first few Olympic Games were about 40 kilometres (25 mi),[43] roughly the
distance from Marathon to Athens by the longer, flatter route. The exact length
depended on the route established for each venue.
1908 Olympics[edit]
Main article: Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon
The International Olympic Committee agreed in 1907 that the distance for the 1908
London Olympic marathon would be about 25 miles or 40 kilometers. The organizers
decided on a course of 26 miles from the start at Windsor Castle to the royal entrance to
the White City Stadium, followed by a lap (586 yards 2 feet; 536 m) of the track,
finishing in front of the Royal Box.[44][45] The course was later altered to use a different
entrance to the stadium, followed by a partial lap of 385 yards to the same finish.
The modern 42.195 km (26.219 mi) standard distance for the marathon was set by
the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) in May 1921[46][47][48][49] directly from the
length used at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.
IAAF and world records[edit]
Main article: Marathon world record progression § Criteria for record eligibility

Samuel Wanjiru raises his hand in

acknowledgment of the crowd as he runs to a gold medal in the 2008 Olympic marathon
An official IAAF marathon course is 42.195 km (42 m tolerance only in excess).
[50]
Course officials add a short course prevention factor of up to one meter per kilometer
to their measurements to reduce the risk of a measuring error producing a length below
the minimum distance.
For events governed by IAAF rules, it is mandatory that the route be marked so that all
competitors can see the distance covered in kilometers.[1] The rules make no mention of
the use of miles. The IAAF will only recognize world records that are established at
events that are run under IAAF rules. For major events, it is customary to publish
competitors' timings at the midway mark and also at 5 km splits; marathon runners can
be credited with world records for lesser distances recognized by the IAAF (such as
20 km, 30 km and so on) if such records are established while the runner is running a
marathon, and completes the marathon course.[51]
Marathon races[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of marathon races.

2007 Barcelona Marathon

Annually, more than 800 marathons are organized worldwide.[52] Some of these belong
to the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races (AIMS) which has
grown since its foundation in 1982 to embrace over 300 member events in 83 countries
and territories.[53] The marathons of Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London, New York
City and Tokyo form the biennial World Marathon Majors series, awarding $500,000
annually to the best overall male and female performers in the series.
In 2006, the editors of Runner's World selected a "World's Top 10 Marathons",[54] in
which the Amsterdam, Honolulu, Paris, Rotterdam, and Stockholm marathons were
featured along with the five original World Marathon Majors events (excluding Tokyo).
Other notable large marathons include United States Marine Corps Marathon, Los
Angeles, and Rome. The Boston Marathon is the world's oldest annual marathon,
inspired by the success of the 1896 Olympic marathon and held every year since 1897
to celebrate Patriots' Day, a holiday marking the beginning of the American Revolution,
thereby purposely linking Athenian and American struggle for democracy.[55] The oldest
annual marathon in Europe is the Košice Peace Marathon, held since 1924 in Košice,
Slovakia. The historic Polytechnic Marathon was discontinued in 1996. The Athens
Classic Marathon traces the route of the 1896 Olympic course, starting in Marathon on
the eastern coast of Attica, site of the Battle of Marathon of 490 BC, and ending at
the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens.[56]

Start of the 2012 Helsinki City Marathon

The Midnight Sun Marathon is held in Tromsø, Norway at 70 degrees north. Using
unofficial and temporary courses, measured by GPS, races of marathon distance are
now held at the North Pole, in Antarctica and over desert terrain. Other unusual
marathons include the Great Wall Marathon on The Great Wall of China, the Big Five
Marathon among the safari wildlife of South Africa, the Great Tibetan Marathon – a
marathon in an atmosphere of Tibetan Buddhism at an altitude of 3,500 metres
(11,500 ft), and the Polar Circle Marathon on the permanent ice cap of Greenland.
A few marathons cross international and geographical borders. The Istanbul
Marathon is the only marathon where participants run over two continents (Europe and
Asia) during the course of a single event.[b] In the Detroit Free Press Marathon,
participants cross the US/Canada border twice.[58] The Niagara Falls International
Marathon includes one international border crossing, via the Peace Bridge from Buffalo,
New York, United States to Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada. In the Three Countries
Marathon [de], participants run through Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[59]
On 20 March 2018, an indoor Marathon took place in the Armory in New York City. The
200 m track saw a world record in the women's and men's field. Lindsey Scherf (USA)
set the indoor women's world record with 2:40:55. Malcolm Richards (USA) won in
2:19:01 with a male indoor world record.[60]
Wheelchair division[edit]

A pack of Wheelchair Division participants in

the 2009 Boston Marathon
Many marathons feature a wheelchair division. Typically, those in the wheelchair
racing division start their races earlier than their running counterparts.
The first wheelchair marathon was in 1974 in Toledo, Ohio, won by Bob Hall in 2:54. [61]
[62]
Hall competed in the 1975 Boston Marathon and finished in 2:58, inaugurating the
introduction of wheelchair divisions into the Boston Marathon.[63][64] From 1977 the race
was declared the US National Wheelchair championship.[65] The Boston Marathon
awards $10,000 to the winning push-rim athlete.[66] Ernst van Dyk has won the Boston
Marathon wheelchair division ten times and holds the world record at 1:18:27, set in
Boston in 2004.[67] Jean Driscoll won eight times (seven consecutively) and holds the
women's world record at 1:34:22.[68]
The New York City Marathon banned wheelchair entrants in 1977, citing safety
concerns, but then voluntarily allowed Bob Hall to compete after the state Division of
Human Rights ordered the marathon to show cause.[69][70] The Division ruled in 1979 that
the New York City Marathon and New York Road Runners club had to allow wheelchair
athletes to compete, and confirmed this at appeal in 1980,[71] but the New York Supreme
Court ruled in 1981 that a ban on wheelchair racers was not discriminatory as the
marathon was historically a foot race.[72] However, by 1986 14 wheelchair athletes were
competing,[73] and an official wheelchair division was added to the marathon in 2000.[66]
Some of the quickest people to complete a wheel-chair marathon include Thomas
Geierpichler (Austria) who won gold in men's T52-class marathon (no lower limb
function) in 1 hr 49 min 7 sec in Beijing China, on 17 September 2008; and, Heinz
Frei (Switzerland) who won the men's T54 marathon (for racers with spinal cord injuries)
in a time of 1 hr 20 min and 14 sec in Oita, Japan, 31 October 1999.[74]
Statistics[edit]
See also: Marathon world record progression and Marathon year rankings
World records and world's best[edit]
World records were not officially recognized by the IAAF, now known as World Athletics,
until 1 January 2004; previously, the best times for the marathon were referred to as the
'world best'. Courses must conform to World Athletics standards for a record to be
recognized. However, marathon routes still vary greatly in elevation, course, and
surface, making exact comparisons impossible. Typically, the fastest times are set over
relatively flat courses near sea level, during good weather conditions and with the
assistance of pacesetters.[75]
The current world record time for men over the distance is 2 hours and 35 seconds, set
in the Chicago Marathon by Kelvin Kiptum of Kenya on 8 October 2023.
The world record for women was set by Tigst Assefa of Ethiopia in the Berlin
Marathon on 24 September 2023, in 2 hours 11 minutes and 53 seconds. This broke
the previous record set by Brigid Kosgei of Kenya in the Chicago Marathon on 13
October 2019, in 2 hours 14 minutes and 4 seconds who broke the record Paula
Radcliffe of Great Britain had set over 16 years earlier at the London Marathon.
All-time top 25[edit]
Tables show data for two definitions of "Top 25" - the top 25 marathon times and the top 25 athletes:
- denotes top performance for an athlete in the top 25 marathon times
- denotes lesser performances, still in the top 25 marathon times, by a repeat athlete
- denotes top performance (only) for other top 25 athletes who fall outside the top 25 marathon times
The data is correct as of 3 March 2024.[76][77][78][79]
Men[edit]

