Naturschutz in Germany

By Aldo Leopold
University of WisconSLn
With Photographs by the Author

stand this nostalgia of the German

I WAS QUIZZING a high oflicial
ot the German game adminis- for wildness, as distinguished ftom
tration about Pheasant manage- mere forests or mete game. We
ment. He listened politely to my Americans, in most states at least,
questions, but his mind would not have not yet experienced a beat'less,
'stay put.' His thoughts were else- wolfless, Eagleless, catless woods.
where. He had just returned to We yearn for more deer and more
Germany from a stag-hunt in the pines, and we shall probably get
Carpathians and he was .all in a them. But do we realize that to
glow' about it. He wanted to talk get them, as the Germans have, at
Carpathians, not Pheasants. So I the expense of their wild enviton-
switched the subject. ment and their wild enemies, is to
Had he killed a stag? No. He get very little indeed?
had declined half a dozen invitations I recite this as a kind of frame for
to shoot the finest stags in Germany, my sketch of the Naturschutz move-
had gone to Rumania instead, and ment, which is embarked on a very
killed nothing. But such tracks as positive and aggressive program of
he had seen! And by what a natt·ow wild-life restoration in Germany.
squeak he had missed a shot at a A traveling fellowship from the
truly wild stag in those truly wild Carl Schurz Foundation made it pos-
mountains! What's more, he had sible for me, during the past sum-
heard a wolf howl! He had seen a mer, to gather the information here
bear track! Eagles-flying about presented.
camp every day. Horned Owls,
serenading his lonely tent every Rare Species
night. A lynx, too, had left his . The most pressing job in both
footprint by the spring. All this Germarty and America is to prevent
in a virgin forest, as yet untouched the exte1'mination of rate species. I
by the forestel"s axe, and full of here present the score of the two
blackberry jungles and wiJd feed! countries in conserving the larger
"Thus, and not otherwise, do birds and mammals. In intetpreting
hillmen desire their hills." this, bear in mind that out job is
I suppose it is diflicult for the ml.lch the easier, out human popu-
American reader, who, through no lation being just a tenth as dense.
fault of his own, can still hear a The Great Bustard (Grosser Trappe)
Horned Owl if he wishes, to under- corresponds in size, wildness, and
[ 102J
 ... -~
~-

NATURSCHUTZ IN GERMANY

appearance to our Wild Turkey, the under the onslaught of both grazing
difference being that he inhabits and guns, while the Auerhahn is
fields instead of woods. He is hold- shrinking only slowly, if at all, we
ing up well, especi-a.lly in Branden- will have to yield the conservation
burg; a recent census shows 2000 score to Germany.
Bustards within fifty miles of Berlin. The Birkhahn is strikingly similar
While legally classed as shootable to our Sharp-tailed Grouse in siZe,
game, vel'}" few Bustards are actually habits, and habitat. He differs
shot. If we had 2000 genuinely mainly in his black color. Both
Wild Turkeys in and near the Dis- Birkhahn and Sharp-tail are, with
trict of Colwnbia (which, of course, local exceptions, shrinking by rea-
we have not), we might claim equal son of drainage, g1'azing, or re-
performance. forestation of their habitats. Both
Despite centuries of shooting, and countries lose in this instance.
spring shooting at that, the Auerhahn The Haselhuhn is the counterpart
or Capercailzie is still found in all of OUl' Spruce Partridge, except that
large German f01'ests of suitable he inhabits hardwood underbl'ush
composition. Howevel', only males instead of spruce swamps. Both
are killed, and the total bag from species are shrinking rapidly, the
each fOl'est is very catefully regu- former under toO much forestry, the
lated to lit the l'ep1'Oductive capacity latte1' under too little. Both coun-
of the local breeding stock. The tries lose in. this case.
Auerhahn is so deeply entrenched The Black Stork is not the tradi-
in Gel'man t1'adition that one gags tional stork of the village housetop,
at compadng him with any non- but l'athel' a woods-nesting species
German bird, but he is like OU1' conesponding roughly to our Egrets.
Sage-cock in being a very large, He is fare and shrinking; OUl' Egrets
highly specialized Grouse. Since decidedly expanding. The European.
our Sage-cock is shrinking rapidly Egret is gone from Germany. We
"'rhe Germ!Ul rivers-confined nJ their strait-iackets oj 11zasonry-will bear jar
cel#lIrJes the scars oj that epidemic oj geoll~etry which blighted the German mind in
the 1800's."

