Lesson Proper

Introduction to Science and Technology

What is Science?
‘Science’ can be explained into three definitions. First, science is a branch of knowledge that seeks to understand
and describe natural phenomena such as thunder, seed germination, and tidal waves. Second, ‘science’ is an intellectual
activity wherein it refers to the process of systematic and objective investigation of the natural world. Third, ‘science’ is a
personal and social activity in which it makes way for humans to have a better understanding of the world and their inner
selves, realizing that science is connected with everyone’s life and the society.

What is Technology?
‘Technology’ can be defined as an artifact from which it refers to products that are invented and are widely used
by people such as a printer, the computer, and television. Technology can be construed as a technique. It refers to
processes that benefit the different sectors of the economy, like grafting and hydroponics for agriculture, surgery,
chemotherapy, biopsy, etc., in medicine. Technology can be described as personal and social activity. Technology serves
as a tool to improve and facilitate human living and social interaction with others.

Science and Technology

Science and Technology affect each other in ways from which they are needed so that each can be used
successfully. Science is required to progress technology as well as technology is necessary to improve science.

Science and technology is described as a personal and social activities, they also have dual

interactions with society.

Ancient World

In early times, human ancestors used tools made from stones and woods as technology during the stone age. The
use of these progresses as the early hunters developed skills and techniques to make weaponry through fire. Interaction
and migration of people came to the development and advancement of this technology.

As population increases and food resources started to decrease, people switched from foraging to agriculture.
Humans started to cultivate the land to plant different crops and domesticate animals as sources of meat and milk
products. This lead to the Agricultural Revolution, which started primarily in the Middle East.

Through the Agricultural Revolution, many new plants and animals were cultivated and domesticated for human
consumption and feedstock. Humans started to use, and metal and ceramic products. Copper is the first metal known and
used by man in 6500 BC. In this period, human settlement through towns started.

Transportation was improved through the development of wheels. Ceramics was further utilized, and
communication prospered through the invention of writing. Also, many products made from bronze, copper, and iron
began to emerge. This preceded the rise of civilizations from which scientific knowledge and technological advancements
further flourished through the rise and improvement of bridges, roads, and agricultural irrigations.
Classical Antiquity

The present perception and concept of science started in this period of classical antiquity, which began in the
center of mediterranean sea interlocking between Greek and Roman civilizations. The Ionian School of Philosophy
particularly introduced the earliest form of the scientific method, which is based on observation and reasoning.
 Many Greek philosophers who laid the foundation of modern-day science arose in this period. They are the ones
who used the basic foundation of the scientific method initially for the understanding of the natural world and the
universe. The significant philosophers of classical antiquity were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Socrates (470-339 BC)

Socrates built the basic foundation of making a hypothesis, which is the initial building block of the scientific method for
specific research in his known method of inquiry called elenchus. By applying this method, a specific problem or situation
was broken down into a series of questions that need to be answered.

Plato (427-37 BC)

Plato highlighted the concept of having ‘proof’ in research. He emphasized a clear hypothesis of understanding nature
and believed that all substances are made up of air, water, earth, and fire. Plato was a student of Socrates.

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Aristotle initiated the discipline of using the deductive method of scientific inquiry. He established natural principles as
achieved through careful observation, which is also an essential component of the scientific method. Aristotle was a
student of Plato.

The center of scientific knowledge was established in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. In Africa, the Edwin Smith Papyrus,
one of the first important scientific texts about ancient surgery methods, was made. Another, the scientific discipline of
chemistry through the process of fermentation, distillation, and tanning, was also established.

The construction of the Great Wall of China was one of China's technological achievements

at that time.

Middle Ages

The progression of science and technology turned to decrease due to the onset of diseases, poverty, wars, and scarcity of
food resources at the middle ages during 530 AD.

The rise of Christianity in Europe was also considered a factor in the decline of science. The strong hindrance of the Church
about early philosophers and scientists' teachings and ideas greatly impacted the development of science and technology.
The Roman Empire, from 530 AD to 1000 AD, was not so much interested in theoretical science.

As science seemed to decline in Europe, medicine remained and grew due to an important need. The deadly plague
ravaged Europe, and Christians felt the need to further their knowledge of medicine to develop a cure. On the contrary,
the outbreak of the deadly disease that devastated Europe and Christians paved the way to escalate the field of medicine
to develop a cure or vaccine.

Due to this, the center of science and technology was shifted to Asia, specifically in China and nearby countries. In India,
for example, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics became well-advanced. One of their important contributions is the
significance of the number zero in mathematics. Another to be considered is the onset of Islamic civilization from which
through this civilization, new techniques, new chemicals such as borax, and new astronomical table for the calculation of
planetary positions, eclipses, and calendrical information was established. In the field of medicine, new instruments and
treatment procedures were developed. However, there is a failure to advance the area of anatomy as Islam disallow the
process body autopsy during that time.

