JIMMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE

ASSESSMENT OF THE PROBLEM ON CONDUCTING PHYSICAL

FITNESS ACTIVITY IN FITNESS CENTER OF JIMMA UNIVERSITY

BY: ALAYU ADMASU

ADVISOR: Dr. ASIM KHAN

A RESEARCH PAPER IS TO BE SUBMITTED TO JIMMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF SPORT
SCIENCE FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE BACHELOR
DEGREE IN SPORT SCIENCE

June 2017
JIMMA, ETHIOPIA

I
 JIMMA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE

ASSESSMENT OF THE PROBLEM ON CONDUCTING PHYSICAL

FITNESS ACTIVITY IN FITNESS CENTER OF JIMMA UNIVERSITY

BY: ALAYU ADMASU

A RESEARCH PAPER IS TO BE SUBMITTED TO JIMMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF SPORT
SCIENCE FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE BACHELOR
DEGREE IN SPORT SCIENCE

Approval Sheet

Approved by:

. .. ..
Advisor Signature Date

June 2017

JIMMA, ETHIOPIA

II
 Acknowledgement
First, I would like to thank Almighty God and my family. I would have never been successful,
but God make everything possible.

Secondly, I would like to say thanks my Advisor Dr. Asim Khan for this constructive comments
on the draft of all chapters of this research paper.

Thirdly, I would like to say thanks for all Jimma university fitness center trainers and the
instructors for their support by giving the genuine information.

Finally, I would like to say thanks all people who support me when I conducted this research
paper.

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 Table of contents

Contents
Acknowledgement............................................................................................................................I
Table of contents.............................................................................................................................II
List of tables..................................................................................................................................IV
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................V
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem......................................................................................................1
1.3 Objective of the study............................................................................................................2
1.3.1 General objective.............................................................................................................2
1.3.2 Specific objectives...........................................................................................................2
1.4 Significances of the study......................................................................................................2
1.5 Delimitation of the study........................................................................................................2
1.6 Limitation of the study ....................................................................................................................2

1.6 Organization of the study.......................................................................................................2

1.7 Definition of the operational terms........................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................4
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...................................................................................4
2.1. Components of Physical Fitness...........................................................................................4
2.3. Importance of Physical Fitness.............................................................................................6
2.2. Principle of Training.............................................................................................................6
2.3. Training Guidelines...............................................................................................................8
2.3.1 The FITT Guidelines.......................................................................................................8
CHAPTR THREE..........................................................................................................................10
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................10
3.1 Study Design........................................................................................................................10
3.2 Description of the Study Area..............................................................................................10
3.3 Study population..................................................................................................................10

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 3.4 Sample size..........................................................................................................................11
3.5 Data collection Instruments.................................................................................................11
3.6 Source of data.......................................................................................................................11
3.7 Data Collection Procedure...................................................................................................11
3.8 Data Analysis Method..........................................................................................................11
CHAPTER FOUR 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRTATION.........................................12
4.1 Analysis of respondent’s response.......................................................................................12
4.2 analysis and Interpretation from Interview..........................................................................18
CHAPTER FIVE...........................................................................................................................19
5 . SUMMERY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDTION....................................................19
5.1 Summery..............................................................................................................................19
5.2 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................20
5.3. Recommendation................................................................................................................21
References......................................................................................................................................22
Appendix I.....................................................................................................................................24
Appendix II....................................................................................................................................26

III
 List of tables
Table 2-1 Exercise to develop and maintain cardiovascular endurance and body
composition.....................................................................................................................................9
Table 4.1: general characteristics of the respondent 14

Table 4.2 Fitness participants was started doing physical activity 15

Table 4.3.frequency of the exercise and participating 15

Table 4.4 fitness who had taken per –exercise physical fitness test before starting the
exercise ....16

Table 4.5 what type of fitness component you measured 16

Table 4.6 what is your goal to come in the gymnasium ..17

Table 4.7 what type of exercise is recommended to develop your muscle by your
instructor .17

Table 4.8 what is the ability of your instructor to lead the activity and training the fitness
participant 18

Table 4.9 what is the relationship the intended goal of the client and the exercise given
18

Table 4.10 is there only miss-communication between you and your instructor during
training session.........................................................................................................................19

Table 4.11 is there any equipment problem in the gymnasium ..19

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 Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the problem of conducting physical fitness activities in
fitness center of Jimma University. The gymnasium has not full material and some materials that
pound in the gymnasium do not give any services. The researcher was used qualitative and
quantitative study design method and the researcher was selected 40 gymnasium trainers and 3
instructors as a sample by using simple random sampling technique and data were collected
from all samples by using questionnaires, interview and observation. As the result of analyzed
data lack of full materials, absence of shower room and the instructors unknowing the clients
ability and soon. Absence will –trained and the gymnasium quality can be improved by using
availability of full materials.