[103 ]
 BIRD-LORE

Cranes are in the Lake Sta.tes and

Florida-Georgia. Cranes are shrink-
ing in both countries through drain-
age and highways. If we build a
road through theOkeefinokee Ctane-
range, we certainly deserve to lose
this play. If not, we might, after
the Resettlement Administt-a.tion has
completed its purchase of Crane-
ranges in the Lake States, claim an
even score,
The Wisent, 01' European bison,
is at such a low ebb that the Ger-
man remna.nt, presetved at the
Schorfheide, has been cross-bred
with our buffalo in an effort to
bring it back. This is equivalent to
the proposal, never carried out, to
'Tbe Great phlE, or Ellroju'a1t Har/led OIU/, is beil1g
rem/roduced mlo the German forests, a/te,' havillg bee" cross the Heath Hen with the Prairie
"early exlermillatcd itl the imerests 0/ more game. The
Gerllums nOw realize thaI "to get more game at (he Chicken. The intent is to gl-adually
exjJelJS6 of its wild IJnvil'ol11Jle1Jt altd 1uild enemies is to
gel ve,,, little indeed." {View take" at the governmetlt weed out the buffalo chal'acters by
'oUlI./'!r",' at the Schorfheide, where Owlets /rom East
Prussia are raised to malltrJ/y for later dJstrJb"JiOll as selective culling. Our buffalo obvi-
breeding stock.}
ously is in better Case.
The Elch (moose) is still shootable
cau chalk ourselves a mark here, game in Germany, but is rather nar-
and break the chalk if we fE;e1 like rowly localized~ mostly in East
It. Prussia. A strong effort is being made
The Hockerschwan, one of the three to establish a new herd at the Sc11orf-
European Swans, still breeds in l1U111- heide, but the severe overgrazing of
bets in both Mecklenberg and East this range by dee!' makes this an up-
Prussia, whereas, our only breeding hill job. Great areas of pine are being
Swan has been lost save for one artificially undetplanted with hard-
small remnant. I think the Ger- woods to make moose-feed. The
mans have the edge in this case. Gel'man moose problem really cor-
The four Eagles once bteeding in responds, in poim of difficulty, not
Gel'many are either pushed out or to our moose, but rather to our stl'ag-
back to the Alps. We are, of course, glillg remnant of caribou in Minne-
doing our best to lose our two Eagles sota. Until the Resettlement Admin-
but have not yet had time. We istration recently took up the job of
score on a fum ble. consolidating a range, this, our sole
The Gray Crane, corresponding to retnaining herd of caribou, had been
out' Sandhill Crane, breeds in num- notoriously neglected fat years by
bers at the Schotfheide, within an all parties concerned. 1£ we admit
hour of Berlin; .and in several other this cotnpatison, we must chalk up
spots. Our only remaining breeding a mark for Germany.
(104 ]
 NATURSCHUTZ IN GERMANY
(I cannot here forbear to inter-
<,<

Ject a remark made to me some years

ago by a state game warden of
Minnesota, in response to my ques-
tion: "What luck are you having in
building up your caribou?" "We
don't bother with them much," he
replied. "They are too SCal"Ce to hunt,
<lnd they stay so far back from the
roads that we can't show them to
tourists, so, after all, what good are
they?")
The Chamoix is still managed as
huntable game in the German Alps.
Except whete run out of his winter
range by the growing horde of ski-
parties, he is doing well; compared
with our 'shrinking Bighorns, very
well; compared with our mountain
goat, as well. We may score this, Great Bllstard, or Trappe, A rece'lt Ce1/SltS shows 2000
to vaty the monotony, even up. Bllstards ilt Brandmbllrg, Ilear Ber/b,. If We had 2000
gemtim/y IVi/f1 Turkeys 111 (md Ilear the District of
Bears are exterminated in Ger- Co/JllIlbia, we might claim eQfta/jJC1,/ormallce.

