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Induction Program for New Teachers

The document outlines an induction program for beginning teachers at EM's Signal Village Elementary School. It includes modules on becoming a DepEd teacher, gearing up for the school year, and creating learning environments. The modules contain sessions on DepEd's mandate, vision, mission and values. The program aims to help teachers uphold teaching as a profession and create safe learning spaces.

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Rhea Morales
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
211 views44 pages

Induction Program for New Teachers

The document outlines an induction program for beginning teachers at EM's Signal Village Elementary School. It includes modules on becoming a DepEd teacher, gearing up for the school year, and creating learning environments. The modules contain sessions on DepEd's mandate, vision, mission and values. The program aims to help teachers uphold teaching as a profession and create safe learning spaces.

Uploaded by

Rhea Morales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Cluster 5

EM’s SIGNAL VILLAGE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

INDUCTION PROGRAM
FOR
BEGINNING
TEACHERS
S.Y. 2022-2023

GLADYS L. SAMUTYA
MENTEE

JEANYLIN L. PASQUIN
MENTOR
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Cluster 5

EM’s SIGNAL VILLAGE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

COURSEBOOK 1
A. Module 1
Becoming a DepEd Teacher
B. Module 2
Gearing up for the School Year
C. Module 3
Creating an Engaging Physical
and Virtual Learning
Environment
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Cluster 5

EM’s SIGNAL VILLAGE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

MODULE 1
Session 1
DepEd’s Mandate
Session 2
Vision, Mission, and Core Values
Session 3
Strategic Directions
Session 4
The Philippine Professional Standards for
Teachers
PRELIMINARY
ACTIVITIES

Key Topics Very familiar Familiar Slightly familiar Not familiar

DepEd’s Mandate

Vision

Mission

Core Values

Strategic Directions

Please complete the survey below. This activity will help you reflect on your current
understanding of the different aspects of the Department of Education. How familiar are you with
the following? Check the appropriate box that corresponds to your answer.
INTENDED COURSE
LEARNING
OUTCOME

At the end of this course, you should be


able to:

1.Adopt practices that uphold the dignity of teaching as


a profession by exhibiting qualities aligned with the
Department of Education vision, mission, and core
values (7.2.2)

2.Establish safe and secure learning environments


through the implementation of DepEd and school
policies, guidelines, and procedures on the
preparation, start and daily management of classes
(2.1.2)

3.Manage learner behavior constructively by applying


positive and non-violent discipline.
MODULE 1:
BECOMING A DEPED
TEACHER

Session 1: The DepEd’s Mandate


Required Task 1: Reflection Questions

Reflect on the DepEd’s Mandate and respond to the questions below. You may respond in 2-5
sentences for each.

As a newly hired teacher in DepEd, what can you contribute to:eacher


a. promote quality education?

As a newly hired teacher in DepEd, I can contribute to the promotion of quality


education by becoming a quality teacher. I need and must familiarize myself with the
mandated policies, plans, and projects to ensure that I am abiding and promoting the
quality education that DepEd wanted to give. Being a quality teacher does not always
correspond to being in service for a long time. I, as a novice teacher, will make sure to
provide quality instructional material for my students. A quality instructional material that
can ensure meaningful learning for my students. If my students will be able to apply their
learning in their life and that learning will last throughout their lives, then I can say, “I have
contributed to the promotion of quality education”.

b. uphold equity in education?

As a newly hired teacher, I can uphold equity in education by promoting inclusivity.


Education must be accessible to all regardless of the differences in my students. As an
educator, I must lead by example to my learners. I will start by showing fairness to
everyone by providing equal opportunity for my students. My vision is to see my leaners
reciprocating that act outside the classroom by becoming someone who also values
fairness.

c. respond to the needs of the learners?

A classroom will never be a group of students who share the same attitude and
character or the same ability. I must be able to respond to their differences. I, as an
educator who values quality education, will ensure that in the teaching-learning process,
I’ll be able to provide differentiated activities that will cater to the different needs of my
diverse learners. In addition, I must also be able to listen to my students for me to know
what they need and what I must need to improve.
MODULE 1:
BECOMING A DEPED
TEACHER

Session 2: Vision, Mission, and Core Values


Preliminary Activity:

As a new public school teacher, what are your visions for yourself, for your class, and your
school community?

MY VISION BOARD
SELF CLASS SCHOOL COMMUNITY
As a new teacher, my My vision for my The goal of every school community is
visions for myself are to class is for them to not only to teach the learners the
become the vessel of have meaningful topics from textbooks nor to just simply
quality education and learning. I want them make them listen or watch your
abridge of information. As to live the core values prepared lessons. I vision my school
a newly hired teacher, I’ll of being “Maka-Diyos, community as a place that help the
start it by delivering my Maka-Tao, students achieve their full potential.
lessons effectively and Makakalikasan at
efficiently. I also wanted to Makabansa”.
attend seminars and
trainings that will help me
grow professionally.
Lastly, I also wanted to
finish my master’s degree.

Key Topic 1: DepEd’s Vision


Vision
We dream of Filipinos
who passionately love their country
and whose values and competencies
enable them to realize their full potential
and contribute meaningfully to building the nation.
As a learner-centered public institution,
the Department of Education
continuously improves itself
to better serve its stakeholders.
MODULE 1:
BECOMING A DEPED
TEACHER

Required Task 1: Application

Scenario 1:

Teacher Johanna is a Grade 7 teacher at Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial National High school.
She encourages her learners to demonstrate their love of country through practicing acts of
kindness inside and outside the school premises. Provide at least two ways of integrating this in
her lessons. You may respond in, 3-5 sentences.