KEY WORD: EXERCISE, FITNESS, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL FITNESS.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Health and physical fitness have a vital role in the life of men from time immemorial. The
progress of the Nation lies in the hands of the people, who are healthy and physically fit.
Every individual should develop physical fitness for a happy and effective living. In order to get
physical fitness one has to involve in physical activities. Physical activity is essential for the
development of wholesome personality of a child, which would depend upon the opportunities
provided for wholesome development of the mental, physical, social and spiritual aspects.
Hence, a well-organized and properly administered physical education programmed for
schoolchildren is very essential. Physical activity throughout the ages has been acclaimed for
health and recreation. It provided fun and enjoyment. It also provided youthful exuberance and
the elderly care. Physical activity and movements are as old as human existence. It played
numerous roles from struggle for existence to struggle for excellence. A sports is an activity in
our lives where pursuits of different movement achieved through the total investigation of
Neuron – muscular co-ordination. In this modern era, we can see that each and every individual
directly or indirectly related to sports. Modern Physical Education commonly known as there is
sports where pursuit of discipline freely formed such as biological, social and physical sciences.
Over decades, the society in general has realized the need for keeping fit and health through
organized physical activity programmed. Scientific evidence has made with a clear and that
unless man engages himself in organized vigorous physical activity programmed. The real
benefits would not come.
2 Many researchers strongly support the regular exercises helps one to keep a strong and healthy
and to prevent cardio vascular diseases. Physically fit person, heart beats at a lower rate and
pumps more blood per beat at rest. As a result of regular exercises and individual’s capacity to
use oxygen is increased systematically, energy production depends on internal chemical or
metabolic change. Health, Fitness and performance are poorly correlated phenomena. Health is
generally defined as the freedom from disease, fitness strictly relates to a man’s ability to meet
the demands of his environment and excellence in performance.
Meaning and importance of Education According to Bucher, Education is the reconstruction
of events that compose the lives of the individuals so that new happenings and new events
become more purposeful and meaningful. As a result of education, individual will be better able
to regulate the direction of ensuring experience. It further means that the individual’s education
consists of everything he or she does from birth to death. Education is doing phenomenon. One
learns through doing. Education takes in the classroom in the library, in the playground, in the
gymnasium and home. It is not confined to school but takes place wherever individual
congregate. Education in the beginning considered as reading, writing and doing arithmetic. But
in the modern concept of scientific world education is considered to bring out National
harmonious and progressive development of man’s innate power. It helps an individual to make

1
an original contribution to human life. Education contributes to the development advancement
and preparation of Nation’s culture. Educational institutions like colleges, Universities are clearly
the chief agencies that improve the progress of the society. Education must meet the
challenges presented to the society.

Physical fitness is general state of health and well being to perform aspects of physical exercise.
Sports and any type of occupation physical fitness is generally achieved through correct nutrition
exercises hygiene and rest or proper use of his/her leisure time-fitness was the capacity to carry
out the day’s activity without undue fatigue (wrought text back p3), however with automation
and changes in the life styles. It is currently consider as the major of the body ability to function
efficiently and effectively in work and in leisure activity to be health to resist hypoxanthic
disease and to meet emergency (groom Wikipedia. The free encyclopedia).

According to (Brain shaky (1990) physical fitness is the training from life through it ’s the
ability to be able to with stood whatever life through its way sprinting, jumping, walking, and
playing with ground children. Physical fitness is specific to individual and therefore training to
improve as well as to maintain. In addition to these it also refer ones over all function of a body
so people at involved in exercise for a member of rise.

 To reduce physical fitness problem.

 To reduce tension and strength of the body.
 To improve muscular strength of the body.

1.2. Statement of the problem

Research is an important tool to solve different problems and give relative or tentative solution.
The research was initiate to conduct this study because of many problems are faced on physical
fitness in fitness center of Jimma University. In this study the researcher was identify the factors
which affect the proper physical activity training in fitness center such as lack of knowledge in
the participants, poor information about the benefits of physical quality exercise in the side of
participant, lack of equipment in the gymnasium based on the ideas of this study was conducted
to investigate the problem of assessing physical fitness in fitness center of Jimma University.
Moreover, the researcher tried to answer the following leading questions:

1) Does the instructor or recommended exercise according to the goal of clients?

2) Are the participants eager on the expected or improvement to achieve their intended
goal?
3) What are the major problems present around the fitness program at Jimma university
fitness center?
4) Do the instructors have enough knowledge about training principle related to physical
fitness?

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1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 General objective

The general objective of the study was to investigate the problems of conducting physical
fitness in the fitness center of Jimma University.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

Specific objectives of the study were:

1. To differentiate ways and means of improving physical fitness activity programs.

2. To assess the impact of the problem on the physical fitness participations in the center.
3. To assess the quality and type of materials this is available in the gymnasium in order
to develop physical fitness.
4. To recommend possible solution about the problems on physical fitness exercise.

1.4 Significances of the study

This research was used full to identify the problems that are related to physical fitness training in
fitness center of Jimma University and show to find the way of solving such problems:-

1. This research was used as a source for the other researcher who will conduct his/her
research on physical fitness.
2. This research was provided a significant contribution to improve the values of the subject
in sport science for the society.
3. This research used to create awareness among society about the importance of physical
fitness in fitness center of Jimma University.

1.5 Delimitations of the study

 Research has determined the size of the investigation area in accordance with its
problems. Therefore, the scope of these will be problems of assessing physical fitness
activity in fitness center of Jimma University.

 This study does not explore the outcome with the clients attained rather it is concerned
with only the problems that are related to physical activity it offers room and conducted
around 40 males and female participants.

1.6 Limitation of the study

The research has been encountered through the accomplishment of this study or paper. From
which: - finance, material shortage, internet to get enough information and time constrain were
the most factors to limit the researcher schedule and work.