Tim
Ath.# Perf.# Athlete Nation Date Place Ref.
e

8 October
1 1 2:00:35 Kelvin Kiptum Kenya Chicago [80]

2023

25 September
2 2 2:01:09 Eliud Kipchoge Kenya Berlin [81]

2022

3 2:01:25 Kiptum #2 23 April 2023 London

16 September
4 2:01:39 Kipchoge #2 Berlin
2018

29 September
3 5 2:01:41 Kenenisa Bekele Ethiopia Berlin [82]

2019

3 December
4 6 2:01:48 Sisay Lemma Ethiopia Valencia [83]

2023

4 December
7 2:01:53 Kiptum #3 Valencia [84]

2022

5 8 2:02:16 Benson Kipruto Kenya 3 March 2024 Tokyo [85]

9 2:02:37 Kipchoge #3 28 April 2019 London [86]

[87]
10 2:02:40 Kipchoge #4 6 March 2022 Tokyo
 Tim
Ath.# Perf.# Athlete Nation Date Place Ref.
e

24 September
11 2:02:42 Kipchoge #5 Berlin [88]

2023

29 September
6 12 2:02:48 Birhanu Legese Ethiopia Berlin [82]

2019

Mosinet Geremew Ethiopia 28 April 2019 London [86]

7 13 2:02:55

Timothy Kiplagat Kenya 3 March 2024 Tokyo [85]

Dennis Kipruto 28 September

9 15 2:02:57 Kenya Berlin [89]

Kimetto 2014

6 December
Evans Chebet Kenya Valencia [90]

2020

10 16 2:03:00

Tanzani 4 December
Gabriel Geay Valencia [84]

a 2022

25 September
18 2:03:03 Bekele #2 Berlin [91]

2016

6 December
12 19 2:03:04 Lawrence Cherono Kenya Valencia [90]

2020

20 2:03:05 Kipchoge #6 24 April 2016 London

3 December
13 21 2:03:11 Alexander Mutiso Kenya Valencia [83]

2023
 Tim
Ath.# Perf.# Athlete Nation Date Place Ref.
e

Emmanuel 28 September
Kenya Berlin [89]

Kipchirchir Mutai 2014

Wilson Kipsang 25 September

Kenya Berlin [91]

Kiprotich 2016
14 22 2:03:13

Amos Kipruto Kenya 6 March 2022 Tokyo [87]

24 September
Vincent Kipkemoi Kenya Berlin [88]

2023

18 2:03:16 Mule Wasihun Ethiopia 28 April 2019 London [86]

24 September
19 2:03:24 Tadese Takele Ethiopia Berlin [88]

2023

18 February
20 2:03:27 Deresa Geleta Ethiopia Seville [92]

2024

25 January
21 2:03:34 Getaneh Molla Ethiopia Dubai [93]

2019

24 October
22 2:03:36 Bashir Abdi Belgium Rotterdam [94]

2021

Patrick Makau 25 September

23 2:03:38 Kenya Berlin [95]

Musyoki 2011

[96]
24 2:03:39 Tamirat Tola Ethiopia 17 October Amsterdam
2021
 Tim
Ath.# Perf.# Athlete Nation Date Place Ref.
e

25 January
25 2:03:40 Herpasa Negasa Ethiopia Dubai [93]

2019

Notes

Eliud Kipchoge (Kenya) ran a time of 1:59:40.2 at the Ineos 1:59 Challenge in

Vienna on 12 October 2019. This event was run with no other competitors,
and with the assistance of fuel and hydration on demand, and in-out
pacemakers. Therefore, the attempt was not eligible for official ratification.
[97]
This was faster than his previous assisted run of 2:00:25 at
the Nike Breaking2 in Monza on 6 May 2017, which was also ineligible.[98]
 Titus Ekiru (Kenya) ran a time of 2:02:57 at the Milano City Marathon on 16
May 2021,[99] but was later was disqualified due to doping violations.
 Geoffrey Mutai (Kenya) ran a time of 2:03:02 at the Boston Marathon on 18
April 2011 that was run on an assisted course (in the case of Boston, a point-
to-point, net downhill course in excess of the standards) and is therefore
ineligible for record purposes per IAAF rule 260.28
 Moses Mosop (Kenya) ran a time of 2:03:06 at the Boston Marathon on 18
April 2011 that was run on an assisted course and is therefore ineligible for
record purposes per IAAF rule 260.28
Women[edit]

Ath.# Perf.# Time Athlete Nation Date Place Ref.

24
1 1 2:11:53 Tigist Assefa Ethiopia September Berlin [88]

2023

8 October
2 2 2:13:44 Sifan Hassan Netherlands Chicago [80]

2023

13 October
3 3 2:14:04 Brigid Kosgei Kenya Chicago [100]

2019

Ruth 9 October
4 4 2:14:18 Kenya Chicago [101]

Chepng'etich 2022
Ath.# Perf.# Time Athlete Nation Date Place Ref.

