PASSAGE 1 - The Origin of Paper
1 TRUE The light material of silk was sometimes used, but was normally too
expensive to consider.
2 NOT . During the same period, according to a written account, tea was served
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GIVEN from baskets with multi-colored paper cups and paper napkins of different
sizes and shapes. During the Chinese Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) not
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only did the government
3 FALSE a Chinese caravan was captured which happened to include several
papermakers. They were taken away to Samarkand
4 TRUE The rudimentary and laborious process of papermaking was refined and
bulk manufacturing of paper began in Iran
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5 TRUE . Finally, when the Moors from North Africa invaded Spain and Portugal they
brought the technology with them and so it was that papermaking entered
Europe in the 12th century.
6 NOT The notion of paper being used as a practical everyday item did not occur
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GIVEN until the 15th century when Johannes Gutenberg perfected movable type
printing, which included the use of metal molds and alloys, a special press,
and oil-based inks, allowing the mass production of printed books
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7 FALSE Yet soon this source became insufficient and some curious attempts were
made to find new materials
8 Strips The Egyptians cut the plant into strips which they softened in water.
Papyrus was cross-woven into a mat and then pounded into a hard thin
sheet.
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9 Sheep In fact, it has been estimated that a single book written on parchment
required the skins of 300 sheep.
10 Stretched The skins had to be specifically prepared by drying them and they were
then stretched on a special frame. It is not known when parchment was first
introduced, but it was the main writing material in Europe for hundreds of
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years.
11 Bark Ts'ai Lun seems to have made his paper by mixing finely chopped mulberry
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bark and hemp rags with water
12 Samarkand It made its true push westward in 751 AD when the Tang Dynasty was at
war with the Islamic world. During a battle on the banks of the Tarus river, a
Chinese caravan was captured which happened to include several
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papermakers. They were taken away to Samarkand
13 stone They began to prepare it in stone mills and Samarkand became an
important papermaking center.
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PASSAGE 2 - A new look for Talbot Park
14 iv 'There is no reason why state housing should look cheap in my view,' says architect
Neil Cotton, one of the design team. 'In fact, I was anticipating a backlash by those
who objected to the quality of what is provided with government money.'
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15 ix Talbot Park is a triangle of government-owned land, which in the early 1960s was
developed for state housing built around a linear garden that ran through the middle
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16 i Exactly what went wrong with Talbot Park is unclear.
…
In the process, standards dropped and the neighbourhood began to look shabbier.
The buildings themselves were also deteriorating and becoming run down, petty crime
was on the rise and the garden was considered unsafe.
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17 x The first priority was to mix up the housing by employing a variety of plans by different
architects: …
The next goal was to prevent overspending by using efficient designs to maximise the
sense of space from minimum room sizes….
Another key aspect of the 'mix and match' approach is openness: one that not only
18 iii 64 al lets residents see what is going on but also lets them know they are seen….
The population today is cosmopolitan: 50% Pacific Islanders, 20% Maori, 15% Asian,
10% New Zealand European and the rest composed of immigrants from Russia,
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Ukraine and Iran
19 v Despite the quality of the buildings, however, there should be no doubt that Talbot
Park and its surrounding suburb of Tamaki are low socio-economic areas…
The area has a high density of households with incomes in the $5,000 to $15,000
range and very few with an income over $70,000. That's in sharp contrast to the more
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affluent suburbs in Auckland.
20 vii Another important part of the new development is what Housing New Zealand calls
'intensive tenancy management'.
21 D 'It was important that the buildings were sufficiently flexible to cater for the needs of
people from a wide variety of cultural backgrounds,' explains designer James Lundy.
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22 A Opponents of the project call it social control. "The focus is on frequent inspections
and setting clear guidelines and boundaries regarding the sort of behaviour we expect
from tenants,' says Graham Bodman, Housing New Zealand's regional manager.
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23 C 'It's all based on the intensification,' says project manager Stuart Bracey. 'We
acknowledge that if you are going to ask people to live in these quite tightly-packed
communities, you have to actually help them to get to know each other by organising
morning teas and street barbecues.
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24 density One controversial aspect of the upgrade is that the new development has actually
made the density of housing in Talbot Park greater, putting 52 more homes on the
same site
25 architects The first priority was to mix up the housing by employing a variety of plans by different
architects:
26 budget There was also a no- frills, industrial approach to kitchens, bathrooms and flooring, to
optimise durability and ensure the project did not go over budget
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PASSAGE 3 - The Analysis of Fear
27 B Over the years, the majority of people acquire a range of skills for coping with
frightening situations.
28 C These animals undergo many of the same physiological and psychological
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developmental stages that humans do
29 D With such information in hand, they could then proceed to determine the age
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at which monkeys begin to match defensive behaviors selectively to specific
cues
30 A These positions are no more frightening than those that primates encounter
frequently in the wild, or those that human infants encounter every time they
are left at a day-care center.
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31 C The monkeys made several hostile gestures: barking (forcing air from the
abdomen through the vocal cords to emit a harsh, growl-like sound) and
staring back.
32 B In contrast, in the more frightening no-eye-contact situation, the monkeys
reduced their activity greatly and sometimes froze for extended periods of
33 C 64 al time.
Sometimes the animals mixed the threatening displays with submissive ones,
such as fear grimaces, which look something like wary grins, or grinding of
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teeth.
34 A In the alone condition, most monkeys became very active and emitted
frequent gentle 'coo' calls made with pursed lips. More than 40 years ago it
was deduced that when an infant monkey is separated from its mother, it
yearns to regain the closeness and security provided by nearness to the
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parent These responses help to draw the mother's attention
35 A In the alone condition, most monkeys became very active and emitted
frequent gentle 'coo' calls made with pursed lips
36 Age To establish the critical period of development, they examined four groups of
infant monkeys ranging in age up to 12 weeks old.
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37 Two All sessions were videotaped for analysis. They found that the infants in the
weeks youngest group (no more than two weeks old) engaged in defensive
old behaviors.
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38 Human But they lacked some motor control and seemed to act randomly, as if they
beings had not noticed the human beings that were present
39 Good Babies in the two intermediate-age groups had good motor control, but their
motor actions seemed unrelated to the test condition.
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control
40 Mature and their reactions were both appropriate and identical to those of mature
monkeys monkeys
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