Emperor Charlemagne revived science in Europe wherein, he ordered the establishment of schools that became centers
of knowledge and discovery. Other advancements in science and technology during the middle ages include the
development of clocks and moving objects and the utilization of water and wind as sources of electricity.

The latter part of the Middle Ages was considered to be the Age of Discovery and Exploration. These explorations were
made possible through the advancements in science and technology. Two of the most important developments were ships
made for long voyages and the compass's invention. The progress in geography and cartography became so famous as
human societies spread after The Black Death in Europe.

Modern Age

The need for Europe’s revival became more advantageous for science and technology. This marked the end of the
Middle Age and the start of the Modern Age. The beginning of the modern age hastens technological advancements,
primarily for defense and trade. Many technologies were taught in universities.

Renaissance is a cultural movement that is based on humanism, which a system of intellectual movement emphasizing
the value of humans than supernatural powers. During this period, many artists also became scientists such as Leonardo
da Vinci. In the latter part of the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution and foundation of England’s Royal Society
emerged, giving rise to a more organized community. Benjamin Franklin and Sir Isaac Newton and are the two significant
members of the society.

The Scientific Revolution advanced the field of astronomy due to the invention of the telescope. The astronomers, Nicolaus
Copernicus (1473-1573) became the center of controversy due to his model of the heliocentric universe, which was
opposed by the church. This opposition marked the so-called Copernican Revolution, a shift from a geocentric view of the
universe to a heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

The invention of the microscope significantly advanced science during the Renaissance period. Through the use of
microscope, many microorganisms were identified and the many types of diseases associated with them. This gave rise to
the formulation of antibiotics to prevent infections and inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was noted to be the leading figure of the Scientific. He introduced experimentation using the
scientific method and led the development of modern science, making him the "father of the scientific method” and the
"father of modern science". He invented many equipment and devices as well as many mathematical explanations to
natural concepts.

The publication of Carolus Linnaues’ works on the biological classification made him the “father of
taxonomy”.
This age is also known as the period of ‘Enlightenment’, which highlighted the importance of logical reasoning. This
was a shift from the Renaissance dominated by the teachings of the Church and the early Greek and Roman philosophers.
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) worked on Principia, which established the foundation of modern-day physics. He
developed theories from observations and experiments and used the scientific method in the understanding of the natural
world.

The invention of the steam engine by James Watt (1736-1819) in 1765 made many industrial processes possible. Because
of this, many other machines that made things faster and more efficient were invented and paved the way for the
Industrial Revolution.

However, the Industrial Revolution's progression led to the rapid destruction of the environment because of the pollution
caused by these industries. To obtain wood for charcoal, many forests were destroyed. Large industries collected many
natural resources and minerals to continue their operation. Industrial wastes polluted rivers and other bodies of water.
Many disputes came during this period between the science community and the society for the green environmental
movement.

The theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace became very controversial and was opposed by
the church and the general community. However, this theory was considered and accepted as a milestone in the field of
biology.

During the 19th century, there were more collaboration efforts among scientists which gave rise to more discoveries and
inventions. The communal between scientists paved the way to advanced science faster than the previous centuries. These
scientific and technological advancements highly impacted society. Many new lifestyles, habits, and recreations appeared
due to advancements in communication, transportation, entertainment, and wardrobe economy. The demand for more
technologies further expanded, and many people migrated to cities. Many workers became more skilled and
knowledgeable in their chosen fields.

Scientific and technological advancements also gave way for the invention of explosive weapons such as atomic bombs,
nuclear bombs, and dynamites. These developments led to more deaths and casualties during warfare.

The invention of plastics in the 1940’s and 1950s led to the development of new appliances and products made from
plastics. However, plastics became a problem to the environment as significant pollutants affect wildlife habitat and
humans because of its deficient ability to degrade.

The discovery of the DNA structure in1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick with the aid of Rosalind Franklin advanced
the field of genetics and molecular biology, leading to the development of gene therapy and genetic engineering.

The period of the Agricultural revolution occurred in 1940 with the development of the pesticide
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or more commonly known as DDT. Other inventions that greatly helped this period were
hybrid seeds, organic/inorganic fertilizers, and farm machinery equipment. The agricultural revolution helped the
economy, especially the farmers, largely because of better food production. However, DDT was found out to destructive
impacts on biodiversity and health. Hence, many movements for the environment emerged as society’s response.

Moreover, the development of the internet, computers, softwares, and other digital technologies marked the beginning
‘Digital Revolution’ or ‘Information Age’. These technologies also paved way for crowdsourcing, cyber warfare, e-
commerce, and distance learning. The digital revolution has greatly affected the public. Nowadays, many people became
addicted to using electronic games and social media.
In the Philippines

Here in the Philippines, the history of science and technology is not clear. However, based on archaeological findings,
primitive Filipinos have simpler technology than neighboring countries in Asia, such as China and India. Simple stones and
metal tools were used, which gave rise to the development of ceramics, potteries, weavings, handicrafts, and other
devices.

Since water bodies surround the Philippines, Filipinos created good technology in shipbuilding in 1000 AD. These ships
were used for transportation, trading, and fishing.