1.7 Organization of the study

This research paper organized in five parts. In chapter one the introduction, statement of the
problem, objectives of the study, significances of the study, and delimitation of the study and
organization of the paper and definition of terms were discussed at the end of the chapter one.

3
In chapter two, the review of related literature and in chapter three research methodologies was
presents. The fourth chapter was direct towards on data analysis and the last have the conclusion,
summary and recommendation.

1.8 Definition of the operational terms

Exercise: - is a planned structured repetitive movement of the body designed to improve or
maintain a physical fitness.

Fitness: - the ability to live a happy and will balanced life but it also includes intellectual social
and emotional components

Health: - are the state of complete physical mental and social will being and not merely the
absence of diseases.

Physical fitness: - the ability of the body to function effectively and efficiently to be enjoy
leisure time. Ti be healthy, to resist diseases and to cope with emergency situations.

Physical activity: - anybody moment carried out by the skeleton muscle and requiring
energy.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1. Components of Physical Fitness

Physical fitness component some related to general health and other related more specifically to
particular sport or activities .The five components of health related physical fitness most
important for health are cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance,
flexibility and body composition. Health related fitness contributes to your capacity to enjoy life.
Helps your body with stand physical and psychological challenges and protect you from chronic
disease. (Thomas D. Faheyeta,l 2002, p (32-34)

A. Cardio Respiratory Endurance

Cardio respiratory endurance is the ability of the body to perform prolonged. Large muscle
dynamic exercise at moderate to high level of intensity. It depends on such factors as ability of
the lung to deliver oxygen from the environment to the blood stream .The hearts capacity to
pump blood .The ability of the nervous system and blood vessels to use oxygen and process fuels
for exercise.

When levels of cardio respiratory fitness are low. The heart has to work very hard during normal
daily activity may not be able work hard enough to sustain high –intensity physical activity in
emergency. As a cardio vascular fitness improves .The heart begins to functions more
efficiently .The heart pumps more blood per heart beat .Resting heart rate slow blood volume
increase mood cognitive function and the ability to manage stress. Exercise to improve cardio
vascular endurance also provides opportunities to have fun and to socialize. (Thomas D.
Faheyetal. (2002) p(32-33).

B. Muscular strength

The amount of a muscular can produce with single maximum effort. It depends on such factors
as the size of muscle cell and the ability of nerves to activate muscle cell. Strong muscles are
important for the smooth and easy performance of everyday activities such as carrying groceries
lifting boxes and climbing stairs. As well as for emergency situations. That helps keep the
skeletal in proper alignment. Preventing back and leg pain and providing the support necessary
for good posture. Muscular strength has obvious important in recreational activities strong
people can hit a tennis ball harder ride cycle uphill more easily. Muscle tissue is an important
element of overall body composition. The greater muscle mass means have higher rate of
metabolism and faster energy use. Training to build muscular strength can help people manage
stresses and boost their self. Confidence maintain strength and muscle mass is vital for health
aging older people tends to use both number and size of muscle cells may of the muscle cells
that theist attachment to the nervous system .Strength training helps maintain muscle mass and
function and possible helps decrease the risk of osteoporosis in older people. This greatly

5
enhances their quality of life and prevents life threatening injuries (Thomas D. Faherental, 2002
(24).

C. Muscular Endurance

Muscular strength the ability of muscle or group of muscles to remain contract reputedly for a
long period of time .It depends on such factors as the size of muscle cell. The ability of muscles
to store fuel blood supply to muscles. Muscular endurance is important for goods posture for
injury prevention. For example, If abdominal and lack muscles cannot hold the spine correctly,
the chance of low –back pain and injury are increased. Recent research suggests that good
muscular endurance in the trunk muscle is more important than muscular strength for preventing
back pain .Muscular endurances performance in sports and work. The mass D. Fahey. 2003,
p(33-34).

D. Body composition

The proportion of fat and fat mass (muscle, bone and water) in the body. Health body
composition involves a high proportion of fat-free mass as acceptably. Low level of body fat
adjusted for age and gender. A person with excessive body fat is more likely to experience a
variety of health problems. Including heart diseases, diabetes, and gall bladder disease. Some
type of cancer, high blood pressure , stroke, Etc .However, recent studies suggest that
cardiovascular endurance is more important that body composition in determining health status
people who have lean but who have been low cardiovascular endurance is more important that
body composition in to have higher death rate than people with high level of body fat who are
otherwise fit .It appears that regular exercise and moderate level of fitness may
help .Compensate for the health risk of extra body fat.

E . Flexibility

Flexibility is the range of motion in a joint or group of joints. Flexibility is related to muscle
length. It depends joint structure the length and elasticity of connective tissue and nervous
system activity. Although range of motion is not significant factors in everyday life activity for
most people in active causes the joints and muscles. Stretching exercise can help ensure a range
of motion for all major joints. (Thomas D. Fareyetal. 2002 p(34).

2.3. Importance of Physical Fitness

The primary arms of physical fitness have based on the needs of the time and place most modern
school goals to provide students with knowledge skill capacity values and the enthusiasm to
maintain healthy life stage to adult hood activity. On the other hand Physical fitness is also about
sharpening over all cognitive ability about motor skill that via athletics. Exercise and various an
others physical activities .Some of importance physical fitness maintains.