Teacher Johanna can first, to think of the subject where she can integrate the learners’
love of our country through practicing acts of kindness and outside the school premises. For
example, she can integrate this when teaching Science subject in the topic about earthquake.
Second, she can add in her lesson the ways on how they can help and show kindness to the
victim of the said natural calamity. It is like hitting two birds with one stone. Her lesson was
achieved and at the same time she had integrated the value of showing kindness.

Scenario 2:

One of the Grade 9 advisory students of Teacher Andrew is showing interest in joining scouting.
However, the student is very shy and timid. In what ways can Teacher Andrew help his learners
to gain confidence and participate in scouting? You may respond in 3-5 sentences.

Teacher Andrew can talk to the students in private. A little encouragement will do. Let
the student know that he/she has someone who supported him/her and who trust his/her ability
might give him confidence to join the scouting.
MODULE 1:
BECOMING A DEPED
TEACHER

Key Topic 2: DepEd’s Mission

Mission

To protect and promote the right of every Filipino to quality, equitable, culture-based, and complete basic
education where:

Students learn in a child-friendly, gender-sensitive, safe, and motivating environment.

Teachers facilitate learning and constantly nurture every learner.

Administrators and staff, as stewards of the institution, ensure an enabling and supportive environment
for effective learning to happen.

Family, community, and other stakeholders are actively engaged and share responsibility for
developing life-long learners.

Required Task 2: Application


Scenario 1:
Teacher Helga is a Grade 1 teacher at Biñan Elementary School. She is teaching Science. She
wants to make sure that she can provide a child-friendly, gender-sensitive, safe, and motivating
environment in her class. What should she do to achieve this? You may respond in 3-5
sentences.

During every class discussion, teacher Helga will have an activity free from gender bias.
For example, in a group activity, students should not be grouped based on their gender or
grouped them based on different gender stereotypes (e.g., boys who are soft or who likes pink
should be with the group of women). In addition, in every activity, remind the students to be
respectful to make the classroom a safe space. A safe environment is a motivating environment.
MODULE 1:
BECOMING A DEPED
TEACHER

Key Topic 3: The DepEd Core Values


In promoting “One DepEd,” the official DepEd core values adapted the national motto as stated
in the Republic Act No. 8491 (otherwise known as the Flag and Heraldic Code of the
Philippines). The core values are enumerated as such:

Maka-Diyos
Maka-tao
Makakalikasan
Makabansa

Required Task 3: Application


Scenario 1:

Teacher Luis is a Grade 10 guidance counselor and a Values Education teacher at Arellano High
School. One of his classes has a diverse religious background. One day, two of the learners
insisted that the class should start with a prayer led by an assigned student. This leads to a
heated debate arguing about their own religious and spiritual beliefs. How can Teacher Luis
mediate and help resolve the argument? (You may refer to Department Order (No. 32, s. 2013)
and Department Order (69, s. 1990)).

Teacher Luis should let the students know that citizens have the freedom of religion. He
will also help the students to understand the importance of respecting the difference in spiritual
belief. To address the concern, maybe no students should lead the prayer and instead everyone
will pray together silently practicing their own religious beliefs.
MODULE 1:
BECOMING A DEPED
TEACHER
Scenario 2:

The DepEd Core Values teaches us the love for God (maka-Diyos), love for fellow men (maka-
tao), love for nature (makakalikasan), and love for country (makabansa). Teacher Molina
inspires his Grade 2 learners to become a better version of themselves through exemplifying
qualities and characters of our national heroes. What classroom management strategies can
Teacher Molina employ to encourage learners to apply the DepEd core values in real life
situations?

To teach the DepEd core values to Grade 2 pupils, teacher Molina can use the stories of
our heroes. First, she will ask them who is/are their favorite hero then proceed to their qualities
that made them like him/her. She can present videos and pictures, which summarize the life, the
qualities, and character of a certain hero. She will remind her students that they can be heroes
too by possessing or by just simply imitating the qualities of their favorite hero.

Session 3: Strategic Directions

Required Task 1: Visual Action Points

MY VISION BOARD
SELF CLASS SCHOOL COMMUNITY
As a new teacher, my My vision for my The goal of every school
visions for myself are to class is for them to community is not only to teach
become the vessel of have meaningful the learners the topics from
quality education and learning. I want them textbooks nor to just simply make
abridge of information. As to live the core values them listen or watch your
a newly hired teacher, I’ll of being “Maka-Diyos, prepared lessons. I vision my
start it by delivering my Maka-Tao, school community as a place that
lessons effectively and Makakalikasan at help the students achieve their
efficiently. I also wanted to Makabansa”. full potential.
attend seminars and
trainings that will help me
grow professionally.
Lastly, I also wanted to
finish my master’s degree.

ACTION POINTS
Engage myself with new I will try to give quality To realize the student’s full
techniques and strategies education to my potential, there is a need to
in delivering my lessons students by becoming become a quality educator. I will
effectively and efficiently. a quality teacher. I will become a teacher that will
attend seminars and contribute to realization of the
trainings to help me said potential. I will attend
become one. seminars and trainings to help
me become one.