Amane Beriso 4 December

5 5 2:14:58 Ethiopia Valencia [84]

Shankule 2022

Paula Great 13 April

6 6 2:15:25 London [102]

Radcliffe Britain 2003

25
Assefa #2 September Berlin [103][104]

2022
7 2:15:37

Chepng'etich 8 October
Chicago [80]

#2 2023

Worknesh 3 December
7 9 2:15:51 Ethiopia Valencia [83]

Degefa 2023

Sutume Asefa 3 March

8 10 2:15:55 Ethiopia Tokyo [85]

Kebede 2024

6 March
11 2:16:02 Kosgei #2 Tokyo
2022

7 January
9 12 2:16:07 Tigist Ketema Ethiopia Dubai [105]

2024

Rosemary 3 March
10 13 2:16:14 Kenya Tokyo [106]

Wanjiru 2024

3 December
11 14 2:16:22 Almaz Ayana Ethiopia Valencia [83]

2023

5 March
15 2:16:28 Wanjiru #2 Tokyo [107]

2023
Ath.# Perf.# Time Athlete Nation Date Place Ref.

Letesenbet 4 December
12 16 2:16:49 Ethiopia Valencia [84]

Gidey 2022

Tsehay 5 March
13 17 2:16:56 Ethiopia Tokyo [107]

Gemechu 2023

3 March
18 2:16:58 Shankule #2 Tokyo [85]

2024

Mary
2:17:01 W 23 April
14 19 Jepkosgei Kenya London [108]

o 2017
Keitany

Chepng'etich 25 January
20 2:17:08 Dubai [93]

#3 2019

Alemu 8 October
15 21 2:17:09 Ethiopia Chicago [80]

Megertu 2023

Peres 6 December
16 22 2:17:16 Kenya Valencia [90]

Jepchirchir 2020

13 October
2:17:18 Radcliffe #2 Chicago
2002
23
2:17:18 W Chepng'etich 13 March
Nagoya
o #4 2022

16 October Amsterda
25 2:17:20 Ayana #2 [109]

2022 m

[110]
17 2:17:23 W Yalemzerf Ethiopia 24 April Hamburg
o Yehualaw 2022
Ath.# Perf.# Time Athlete Nation Date Place Ref.

Joyciline 8 October
2:17:23 Kenya Chicago [80]

Jepkosgei 2023

Sheila 4 December
19 2:17:29 Kenya Valencia [84]

Chepkirui 2022

Tadu Teshome 4 December

20 2:17:36 Ethiopia Valencia [84]

Nare 2022

Lonah
1 March
21 2:17:45 Chemtai Israel Tokyo [111]

2020
Salpeter

2:17:56 W Tirunesh 23 April

22 Ethiopia London [108]

o Dibaba 2017

17 October Amsterda
23 2:17:57 Angela Tanui Kenya
[96]

2021 m

Degitu 3 October
Ethiopia London [112]

Azimeraw 2021
24 2:17:58
6 March
Ashete Bekere Ethiopia Tokyo [87]

2022

Season's bests[edit]

Men

Year Time Athlete Place

2000 2:06:36 António Pinto (POR) London

 Men

Year Time Athlete Place

2001 2:06:50 Josephat Kiprono (KEN) Rotterdam

2002 2:05:38 Khalid Khannouchi (USA) London

2003 2:04:55 Paul Tergat (KEN) Berlin

2004 2:06:14 Felix Limo (KEN) Rotterdam

2005 2:06:20 Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) Amsterdam

2006 2:05:56 Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) Berlin

2007 2:04:26 Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) Berlin

2008 2:03:59 Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) Berlin

Duncan Kibet (KEN)

2009 2:04:27 Rotterdam

James Kwambai (KEN)

2010 2:04:48 Patrick Makau Musyoki (KEN) Rotterdam

2011 2:03:38 Patrick Makau Musyoki (KEN) Berlin

 Men

Year Time Athlete Place

2012 2:04:15 Geoffrey Mutai (KEN) Berlin

2013 2:03:23 Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich (KEN) Berlin

