• LOW COST SANITATION SYSTEM

The Census 2011 also showed that in 4,041 statutory towns, close to eight million households do not have
access to toilets and defecate in the open (7.90 million)

Weak sanitation has significant health costs and untreated sewage from cities is the single biggest source
of water resource pollution in India

Following conditions as factors to be taken into account for toilets to become household and community-
friendly:
• Affordability
• Space in the home
• Geographical conditions – soil/water table etc
• Cultural habits
• Availability of water/scarcity of water
• Availability of skilled or semi skilled manpower
TYPES OF LOW COST TOILETS
1.Aqua Privy
2. Pour flush toilets
3. Conventional unimproved Pit latrines
4.Ventilated improved Pit
5.Twin pit toilets
• Aqua Privy
HIGHLIGHTS :
1.Aqua Privy is a modified form of Septic Tank.
2.It is more useful where water carriage system is absent
and availability of water is limited.
3.There is no need to flush this toilet.
4.This pucca latrine can be constructed on a smaller
area with the tank below. The submerged outlet pipe
serves as Water Seal.
5.The Size recommended for one family is 0.72 m. X 1.45
m. X 1.37 m. The wall thickness being 20 c.m. only.
6.A 100 mm Diameter T-Connection is provided to take
out treated waste water. The night soil converted into
water flows out and could be used for kitchen garden
or let out into a Soak pit or Soak Trench.
7.In rocky areas, it should be constructed above the
ground also.
8.The cost of construction varies from Rs. 2200.00 -
2500.00 only.
9.The settled and digested sludge may be removed
(But not completely) after 5-6 years. It must be filled
with Water
• CONVENTION PIT LATRINES
The simplest form of pit latrine is a hand dug pit that is unlined
and covered with a series of wooden logs strapped together
allowing the user to defecate into the pit
POUR-FLUSH LATRINE

Where water is more widely available, or

traditionally used for anal cleansing, a pour flush
latrine may be appropriate and can bring a
number of further benefits on top of simple or VIP
latrines. A water seal is created by a u-bend which
prevents bad odour and flies affecting the use
VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT
A Ventilated Improved Single Pit Latrine, commonly known as VIP latrine, is
an Improved Conventional Dry Pit Latrine, slightly offset from the pit with a tall
vertical vent-pipe gradually tapered at the lower end, and covered at the
top with a fly screen and a cowl to prevent entry of rain water or snow.

This type of latrine does not require water to function, though a small amount
of water may be used occasionally to clean the squat-plate. This is specifically
designed for use in water-scarce areas where people have to walk to get
water, even from public taps
TWIN PIT LATRINE
The Twin Pit Water Seal Toilet is an on-site sanitation measure for houses where the water table is sufficiently
low to avoid ground water pollution. On one hand it fulfills all sanitary requirements; of a toilet and on the
other provides continuous use with minimal maintenance. The main components of such a toilet are the two
pits used alternately, a pan, water seal / trap, squatting platform, junction chamber and a superstructure
HIGHLIGHTS :
1.Dry (Bucket) Latrine is easily converted to this
latrine.
2.There is no odour nuisance. It is scientific and
Hygienic.
3.There is no need for a scaverger to maintain it
clean.
4.It is possible to flush with a small amount of water
(1.5 L.) because of the special type of Pan and Trap.
5.Twin leachpits absorbing Urine, Nightsoil & Water of
continuous use. The collected and digested Nightsoil
is converted into rich manure on extended sorage.
6.One Leachpit serves a family of 5-7 members for
about 3-5 years.
7.The transformed water and gas on digestion of
nightsoil are absorbed into the soil.
8.Because of water seal in this latrine it does not give
out malodours.
9.This is the most inexpensive type of Latrines.
10.There is no need to provide a gas pipe.
The squatting pan is of special design with steep bottom slope 25 - 28° and a trap having 20 mm water seal set on a cement
concrete floor. The hydraulic design of the pan is such that the human excreta can be flushed by pouring only 1.5 to 2 litres of
water
Pit Lining The pits should be lined to avoid collapsing. Bricks joined in 1:6 mortars
are most commonly used for lining. Locally manufactured bricks should be used
wherever available.
The lining in brick work should be 115 mm thick (half brick) with honey combing
up to the invert level of incoming pipe or drain
Pit Bottom Except where precautions are to be taken to prevent pollution of
water sources, the pit bottom should be left in natural condition
Pit Cover Usually RCC slabs are used for covering the pits, but depending upon the
availability and cost,16260 flag stones can also be used
• POUR FLUSH LATRINE IN WATER LOGGED AREAS
• LEACH PITS IN HIGH SUBSOIL WATER LEVEL
sizes of leach pits, for different number of users, using water
ablution and for different subsoil water levels], with 3 years
sludge storage volume, are