Strategic Directions
As an agency, the Department of Education sets plans, and actions to achieve its vision within a
given time projected. These strategic directions are time-bound and are measured through
strategic objectives.
MODULE 1:
BECOMING A DEPED
TEACHER

Require Task 1: Identification


Identify the DepEd Strategic Goals being addressed by the following scenarios.
Expand Access to Basic Education
Improve Quality and Relevance
Modernize Education Management and Governance

Improve Quality and Relevance 1. Your school effectively implements a School-based


Management (SBM) system that empowers your school head to make decisions that respond to
your school’s immediate needs.
Improve Quality and Relevance 2. Your Grade Level Coordinator conducts LAC sessions with all
the teachers in the grade level to be knowledgeable about the concerns of teachers and
learners.
Expand Access to Basic Education 3. Your school prepares alternative learning mode for all
learners.
Modernize Education Management and Governance 4. The Local Government Unit (LGU)
provides assistance to the public schools through distributing TVs, tablets, and laptops to
learners and educators.
Improve Quality and Relevance 5. The Division Office prioritizes training on curriculum
implementation and lesson planning. They invite curriculum experts to join the teacher training
and conferences.

Required Task 2: Pledge of Commitment (Portfolio Output)


Pledge of Commitment
Write your own pledge of commitment in support to DepEd Strategic Directions. You may write
your statements in 3-5 sentences.

I, Gladys L. Samutya, promise to fulfill my duties and responsibilities as a teacher by adhering


to my goals and objectives which are aligned to the DepEd’s mission and vision. I will give my
best to become an effective and efficient teacher that promotes quality education that will help
my students to realize their full potential.

MODULE 1:
BECOMING A DEPED
TEACHER

Required Task 3: Reflection

After going through this module, (DepEd Mandate, Vision, Mission, Core Values, and Strategic
Directions), answer the following questions. Write your responses in 3-5 sentences.

1. In what ways has this module helped you reflect on the Vision, Mission, Core Values, and
Strategic Directions of the Department of Education?
This module helped me to understand the Vision, Mission, Core Values, and the Strategic
Directions of the Department of Education. It made me reflect on my actions: Did my
action adheres the Vision, Mission, Core Values, and the Strategic Directions of the
Department of Education? Evaluating myself helped me keep myself on track to
becoming an effective and efficient teacher, whose strategies are aligned to department’s
goal.

2. How has this module helped you clarify your vision and motivations in serving your
learners better and in promoting a learner-centered environment for them?

This module helped me to clarify my vison to the idea of a learner-centered


environment. This also taught me to suit my activities and strategies in teaching to the
learners needs in order to promote learner-centered environment. I came to know that it
is not all about me but all about the students.

3. What are your personal beliefs and values that are aligned with the DepEd’s VMV
(Vision, Mission, Core Values)?

I always believe that every student should be given equal opportunity. No student
must be left behind. As a teacher, it is my duty to facilitate the learning of all my students.
I also strongly believe that a Filipino citizen like me must love my country. The love for my
country is something that I want my students to keep in their mind and to their heart.
MODULE 1:
BECOMING A DEPED
TEACHER

Session 4 – The Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers

Required Task 1: Video Viewing

Click here or go to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA5cD474aIU to watch the PPST


explainer video (8:41 minutes)
Use the table below to take note of important information.

What I learned from watching the PPST What else I want to know about the
explainer video PPST/ concepts that need clarification
The Philippine Professional Standards The PPST video explainer was
for Teachers is a tool used to help explained well. I don’t have any
teachers in teaching students. This tool clarifications about PPST.
helps me find out and develop better
and more effective ways to teach my
students. This tool also helps me
understand my students. It is a tool
which helps the teachers to develop,
enhance, and utilize the student’s
creativity, analytical thinking, and to
provide them a life-long learning. This
tool articulates teacher quality through
well-defined domains, strands, and
indicators. This tool also helped to
understand everything that I need to do
to become a quality educator.
Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Cluster 5

EM’s SIGNAL VILLAGE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

MODULE 2
Session 1
The DepEd School Calendar
Session 2
The School Support System
Session 3
Pre-opening of Classes Preparation
Session 4
Opening of Classes
Session 5
Handling Advisory Classes

INTENDED LEARNING
MODULE OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

1. establish safe and secure learning environments through the


implementation of DepEd and school policies, guidelines, and
procedures on the preparation, start, and daily management of classes
(2.1.2)

2. plan and manage administrative, teaching and learning processes


through efficient lesson planning and accomplishment of school forms;
and compliance with DepEd’s policy and guidelines on lesson
preparation (4.1.2)

3. manage learner behavior constructively by applying positive and


non-violent discipline (2.6.2)
MODULE 2:
GEARING UP FOR THE SCHOOL
YEAR
Session 1 – The DepEd School Calendar
Key Concept 3: Implementing Guidelines

Required Task 1: Reading and Reflection


Study the rationale of the Implementing Guidelines of the DepEd School Calendar for the
current school year. Write your insight on the space provided below. Limit your response to 150
words.

The DedEd School Calendar for S.Y. 2022-2023 aims to guide the schools in planning the
different activities throughout the year. The Department of Education ensures continuity of
learning despite the challenges the pandemic has brought. This school year, schools are slowly
transitioning from modular set-up to face-to-face. As an educator, I must contribute to the
success of this transition while keeping in mind the learning standard that I must attain. In
addition, since the pandemic has not ended yet, I must ensure to remind my students to follow
health protocol.