2014 2:02:57 Dennis Kimetto (KEN) Berlin

2015 2:04:00 Eliud Kipchoge (KEN) Berlin

2016 2:03:03 Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) Berlin

2017 2:03:32 Eliud Kipchoge (KEN) Berlin

2018 2:01:39 Eliud Kipchoge (KEN) Berlin

2019 2:01:41 Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) Berlin

2020 2:03:00 Evans Chebet (KEN) Valencia

2021 2:03:36 Bashir Abdi (BEL) Rotterdam

2022 2:01:09 Eliud Kipchoge (KEN) Berlin

2023 2:00:35 Kelvin Kiptum (KEN) Chicago

 Women

Year Time Athlete Place

2000 2:21:33 Catherine Ndereba (KEN) Chicago

2001 2:18:47 Catherine Ndereba (KEN) Chicago

2002 2:17:18 Paula Radcliffe (GBR) Chicago

2003 2:15:25 Paula Radcliffe (GBR) London

2004 2:19:41 Yoko Shibui (JPN) Berlin

2005 2:17:42 Paula Radcliffe (GBR) London

2006 2:19:36 Deena Kastor (USA) London

2007 2:20:38 Zhou Chunxiu (CHN) London

2008 2:19:19 Irina Mikitenko (GER) Berlin

2009 2:22:11 Irina Mikitenko (GER) London

2010 2:22:04 Atsede Bayisa (ETH) Paris

2011 2:19:19 Mary Jepkosgei Keitany (KEN) London

 Women

Year Time Athlete Place

2012 2:18:37 Mary Jepkosgei Keitany (KEN) London

2013 2:19:57 Rita Jeptoo (KEN) Chicago

2014 2:20:18 Tirfi Tsegaye (ETH) Berlin

2015 2:19:25 Gladys Cherono Kiprono (KEN) Berlin

2016 2:19:41 Tirfi Tsegaye (ETH) Berlin

2017 2:17:01 Mary Jepkosgei Keitany (KEN) Dubai

2018 2:18:11 Gladys Cherono Kiprono (KEN) Berlin

2019 2:14:04 Brigid Kosgei (KEN) Chicago

2020 2:17:16 Peres Jepchirchir (KEN) Valencia

2021 2:17:43 Joyciline Jepkosgei (KEN) London

2022 2:14:18 Ruth Chepng'etich (KEN) Chicago

2023 2:11:53 Tigst Assefa (ETH) Berlin

Oldest marathoner[edit]
Fauja Singh, then 100, finished the Toronto Waterfront Marathon, becoming the first
centenarian ever to officially complete that distance. Singh, a British citizen, finished the
race on 16 October 2011 with a time of 8:11:05.9, making him the oldest marathoner.
[113]
Because Singh could not produce a birth certificate from rural 1911 Colonial India,
the place of his birth, his age could not be verified and his record was not accepted by
the official governing body World Masters Athletics.
Johnny Kelley ran his last full Boston Marathon at the documented age of 84 in 1992.
He previously had won the Boston Marathon in both 1935 and 1945 respectively.
Between 1934 and 1950, Johnny finished in the top five 15 times, consistently running
in the 2:30s and finishing in second place a record seven times at Boston. A fixture at
Boston for more than a half century, his 1992 61st start and 58th finish in Boston is a
record which still stands today.
Gladys Burrill, a 92-year-old Prospect, Oregon woman and part-time resident of Hawaii,
previously held the Guinness World Records title of oldest person to complete a
marathon with her 9 hours 53 minutes performance at the 2010 Honolulu Marathon.[114]
[115]
The records of the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, at that time, however,
suggested that Singh was overall the oldest marathoner, completing the 2004 London
Marathon at the age of 93 years and 17 days, and that Burrill was the oldest female
marathoner, completing the 2010 Honolulu Marathon at the age of 92 years and 19
days.[116] Singh's age was also reported to be 93 by other sources.[117][118]
In 2015, 92-year-old Harriette Thompson of Charlotte, North Carolina, completed
the Rock 'n' Roll San Diego Marathon in 7 hours 24 minutes 36 seconds, thus becoming
the oldest woman to complete a marathon.[119] While Gladys Burrill was 92 years and 19
days old when she completed her record-setting marathon, Harriette Thompson was 92
years and 65 days old when she completed hers.[119]
English born Canadian Ed Whitlock is the oldest to complete a marathon in under 3
hours at age 74, and under 4 hours at age 85.[120][121]
Youngest marathoner[edit]
Budhia Singh, a boy from Odisha, India, completed his first marathon at age five. He
trained under the coach Biranchi Das, who saw potential in him. In May 2006, Budhia
was temporarily banned from running by the ministers of child welfare, as his life could
be at risk. His coach was also arrested for exploiting and cruelty to a child and was later
murdered in an unrelated incident. Budhia is now at a state-run sports academy. [122]
The youngest under 4 hours is Mary Etta Boitano at age 7 years, 284 days; under 3
hours Julie Mullin at 10 years 180 days; and under 2:50 Carrie Garritson at 11 years
116 days.[120]
Participation[edit]
In 2016, Running USA estimated that there were approximately 507,600 marathon
finishers in the United States,[123] while other sources reported greater than 550,000
finishers.[124] The chart below from Running USA provides the estimated U.S. Marathon
Finisher totals going back to 1976.
Marathon running has become an obsession in China, with 22 marathon races in 2011
increasing to 400 in 2017. In 2015, 75 Chinese runners participated in the Boston
Marathon and this increased to 278 in 2017.[125]
Multiple marathons[edit]
As marathon running has become more popular, some athletes have undertaken
challenges involving running a series of marathons.
The 100 Marathon Club is intended to provide a focal point for all runners, particularly
from the United Kingdom or Ireland, who have completed 100 or more races of
marathon distance or longer. At least 10 of these events must be United Kingdom or
Ireland Road Marathons.[126] Club chairman Roger Biggs has run more than 700
marathons or ultras. Brian Mills completed his 800th marathon on 17 September 2011.
Steve Edwards, a member of the 100 Marathon Club, set the world record for running
500 marathons in the fastest average finish time of 3 hours 15 minutes, at the same
time becoming the first man to run 500 marathons with an official time below 3 hours 30
minutes, on 11 November 2012 at Milton Keynes, England. The records took 24 years
to achieve. Edwards was 49 at the time.[127]
Over 350 individuals have completed a marathon in each state of the United States plus
Washington, D.C., and some have done it as many as eight times.[128] Beverly Paquin, a
22-year-old nurse from Iowa, was the youngest woman to run a marathon in all 50
states in 2010.[129] A few weeks later, still in 2010, Morgan Cummings (also 22) became
the youngest woman to complete a marathon in all 50 states and DC.[130] In 2004, Chuck
Bryant of Miami, Florida, who lost his right leg below the knee, became the first
amputee to finish this circuit.[131] Bryant has completed a total of 59 marathons on his
prosthesis. Twenty-seven people have run a marathon on each of the seven continents,
and 31 people have run a marathon in each of the Canadian provinces. In 1980, in what
was termed the Marathon of Hope, Terry Fox, who had lost a leg to cancer and so ran
with one artificial leg, attained 5,373 km (3,339 mi) of his proposed cross-Canada
cancer fundraising run, maintaining an average of over 37 km (23 mi), close to the
planned marathon distance, for each of 143 consecutive days.[132]
 Kevin Counihan (right), of the Achilles Track
Club, with his guide, running the 2011 Boston Marathon. He completed his 150th
marathon at Boston in April 2014.
On 25 September 2011, Patrick Finney of Grapevine, Texas became the first person
with multiple sclerosis to finish a marathon in each state of the United States. In 2004,
"the disease had left him unable to walk. But unwilling to endure a life of infirmity,
Finney managed to regain his ability to balance on two feet, to walk – and eventually to
run – through extensive rehabilitation therapy and new medications."[133]
In 2003, British adventurer Sir Ranulph Fiennes completed seven marathons on seven
continents in seven days.[134] He completed this feat despite suffering from a heart attack
and undergoing a double heart bypass operation just four months before.[135] This feat
has since been eclipsed by Irish ultramarathon runner Richard Donovan who in 2009
completed seven marathons on seven continents in under 132 hours (five and a half
days).[136] Starting 1 February 2012 he improved on this by completing the 7 on 7 in
under 120 hours or in less than five days.[137][138]
On 30 November 2013, 69-year-old Larry Macon set a Guinness World Record for Most
Marathons Run in a Year by Man by running 238 marathons. Larry Macon celebrated
his 1,000th career marathon at the Cowtown Marathon in Ft. Worth on 24 February
2013.[139]
Other goals are to attempt to run marathons on a series of consecutive weekends
(Richard Worley on 159 weekends),[140] or to run the most marathons during a particular
year or the most in a lifetime. A pioneer in running multiple marathons was Sy Mah of
Toledo, Ohio, who ran 524 before he died in 1988.[141] As of 30 June 2007, Horst Preisler
of Germany had successfully completed 1214 marathons plus 347 ultramarathons, a
total of 1561 events at marathon distance or longer.[142] Sigrid Eichner, Christian Hottas
and Hans-Joachim Meyer have also all completed over 1000 marathons each.[143] Norm
Frank of the United States is credited with 945 marathons.[144]
Christian Hottas is meanwhile the first runner who ever completed 2000 marathons. He
ran his 2000th at TUI Marathon Hannover on 5 May 2013 together with a group of more
than 80 friends from 11 countries, including 8 officers from the 100 Marathons Clubs
U.K., North-America, Germany, Denmark, Austria and Italy.[145] Hottas completed his
2500th marathon on 4 December 2016.[146]
In 2010, Stefaan Engels, a Belgian, set out to run the marathon distance every day of
the year. Because of a foot injury he had to resort to a handcycle near the end of
January 2010. However, on 5 February he was fully recovered and decided to reset the
counter back to zero.[147] By 30 March he broke the existing record of Akinori Kusuda,
from Japan, who completed 52 marathons in a row in 2009. On 5 February 2011,
Engels had run 365 marathon distances in as many days.[148] Ricardo Abad Martínez,
from Spain, later ran 150 marathons in 150 consecutive days in 2009,[149] and
subsequently 500 marathons in a row, from October 2010 to February 2012.[150]
Some runners compete to run the same marathons for the most consecutive years. For
example, Johnny Kelley completed 58 Boston Marathons (he entered the race 61
times).[151][circular reference][152] Currently, the longest consecutive streak of Boston Marathon
finishes—45 in a row—is held by Bennett Beach, of Bethesda, Maryland.[153]
Olympic medalists[edit]
Main article: Marathons at the Olympics
Men[edit]
edit