In the 16th century, artillery was used by the Filipinos during their battle against Spaniards. These good weapons include
bows, spears, and swords. The agricultural industry became a good source of income through practices such as rice
farming, crop production, livestock raising, and fishing, and forestry.

The onset of modern science and technology in the Philippines came upon colonization of the Spaniards. Science as a
profession arose after establishing schools, hospitals, and research facilities that were controlled by religious sectors at
that time. However, the research discoveries and technologies were for the benefit of Spain's colonial government, not
for the Filipinos. The Church was so influential and dominant in those times that the study of natural sciences was
discouraged.

During the Spanish time, there were only limited science courses available for the Filipinos. Successful Filipino scientists
went to Europe to gain study and training. Some of these scientists were Leon Ma. Guerrero, Anacleta del Rosario, and
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera. However, the science profession did not grow well as the colonial government preferred Spanish
scientists over Filipinos.

The end Spanish regime developed only two science professions, the medicine, and pharmacy professions since the
Philippines also became a predominantly agricultural country. Industrial sectors such as the sugarcane and tobacco
industry were modernized due to the entry of foreign technology and investments. At the same time, other areas, such as
weaving, declined because of a lack of support from the government.

Science and technology in the Philippines rapidly advanced due to Americans. During the American settlement in the
country, secularized public schools were established wherein the early educators were Americans. The University of the
Philippines and the Philippine Normal College (now the Philippine Normal University) were established. Scientific
knowledge and many technological advancements were taught primarily in those universities.

In 1905, the main research facility in the country until World War II was established. This was the Bureau of Science
responsible for doing researches about science and technology. Since leprosy, dengue, and malaria were the most
frequent or common diseases, researchers focused on the development of the cure for such diseases. In 1906, the
Philippine Journal of Science was established to report scientific findings and observations of Filipino scientists.

The ‘National Research Council of the Philippines’ was established in 1933 to promote scientific research. However,
despite the increase in the number of scientists and engineers of the country, the Philippines still relied heavily on
agriculture due to its vast resource of tropical crops. During the Commonwealth period, the government-supported many
industries which made scientific productivity came to increase. Many Filipinos went abroad for post-graduate studies until
World War II stopped the scientific and technological progress.

In 1947, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of science. In 1952, the Science Foundation of the Philippines
was established to promote science among Filipinos.

After World War II, scientific and technological development was revived. Because of this, more institutions for higher
education were established. Science and technology in the country further developed due to increased government
support and higher public awareness. More scientists, scientific researches, and scientific organizations grew and came
up. However, the Philippines is still behind its neighboring Asian countries in terms of scientific outputs. One of the reasons
for these is that Filipinos' general performance in science and mathematics is generally not good.

Based on a study done in 1957, there were four key reasons for the sudden decline of science and technology in the
Philippines. These four key reasons include the

1. lack of government support,

2. many outstanding scientists have died or went abroad,
3. low morale among local scientists, and
4. low awareness about general public science.

Lesson Proper

Intellectual Revolution vs. Scientific Revolution

Frontlearners Module (2019) defined Intellectual Revolutions as the historical changes in thoughts, beliefs, and social
institutions due to new ideas and principles like Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian. It may also refer to the historical
period when science became more important and influential during the Middle Ages. Intellectual Revolution also
considered a golden age in the history of science because it marked the birth of science as a discipline wherein many
scientific ideas and discoveries were developed. Meanwhile, Frontlearners Module (2019) cited that when science and
technology are the centers of an intellectual revolution, it can be called then as a Scientific Revolution.

Some Intellectuals Who Made Essential Contributions in Science during the Period of Scientific Revolutions:

 Nicholas Copernicus (Copernican) – developed a model of the universe in which everything moved around a single
center at unvarying rates. He placed the sun in the center of the universe, and all the planet were surrounding or
orbiting it. Copernicus’ Model of planets orbiting around the sun automatically positioned the planets into a logical
sequence [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2018)].

Heliocentric Model – adopted to used to prove the idea that the sun is the center of the solar system.

 Charles Darwin (Darwinian) - His theory of evolution by natural selection (process) is instrumental in many fields
until now. Content of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. All organisms are related and have descended from a common
ancestor. Variation in a population helps different species to survive. The animals that do survive and reproduce
are better-adapted organisms (survival of the fittest). A random genetic mutation occurs within an organism's
genetic code, aid survival [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2018)].

 Sigmund Freud (Freudian) - developed the idea of psychoanalysis that helped in understanding human behavior,
especially neurological conditions. Human actions result from the interactions among three parts of the mind: id,
ego, and superego [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et al. (2018)].

 Id – part of the personality that is present at birth; primitive personality existed within unconscious.
  Super ego - include the ideas of right and wrong acquired from society and the culture. Overpower the
urges of the id and tries to make the ego morally, rather than realistically. Composed of people's
internalized ideals acquired from parents and society.