Required Task 2: Personal School Calendar (Output for Portfolio)


Get a copy of the latest DepEd School Calendar. In the space below, write your personal
activities, reconciling them with the important dates set by DepEd throughout the school year.
School Year: 2022-2023

AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY


-Enrollment Period -Celebration of -End of First Quarter --ESVES GSP -Resumption of
ended August 22, World Teachers’ -Start of Second Investiture Classes
2022 Day Quarter -Christmas Break -Second Quarter
-Brigasa Eskwela -First Quarter -Parent/Teacher Examination
-Oplan Balik-Aral Examination Conference – -Mid-Year Reading
Conference Distribution of First Assessment
-Start of School Year Quarter Report Card
-Start of First -ESVES BSP
Grading Investiture
FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY
-End of Second -Third Quarter Third Quarter - Fourth Quarter -End of School Year
Quarter Examination Examination Examination Rites
-Mid-Year Report -End of Third -End of Third -Graduation Day
-INSET Quarter Quarter -Start of Remedial
-Start of Third -National -National Classes
Quarter Achievement Test Achievement Test
- Parent/Teacher for Grade 6 for Grade 6
Conference – -Start of Fourth -Start of Fourth
Distribution of First Quarter Quarter
Quarter Report Card

MODULE 2:
GEARING UP FOR THE SCHOOL
YEAR

Required Task 3: Write TRUE if the statement is correct; write FALSE if


otherwise.

QUESTION ANSWER REMARKS


The DepEd school calendar for False The DepEd school calendar
each school year does not set always set the specific dates
the specific dates for the for the opening and closing day
opening and closing day of of classes.
classes.
Republic Act 11480, which is True
also known as An Act to
Lengthen the School Calendar
from Two Hundred (200) Days
to Not More Than Two
Hundred Twenty (220) Class
Days
The in-service training is False In-service training is only for
inclusive of the number of days teachers. Learners by this time
required for learners to be in are on their break.
school.
The parent-teacher conference False Learners may not be at school
is inclusive of the number of during parent-teacher
days required for learners to conference.
be in school
Alternative delivery modes or False Make up classes are allowed to
make up classes are not compensate for the unplanned
allowed to be undertaken to suspension of classes due to
compensate for the unplanned natural calamities.
suspension of classes due to
natural calamities.
The Basic Education Learning True
Continuity Plan (BE-LCP) is a
plan that aims to allow learners
to continue their learning
despite any ongoing disasters
like calamities, pandemics, etc

MODULE 2:
GEARING UP FOR THE SCHOOL
YEAR

Session 2: The School Support System

Key Topic 1: Schools and Learning Centers (LCs)

Required Task 1: Policy Reading


Read through the DepEd Order (No. 19, s. 2016) on Guidelines on the Organizational
Structures and Staffing Patterns of Stand-alone and Integrated Public Senior High School (SHS)
and read the following scenarios to identify the services provided and its function in the schools
and learning centers. Determine the teaching or the non-teaching staff who does the service
portrayed.
Scenario Answer Feedback
1. Teacher Leo creates activities to A. Librarian/ School librarian/LRMDS
make sure that learners and LRMDS Coordinator are the one who
teachers access the place were Coordinator keeps the books that students
reading materials and learning will use for their classes.
resources are kept. He also crafts a
schedule of the classes that could
visit the place. He coordinates with
the School Head for the selection,
acquisition, organization, and
maintenance of reference and
reading materials.
a. Librarian/LRMDS Coordinator
b. Guidance Coordinator/Teacher
c. Guidance Counselor
d. Subject/Learning Area
Coordinator/ Department Head
2. Teacher Lorraine is handling a C. Guidance Based on the situation it is the
case of some Grade 7 learners Counselor adviser who caught them
who were caught cheating by their cheating, so basically the
adviser. She calls the attention of adviser reported and seek
the parents and reports to them help of the guidance
what the learners did. Since it is the counselor of the school since
first incident, the learners are they are the one who handled
reprimanded and reminded of the cases like this if the adviser
importance of honesty and of not cannot handle it.
cheating.
a. Librarian/LRMDS Coordinator
b. Guidance Coordinator/Teacher
c. Guidance Counselor
d. Subject/Learning Area
Coordinator/ Department Head
3. Teacher Steffi is conducting a C. Guidance Guidance counselors usually
career guidance and advocacy Counselor conducts career guidance to
seminar to Grade 12 learners the Grade 12 students. It is for
focusing on the four exits the students to know what
envisioned for SHS graduates— they wanted to do and what
namely, higher education, course that will fit for them in
entrepreneurship, employment, or college. Guidance counselors
middle-level skills development. will give advice to them.
Afterward, she gives them a survey
to answer on what they plan for
their career development after
SHS.
a. Librarian/LRMDS Coordinator
b. Guidance Coordinator/Teacher
c. Guidance Counselor
d. Subject/Learning Area
Coordinator/ Department Head
4. Mark Anthony is preparing a D. Administrative Administrative officer usually
budget plan for the continuous Officer prepares financial reports.
improvement of the school for the
month of August. He is also
preparing the financial report for
the month of July. Both reports are
subject to the approval of the
School Head.
a. Guidance Coordinator/Teacher
b. Librarian/LRMDS Coordinator
c. Guidance Counselor
d. Administrative Officer
5. Miss Rhea prepares the receipt, B. Property Property custodians are in-
issuance, maintenance, and Custodian charge with the inventory of
safekeeping of supplies, materials, the properties inside the
and equipment and other school.
properties and facilities of the
school. She also conducts and
maintains the inventory of
properties and prepares the
required reports for the School
Head’s reference.
a. Librarian/LRMDS Coordinator
b. School Nurse
c. Property Custodian
d. Feeding Program Coordinator
MODULE 2:
GEARING UP FOR THE SCHOOL
YEAR

Key Topic 2: School-based Management (SBM)

Required Task 2: Scenario Analysis

To foster harmonious relationships with the wider school community, it is important


to involve learners, parents, and other stakeholders in identifying and resolving issues
and concerns in the school community. Discuss how you can help in each scenario and
involve some key personnel who can help you resolve the following challenges.