Games Gold Silver Bronze

1896 Athens Spyridon Louis Charilaos Vasilakos Gyula Kellner

details Greece Greece Hungary

1900 Paris Michel Théato Émile Champion Ernst Fast

details
France [154][155]
France Sweden

1904 St. Louis Thomas Hicks Albert Corey Arthur Newton

details United States France [156][157] United States
1908 London Johnny Hayes Charles Hefferon Joseph Forshaw
details United States South Africa United States

1912 Stockholm Ken McArthur Christian Gitsham Gaston Strobino

details South Africa South Africa United States

1920 Antwerp Hannes Kolehmainen Jüri Lossmann Valerio Arri

details Finland Estonia Italy

1924 Paris Albin Stenroos Romeo Bertini Clarence DeMar

details Finland Italy United States

1928 Amsterdam Boughera El Ouafi Manuel Plaza Martti Marttelin

details France Chile Finland

1932 Los Angeles Juan Carlos Zabala Sam Ferris Armas Toivonen
details Argentina Great Britain Finland

1936 Berlin Sohn Kee-chung Ernest Harper Nam Sung-yong

details Japan [158] Great Britain Japan[158]

1948 London Delfo Cabrera Tom Richards Étienne Gailly

details Argentina Great Britain Belgium

1952 Helsinki Emil Zátopek Reinaldo Gorno Gustaf Jansson

details Czechoslovakia Argentina Sweden

1956 Melbourne Alain Mimoun Franjo Mihalić Veikko Karvonen

details France Yugoslavia Finland

1960 Rome Abebe Bikila Rhadi Ben Abdesselam Barry Magee

details Ethiopia Morocco New Zealand
1964 Tokyo Abebe Bikila Basil Heatley Kokichi Tsuburaya
details Ethiopia Great Britain Japan

1968 Mexico City Mamo Wolde Kenji Kimihara Mike Ryan

details Ethiopia Japan New Zealand

1972 Munich Frank Shorter Karel Lismont Mamo Wolde

details United States Belgium Ethiopia

1976 Montreal Waldemar Cierpinski Frank Shorter Karel Lismont

details East Germany United States Belgium

Waldemar Cierpinski Gerard Nijboer Satymkul

1980 Moscow Dzhumanazarov
details East Germany Netherlands Soviet Union

1984 Los Angeles Carlos Lopes John Treacy Charlie Spedding

details Portugal Ireland Great Britain

1988 Seoul Gelindo Bordin Douglas Wakiihuri Ahmed Salah

details Italy Kenya Djibouti

1992 Barcelona Hwang Young-cho Koichi Morishita Stephan Freigang

details South Korea Japan Germany

1996 Atlanta Josia Thugwane Lee Bong-ju Erick Wainaina

details South Africa South Korea Kenya

2000 Sydney Gezahegne Abera Erick Wainaina Tesfaye Tola

details Ethiopia Kenya Ethiopia

2004 Athens Stefano Baldini Mebrahtom Keflezighi Vanderlei de Lima

details
 Italy United States Brazil

2008 Beijing Samuel Wanjiru Jaouad Gharib Tsegay Kebede

details Kenya Morocco Ethiopia

Wilson Kipsang
2012 London Stephen Kiprotich Abel Kirui
Kiprotich
details Uganda Kenya
Kenya

2016 Rio de Janeiro Eliud Kipchoge Feyisa Lelisa Galen Rupp

details Kenya Ethiopia United States

2020 Tokyo Eliud Kipchoge Abdi Nageeye Bashir Abdi

details Kenya Netherlands Belgium

2024 Paris
details

Women[edit]
edit

Games Gold Silver Bronze

1984 Los Angeles Joan Benoit Grete Waitz Rosa Mota

details United States Norway Portugal

1988 Seoul Rosa Mota Lisa Martin Katrin Dörre

details Portugal Australia East Germany

1992 Barcelona Valentina Yegorova Yuko Arimori Lorraine Moller

details Unified Team Japan New Zealand
1996 Atlanta Fatuma Roba Valentina Yegorova Yuko Arimori
details Ethiopia Russia Japan

2000 Sydney Naoko Takahashi Lidia Șimon Joyce Chepchumba

details Japan Romania Kenya

2004 Athens Mizuki Noguchi Catherine Ndereba Deena Kastor

details Japan Kenya United States

2008 Beijing Constantina Tomescu Catherine Ndereba Zhou Chunxiu

details Romania Kenya China

Tatyana Petrova
2012 London Tiki Gelana Priscah Jeptoo
Arkhipova
details Ethiopia Kenya
Russia

2016 Rio de Janeiro Jemima Sumgong Eunice Kirwa Mare Dibaba

details Kenya Bahrain Ethiopia

2020 Tokyo Peres Jepchirchir Brigid Kosgei Molly Seidel

details Kenya Kenya United States

2024 Paris
details

World Championships medalists[edit]

Main article: Marathons at the World Athletics Championships
Men[edit]