many. The last beat was killed in

Westphalia in 1752 and in Bohemia Summing up these 13 large1' birds
in 1856. In such ctamped quarters, and mammals of the i"are or threat-
it may have been impossible for ened class, and making no allowance
Germany to perpetuate her bears. for the German handicap in human
It seeins incongruous, though, for us population density, we have:
to accept the better score for bear 5 drawn scores
conservation when our Government 4 better survivals in Germany
4 better survivals in the United States
has just finished eradicating the
grizzly from 'all but a few of our 13
National Forests. I did not attempt any study of the
Otter and MartlJ1Z are still widely conservation of ra.re plants. In
distributed, the latter particularly general, the rare forest plants of
furnishing a regular annual fur crop. Germany have suffered severely un-
There are certainly more otters and der the pressure of too many deer
martens harvested each year in Ger- and too much spruce, while the rare
many than remain alive in the ma1"sh plants ha.ve largely succumbed
United States. German Beaver, on to drainage. Ge1"many· had no
the other hand, are reduced to one prairie, and hence has no prairie
colony, whereas our beaver are flora to warty about.
thriving. In respect of the three fur- An analysis of the German deer
bearers collectively, we may possibly problem will appear as a separate
claim a drawn score. paper in the Journal of Forestry.
[105 ]
 BIRD-LORE

The human line-ups are thus sub-

Predator Control stantially identical, but I think that
The status of and attitude toward research in the ecology of predation
predators is, of course, a sensitive is farther advanced in America,
index to the power and quality of while officialdom in Germany leans
the Naturschutz movement in any more toward the ecological view.
country. Germany is toda.y experi- The reason for this official leaning
encing the same conflict as we are lies partly, a.t least, in the fact that
between the game keeper, with his Naturschutz, as an expression of
traditional beliefs in rigid control, nationalism, is one of the very ex-
and the ornithologist, with his plicit tenets of the ruling party.
striving toward an ecologica.l inter- Our political parties espouse 'con-
pretation of predation. servation' in general terms, but they
Ea,eh of the two countries has carefully avoid commitment on its
two kinds of sportsmel1, those who in ternal con tradictions. Hence when
reason with the eye and believe the occasion arises to split a wilderness
only good Hawk is a dead one, and with a road, or sacrifice a salmon
those who reason with the mind stream to power dams, they may do
and petceive that the vulnerability so without embarrassment.
of game to preda tors 111a y be deter- While the dispersion of attitudes
mined by forces other than the shot . in Germany is similar to ours, the
gun or pole-trap. Each has two status of predators is worse. This is
kinds of ornithologists, those who to be expected, in view of the denser
recite 'more good than harm' statis- human population and the longer
tics, and those who see in pl'edation period during which intensive game-
a complex mechanism as yet little keeping has been practiced. Some
understood, but probably definitely predatory species, such as weasel
related to and necessary £01" a and iItis, are resista.nt to abuse;
healthy biota. Each has two kinds these continue common in Germany,
of game-management-the kind even aftel' centuries of ruthless con-
which builds up such an unnaturally trol. Others, like raptors, are non-
high game density that vulnerability resistant. During three months'
to predators is inevitable, and the travel in Germany, I saw only 45
kind which prides itself on a natural Hawks, and no Owls. The Hawk
(and usually quite invulnerable) tally follows:
game-stand. Finally, C1.ltting across
each of these classes, is the mental § ·e
.~ '"
!!o
0
-;;
.~ '" ....
category which asserts that preda- ~Jj .!4
~;..:: ..;a '"
l=> ~
tors, like game, have a positive August 15-30 7 4 1 2 14
value as a form of natural beauty, September 10 4 7 21
and, on the other hand, the cate- October 6 2 1 9
gory which brands the recognition November 1-15 1 1
of all values, save only that of gun- 24 10 8 3 45
fodder, as chicken-hearted senti-
mentality. This represents 50 days afield, an
[106]
 \
\....-

NATURSCHUTZ IN GERMANY
average count .of about a Hawk per arrive at what might be called the
day. The travel distance varied 'predator-cost' of game-keeping
from local foot-trips up to long operations. Records proved ea.sy to
rides in open cars. get, but comparable records not so
Mrs. Nicet in 1933 counted 53 easy. It pwved to be impossible to
Hawks in 37 days' driving across iron out all va.riables (see footnote),
the United States, an average of 1.4 but below ate the data, such as
Hawks per day, but her count was they are.
made In midsummer, whereas my In general, we may say that it is
count included the September migra- the practice in Germany to kill one
tioll~ with its influx of Scandinavian predator for each 2 -15 head of
and Finnish birds. Eliminating small game bagged, or one Hawk
September, my German count is 0.4 for each 7 at more game-birds
Hawks per day> as against Mrs. bagged. This is the 'predator-:-cost'