Scenario 1

Teacher Lozano, the mother of one of your advisory students, visited you in the school
because of a bullying incident that you are not aware of. She was very angry and
disappointed about what happened because the incident was not addressed and
resolved properly. Her daughter is still afraid and decided not to go to school that day.
The incident happened during science time because the teacher was late to enter the
class. You also had other classes to attend to and had no chance to meet your advisory
class during that time. Who should you seek help to?

In this case where I still have classes to attend, I would seek the help of the
school’s guidance counselor regarding the matter to identify what is the best way to
resolve the issue together with the parent and the students involved. I must be on my
class on time to avoid the same or worse problem. If the bullying continues, then it is the
time that I will seek the help of the school head.

MODULE 2:
GEARING UP FOR THE SCHOOL
YEAR
Scenario 2

Teacher Mary Ann, a fellow teacher whom you consider a friend, messaged you on
Facebook and told you that she will be absent tomorrow. She asked you to substitute all
her five classes. Without letting you respond, she already sent you the learning materials
for her lessons tomorrow. However, you also have classes to attend, and your learners
are expecting to deliver a performance task that they prepared for. What are you going to
do as a colleague and who should you direct her to?

I will reply to her message immediately telling her that I can’t be the substitute for
her five classes because I also have mine to attend. I will advise her to inform her
department head instead. Her department head knows what to do when a teacher from
her department is absent. If the department head is free, she/he can be the substitute
teacher. If the department head is not free, she/he can look at her/his teacher’s teaching
load if who are free during the class of Teacher Mary Ann and if it includes me, I’ll
substitute too.

Scenario 3

Lito, the class president of your advisory class, was elected as the president of the
Supreme Student Government (SSG). After three months, his subject teachers are
having trouble with his class standing because of his frequent absences and non-
submission of required written and performance tasks. Lito is getting overwhelmed with
the various school activities he manages. What are you going to do as the adviser?

I will talk to him in private. I will tell him that he is doing great as the president of
the Supreme Student Government however he still needs to do his responsibilities as a
student. I’ll give him some advice about time management.
MODULE 2:
GEARING UP FOR THE SCHOOL
YEAR

Session 3 – Pre-opening of Classes Preparation

Key Topic 2: Getting to Know the School Structure, Available


Resources/Equipment, etc.

Required Task 1:
List down the different departments/offices/units in your school and write the
corresponding people or personnel in-charge.

Department/Office/Unit Personnel In-Charge


School Principal Dr. Josefina R. Granada
Office/Admin Clerk Cecilia M. Capistrano
Alternative Learning System (ALS) Lisay Comendador
Learning Information System Lisay Comendador
Brigada Eskwela Mauricio Puno
School Feeding Hariet M. Daliva
School Canteen Leny Bucalan
School Clinic Femia E. Recopuerto
SBM Guidance / AD Sylvia A. Acidilla
School Disbursing Berlour Castillo
School Librarian Mirabelle C. Tulud
School Focal Person Lisay Comendador
School Based Management (SBM) Doreta Cartoneros
School Custodian Jozacar Diergos
School Event Management Monina Batadlan
School Disaster Risk Reduction and Blas Obiena
Management (DRRM)
Information and Communication Marjorie Anne Soriano
Technology (ICT)

MODULE 2:
GEARING UP FOR THE SCHOOL
YEAR
Session 4 – Opening of Classes

Key Concept 3: Setting Rules and Routines

Required Task 1: Article Reading

Read an article from Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD)
entitled Power in the Classroom: Creating the Environment. You may access the article
through this link: http://www. ascd.org/publications/books/104020/chapters/Power-in-the-
Classroom@-Creating-the-Environment. aspx
After reading the article, finish the table below:

Concepts I learned from the My thoughts about How I will apply these
article these concepts concepts to my class
(1) Giving students a say in When students are I can apply this concept when
the classroom engaged in something crafting the classroom rules. I
they felt involved. It will believe that they will follow the
also make them feel the rules if they are involved in
sense of freedom. When crafting it because after all, that’s
they felt free, they tend to the product of their mind.
express themselves
more.
(2) Helping students gain Giving them recognition Appreciating student’s efforts and
recognition will simply encourage every achievement. Even by
them to always do better simply saying “very good” and
and to study hard. “well done” means a lot to them.
(3) Adopting other classroom We can adopt other I will give varied tasks and
procedures designed to help classroom procedures activities to my learners that will
students gain personal that are designed to help suit their ability.
empowerment in school. students gain personal
empowerment in school.