Championships Gold Silver Bronze

1983 Helsinki Robert de Waldemar

details Castella (AUS) Kebede Balcha (ETH)
Cierpinski (GDR)
1987 Rome Douglas Hussein Ahmed Gelindo
details Wakiihuri (KEN) Salah (DJI) Bordin (ITA)

1991 Tokyo Hiromi Hussein Ahmed

details Steve Spence (USA)
Taniguchi (JPN) Salah (DJI)

1993 Stuttgart Luketz Bert van

details Mark Plaatjes (USA)
Swartbooi (NAM) Vlaanderen (NED)

1995 Gothenburg Luíz Antônio dos

details Martín Fiz (ESP) Dionicio Cerón (MEX)
Santos (BRA)

1997 Athens Steve

details Abel Antón (ESP) Martín Fiz (ESP) Moneghetti (AUS)

1999 Seville Vincenzo

details Abel Antón (ESP) Nobuyuki Sato (JPN)
Modica (ITA)

2001 Edmonton Gezahegne Stefano

details Abera (ETH) Simon Biwott (KEN)
Baldini (ITA)

2003 Saint-Denis Jaouad Stefano

details Julio Rey (ESP)
Gharib (MAR) Baldini (ITA)

2005 Helsinki Jaouad Christopher Tsuyoshi

details Gharib (MAR) Isengwe (TAN) Ogata (JPN)

2007 Osaka Luke Kibet Mubarak Hassan

details Bowen (KEN) Shami (QAT) Viktor Röthlin (SUI)

2009 Berlin Emmanuel Kipchirchir Tsegaye

details Abel Kirui (KEN) Kebede (ETH)
Mutai (KEN)
2011 Daegu
details Abel Kirui (KEN) Vincent Kipruto (KEN) Feyisa Lilesa (ETH)

2013 Moscow Stephen

details Lelisa Desisa (ETH) Tadese Tola (ETH)
Kiprotich (UGA)

2015 Beijing Ghirmay Solomon

details Yemane Tsegay (ETH)
Ghebreslassie (ERI) Mutai (UGA)

2017 London Geoffrey Alphonce

details Tamirat Tola (ETH)
Kirui (KEN) Simbu (TAN)

2019 Doha Mosinet

details Lelisa Desisa (ETH) Amos Kipruto (KEN)
Geremew (ETH)

2022 Eugene Mosinet

details Tamirat Tola (ETH) Bashir Abdi (BEL)
Geremew (ETH)

2023 Budapest Victor Leul

details Maru Teferi (ISR) Gebresilase (ETH)
Kiplangat (UGA)

Women[edit]

Championships Gold Silver Bronze

1983 Helsinki Marianne Raisa

details Grete Waitz (NOR) Dickerson (USA) Smekhnova (URS)

1987 Rome Zoya Jocelyne

details Rosa Mota (POR) Ivanova (URS) Villeton (FRA)

1991 Tokyo Sachiko

details Wanda Panfil (POL) Katrin Dörre (GER)
Yamashita (JPN)
1993 Stuttgart Manuela
details Junko Asari (JPN) Tomoe Abe (JPN)
Machado (POR)

1995 Gothenburg Manuela Anuța

details Ornella Ferrara (ITA)
Machado (POR) Cătună (ROU)

1997 Athens Manuela Lidia

details Hiromi Suzuki (JPN)
Machado (POR) Slăvuțeanu (ROU)

1999 Seville
details Jong Song-ok (PRK) Ari Ichihashi (JPN) Lidia Șimon (ROU)

2001 Edmonton Svetlana

details Lidia Șimon (ROU) Reiko Tosa (JPN)
Zakharova (RUS)

2003 Saint-Denis Catherine Mizuki

details Masako Chiba (JPN)
Ndereba (KEN) Noguchi (JPN)

2005 Helsinki Catherine Constantina Diţă-

details Paula Radcliffe (GBR)
Ndereba (KEN) Tomescu (ROU)

2007 Osaka Catherine Zhou

details Reiko Tosa (JPN)
Ndereba (KEN) Chunxiu (CHN)

2009 Berlin Yoshimi Aselefech

details Bai Xue (CHN) Mergia (ETH)
Ozaki (JPN)

2011 Daegu Priscah

details Edna Kiplagat (KEN) Sharon Cherop (KEN)
Jeptoo (KEN)

2013 Moscow Valeria

details Edna Kiplagat (KEN) Kayoko Fukushi (JPN)
Straneo (ITA)
2015 Beijing Helah
details Mare Dibaba (ETH) Eunice Kirwa (BHR)
Kiprop (KEN)

2017 London Edna

details Rose Chelimo (BHR) Amy Cragg (USA)
Kiplagat (KEN)

2019 Doha Ruth Rose Helalia

details Chepng'etich (KEN) Chelimo (BHR) Johannes (NAM)

2022 Eugene Gotytom Lonah Chemtai

details Gebreslase (ETH) Judith Korir (KEN)
Salpeter (ISR)

2023 Budapest Amane Beriso Gotytom Fatima Ezzahra

details Shankule (ETH) Gebreslase (ETH) Gardadi (MAR)

General participation[edit]

Start of the 2009 Stockholm Marathon

Most participants do not run a marathon to win. More important for most runners is their
personal finishing time and their placement within their specific gender and age group,
though some runners just want to finish. Strategies for completing a marathon include
running the whole distance[159] and a run–walk strategy.[4] In 2005, the average marathon
time in the U.S. was 4 hours 32 minutes 8 seconds for men, 5 hours 6 minutes 8
seconds for women.[160] In 2015, the men's and women's median marathon times were 4
hours 20 minutes 13 seconds and 4 hours 45 minutes 30 seconds respectively.[161]
A goal many runners aim for is to break certain time barriers. For example, recreational
first-timers often try to run the marathon under four hours; more competitive runners
may attempt to finish under three hours.[162] Other benchmarks are the qualifying times
for major marathons. The Boston Marathon, the oldest marathon in the United States,
requires a qualifying time for all non-professional runners.[163] The New York City
Marathon also requires a qualifying time for guaranteed entry, at a significantly faster
pace than Boston's.[164]
Typically, there is a maximum allowed time of about six hours after which the marathon
route is closed, although some larger marathons keep the course open considerably
longer (eight hours or more). Many marathons around the world have such time limits
by which all runners must have crossed the finish line. Anyone slower than the limit will
be picked up by a sweeper bus. In many cases the marathon organizers are required to
reopen the roads to the public so that traffic can return to normal.
With the growth in popularity of marathon-running, many marathons across the United
States and the world have been filling to capacity faster than ever before. When the
Boston Marathon opened up registration for its 2011 running, the field capacity was
filled within eight hours.[165]
Training[edit]