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  Over all confidence bester
 Awareness about importance health and nutrition issue
 Indicating sport man ship and team spirit
 Developing of motor skills
 Importance of hygiene and sex education
 Enhancing over all cognitive ability
 Encouraging over all cognitive ability
 Encouraging budding sports man
 A stress buster and source of enjoyment
 Promoting health life style of adult hood
 Develop health full physical[ activities
 for stress reduction
 strength peer relations

2.2. Principle of Training

Training is a systematic process. To train properly you must observe certain guidelines. You do
not need to be an expert in physiology to conduct sound training programs. But you understand
and practice the principles of training (American coaching effectiveness program level one
(Martens et al, (1981)).

Even if there are a number of principles of performance different physical activities. Paying
attention for the following principles with help to create an effective safe environment for
activities.

A. The principle of over load;- (exercising at higher level than normal) for physical
components of fitness to improve the system must work harder than it is used to work normal.
The system must experience stress so that over period of time it will improve to the point where
it can easily accommodate additional stress. So, over load is gradual increase in the pregnancy,
duration and intensity of the physical activity that is a part of fitness program. (Charles B .et al.,
2000(50).

A muscle will only strength when forced to opprate beyond its customary intensity . The load
must be progressively increased in order to further adaption over load can be progresses by;-

 Increase the resistance e.t sky to the weight by 5% per week

 Increase the number of repetitions with particular weight.
 Increase the number of sets of the exercise (work).
 Increasing the intensity, more work with high load.

7
B. The principles of progression;- (gradually increase the level and intensity of the
exercise).

The principles of progression imply that there is an optimal level or over load that should be
achieved, and an optimal period for this overload to occur. A little today and a little
tomorrow is good principal to follow in any fitness program .You should starts gradually and
add a little each today .The rate of slowly or too rapidly if benefits are to related to
progression. Thomas D.et al., 2002 p(33).

C. The principles of specificity:- ( the type of physical change that occurs are directly to the
type of training used ).

The benefit of physical activity is specific to the form of activity performed .There is a need
for a specific type of exercise to improve a specific part of the body .(Charles B. et al., 2000
p(50).Specifically in now viewed as one of the most important training principle to
remember.

The research clearly indicates that training should be specific for each sport. There is
specificity principles must consider three elements this is specifically of the energy system,
specificity of mode of training and specificity of muscle group and movements pattern.

D. The principle individuality:- ( No tow persons are exactly the same ).

According to this principle , people have different idea about their goal for fitness program. I
Motivation and state physical fitness .A fitness program for one person will not necessarily
satisfy the needs of another person. (Thomas D.et al., .2000p (34).

E. The principle of reversibility:- (“the benefit achieved from over load last only as long as
over load continuous”). Discus results in loss of benefits achieved as result as result of ever
load .Most or the adaptation stimulated by training are reversible. The training principle that
fitness improvements are lost when demands on the body are lowered. Adapting to a
reduction in training. (Thomas D. fahel et al., 20002p (34).

F. The principles of Diminishing returns:- (“the beginner is the pastes to changes”).

Beginners may improve their fitness more quietly than that of advanced individuals .When
the beginners start the physical activity program the initial training results in large increases
in fitness .As the training program progress and player becomes fitter, the amount of
improvement is less. When designing training programs. It is important to remember that
fitness levels do not improve at the same rate as player become fitter. (Elizabeth Quinn.
About .com guide) update December (16.2010).

2.3. Training Guidelines

According to Thomas D. Fahey, (2002) p (40) the following guidelines will make your
exercise program were effective and successful.

8
A. Training the way you want your body to change: - stress your body such that is adapts
in the desired direction .To improves performance in particular sport. Practice that sport or
the movements used in it.

B. Train regularly:- Consistency is the key to improving fitness . Fitness improvements are
if too pass between exercise sessions.

C. Get shape Gradually:- An exercise program can be divided in to three phases . The
beginning phase during which the body adjusts to the new type and level of activity. The
maintenance phase in which the targeted level of fitness it maintained over the long term.

D. Warm–up before exercise:- Warming up can decreases your chance injury by helping
your body gradually progress from rest to activity .Reduce muscle fitness both the joint
surface in lubricating fluid . In addition, increase blood flow to the muscle.

E. Cool Down after exercise:- During exercise as much as 90% of circulating blood is
directed to the muscle and skin- up from a little as 20% during rest. If you suddenly stop
moving after exercise the amount of blood returning to your heart and brain may be
insufficient and you experience dizziness a drop in blood pressure or other problems so,
cooling down at the end of a work out help safely restore circulation to its normal resting
condition. But all the above mentioned training guidelines are currently organized as FITT
principle and have a target role for health related physical fitness training.

2.3.1 The FITT Guidelines

The FITT (Frequency Intensity Time and Type of activity) will help you to see limits on how
often you should in add exercise. How hard the exercise is? How long you should spend in
add exercise session? Add what type of activity you perform Respectively (Charles B.et al.,
2002. p(52).

Frequency of Exercise (how often):- Development fitness requires regular exercise optimum
exercise frequency. Express in number of day per week.

Intensity of Exercise (how hard):- Fitness benefit occurs when you a person exercise harder
than his or her normal level of activity .Appropriate exercise intensity vary with each fitness
components.

Time (Duration):- Fitness benefits occur when you exercise for an extended period of
time .The greater the intensity of exercise the lesser time needed to obtain fitness benefit.