MODULE 2:
GEARING UP FOR THE SCHOOL
YEAR
Required Task 2: True or False
True or False Write TRUE if the statement is correct; write FALSE if otherwise.
QUESTION ANSWER FEEDBACK
1. First impressions are important, True First impressions is very important
so you must set a good first specially in building good relationship to
impression to your learners, my learners, their parents, and my co-
their parents, and your co- teachers. It is the time they will try to
teachers. know you and probably one the most
memorable things for some of them.
When it’s my first time meeting them, I’ll
see to it that they will see me as someone
that’s comfortable to be with, trustworthy,
and respectful.
2. In your first contact with your True Despite of being unsure of some things,
learners, co-teachers, and teachers tend to act when in front of the
parents, you need to display learners, parents, and even in front of
confidence and show that you their co-teachers. It is to build and gain
know what you are doing even the trust from them.
in things that you are not so
sure about.
3. You should only do what is False On the beginning of the school year, as a
instructed for you to do at the teacher, I am the one who can
beginning of the school year. understand my students. Students are
different that requires different approach
for me to build establish rapport. As
teacher, I am necessarily having to follow
only what’s instructed to me especially if it
is no longer applicable.
4. You should model how to True Some students are shy and haven’t built
introduce oneself at the enough confidence to introduce
beginning of the school year. themselves. Teachers are considered as
models, so we should model on how to
introduce oneself so that students can
introduce themselves the right way.
5. Rules play a significant aspect True Classroom rules helps in maintaining a
in helping to define the safe and effective classroom
classroom situation environment.
MODULE 2:
GEARING UP FOR THE SCHOOL
YEAR

Session 5 – Handling Advisory Classes


Required Task 1: Introductory Activity
As you go over the activity, write your reflections below by answering the questions that
follow. Limit your answers to all the three questions below into a maximum of 600 words.
Guide Questions:

1. What is the role of a teacher to his/her learners?


2. How do you think are those roles manifested in being a classroom adviser?
3. So far, how was your experience as a classroom adviser?

Teacher plays a vital role to his/her learners. Helping my students to have a


meaningful learning and to become globally competitive are my goals. It is my
responsibility as a teacher to help the students realize their full potential. The In addition,
teacher like me is considered as the second parent. As a parent who value their children,
I must be an instrument in promoting child-friendly, gender-sensitive, safe, and motivating
environment. Those roles are manifested in being a classroom adviser through
implementing and applying it inside the classroom. Performing his/her duties and
responsibilities wholeheartedly for the learners.
I became a class adviser for months. It was challenging yet very fulfilling since it
was during the peak of the pandemic. For two years, I only experienced a modular set-
up. I became a challenge for me on how to make the continuity of the learning possible
for my students. It is also a challenge for me on how I can establish a good relationship
with my students when face-to-face is impossible. However, these challenges were
addressed by home visitation and by keeping in touch with my students and their parents
through social media platforms like messenger.
MODULE 2:
GEARING UP FOR THE SCHOOL
YEAR

Key Topic 1: Being a Class Adviser


Required Task 1: Homeroom Guidance Plan
Using the module provided above, create a Homeroom Guidance Plan for the first
quarter of the school year.

Date Activities Outputs


When is Homeroom Guidance What activities do you plan What are the expected outputs
scheduled? You may consult to do in your Homeroom from learners and/or
with your mentor. Guidance? You may consult documentation of evidence?
with your mentor.
-Performance based -Valuable learning that can be
Every Friday of the Week activities that are life documented through pictures,
reflective audio, or video recording
-Peer-to-peer sharing and -Reflection Paper
coaching
-Reflection writing about Worksheets
student’s behavior and
ethical manners
-Recreational activities such Portfolio
as fames that can be
integrated to homeroom
guidance
Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Cluster 5

EM’s SIGNAL VILLAGE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

MODULE 3
Session 1
Positive Discipline in Physical and
Virtual Learning Environment
Session 2
Positive Teacher-Student Relations

INTENDED COURSE
LEARNING
OUTCOME
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. manage learner behavior constructively by applying
positive and non-violent discipline to maintain trust and
fairness in the classroom (2.6.2, 2.2.2);
2. Identify basic concepts related to classroom management
and positive discipline (2.3.2);
3. determine actions in building good relationships with the
learners (2.2.2; 2.4.2); and
4. apply positive and non-violent discipline to ensure
learning-focused environments (2.6.2).

MODULE 3:
Creating and Engaging Physical
and Virtual Learning
Key Topic 1: Establishing Safe and Secure Learning
Environment
Required Task 1: Scenario Analysis
Read and analyze each scenario. Try to identify different methods of developing
discipline among learners by answering the questions after every case.

Scenarios Possible Answer and Points for


Feedback
Case 1: On Being Tardy The first thing that I will do is talk to my
Rhea: I live a few kilometers away from my student. I want my student to feel that I
school. In the morning, sometimes I must want to be a part of the solution, that I want
fetch water and cook food for my siblings to help her. I will ask her if what were her
before I can go to school. I have no money reasons why she always late. Knowing the
for transport, so I walk to school. Learners reasons will help me help her on what to do
in our school get late slips when we don’t to avoid being late always. I can give her an
arrive on time. I don’t want to get too many. advice like starting to do her household
chores earlier. I’ll also explain to her that
Rhea’s teacher: I must make sure the tardiness is never okay and if she can
children understand that coming late to avoid, it is better.
school is not acceptable. They must know If tardiness will continue after my advice,
that there are consequences for their then it’s time for me do my next action. The
tardiness. I always give them punishment. next thing that thing that I need to do is to
Some of them are even used to it. They just have my attendance checking at the start of
offer themselves up because they know I my class. By keeping my record, I can keep
don’t listen to any excuses. track my student’s attendance. I will know if
who among my students are late, including
What alternative/s to corporal punishment Rhea. Finally, I ‘ll make her understand that
could suggest to the teacher? her action affects the whole class. For
example: As a language teacher, I am
advice to have a short spelling activity
before starting my class. I will not start the
activity until everyone is on the class, by
that Rhea will understand the consequence
of her action.