PREDATOR·COST PER HEAD OF GAME KILLED >I<

Estate 10 Atea
Act'es Period
1
Total
small
l 2
Total
predators
3 4
Total
Ratio game
5 6
Total Ratio
Hawks
game birds
A S:~~L
.--
__ 5000 1911-1933 13,448 4081 3.3 4126 586
-7.0-
n Mecklenburg ? 1880-1926 6302 1036 4.6 939 x x
(mammals
and Crows
only)
C
-~--
Mecklenburg
----.-
? 1876-1925 1450 1064 1.4
-70- (345 x
Hawks
and
-- --~,.-
-- Ctows)
0

E
Lettln.nd
State Forests 3,750,OOO? . 1922-1929
Silesia 2800
,-,"

1924-1934
(118,799)
12,197
I (445,577)
883
(O.s)
13.8
?
8127
?
(237
--
x
?

Hawks
and
Crows)
-
F
- --,~~.----~-~~......,,-

Si!e~ia
-150,G\l()?
-- 1934 58,066 3498 18.6 35,980 245 147.0

*Variables in table: Col. 1 excludes \'later-fowl and big game in all cases except D. Col. 2 includes
dogs. c:tts, and Crows, as well as predatory mammals and raptors, except that rap tars are missing [rom
n, and in D squirrels and bears are included. CoL 4 includes the bag of birds only 0. P., it excludes
rabbits and hares). Col..5 is Hawks only except in C and E, where Crows and Magpies are included.

Nice's A.mericm1 count of 1.4 per of game-keeping as conceived by

day. keepers. How :much this might be
It occurred to me that the German reduced by ecologically-minded
habit of keeping tecon.ls of ga.me ga.me-managers l'emains to be seen.
and predators killed on pa.rticuhl.r Much as Germany ha.s lost through
aJ:eas presented. an opportunity to indiscriminate predator-control in
tNice, M. M. .. A Hll.wk Censu~ from Adzona to Massachtlsetts." Wilson Bulletin, Vol. XLVI,
Np. 2, fl!Oe, 1934. pp. 93-95.
( 107]
 BIRD-LORE

Birds vs. Forestry

In America nearly all ornitholo-
gists are advocates of forestry, and
at least an occasional fotestel- is an
omithologist. It may come as a
shock ta both when I say that, in
Germany, over-attificialized forestry
is now recognized as having un-
knowingly inflicted a near-disaster
on forest bitd-life. We are here ac-
customed to regard wild-life con-
servation and forest conservation
A I7-manth Bull Elch (GertH"', tPOIJse). For the as parallel and interdependent ob-
purpose of eSlah/ishinf! a new herd itt the Schor/heide, jectives, and, of COUl'se, this is still
hundreds 0/ acres of pine woods are beittg (tttdel~
Plfmted w oak, ash, and other hardwoods good /01' true. The German experience, how-
browse.
ever, indicates that it is true only
the past, the present attitude is by when the sy.rtem of forestry is of the right
no means one of crying over spilt kind. In other words, we must con-
milk. A very definite predator- vert an indiscriminate into a dis-
restoration policy has been begun. criminate enthusiasm.
Thus the great 'Uhu,' which is the The trouble in Germany all arose
counterpart of our Horned Owl, is from planting spruce and pine in
being replanted in the Schodheide pure unmixed stands ovec gl'eat
National Park, and I understand in areas. In Saxony, for example, one
several of the national forests. It forest which contained 2 per cent of
had been exterminated except in spruce in 1822, had, by artificial
East Prussia. planting, been converted into 73
Nests of Eagles and rare Hawks pet- cent spruce in 1932.
are, as a rule, zealously guarded as Space does not he1'e permit ex-
'held in trust' for the nation-on plaining why this was done, or
one estate even Goshawk nests are wha.t penalties forestry itself has
treasured, I can personally attest suffered therefrom. These questions
that this estate had a good stand of are being treated in a separate paper.
Pheasants and Partridges. I would, The present point is that the native
of course, expect trouble if Goshawk bird fauna caunot thrive, or even
nests were allowed to become really survive, in a forest so utterly unlike
numerous, but tha.t is another ques- the natural forest.
tion. It is not. the regretful trim- This is of great import to America.
ming down of a too-abundant rap- Our forestry is still so new that we
tor, but rather the zestful eradi- can select the right kind if we want
cation of any and all raptars, and to. We have many l<egions where
the implied assumption that only fire has reduced the per cent of coni-
game has value, which discredits fers far below the natural level, and
the game movement in any country. where wild life would benefit greatly
[108 J
 NATURSCHUTZ IN GERMANY

from moderate conifer plantings.