The Mode of Activity (the type of activity ):-exercise in which you should engage varies with
each fitness component and with your personnel fitness goal .So, the following table shows
exercise recommendation for health related physical fitness participants related to FITT
guidelines for adults. (Thomas D. Farley. 2000p (40)

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Table 2-1 Exercise to develop and maintain cardiovascular endurance and body
composition.

Frequency of training intensity  3-5 days per week

of training  55/65-90% of week
 40/50-58% of maximum oxygen up take resource
(VO2 Max)
 The lower intensive vale/ 55-64% MHR
20-60 total minute of the continues for the lower intensity
Time /duration activity conducted for the long period of time (more than
30 minutes)

 Walking, hiking, running ,jogging

 Cycling, bicycling, running, cross country skiing,
aerobic dance
Type  Rope skipping
 Rowing
 Stair climbing
 Swimming
The Major Function that are Affecting the correct Benefits of Physical Fitness Training

Knowledge:- Lack of adequate knowledge about the scientific training principle and health
related physical quality can affect the benefits of exercise recommended for an individual. Every
training program needs high specialized knowledge for application and benefits. In any specific
exercise setting. The need harmonized information of several field of study such as nutrition,
anatomy, physiology, and sport medicine explanation about physical fitness components
exercise.

Economy:- In adequate facility will affect the proper implementation of exercise. Such as lack
of training room, machines and other equipment same fitness centers do not have congest for
hilling a well –trained instructor and then they become forced to hire an inefficiency person with
less salary. So, economical problems load to incorrect training benefits related to physical
components.

Documentation: - professional can also facilitate adherence to the exercise program by having
the participant records of his or her performance. Such as medical history, current performance
and other biological characteristics. Record keeping helps the individual focus on the task and
provide a means for documentation progress towards the goal.

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 CHAPTR THREE
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Design

The researcher was design to explore the problem of conducting physical activity in fitness
center of Jimma University. The activity have explain deals and continue but when the apparent.
In the methodology indicates steps would take to answer every quotations address the objectives
set. Therefore, for immediate conjunction of the study, the researcher investigates the study by
using descriptive research method. Because method describes clearly the cause and problems of
the study area.

3.2 Description of the Study Area

This study was conducted at Jimma University (JU), which is a public university located in
Jimma, Ethiopia. The university campus is located in the city of Jimma, situated around 352
kilometers southwest of Addis Ababa. It is recognized as the leading national university, as
ranked first by the Federal Ministry of Education for four successive years (2009 - 2012).The
University offers various programs and courses of study, which lead toward degrees in different
fields. It was established in December 1999 following the amalgamation of the Jimma College of
Agriculture (founded in 1952) and the Jimma Institute of Health Sciences (founded in
1983).Jimma University was known for the natural atmosphere of its campuses. While urban
campuses, there are indeed in the middle of tropical forests, and thus, home of untamed animals
such as monkeys. Friendly life of such animals with human has created a unique atmosphere in
the academic environment of the university.

3.3 Study population

This research focused on a largely population or practical reasons. The target population who
include in this study was around 25 male and 15 female physical exercise participants at fitness
centre of Jimma University.

3.4 Sample size

40 participants were taken as a sample size for this study.

3.5 Data collection Instruments

One of the most components of research design is the research instruments. Because they gather
or collect data in simple manner. There are many type of data gathering tools in research from
these the researcher used the questionnaire, interview and observation.

11
3.6 Source of data
This study used primary and secondary data source. In primary source, the data was directly
gathered from participants using questionnaire, interview and observation.

3.7 Data Collection Procedure

The researcher was collected the data through questionnaires, which distribute to 15 female
customers 25 male customers

 Questionnaire was prepared

 Asking the permission of participants and teachers to filling the consent.
 Distributing the questionnaires that was prepare to participants
 Collecting the questionnaires from the respondents

3.8 Data Analysis Method

To analysis and interpret the data both qualitative and quantitative technique was employed. The
data was gathered through open ended questionnaire analyzed through qualitative techniques and
the data gathered through closed ended questionnaires analyzed and interpreted in such a way
that can transmit the idea of the research. Finally, possible conclusion and recommendations was
forwarded.

3.9 Ethical issues and Codes of Conduct

The study was dealt with ethical issues; it was protected the privacy of research participants and
make guarantees and confidentiality in risk of harm as result of their participation. Therefore, the
study was conducted according to Jimma University rules, policies and codes relating to research
ethics. And verbal consent was given and inform to the concerned bodies permission was
obtained from the department of sport science then an informed verbal consent was be received
from each study subjects and anyone who was not be willing to take part in the study had full
right to do so.

12
 CHAPTER FOUR

4. RESULTS AND INTERPRTATION

The analysis and interpretation of data done both qualitatively and quantitatively

4.1 Analysis of respondent’s response

Table 4.1: general characteristics of the respondent

No No. of respondent Percent

Degree
Participant
BA 8 20%
BSC 10 25%
Education level MSC 16 40%
PhD 6 15%
Total 40 100%
Diploma 1 33.3%
Instructor BSC 1 33.3%
Ms 1 33.3%
Total 3 100%
Male 30 75%
Participant Female 10 25%
Gender Total 40 100%
Male 3 100%
Instructor Female - -
Total 3 100%
25-30 28 70%
Participant 31-35 6 15%
Age 36-56 6 15%
Instructor 30-35 3 100%

As indicated in the above table 4.1 shows that 70% of the respondent age 25-30 and the age of
15% of the respondent is a 31-35 also the result shows age above36 is15%.The results shows
that the age of majority gymnasium exercise participant people were between 25 and 30.