Case 2: On Disruptive Behavior The best thing that the teacher can do is to
Marcus: I am feeling good today. I am talk to Marcus in private. Embarrassing him
telling funny stories, and everyone is on public is never the solution. It may affect
laughing. The teacher tries to tell me to stop him psychologically, after all, Marcus is still
talking, but I want to show everyone that I a child that needs guidance. The teacher
am not afraid. I am tough and cannot be may remind Marcus on their classroom
bossed around by a teacher. rules and regulation and the need for him to
follow these to have an organized class.
Marcus’ teacher: I must ensure that the
class is well behaved. Otherwise, they will
just get out of control, and I will not be able
to teach. The learners will take over and
other teachers will laugh at me. I will put
Marcus in his place by embarrassing him
publicly. I will make an example out of
Marcus so that learners will not dare to
show disrespect by making noise in my
class.

What alternative action/s could you offer to


the teacher in order to promote positive
discipline?
Case 3: On Giving a Wrong Response to a Teachers need to understand the individual
Question differences among students. Some
students will understand the lesson
Clark: I am so nervous in class. I am afraid immediately while some requires more
that the teacher is going to ask a question explanation. What I can advise to the
when I don’t know the answer. Even if the teacher is whenever he/she is having
answer is obvious, sometimes when the his/her discussion, he/she should ask
teacher looks at me, I can’t speak. I his/her students if they understand the
become scared and just remain quiet. I lesson/topic. He/She should make his/her
know everyone is staring at me and students feel that it is okay to ask
laughing, but what can I do? I just can’t risk questions. The teacher must establish an
giving the wrong answer. Even in tests, I environment wherein students can feel that
feel so afraid and always fail because I they have the freedom to ask questions.
don’t know how to answer the questions. I About the problem wherein he fails the
just don’t understand anything that is being exam due to not understanding the lesson,
taught, and I don’t want to be laughed at. the teacher can give a remedial activity for
The best thing is to stay quiet or just leave him.
that question blank on the test.

Clark’s teacher: This boy is insulting me by


not paying attention. How many times have
I taught this thing? Is he not listening? I am
tired of trying hard when a student in a
class does not care. Last week, he failed
the test and now he doesn’t even know the
answer to this simple question. I am going
to reprimand this boy so that everyone will
learn that when I teach, they must pay
attention. They should know the right
answer before I ask the question!

What alternative action/s could you suggest


promoting positive discipline?
Case 4: On Absenteeism The student no longer has the motivation or
Elna: Sometimes my mother sends me to interest to attend classes. The teacher’s
sell things at the market and I can’t go to action is inappropriate. The first need to
school. Sometimes I feel bored on the way know the reasons for the lack of interest.
to school and visit my friend instead of She can ask the students about her
going to school. Sometimes I don’t like reasons or have a home visitation. Having a
being in a class where the teacher always home visitation will help the teacher to
asks me questions and looks at me in a understand her student’s behavior. During
funny way. I know that I am not going far home visitation, the teacher can have the
after the 2nd year High School, so what’s opportunity to talk with the student’s
the point? I might as well do what I want. parents. Parents play a big role in student’s
educational life; they must be involved in
Elna’s teacher: We can’t have learners making decision about their children’s
missing class whenever they want. Her behavior.
case should serve as an example so that
her behavior doesn’t spread. In the morning
assembly, I will reprimand her, and give her
a final warning. If she doesn’t listen, she will
be recommended to drop out of this school.
We can’t have learners undermining
authority at this school.

What alternative action/s do you suggest


promoting positive discipline?
Case 5: On Bullying Bullying is never acceptable. I understand
Kurt: I am the toughest boy in this school. the need for an immediate action for the
Everyone fears me, and I need to make behavior however what the teacher had
sure that no one gets away with done is unacceptable. There is no need for
undermining my status. I keep others’ the teacher to announce to the class. The
respect by showing them what might teacher may talk to the students in private.
happen if they don’t fear me. I tease small The teacher also needs to remind him the
girls, and sometimes rough up an annoying consequences of his actions towards other
boy. Everyone in school knows not to cross people and to the school. If bullying
me. They know my father is tough at home continues, then it’s the time for him to be
and I am tough at school. sent in the guidance counselor. The
guidance counselor will call the parents of
Kurt’s teacher: This boy is a problem. He is the learners since the problem started at
making other children miserable and giving home.
our school a bad name. Today in assembly,
I will announce to all learners that we do not
tolerate such behavior. I will send him to the
guidance counselor. I will warn him that if
he persists, we will expel him from school.

What alternative action/s do you suggest


promoting positive discipline?
Case 6: On Adaptability Struggle Students are different. Some students can
adapt easily to the changes of learning
Janelle: Online learning is new to me. I am modality while some will not or may take
used to face to face classes. I will inform my time to adapt. The teacher should be
teacher that I cannot attend online classes considerate in giving tasks and give ample
regularly and I cannot submit my time to submit their output. The pandemic
requirements on time. may bring stress to the part of some
students and adding stress to them may not
Janelles’s teacher: This student may just be help to their mental health. Communicating
making an excuse for not attending our to them during this time is very important to
online classes and not submitting on time. understand their reasons of some of them
As their teacher, I need to be able to cannot attend online classes and can’t
communicate to my class that I will not submit their requirements on time.
tolerate complacency and that this rule
must equally and strictly apply to all. .