 Ego – less primitive than the Id, partly conscious and unconscious. It facilitates the demands of the Id,
superego and reality. - It prevents people from acting on the basic urges created by the id and works to
balance their moral and idealistic standards created by the superego.

Information Revolution

Accompanied the history of mankind and began as early as 3000 BC with Sumerian Pictographs. - Triggers
profound changes both in the way of lives and, in a way, perceive the self as human beings[Ang, R., Cruz, J., et.al (2018)].

Milestone on Information Revolution are:

o 1455, Johannes Gutenberg’s invention on printing press. o Early 1830s, Charles Babbage worked on Analytical
Engine. o During 1870s, Invention of the first telephone. o During World War II, Alan Turing refining the concept of
algorithms and computation using the Turing Machine. He contributed to the Turing test concerning the possibility of
developing a conscious and thinking machine in Artificial Intelligence.
 Science provided different ancient civilizations the means to survive and understand the natural and physical world.
Helped humans to develop various technologies used in everyday tasks. Cited below are some ancient civilizations and
their significant contributions that defined the society [Ang, R., Cruz, J., et.al (2018)].

Mesoamerican Civilization

- Located in the region and cultural area in the Americas - Contributed greatly in agriculture ( as early as 7000 BC)
- Transition from hunter-gatherer tribal groupings to the organization of sedentary agricultural villages.
- Main food sources were beans, corns, & squash (a triad of products known as the “three sisters”; introduce the
rotational crops and slash-and-burn aided in retaining the nutrients in the soil.
- Value cacao as an essential crop because it is used as a trade currency and in rituals.
- Cotton plant & rubber trees used for making culturally significant products like textile (vibrant colors) and rubber
balls (used in performance games) due to ritual significance.
- Created chinampas (plots of mud and soil placed on top layers of thick water vegetation) - First to use
irrigation techniques.
- First one to create calendar (like civil calendar or Haab and Tzolkin Calendar).

Asian Civilization

- Asia bore 2 of the world’s great early civilizations: From India & China - Birth of the two world’s known religion:
Hinduism & Buddhism.
- In Hinduism, based on Vedas (4 sacred books; believed written by Aryan People); People believed to be divided
into a “caste system”; Priests called Brahmans (ranked highest) and the “untouchables” as lowest.
- In Buddhism, praise Buddha (meaning “The Enlightened One”) who is in the person of Siddharta Gautama
(believed that human greed and selfishness lead to human pain).
- Another religion Confucianism, developed along the Huang Ho riverbank in Northern China, based on the teaching
of Confucius.
- Created the Great Wall of China, built to protect from invasions of “barbarians” from other parts of Asia.

Middle East Civilization

- Considered as the home to the “Cradle of Civilization” (seen world’s oldest culture and civilization).
- First to practice intensive year-round agriculture and currency-mediated trade as opposed to barter.
- Gave the rest of the world the first writing system.
- Laying the foundation for astronomy and mathematics.
- Created the first generalized government and law codes.
- Invented the clay cylinder seals (on which little pictures of objects could be recorded.
- Early writings evolved from pictures baked on clay tablets.

African Civilization

- According to some historians, Africans were nothing more than savages whose only contributions to the world
were farming and slaves.

- Lineage and culture of achievements emerged at least 40,000 years ago in Africa. Some were the following:

• Developed modern concepts in mathematics like the first method of counting.

• People in present-day Zaire and Yoruba (now Nigeria) developed Numeration system 8,000 years ago.
 • In the Yoruba, the system lauded this system because it required much abstract reasoning. African
Stonehenge (in present-day Kenya) constructed around 300 BC the remarkably accurate calendar.
• Meanwhile, Dogon people of Mali have various astronomical discoveries like Saturn’s rings, Jupiter’s moon,
the spiral structure of the Milky Way, and the orbit of the Sirius Star.
• They built great architectural Monuments along the Nile like Great Pyramid of Giza, Great Sphinx of Giza, great
cities like in Zimbabwe & Mozambique (made of massive stone complex and huge castle-like compounds
existed).
• The Empire of Mali boasted impressive cities, including Tumbuktu with grand palaces, mosques &
UNIVERSITIES in the 13th century.
• In Medicine, some practices were: use of plants with salicylic acid for pain, kaolin for diarrhea, and extracts
that confirmed to kill Gram-Positive bacteria.
• Other plants used had anticancer properties, caused abortion, and treated malaria.
• Some medical procedures performed in ancient Africa: Vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and broken bone
setting, bullet removal, brain surgery, skin grafting, filling of dental cavities, installation of false teeth,
anesthesia and tissue cauterization.

Lesson Proper

Importance of Science and Technology in Building the Nation

Science and Technology (S&T) are fundamental for social and economic progress in developing countries. It is a
well-established fact that Science and technology impact all aspects of our lives and the planet we live in. The Science and
technology-induced changes have, for the most part, benefited humankind. However, science and technology-based
innovations have been overused and misused that may harm humanity, pursued wealth and power, or both, which is the
responsibility of all concerned to ensure that science and technology are used responsibly for the good of humankind.
(Ratnasiri, 2006).