As the abovetable1 shows that 75% of the respondent were male and 25% of the respondent were
females the result shows that the majority of the gymnasium exercise participants were male.

As the above table, 1 show that 20% is BA, 25% is BCS, 40% is Ms and 15% of the respondent
education level is PhD Degree. The result shows that the majority gymnasium exercise
participant people education level was BCS degree.

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Table 4.2 Fitness participants was started doing physical activity

Item Alternative Frequency Percentage%

Q1.When did you One year ago 14 35%
start physical activity? Two year ago 10 25%
Three year ago 10 25%
Four year ago 6 15%
Total 40 100%

From the table 4.2. Frequently distribution of the sample the respond who were presented with
the question to say about where they stated performing physical activity as the table Indicated
that 35% participants are started physical activity exercise one year ago, 25% two year, 25%
three years ago, and the remaining 15% four years ago.

The result shows that the majority gymnasium exercise participant people start doing physical
activity one year ago.

Table 4.3.frequency of the exercise and participating

Item Alternative Frequency Percentage%

Q2.For how many 3 days 28 70%
days in a week you do 4 days 8 20%
physical exercise? 5 days 4 10%
6 days - -
Total 40 100%

It is cleared from the above table 4.3 that the highest number of respondent around 70%
performs a physical activity for 3 days per week in the gymnasium. The 20% of the respondents
are doing for 4 days and the 10%of the respondents doing for 5 days per week. Most of the
subject performs physical activity for 3 days per week. Still the research did not observe trains
that perform weight gaining exercise rather fat burring. So fat burring training program exercise
at least 6 days per week. They also largely shown that no good frequency of exercise guideline in
the gymnasium.

Table 4.4 Fitness who had taken per –exercise physical fitness test before starting the
exercise

Item Alternative Frequency Percentage%

Q3.Have you ever tested your fitness Yes 24 60%
level before starting physical activities No 16 40%
in gymnasium? Total 40 100%
From the above table 4.4 it is found that the number of respondent who said “yes “or “no ” for the
question whether per exercise physical fitness test had been taken or not ?.As the table four
exercise shows that 60% of them have repaid saying it is presented this implies also most of
them around 40% are not identify their own level of physical capacity and also the instructor
14
could not identify easily every individual capacity to how feel and give proper response for
exercise load.

In the case nobody can prepared well organized and planned exercise program in accordance
with the proper application of training principals without principles and guideline every and
cannot improve physical component and also not achieve any intended goal.

Table 4.5 what type of fitness component you measured

Item Alternative Frequency Percentage%

Q4.If you answer Cardiovascular endurance 12 30%
question number 3 is
Muscular strength endurance 8 20%
yes what type of
fitness component you Flexibility 6 15%
measured. Fat percentage 14 35%
Total 40 100%

Table 4.5 shows that 30% of the respondent has been test their cardiovascular endurance while
the anther 20%, 15% and 35% of the respondent have been understand the correct muscular
strength endurance, flexibility and fat percentage before starting exercise in the gymnasium
respectively.

In accordance with the data gained from table five still large number of subject had taken only
cardiovascular endurance and fat percentage test so as we know recommended exercise without
understanding weakness and strength said is hind’s effectiveness of the work.

Table 4.6 what is your goal to come in the gymnasium

Item Alternative Frequency Percentage%

Q5.what is your To develop muscle 20 50%
goal /objective/ to
To maintain weight 12 30%
come in the fitness
center. To loss-fat 8 20%
Total 40 100%

As table 4.6 show that 50% of the participant where intended the goal to develop their muscle.
The remaining as 30% and 20% of the respondent were to maintain their weight and to loss their
fat level. Most of the participant goal was to develop their muscle. Even through the majority are
responded that “to develop muscle “but the few off to loss fat amount.

Table 4.7 what type of exercise is recommended to develop your muscle by your instructor.

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 Item Alternative Frequency Percentage%
Q6.If your answer is to Aerobic exercise 18 45%
develop muscle in
Machine free weight 10 25%
question 5. What type of
exercise your instructor Stretching exercise all 12 30%
recommended? Total 40 100%

As table 4.7 indicates that 45% of the respondent said recommended aerobic exercises are able to
develop their muscle. The other 25% of respondent are problem machine and free weight
exercise was recommends. The 30% of the respondent are stretching exercise all.

In accordance with the data gained from table seven the respondents exercise aerobic exercise to
develop their muscular it indicates that there are problem to apply scientific training of principals
as well, because aerobic activities mostly used for burring purpose rather than weight gaining
exercise.

Table 4.8 what is the ability of your instructor to lead the activity and training the fitness
participant

Item Alternative Frequency Percentage%

Q7.What is the ability of your High 12 30%
instructor to lead the activity and
Moderate 24 60%
training of the participant.
Low 4 10%
Total 40 100%

As table 4.8 indicates what they could say when they evaluate their fitness instructor ability of
leading instructor and their quantity , in table 8 ,among the total respondent trains 30% perceived
the instructor as having high ability to instruct the physical activities while 60% said as moderate
about the ability to instructor.