MoonWalk is a nocturnal charity marathon to

raise money for breast cancer research.
The long run is an important element in marathon training.[166] Recreational runners
commonly try to reach a maximum of about 32 km (20 mi) in their longest weekly run
and a total of about 64 km (40 mi) a week when training for the marathon, but wide
variability exists in practice and in recommendations. More experienced marathoners
may run a longer distance during the week. Greater weekly training mileages can offer
greater results in terms of distance and endurance, but also carry a greater risk of
training injury.[167] Most male elite marathon runners will complete weekly distances of
over 160 km (100 mi).[167] It is recommended that those new to running should get a
checkup from their doctor, as there are certain warning signs and risk factors that
should be evaluated before undertaking any new workout program, especially marathon
training.[168]
Many training programs last a minimum of five or six months, with a gradual increase in
the distance run and finally, for recovery, a period of tapering in the one to three weeks
preceding the race. For beginners wishing to merely finish a marathon, a minimum of
four months of running four days a week is recommended.[169][170] Many trainers
recommend a weekly increase in mileage of no more than 10%. It is also often advised
to maintain a consistent running program for six weeks or so before beginning a
marathon training program, to allow the body to adapt to the new stresses. [171] The
marathon training program itself would suppose variation between hard and easy
training, with a periodization of the general plan.[172]
Training programs can be found at the websites of Runner's World,[173] Hal Higdon,[159] Jeff
Galloway,[4] RunnersWorld Tulsa Archived 30 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine, and
the Boston Athletic Association,[174] and in numerous other published sources, including
the websites of specific marathons.
Many local running stores sponsor training programs for the community. RunnersWorld
Tulsa Archived 30 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine, for example, has half and full
marathon training programs that consider an individual's pace and desired distance.
These kinds of groups offer connection to your running community—an invaluable
source of support, encouragement, and accountability.
The last long training run might be undertaken up to two weeks prior to the event. Many
marathon runners also "carbo-load" (increase carbohydrate intake while holding total
caloric intake constant) during the week before the marathon to allow their bodies to
store more glycogen.
Glycogen and "the wall"[edit]
Main article: Hitting the wall
Carbohydrates that a person eats are converted by
the liver and muscles into glycogen for storage. Glycogen burns rapidly to provide quick
energy. Runners can store about 8 MJ or 2,000 kcal worth of glycogen in their bodies,
enough for about 30 km/18–20 miles of running. Many runners report that running
becomes noticeably more difficult at that point.[175] When glycogen runs low, the body
must then obtain energy by burning stored fat, which does not burn as readily. When
this happens, the runner will experience dramatic fatigue and is said to "hit the wall".
The aim of training for the marathon, according to many coaches,[176] is to maximize the
limited glycogen available so that the fatigue of the "wall" is not as dramatic. This is
accomplished in part by utilizing a higher percentage of energy from burned fat even
during the early phase of the race, thus conserving glycogen.[citation needed]
Carbohydrate-based "energy gels" are used by runners to avoid or reduce the effect of
"hitting the wall", as they provide easy to digest energy during the run. Energy gels
usually contain varying amounts of sodium and potassium and some also contain
caffeine. They need to be consumed with a certain amount of water. Recommendations
for how often to take an energy gel during the race range widely.[176]
 A runner getting encouragement at Mile 25 of
the Boston Marathon
Alternatives to gels include various forms of concentrated sugars, and foods high in
simple carbohydrates that can be digested easily. Many runners experiment with
consuming energy supplements during training runs to determine what works best for
them. Consumption of food while running sometimes makes the runner sick. Runners
are advised not to ingest a new food or medicine just prior to or during a race. [176] It is
also important to refrain from taking any of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory class of
pain relievers (NSAIDs, e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen), as these drugs may change
the way the kidneys regulate their blood flow and may lead to serious kidney problems,
especially in cases involving moderate to severe dehydration. NSAIDS block the COX-
2 enzyme pathway to prevent the production of prostaglandins. These prostaglandins
may act as inflammation factors throughout the body, but they also play a crucial role in
maintenance of water retention. In less than 5% of the whole population that take
NSAIDS, individuals may be more negatively sensitive to renal prostaglandin synthesis
inhibition.[177]
Temperature[edit]
A study of the performance of 1.8 million participants in the Berlin, London, Paris,
Boston, Chicago, and New York marathons during the years from 2001 to 2010 found
that runners recorded their fastest times when the temperature was around 6 °C (43 °F),
with an increase of 10 °C (18 °F) leading to a 1.5% reduction in speed.[178][179] A July 2020
study found that increasing temperatures affected faster runners' performance more
than slower ones.[180]
After a marathon[edit]
Marathon participation may result in various medical, musculoskeletal,
and dermatological complaints.[181] Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a
common condition affecting runners during the first week following a marathon.
[182]
Various types of mild exercise or massage have been recommended to alleviate pain
secondary to DOMS.[182] Dermatological issues frequently include "jogger's nipple",
"jogger's toe", and blisters.[183]
The immune system is reportedly suppressed for a short time.[184] Changes to the blood
chemistry may lead physicians to mistakenly diagnose heart malfunction.[185]
After long training runs and the marathon itself, consuming carbohydrates to replace
glycogen stores and protein to aid muscle recovery is commonly recommended. In
addition, soaking the lower half of the body for approximately 20 minutes in cold or ice
water may force blood through the leg muscles to speed recovery.[186][187]
Health risks[edit]
See also: List of marathon fatalities
Marathon running has various health risks, though these can be diminished with
preparation and care.[188] Training and the races themselves can put runners under
stress. While very rare, even death is a possibility during a race.
Common minor health risks include blisters, tendonitis, fatigue, knee or ankle sprain,
dehydration (electrolyte imbalance), and other conditions. Many are categorised as
overuse injuries.
Cardiac health[edit]