In the Philippines, the critical role of Science and Technology is recognized: (1) In the 1987 Philippine constitution,
Science and technology are given priority to "foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote
total human liberation and development."; (2) In section 10, Article XIV, it is stated that "Science and technology are
essential for national development and progress."

Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda

How the Philippine Government manages and develops Science and technology through its policies and program?
The government mandates an "increase use of scientific and technological breakthroughs." The government aims to do
this by "promoting and accelerating technology adoption" and stimulating innovation." It is based on the Philippine
Development Plan 2017-2022.

The Philippine Department of Science and Technology (DOST; Kagawaran ng Agham at Teknolohiya) is the
Philippine government's executive agency responsible for organizing science and technology-related programs,
Philippines, and for formulating science and technology policies and initiatives to promote national growth. This agency
established to "provide central guidance, leadership, and coordination of research and technical activities and ensure that
the findings from such activities are directed and used in areas of full economic and social benefits for the people." DOST
is composed of three
(3) sectoral planning councils, seven (7) research, and development institutes, two (2) collegial bodies, six (6) service
institutes, and several regional and provincial offices (Department of Science and Technology, 2014)

Each of DOST 's programs, projects, and activities aims to produce the following outcomes.

1. Stimulation and innovation

2. Promotion and acceleration of technology adoption
3. Development of critical mass of globally competitive human resources on Science and Technology
4. Increased productivity and efficiency of micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs (MSMEs)
5. Ensure resiliency to disaster risks and climate change
6. Reduced inequality in science and technology capacities and opportunities
7. Achieve practical science and technology governance

Major Development Programs and Personalities in Science and Technology in the Philippines

Balik Scientist Program

Our Science and Technology workers' continued migration abroad has led to brain drain in our country.
The Department of Science and Technology has improved the Balik Scientist Program (BSP) to reverse the brain
drain. The Balik Scientist Act of 2018 or RA 11035 signed by the President last June 2018. This program aims to
sustain and make the program more attractive to Philippine scientists working and residing abroad.

The Balik Scientist Program encourages scientists, technologists, and experts from the Philippines to
return to our country, to share their expertise for the country's technological, agroindustrial, and economic
growth, including building human resources in science, technology, and innovation. As of December 2017, 497
scientists served under the program. Most of our National Artists came from Asia, North America and, a few from
Europe, Australia, and Africa (Dimailig, 2019)
 The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development
(PCAARD), Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and Development
(PCIEERD), and Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) are the three DOST councils
responsible for the engagements of the BSP awardees.

Order of National Scientist

The award Order of National Scientists is the highest distinction for a Filipino by the President of the
Republic of the Philippines, with exceptional scientific and technical achievements. The difference instituted in
1976 through Presidential Decree 1003-A, which created the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)
as the country's highest recognition and advisory body in Science and technology. NAST recognizes national
scientists annually for outstanding individual or joint accomplishments in Science or technology and gives the
President the rank and title. Executive Order 236 lifted the status of National Scientists into the Order of National
Scientists in 2003. (University of the Philippines Diliman, 2020)

As of 2018, there are 41 National Scientists. Two of them are engineer agriculturist Ramon Barba and
biologist Angel Alcala.

Small and Medium Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP)

SETUP stands for Small and Medium Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program is one of the flagship
programs of DOST. SETUP is a national strategy aimed at encouraging and assisting small and medium-sized
enterprises in adopting technology innovations to improve their operations, thus boosting their productivity and
competitiveness. The program helps businesses to tackle their technological challenges through technology
transfer and development interventions.

According to DOST, in 2018, the companies supported by SETUP produced: 42,853 jobs, P 8.344 billion
cumulative gross sales, and 41% productivity increase, a total of 20635 technology inventions, and There 773
projects funded.

Grants-In-Aid Program
The Grants-In-Aid (GIA) is one of the programs of the Department of Science and Technology that aims to
harness the country's scientific and technical capacities to promote sustainable economic growth and
development. The GIA program is structured by funding related science and technology (S&T) undertakings to
contribute to Filipinos' productivity and quality of life through the generation and promotion of appropriate
technologies. It also aims to reinforce participation, transfer, use of technology, human resources development,
dissemination of information, advocacy, and linkages.

The GIA program offers grants for implementing programs/projects defined in the current DOST priorities
and thrusts and supports S&T activities classified under the General Appropriations Act (GAA).

Forest Products Research and Development Institute

The Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI) researches forest products from wood
and non-wood. It is the center of applied technologies in the country for the utilization of forest products.

Legal Basis:

• Executive Order No. 257 (1957). The transferred the Forest Products Research Institute (FPRI) from the Bureau
of Forestry of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources to the University of the Philippines (as
Forest Products Laboratory).
• Republic Act No. 5526 (June 21, 1969) created the Forest Products Research and Development Commission
(FORPRIDECOM) under the National Science Development Board (NSDB).
 • Executive Order No. 784 (March 17, 1982) renamed the NSDB to the National Science and Technology
Authority (NSTA), and the FORPRIDECOM became the Forest Products Research and Development Institute
(FPRDI).
• Executive Order No. 128 (January 30, 1987) reorganized the NSTA into the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST), with the FPRDI being retained under it.

Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), formerly the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
(PAEC), was founded on June 13, 1958. It is one of the research institutes within the Department of Science and
Technology. It is authorized to perform research and development activities on the peaceful use of nuclear energy,
aiming to lay down regulations on these uses and enforce those regulations. This will help protect the health and
safety of workers and the general public.

Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards)

Project NOAH was an integrated disaster prevention and mitigation program of the Department of Science
and Technology (DOST). This project designed to employ Science and technology to produce reliable data and
meet the conditions required by national government agencies, private sector stakeholders, and academy to make
informed decisions on disaster risk management activities. Project NOAH aims to fulfill its vision of disaster-free
and empowered communities by providing open access to accurate, reliable, and timely hazard and risk
information that has been updated and enhanced using advanced technology. This also undertakes research
projects to develop technology and resources that further strengthen government capacity and help the public
plan for and respond to disasters.

In March 2017, study, development, and extension services on natural hazards, disaster risk management,
and climate change actions developed at the University of the Philippines as the UP NOAH Centre.

Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) Project

The Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) project is a new approach to enhance the
skills and abilities of Philippine universities and colleges' faculty and staff through scholarships, training and
research collaborations with leading research universities in California, USA, in the priority areas of information
infrastructure development (IID) and health innovation and translational medicine (HITM).

Philippine Space Program

The Philippines' space program is technically decentralized and managed under the Department of Science
and Technology (DOST) by different agencies. It aims to set the foundation for the establishment of a Philippine
Space Agency. The Philippine government passed the "Philippine Space Act" (Republic Act 11363) in 2019. It is
under the newly formed Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) to see the integration and centralization of space
research and development.

The development of the space program is essential for national security, agricultural development,
environmental management, and climate change mitigation. The program aims to develop technologies such as
uncrewed aerial vehicles, microsatellites, and communication satellites.

Science Education in the Philippines

Science is part of the K to 12 curriculum, which focuses on improving student scientific literacy skills, beliefs, and
attitudes, such as objectivity, curiosity, integrity, and habits of mind, including critical and logical thinking skills. Science
stimulates learners' interest and knowledge of phenomena and events of the world around them. In general, all these
skills, values, attitudes, and dispositions are likewise relevant to the individual student for his personal development,
future career, and life.
 Science is relevant because of its links to technology and industry, which, from a national perspective, are areas
of high development priority. Scientific research provides a systematic way to make sense of the world.

DOST Scholarship Programs

The DOST-SEI Merit Scholarship Program mandated under the Republic Act 7687 or the Science and
Technology Act of 1994. The program is awarded to highly qualified students in Science and mathematics and can
pursue careers in science and technology. Most Filipino scientists, inventors, innovators, engineers, and
professionals have benefited from DOST scholarship programs.

Philippine Science High School

The Philippine Science High School System (PSHS) is a highly specialized public high school system in the
Philippines that operates as an attached DOST agency. It is considered the top high school in the Philippines and
ranked among the highest in the ASEAN region in 2016. It has 16 campuses located in the following areas
nationwide.

Regional Science High School Union

The Regional Science High School Union (RSHS-Union) established in the Philippines during the 1994-1995
school year. It is a specialized system of public secondary schools managed and regulated by the Department of
Education, with a curriculum that focuses heavily on Math and Science.

The DOST established several programs to improve science education in the country, such the following:
(1) Project HOTS; (2) VISSER; (3) STAR BOOKS; and (4) InnoBox Project.

Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines

The indigenous Science and technology in the Philippines are rich in cultural diversity. Our country has more than
100 tribes or groups, and each has a different but interconnected indigenous science and technology.

Many herbal medicines that we are currently using to treat some diseases have an indigenous origin. Many
indigenous practices in resource management have been documented, like the muyong system in Ifugao and the lapat
system in Apayao.

Lesson Proper

Human Flourishing

According to Aristotle, Human is defined as a rational animal because they can think and use reason consistently.
The way human beings do things is by making rational choices that take specific actions or scientific investigations that
are mostly in-line in their personal preferences. Hence, a human being is a person who makes up society and is responsible
for the research and innovations currently being used and existing today. Understanding the behavior of humans (strength
and weakness), their nature, values, norms, needs (material or spiritual), and how to cater to these is an essential tool to
live a flourishing life.
A. Human Flourishing: Based on Ancient Greek Philosophers’ Perspective.

Flourishing. It is a state where people experience positive emotions and positive social functioning (. Is a
descriptor and a measure of positive mental health in life well-being (the state of being happy, healthy or prosperous).

How to live a flourishing life?

Two of the most recognized Greek Philosophers that tries to answer the question. PLATO and
ARISTOTLE. These great philosophers called flourishing life as “EUDAIMONIA”; it is usually associated with
HAPPINESS. For them, happiness is the result of eudaimonia or human flourishing.