Those who have taken account 10%of the total respondents answered low on the ability of the
instructors, so as indicated above on table the term moderate and high tells as the majority agrees
that heir instructor have a potential to instructor the fitness program.

Table 4.9 what is the relationship the intended goal of the client and the exercise given

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 Item Alternative Frequency Percentage%
Q8.what is the relationship Highly related 18 45%
between the intended goal of Moderately related 10 25%
the client and the exercise Low related 6 15%
given? No related 6 15%
Total 40 100%

As table 4.9 indicates that participants selected to represents from whole population 45% of them
are agreed on that the exercise which are offered at center of gymnasium is highly related with
their goals and the 25% of them agreed moderately related. The remaining 15% of them agreed
low and not related .As they explained in the gym are to burn fat and develop subject of fitness
indicated about the relationship between their goal and exercise is as highly related. Even if they
assume the with large group.

Table 4.10 is there only miss-communication between you and your instructor during
training session.

Item Alternative Frequency Percentage%

Q9.Is there any miss Yes 12 30%

–communication between you
and your instructor during No 28 70%
practices?
Total 40 100%

As shown above on table 4.10 most of the participants answered the question related to
communication 70% of them said there is no miss communication and the remaining 30% said
there is miss communication between instructor and them.

Table 4.11 is there any equipment problem in the gymnasium

Item Alternative Frequency Percentage%

Q10.Is there any equipment Yes 30 75%
problem in gym? No 10 25%
Total 40 100%
From table 4.11 the number or respondents who said “Yes” or “No” for question whether
equipment problem have in the gym or not?
As the table 11 shows that 75% of the participants have replied saying “Yes”. The remaining
25% if the participant says “No”. So the data gained from the respondents instruct that their
lack of equipment in center of gymnasium to perform the physical fitness component exercise.

17
Q11.What is the major problems on the effectiveness of training?

 The problem of equipments

 There is scarcity of shower

 The shortage of time

 The unknowing of the levels of the clients

Q12.What is other factors related to physical fitness.

 Lack of weight and height measurement

 Lack or insufficient shower rooms

Q13. What do you think about the possible solutions of the problem?

 Provide additional shower station and maintain the damaged machine.

 Separated training performs for new comers

Personal advice for each participant on which exercise will be better and what dietary, and
life style modification needed for each participant.

4.2 analysis and Interpretation from Interview

1. Do you have taken pre exercise medical evaluation before starting training?

 According to the instructors response there have not taken any medical evaluation before
starting the training. However, some of the instructors tried to take measures by asking
the trainer with orally without only instruments measure.

2. Do you conduct any actual fitness test for your clients before starting training?

 According to the instructors response one of the instructor said that yes any actual fitness
measure was taken for clients before starting the exercise. But two instructors were not
taking any measure before starting the exercise.

3. What types of measures do you to improve the performance your clients?

 From the instructor response they take frequency intently .And time and type principle to
measure the improvement of clients performance .By taking day to day improvement
measures were taken by adding load and change the intensity.

4. If there is any problem related to gym, mention it?

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  According to the instructors response the trainers were not reach on time in the training
place.

 Lack of material and space.

 Lack of maintenance to the materials.

 Lack of assistance coach.

 Lack of time.

 Client’s interest was not fulfilling at time. The space was not enough to arrange the
gymnastic instruments.

5. Mention some possible solutions about the gymnastic that gives full service for you?

 According to the instructor’s response the possible solution for those problems.

Building up gymnasium that is sufficient for materials to hold renewing the material
buying the new material.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5. SUMMERY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDTION

This chapter of the research paper is filled with manifesting the basic outcome of the research
(summary, conclusion, and recommendation). These points are explained in the form thought to
give accumulative feature of the research in an attempt to answer those questions as what
features have made problems on the physical fitness exercise gymnasium.

5.1 Summery
The main purpose of the study was the problem of conducting physical fitness activity in fitness
of Jimma University. This study to answer the following basic questions:-

1. Does the instructor recommended exercise according to the goal of clients?

2. Does the instructor have enough knowledge about physical activity?

3. Are the participants are egger on the expected result or improvement to achieve intended goal?

4. What are the major problems present around the fitness program at Jimma university fitness
center?

5. Dose the instructor has enough knowledge about training principle routed physical fitness?

 The researcher investigated the study using descriptive research method

 The total population who were include in this study was account 40 female and male
physical exercise participants at fitness center of Jimma university .

 The sample size of the study was containing all participants from those 30 and 10 male
and female participants respectively would studied.

 Three different data-collecting instruments those are questionnaires, interview and

observation collected the data.

 The trainers were not reaching on time in the training place /lack of punctuality. Lack of
material and space and they were not enough to arrange the gymnastic instruments.

 The age of majority gymnasium exercise participant people were between 25 and 30.

 75% of the majority of the gymnasium exercise participants was male.

 3o% and 35% of the number of subject had taken only cardiovascular endurance and fat
percentage test.

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  50% of participant goal was to develop muscle.

 Most of materials that found in gymnasium are not enough to perform the fitness
exercise.

 The large numbers of clients had not taken the per-existed medical evaluation

5.2 Conclusions
According to the data and interpretation of this study, the researcher identified the major
problems that revolve around the topic under investigation and summarize as follows.

