SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES BSC
BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES YEAR IV
NAME: CHAMA KABASO
COMPUTER NO#: 201912010459
COURSE: BIOSTATISTICS
LECTURER: MR MODERN NTALASHA
ASSIGNMENT NO#: 3
TASK:
Q1. What is ABO grouping (5mark)
Q2. Which is the role of genetics in ABO grouping (5marks)
Q3. What are the indications for ABO grouping? (5marks)
Q4. What are the methods of ABO grouping (5marks)
Q5. How is ABO grouping performed(5marks)
Q6. What are the limitations of ABO grouping
Q1. What is ABO grouping (5mark)
ABO grouping is a test performed to determine an individual's blood type. It is based on the
premise that individuals have antigens on their red blood cells (RBCs) that correspond to the four
main blood groups: A, B, O, and AB.
Q2. Which is the role of genetics in ABO grouping. (5marks)
The gene FUT1, located on chromosome 19q13.3, is responsible for the synthesis of AB and H
antigens. Chromosome 9q34 encodes for A and/or B glycosyltransferases. These are the different
transferases necessary to produce the various ABO antigens (mainly glycolipoproteins) on blood
components
Q3. What are the indications for ABO grouping? (5marks)
Clinical Indications
Type and screen.
Type and cross.
Transfusion recipient testing.
Recipient organ/hematopoietic stem cell testing.
Blood donor testing.
Donor organ/hematopoietic stem cell testing.
Evaluation of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn associated with ABO incompatibility.
Q4. What are the methods of ABO grouping (5marks)
To determine the ABO “group” or “type” of an individual requires characterizing both the A and
B antigen expression of the patient’s red blood cells (“forward grouping”) and the presence of
anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma (“reverse grouping”). Forward typing is performed
with monoclonal typing sera, whereas reverse typing is performed with commercial preparations
of type A and B erythrocytes
The forward grouping suggests the presence or absence of A and B antigens in RBCs, whereas
reverse grouping indicates the presence or absences of anti-A and anti-B in serum
Q5. How is ABO grouping performed (5marks)
ABO typing is performed by taking a sample of blood, placing it in a centrifuge, and separating
red blood cells (RBCs) from serum/plasma. A "front," or forward type, and "back," or reverse
type, are then performed
In forward grouping, blood cells are placed in either test tubes or on a glass slide, and then one
drop of each anti-A and anti-B is added separately on these samples then observe agglutination.
Q6. What are the limitations of ABO grouping
The main limitation of using blood groups to identify people is that they are much more
effective at eliminating people and much less effective at positively identifying people.
The availability of rare antiserum, blood typing of recently-transfused patients and for
those having a positive anti-globulin test. Moreover, they are not adequate for predicting
hemolytic diseases of the fetus.
REFENCES
1. Hoffebrand A., V & Moss A., H. (2016). Hoffbrand’s Essential Haematology (7th Edition).
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK. John Wiley Blackwell,
ISBN 978-1-118-40867-4.
2. Baker, F.J, Silverstone, R.E and Pallister, C.J (1998). Introduction to Medical Laboratory
Technology (7th Edition). Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
3. Fleming, A.F (1998). Blood Transfusion. In Lawson, J.B and Harrison, K.A (editors).
Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Tropics and Developing Countries (2nd Edition). WB
Saunders, Philadelphia
4. JM, B.(1999). Haemolytic disease (erythroblastosisfetalis) (4th edition Ed). Philadelphia: WB
Saunders.
5. KJ, M. (2008).Haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn. (6th edition Ed). Philadelphia:
Saunders.