The German experience, however,
is a plain warning that forestry
willy-nilly involves more public in-
tel-ests than just timber supply, and
that those interests may be injured
or aided by the fm-ester, depending
on the broadmindedness, skill, and
foresight he brings to his job.
Many Gennans are aware of the
birdlessness of pure spruce and pure
pine, and a few ha.ve actually begun
to measure the extent and nature of
the damage. A brilliant example of
such l-eseatch has recently been pub- "Om:e ht a while a dead Iree is lelt statldil1g
lor Ir'oodpeckers-a tleg/igetlce tmthnlkable It1
lished by Vietinghoff, * who owns jorl1Jer ,'ears. II

and lives upon an estate, Neschwitz,

mostly pine forest, which has been The optimum surviving sample area.
in his family since 1763, and which shows IS species, 7 hole-breeders
he is now con vetting from pure pine and 11 open. Artificialization of
to mixed pine and hatdwoods, with the fotest, in shott, has cut its bird
the. double objective of improving fauna at least in half, and distorted
both wild life and timber. the composition adversely to the
The fact that he derives his liveli- hole-breeders (as would be expected
hood from the timber, and only where dead, down, and hollow trees
pleasure from the wild life, adds a have been anathema to foresters).
unique authority to his findings. The density of this optimum sur-
We landless American fotesters in viving sample was 0.95 pairs per
public employ are, after all, talking acre (well undet most American
about what somebody else ought to breeding censuses).
do. Another very old (l50-year) pine
Vietinghoff finds that there are 40 forest had about the same density
species of birds which could (and in (1.0 pairs per acre) but a normal
former times did) breed in the pine composition, due, no doubt, to'
type of his region (east Saxony)' more holes.
Of these, 19 nest in holes and 21 in Contrasted with these optima, a
the open. These figures represent typical clear cutting replanted arti-
the inherent richness and compo- ficially to pine (the kind heretofore
sidon of the omithological com- standard in Germany forestry) sup-
munity. ports 3 species, all open breeders,
Of this potential 40 species, with a density too thin to measure.
several-notably the Black Stork- After 5 years this rises to 5 species
have already been extetminated. with a density of 0.4 pairs per acre.
*Vietingho{f.Riesch, Frhr. v. "Die neve Bestrebungen des Forstlichen Naturschutzes in Deutschland,
mit besollderel' Berucksichtigung des Vogelschutzes." Weltforstwirtschaft Bd. II Heft 4/6, Berlin, 1935.
[109 ]
 BIRD-LORE

After 15 years it may rise to 10 right to he fruitful in a natural way."

species with a density of 0.7 pairs. Now a shock for bird-lovers: The
Not until the fortieth year do the erection of bird-boxes, while in-
hole-breeders begin to appear at all, creasing the variety and density of
and their normal ratio is not ap- birds, by no means insures an arti-
proached until 100 years, by which ficial forest against insect epidemics.
time the tree harvest is ripe for the It merely opposes a regimented bird
axe, whereupon the hole-breeders population to a regimented insect
are again expropriated. food':supply. Both are unbalanced,
It is apparent, then, that under the both internally and in relation to
old-style German silviculture the each other. The insect problem,
bird fauna of the pIne forest suffers Vietinghoff believes, is insoluble ex-
a strong impoverishment in both cept by a return to natural ecological
variety and density, and also such safeguards. The ideal set up by
a distortion of composition as to be Vietingho1f* for German forestry is
tantamount to the exclusion of hole- a complete and natural flora and
breeders. fauna "from the bacteria in the soil
All of the foregoing refers to to the Eagle in the air."
forests without artificial nest-boxes.
By means of such boxes, a nearly The Landscape
normal variety and density of bird It is a far cry, of course, fmm this
species has been maintained, not ideal to the actual landscape of
only at Neschwitz, but in many Germany. There is no Eagle in the
othe!' German forests. Vietinghoff air, and the flora and fauna are fat
has elaborated and refined the nest- f1'Om natuml. No man can doubt,
box technique originally developed though, either the intensity or the
by von Berlepsch, with whose trans- power of the German revulsion
lated writingst many Americans are against over-artificial land-use. In
already familiar. some respects the landscape already
The Naturschutz movement,how- expresses that revulsion. There are
ever, aims at something far higher no billboards. The mads and trails
than such synthetic substitutes. disfigure the counttyside less than
Vietinghoff regards his own con- ours. The retreat of the conifers
tributions to artificial nesting as has begun-clumps of beech and oak
nothing better than a stop-gap to dot the sombre green of the hereto-
bridge the period of transition from fore ubiquitous spruces. Once in a
artificial to natural forest. "Parallel while a dead tree is left standing-
with the building of artificial nest- a negligence unthinkable in former
ing-sites," he asserts, "there mU.ft years.
develop the objective of making them Not all of the mistakes of the
superfluous by restoring to the forest its engineering era, however, can be
tHeisemann M. '"How to Attract and Protect Wild Birds." Witherby & Co., London, 1908.
*Since this was written, Vietinghoff has been appointed as Professor of Naturschutz in the Tharandt
Forest School of the University of Dresden. His job will be to work out by research the ecological
questions raised by the Naturschutz movement.
[ 110J
 NATURSCHUTZ IN GERMANY