Officers patrolling a marathon course

in Ukraine
In 2016, a systematic medical review found that the risk of sudden cardiac death during
or immediately after a marathon was between 0.6 and 1.9 deaths per 100,000
participants, varying across the specific studies and the methods used, and not
controlling for age or gender.[189] Since the risk is small, cardiac screening programs for
marathons are uncommon. However, this review was not an attempt to assess the
overall cardiac health impact of marathon running.
A 2006 study of non-elite Boston Marathon participants tested runners for certain
proteins that indicate heart damage or dysfunction (see Troponin) and gave
them echocardiogram scans, before and after the marathon. The study revealed that, in
that sample of 60 people, runners who had averaged fewer than 56 km (35 mi) of
weekly training in the 4 months before the race were most likely to show some heart
damage or dysfunction, while runners who had done more than 72 km (45 mi) of weekly
training showed few or no heart problems.[190]
According to a Canadian study presented in 2010, running a marathon can temporarily
result in decreased function of more than half the muscle segments in the heart's main
pumping chamber, but neighboring segments are generally able to compensate. Full
recovery is reached within three months. The fitter the runner, the less the effect. The
runners with decreased left ventricle function had an average peak weekly training
distance of 55.1 km (34.2 mi), while those who did not averaged 69.1 km (42.9 mi). The
marathon was held in 35 °C (95 °F) weather. According to one of the researchers:
"Regular exercise reduces cardiovascular risk by a factor of two or three in the long run,
but while we're doing vigorous exercise such as marathon running, our cardiac risk
increases by seven."[191][192]
Hydration[edit]

A volunteer hands out fluids at a marathon

water stop
Overconsumption is the most significant concern associated with water consumption
during marathons. Drinking excessive amounts of fluid during a race can lead to dilution
of sodium in the blood, a condition called exercise-associated hyponatremia, which may
result in vomiting, seizures, coma and even death.[193] Dr. Lewis G. Maharam, medical
director for the New York City Marathon, stated in 2005: "There are no reported cases
of dehydration causing death in the history of world running, but there are plenty of
cases of people dying of hyponatremia."[194]
For example, Dr. Cynthia Lucero died at the age of 28 while participating in the
2002 Boston Marathon. It was Lucero's second marathon.[195] At mile 22, Lucero
complained of feeling "dehydrated and rubber-legged."[196] She soon wobbled and
collapsed to the ground, and was unconscious by the time the paramedics reached her.
Lucero was admitted to Brigham and Women's Hospital and died two days later. [197]
Lucero's cause of death was determined to be hyponatremic encephalopathy, a
condition that causes swelling of the brain due to an imbalance of sodium in the blood
known as exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH). While EAH is sometimes referred
to as "water intoxication", Lucero drank large amounts of Gatorade during the race,[198]
[199]
demonstrating that runners who consume sodium-containing sports drinks in excess
of thirst can still develop EAH.[198][200] Because hyponatremia is caused by excessive water
retention, and not just loss of sodium, consumption of sports drinks or salty foods may
not prevent hyponatremia.[201]
Women are more prone to hyponatremia than men. A study in the New England Journal
of Medicine found that 13% of runners completing the 2002 Boston Marathon had
hyponatremia.[202]
The International Marathon Medical Directors Association (IMMDA) advised in 2006 that
fluid intake should be adjusted individually according to factors such as body weight,
sex, climate, pace, fitness (VO2 max), and sweat rate, as fluid requirements can vary
between people depending on these variables. The IMMDA also recommended sports
drinks that include carbohydrates and electrolytes instead of plain water and said that
runners should "drink to thirst", trying to refrain from drinking at every fluid station before
feeling thirsty.[203] Heat exposure leads to diminished thirst drive and thirst may not be a
sufficient incentive to drink in many situations.[204] The IMMDA and HSL Harpur Hill give
recommendations to drink fluid in small volumes frequently at an approximate rate
falling between 100–250 ml (3.4–8.5 US fl oz) every 15 minutes.[204][203] A patient suffering
hyponatremia can be given a small volume of a concentrated salt solution intravenously
to raise sodium concentrations in the blood. Some runners weigh themselves before
running and write the results on their bibs. If anything goes wrong, first aid workers can
use the weight information to tell if the patient had consumed too much water.
Body temperature[edit]
Exertional heat stroke is an emergency condition in which thermoregulation fails and the
body temperature rises dangerously above 40 °C (104 °F). It becomes a greater risk in
warm and humid weather, even for young and fit individuals. Treatment requires rapid
physical cooling of the body.[205]
Charity involvement[edit]
Some charities seek to associate with various races. Some marathon organizers set
aside a portion of their limited entry slots for charity organizations to sell to members in
exchange for donations. Runners are given the option to sign up to run particular races,
especially when marathon entries are no longer available to the general public.[citation needed] In
some cases, charities organize their own marathon as a fund-raiser, gaining funds via
entry fees or sponsorships.[citation needed]
Culture[edit]
Mars rover marathon
 Mars rover Opportunity's
traverse in 2015 as it approached the Marathon Valley, and then traveled distance of a
traditional marathon (about 42 kilometres (26 mi))
In 2015 the Mars rover Opportunity attained the distance of a marathon from its starting
location on Mars, and the valley where it achieved this distance was called Marathon
Valley, which was then explored.[206][207]
See also[edit]

 Sport of athletics portal

Records

 Marathon world record progression

 National records in the marathon
Lists

 List of marathon races

 List of marathoners
 List of marathon national champions (men)
 List of non-professional marathon runners
Related races

 Ekiden (marathon relays)

 Half marathon
 Ultramarathon
Other endurance races

 Ironman Triathlon
 Mountain marathon
  Multi-day race
 Ski marathon
Organizations

 100 Marathon Club

 World Peace Marathon
Notable races

 Ineos 1:59 Challenge

 Man versus Horse Marathon
 Marathons at the Paralympics
Other related topics

 Pacemaker (running)
 Physiology of marathons
Notes[edit]
1. ^ This date is specified as 10 March in some sources as Greece used the Julian calendar at
the time.
2. ^ A marathon in Yekaterinburg, Russia, the Europe-Asia International Marathon, also claims
to cross the border between Europe and Asia.[57]

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Bibliography[edit]
 Hans-Joachim Gehrke, "From Athenian identity to European ethnicity: The
cultural biography of the myth of Marathon," in Ton Derks, Nico Roymans
(ed.), Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and
Tradition (Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 2009) (Amsterdam
Archaeological Studies, 13), 85–100.
 Hans W. Giessen: Mythos Marathon. Von Herodot über Bréal bis zur
Gegenwart. (= Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations- und
Kulturwissenschaft. Band 17). Verlag Empirische Pädagogik, Landau 2010
 Tom Derderian, Boston Marathon: History of the World's Premier Running
Event, Human Kinetics, 1994, 1996
External links[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Marathons.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marathon running.

 IAAF list of marathon records in XML

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