Based on the data the respondent has provided analysis and interpretation in the following
finding the researcher concludes that:

 Most of the respondent believes that the materials found in the gymnasium are not
enough to perform the fitness exercise.

 Most of the respondent who join gymnasium for the purpose of well-being of health.

 Most of materials that found in gymnasium do not satisfy the need of their clients.

 Lack of enough knowledge on the trainers limited facility supply and the large number of
participants and other related factors have made the distract and functionless on physical
fitness exercise and training program.

 Most of the respondent response that:- the lack of materials, the lack of shower room ,the
lack of understanding the clients ability, lack of time to exercise activity, and the clients
interest were not fulfill at time

5.3. Recommendation
The main aim of the study is to review the core problems affect the issues as well as try to
suggest a possible solution feels the gap as much as possible.

Based on the above result the researcher recommended the following points:

 Before the beginning, every exercise setting participants should fulfill different necessary
conditions.

 The researcher highly recommended for fitness centers to fulfill all materials which are
necessary to perform the fitness exercise.

 The electronic machine like treadmill needs proper care in order to use the machine for
longer period. Because the treadmill does not give service now.

21
 The researcher recommended for fitness centers that all not functional materials need
periodic maintenance in order to give full service for the clients.

 The gymnasium center should have well-trained and professional trainers who have
knowledge about the existing gymnasium.

 The researcher recommended that the instructors are key feature in developing the
trainees mind and body with applicable knowledge.

22
 References

 President, council on physical fitness and sports Definitions for Health ,fitness , and
physical activity

 Glassman, Greg (October 2002) what is fitness?

 Colfer ,George R.(19.Jonary 2014),”Skill related physical fitness essential for sports
success”

 Malina . R (2010).physical activity and health of youth. constant:ovidius university

Annals, series physical Education and sport/science, Movement and health.

 “Blair S.N.(1993)”,1993 C . H Mc cloy Research lecture: physical activity , physical

fitness , and health” PMID.

 US .Department of health and Human serves ,physical activity and Health

 Nimeman , DC (March 18 , 1997).”Exercise immunology: practical applications “.In J

sports Med.

 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Office of Disease prevention and Health
promotion. 2008.

 Gillen ,J. B:,Gibala, M. J. (2014), “IS high intensity interval training a time –efficient
exercise strategy to improve health and fitness ?”.Applied physiology ,Nutrition ,and
metabolism,39(3); 40p-412.

 Physical activity Fundamental To preventing Disease . US .Department of health and

Human services .20 June 2002.

 < de Goort , GUdnm Cathrine Linedgren ; Fagerstrom, Lisbeth(June 14, 2010)” older
adults motivating factors and barriers to exercise to prevents falls.

23
 Appendix I
Jimma University

College Of Natural and Computational Science

Department Of Sport Science Questionnaire for Clients

The main aims of this questionnaire are to identify and understand major problems of conducting
fitness in center of Jimma University.

Dear participants first to all I would like to say you from bottom of my heart and also my
gratitude is endless for help me to fill this questionnaire.

So please, I need the following questions to respond me in the period of time general instruction.

 Do not write your name

 Read carefully and give real information
 Choose the best answer and mark” on the given box
GENERAL INSTRUCTION
1. Age
Sex
Educational level
Question
1. When did you start physical activity?
1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year
2. For how many days in a week you do physical exercise?
3 days 4 days 5 days 6 days
3. Have you ever tested your fitness level before starting physical activities in
gymnasium?
Yes No
4. If you answer question number 3 is yes what type of fitness component you measured.
A, cardiovascular endurance
B, muscle level / strength/ endurance
C, fat-percentage
D, flexibility
E, if any other test pleas state
5. What is your goal /objective/ to come in the fitness center?
A, to develop your muscle
B, to maintain your weight
C, to loss -fat

24
 D,to be learn
6. If your answer is to develop muscle in question 5 what type of exercise your instructor
recommended?
A, aerobic exercise callisthenic
B, machine exercise free-weight exercise
C, stretching exercise all
7. What is the ability of your instructor to lead the activity and training of the participant?
A, high B, moderate C, low
8. What is the relationship between the intended goal of the client and the exercise
given?

9. Is there any miss-communication between you and your instructor during

practices? ...............................................................................................................................
..............
10. Is there any equipment problem in gym?
A, Yes B, No
11. What are the major problems on the effectiveness of training?
..................................................................................................
12. What are other factors related to physical fitness?

13. What do you think about the possible solutions of the problem?
................................................................................................................

25
 Appendix II
Jimma University

College of Natural and Computational Science

Department of Sport Science

The main aims of this questionnaire are to identify and understand the major problems of
conducting physical fitness center of Jimma University.

Dear participants first of all I would like to say thank from bottom of any heart and my gratitude
is endless for help to fill this questionnaire.

So please, I needs the following question to respond me in the period of time

GENERAL INSTRUCTOR

Read carefully and give real information

1. Do you have taken pre exercise medical evaluation before starting training?
................................................................................................................................../

2. Do you conduct any actual fitness test for your clients before starting training?
...............................................................................................................................................

3. What type of measurement do you use to improve the performance of your clients?

4. If there is any problem related to gymnasium mention it?

....................................................................................................................................................

5. Mention some possible solution about the gymnasium to make it state and gives to full
service?

..............................................................................................................................................

26