PLATO’S interpretation of “Human Flourishing”

PLATO (428/427 – 348/347 B.C.). For him, “all human beings naturally desire eudaimonia or human
flourishing”. To be flourish, Plato believed that one must have moral thought and virtuous action. (VIRTUE –
trait or quality that is deemed to be morally good). The well-being of a human individual must NOT depend
on external goods (such as fame, wealth, good appearance). To live just for the sake of these external goods will
not lead to flourishing.

If having a VIRTUE is needed in order to FLOURISH, How does one develop virtue? According to
Plato, Human being can develop virtue by the following:
1. By examining things and thinking more
2. By masterly using reason
3. By living the Four Cardinal Virtues (Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, Justice)

By examining things and thinking more

Plato believed that humans can reason and must use it to become wiser to flourish. He said that human
being who does not examine his or her life and surroundings would not flourish.

By masterly using reason

According to Plato, using reason over desires makes human to be good. Reasoning allows the control of
oneself, and limiting one’s reason may result in negative consequences. A human can flourish if he or she can
control itself through reason and act for the common good.

By living the four cardinal virtues

Wisdom: The quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgement; the quality of being wise. One
must pursue learning based on curiosity, which leads to more efficacy and selfmastery, which are needed to have
a fulfilling life.

Courage: It is important to have courage in society today; it is needed to face life’s challenges because
JUSTICE needs courageous individuals to stand for what is right and to correct what is wrong.

Temperance: According to Joel (2011), it is defined as moderation or voluntary self-restraint. Plato

believed that having temperance prevents corruption and chaos. It is important in the society because a human
without temperance will not flourish since lack of self-restraint can lead to vices and violence.
 ARISTOTLE’S interpretation of “Human Flourishing”.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) He explained that eudaimonia or human flourishing is the
highest good of human beings. Zey (2001) introduced the Rational Choice Theory, which is used
to model human decision making. It explains the behavior of human being in order to satisfy human
needs.

What are the aspects of Human Nature?

There are four aspects of Human nature according to Aristotle.

1. Physical
2. Emotional
3. Social
4. Rational

Humans are Physical Being. For humans, to keep their body physically and mentally
functioning, they need air, water, food rest, and exercise.

Humans are Emotional Being. Humans are the highest forms of animals. Like any other
animals, humans have needs, desires, and wants. Humans have emotional needs to express
different emotions in such reaction.

Humans are Social Being. The feeling of satisfaction, flourishing, or well-being can be
experienced when learning to socialized. As social beings, it is inherent that humans need
friendship, companions, cooperation, and a sense of belongingness in society.

Humans are Rational Being. As Aristotle said, a human is defined as a rational animal
because they can think and use reason consistently. Rationality is what differentiates humans
from other animals. It allows human to express, be creative, or obey reason.

How does human become more virtuous?

For Aristotle, a virtue is a character trait that enables a person to flourish. Just like Plato,
Aristotle believed that humans, through reason, seek knowledge about the world. He also believed
that by gaining knowledge, humans would flourish. He called it “INTELLECTUAL

VIRTUE” (According to King (2014), intellectual virtue is an excellent personal trait or character
strength that is deemed to be morally good for thinking and learning and is often associated with
knowledge and cognitive ability.) Aristotle made an important distinction between knowledge and
human flourishing.

2 Types of Knowledge:
 1. Theoretical knowledge. This type of knowledge is about the nature of the principle. It
allows us to manipulate nature; however, without practical knowledge, it cannot be done.

2. Practical knowledge. This is the knowledge of applying principles. Thus, knowledge is very
important in life, but it is the application of this knowledge that leads to flourishing.

Aside from intellectual virtue, the other virtue in life is the virtue of character. Aristotle
believed that to flourish, one must possess the 11 virtuous traits. (Courage, temperance,
liberality, magnificence, magnanimity, patience, truthfulness, wittiness, friendliness, justice, and
Shame). In addition, Aristotle stated that all virtues are connected by PHRONESIS or
“PRACTICAL WISDOM”. It enables an individual to apply the appropriate virtue in each situation.
A virtuous life can be attained through education and habit. In summary, when an individual
possesses INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE and VIRTUES OF CHARACTER, he or she will attain
EUDAIMONIA or HUMAN FLOURISHING.

B. Human Flourishing: A Modern World Concept

In Psychology, Human Flourishing has different components: happiness, life satisfaction, mental

and virtue, close social relationship, and financial and material stability.

1. Flourishing is intrinsically worthwhile

It contrasts with the Greek Philosopher’s point of view that human flourishing is a means to
an end goal, happiness. Flourishing is naturally good and is worth striving for. Therefore, it is
intrinsically worthwhile.

2. The actualization of the human potential

When an individual uses his or her potentials and capabilities it is called human
flourishing. The level of flourishing for every individual will cannot be compared because every
individual has different potential and encounter different opportunities.