retrieved, even with time. The were necessary, but not many. As
German marshes are gone. The Ger- in America, the landscape is a
man heaths are fast going. Andthe human document written upon the
German rivers-confined in their page of geological history. In a
strait-jackets of masonry-will bear truly mathematical sense, it is an
for centuries the scars of that epi- integrated expression of all the
demic of geometry which blighted virtues, foibles, and fallacies of its
the German mind in the 1800's. succeSSlVe generations of human
Some of these distortions of nature occupants.

Sanctuary Exhibit Wins Award

A 'shore-bird haven' or small water-fowl As a result of an a.ppeal from the Audubon
sanctuary, the exhibit of the Conservation Associa.tion to the Boy Scou.ts of America,
and Roadside Committee of the Garden at the height of the severe snow and ice
Club of America, was awarded a silver condition in Februll.ry, Dr. James E. West,
medal-the second prize in its grou.p-at the Chief &out Executive, broadcast an appeal
International Flower Show. held in New to feed the birds, and through the efficient
York in March. This exhibit was executed publicity machinery of the Boy Scout organ-
under the technical supervision of Roger T. ization, newspaper, and radio 'coverage'
Peterson; a background, suggesting that of were unusually complete.
a museum habitat group, was painted by From the National Headquarters there
Dudley Bleakley of the American Museum, were sent: a letter to the entire Scout field,
and flying water-fowl were added to the urging Scout executives to mobilize troops
canvas by Francis L. Jaques. to feed birds; a news release to be sent out
The exhibit presented a composite picture to local papers by Scout Executives, so that
of a private preserve Ilt Brookhaven, L. L, the forces of the various communities might
aud the lake in Hempstead Lake Sta.te Park. also be mobilized; a news reIease to metro-
Pintails, Mallards, Wood Ducks, and Teal politan newspapers; a request to news com-
dabbled in a pool that represented one end mentators on four radio chains to announce
of a small sanctuary, with a rich growth of the emergency, on behalf of the Scouts; a
typical marsh plants forming the surround- similar request to commercial sponsors of
ings, against the background. Aquatic radio programs, that had been cooperating
food-plants, which could not be included in in the celebration of National Boy Scout
the exhibit, were listed on an informative, Week; and a letter to 300 radio stations that
accompanying leaflet that was given away had been cooperating in the celebration of
at the group. Other birds, which occurred the Scout anniversary. With each of these
in rhe localities on which the exhibit was appeals 'were 'sent complete directions, pro-
based, were also listed. vided by the Audubon Association, on what
Mr. John H. Baker acted as director of to feed birds, and how.
this activity in his capacity of Chairman of Messrs. R. P. Allen and R. T. Peterson, of
the Flower Show Committee of the Con- the Audubon staff, broadcast appeals to feed
servation and Roadside Committee of the the birds over station WOR, and Mr. Peter-
Garden Club of America. On Match 18 he son, talking over a nation-wide hook-up,
addresseel a meeting of the Club .at the on the "Farm and Home Hour," not only
Waldorf-Astoria, on the suhject 'Why requested that people feed the birds, but
Participate in Saving Wild Life?'-W. V. told them how to go about: it.-W. V.

[Ill ]