Criteria for Human Flourishing

a. Life as a whole. In studying an individual’s flourishing, it is needed to understand his or

her nature as a whole person/life, which means it is important to study not only some parts
of an individuals life but its totality as a human as a well.
 b. Human flourishing is a dynamic state. Human flourishing is self-motivated. It requires a
developmental process/progress to portray human potential. To become a flourishing human
being, one must continuously develop or endlessly growing.

c. Objective good. Everyone needs to be flourish. There are things that are good and otherwise
bad for everybody. Good things or objective goods such as good social relationships, positive
emotions and purpose, and so on, if developed, will contribute to having a flourishing life.

The Human Person Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology

Now that you have an idea and a good perspective about human flourishing. What do you think is
the role of Science and Technology in Human Flourishing?

Role of Science and Technology in Human Flourishing

Remember, Aristotle said that humans flourish by gaining new knowledge. He called it
“intellectual virtue.” He also distinguished theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge. On
the other hand, Science is a systematic body of knowledge that seeks to explain life and the world.

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
-Comparable to theoretical -Comparable to practical
knowledge. knowledge
-Explains the nature or principles -Applies the theoretical
behind an object, event or knowledge in order to have an
phenomenon. output.

Elucidating the importance of science and technology to human being, scientific and
technological discoveries allow humanity to gain intellectual virtues. For example, through
science, the antibiotic nature of Penicillium notatum was discovered. But through technology,
the penicillin medicine was developed and provided a cure to many diseases.

Alvin Tofler is an American writer and futurologist who focused his writings on technology
expansion and its impact on society (Zakaria, 2012). Advancement in Science and Technology
provides a positive impact on human life such as the following:

- made work easier, efficient or practical

- made people happy or entertained
- kept people healthy and safe
- helped to address social issues and concerns
- helped in the development of human talent and abilities
 Having an advantage, science and technology can be exploited that results to negative
impact or serious disadvantages. As a result, technological developments made possible
industrialization which made humans become machine-like workers. It also caused pollution that
causes diseases that causes life loss. Technologies such as nuclear weapons also cause
extermination.

To help you understand the lesson, read the article by Connolly and Miller, “is Human
Flourishing in the ICT World of the Future likely? (Optional)

D. Technology as a Way of Revealing

For this topic try to read the essay by Martin Heidegger: The Question Concerning Technology.
(Optional)

http://monoskop.org/images/4/44/Heidegger_Martin_The_Question_Concerning_Technology
_and_O ther Essays.pdf

Martin Heidegger (1889-1976). It is one of the most original and important philosophers in the
20th century. In his essay, he suggested how humans establish a “free relationship” with technology.
Heidegger focused on orientation to technology, not on the form or function.

How do we generally think about technology?

For Heidegger, First, technology is a means to an end. It refers to the instrumental
definition of technology. And secondly, technology is a human activity that refers to the
anthropological definition. These two definitions of Heidegger are correct; however, limiting the
understanding of human relationships with technology. Heidegger discussed the concepts of
causality to fully understand what is meant by “technology as a means to an end.”

There are four causes of causality/connection.

1. Causa materialis. It refers to the material used to form an object.
2. Causa formalis. It refers to the form or shape.
3. Causa finalis. It refers to an end.
4. Causa efficiens. It refers to which brings about the effect

“CAUSA,” Latin word means “that which brings about.” Furthermore, Heidegger
preferably uses the Greek word “aition,” which means “that which is responsible for
something else.” And that leads him to use the terms hyle, eidos, telos, and logos as a
replacement to the four causes. Heidegger termed technology as a kind of poesis, a way of
bringing forth or revealing referred to as – “the realm of truth.” Technology came from the Greek
word “technikon” that is related to techne. Heidegger made two points about techne. It refers
to both manufacturing and to the arts. It is usually part of poesis. Techne is a kind of knowing.
It may refer to “expertise” or “know-how.” In a sense, technology is not in the instrumental
production of good or manipulation of materials, but rather in “revealing.” Heidegger
differentiates older forms of technology and modern form of technology. He said that modern
technology has a different kind of revealing, and it is challenging. Old windmills, for instance, draw
energy from the wind but do not extract and store energy, unlike modern technology.

To understand more of modern technology as revealing differently. Heidegger introduced

the idea of “standing reserve.” He explained that technology transforms the world into a
standing reserve. It is said that “nothing in the world is good in and of itself, but only good for
something. An airplane, for instance, has no good or value in and of itself, but it is good for
humanity as a mode of transportation. It can be disposed of, leaving it with no value its disposal
by humanity depends on its goodness. Humans can become standing reserves of technology. Since
humans are responsible for technological advances, humans will never completely become as
standing reserves. In the same way, nature and nature's mode of revealing will never completely
become under human control.

Despite humans having now the capacity to destroy nature, the natural world reveals
itself to humans on their terms. Example: Humans cannot directly control the formation of coal
deposits or accumulate nitrogen in the soil. They can only control the way humans orient
themselves to their thinking and actions, with such resources. Humans manage to think of
technology as an instrument, a means of getting things done.