What alternative action/s could you suggest


promoting positive discipline?
Case 7: Technical Issues Teachers must be a part of the solution and
not part of the problem. In this case where
Allen: I really wanted to pass the subject, students really want to catch up with the
attend our online classes on time and learn discussion, the teacher must resort to other
our lessons well. But because of my poor modality, which is giving him printed
internet connection and I am only using a materials. In that way, Allen can cope with
mobile phone, it is difficult for me to catch the lesson and will not be left out. If the
up with the discussions as well as with the teacher cannot do that, then, he/she must
required tasks. Everyone is doing a great record his/her discussions and send it to
job except me. I think I should just drop out Allen. Giving ample time to Allen to submit
from school. his output is also a great help.

Allen’s teacher: I noticed that Allen is


having difficulty with internet connection
since he keeps signing on and off during
our online classes. If this continues, there’s
no way for him to understand our lessons
as well as other students in the class.
However, I have to treat my students
equally to avoid favoritism. I should not give
him special treatment.

What alternative action/s could you suggest


promoting positive?

MODULE 3:
Creating and Engaging Physical
and Virtual Learning
Required Task 2: Scenario Analysis

Read the following scenarios and identify the issue/s portrayed. Determine what
principle/s for positive child discipline6 could be used to address the/ those issue/s.
You may write the letter of possible responses below and you may choose as many
responses as possible.
a. Respect the child’s dignity
b. Develop prosocial behavior, self-discipline, and character
c. Maximize the child’s active participation
d. Respect the child’s developmental needs and quality of life
e. Respect the child’s motivation and life views
f. Assure fairness (equity and non-discrimination) and justice
g. Promote solidarity

Situations Answers Feedback


1. During the group activity of b. Develop prosocial Address to resolve the
Teacher Justin for his behavior, self- misbehavior in a timely and
Classroom Observation (CO), discipline, and appropriate way.
two of his pupils started arguing character.
with each other, which caused
noise and distracted their
classmates. Teacher Justin
then told them to stay away
from each other and that he will
deal with the both after class.
2. Teacher Gemma prepared a c. Maximize the child’s Always provide time allotment in
very engaging group activity for active participation. doing group activity so that
his Grade 7 during her CO. students are aware of the time
Because of the learners’ remaining.
enthusiasm and excitement,
Teacher Gemma exceeded her
time allotment for the said
activity, and therefore affected
the remaining parts of the
lesson.
3. During the class of Sir b. Develop prosocial Always address the misconduct
Christopher, there was an on- behavior, self- of the students in an appropriate
going group activity for his discipline, and way. Talked to them privately and
learners. Most of the pupils character. explain their inappropriate
were quiet except for this one f. Assure fairness behavior may affect the entire
group wherein two pupils were (equity and non- class.
talking about unrelated topics discrimination) and
loudly, disrupting the other justice
groups. He approached them
and with a soft voice he said to
them, “It seems that you forgot
our rules during class activities,
just wait until our class is
finished and see what happens
then”. The two suddenly
quieted down and went on with
their activity
4. During the General a. Respect the child’s Embarrassing the child in front of
Mathematics class of Ma’am dignity the class is never an answer.
Princess, she noticed that Gian d. Respect the child’s This action may affect their
was sleeping. “Rise and shine, developmental needs mental help that may result to a
Gian! It’s time for your and quality of life loss of interest in attending
breakfast”, Ma’am Princess classes. What the teacher should
shouted and the whole class to is to be kind always. The
giggled. Immediately, Gian sat teacher can talk to the students
properly and became attentive in private after the class to avoid
for the whole duration of Ma’am embarrassing the student. In
Princess’s class. talking to the students, the
teacher will know the possible
reason why the students had
done such action. What if the
child can’t have enough sleep
because she is a working student
or she had a problem at home,
and you are now adding fire to
her problems.

5. Ma’am Trisha scheduled her e. Respect the child’s Prevent making comparisons
First CO in her Grade 4 motivation and life between students because each
MAPEH Class. During their views of them learns in a different or
discussion, she noticed that f. Assure fairness unique way. Always treat your
among the learners, Carl was (equity and non- students with respect.
the most attentive and discrimination) and
participative. After asking a justice.
question, she then called Amy
to answer, “I don’t know”, Amy
replied nervously. Then Ma’am
Trisha told her pupils that they
should be more like Carl to be
able to answer as much as
possible.
6. Teacher Cora records the c. Maximize the child’s The teacher should call out the
learners’ performances and active participation. attention of the pupils after the
outputs during synchronous g. Promote solidarity. online class to the teacher should
and asynchronous activities. call out the attention of the pupils
She noticed some incomplete after the online class to discuss
activities compiled by the their incomplete activities not
learners. During her online during the lesson to avoid
class, Teacher Cora asked the embarrassment.
learners to share their online
experiences. After some
important sharing they proceed
to the activities where Teacher
Cora prepared. Teacher Cora
called for the learners who
have concerns based on record
to actively participate and give
immediate feedback to the
participation

Required Task 3: Quiz

A. Positive or Negative: Determine each teacher’s action if it signifies positive


disciplinary action or negative disciplinary action.
Actions Answers Feedback
1. Acting in the way that you Positive Be a good role model to your
want the children to act learners.
(modelling)
2. Forming small groups in Positive Encourages collaboration and
online synchronous activities participation.
3. Getting the student’s attention Positive This helps in creating a good
before you begin class classroom.
4.Making assumptions on Negative Avoid biases and prejudices to
student abilities without evidence students without any form of
or data evidence.
5. Using physical force Negative Corporal punishment should never
be an option to any misbehavior of
students. Teacher are not
permitted to use physical force
because it is against the child
protection policy.
MODULE 3:
Creating and Engaging Physical
and Virtual Learning

Required Task 4: Reflection

The following are some ways that can help you create a motivating and conducive
environment. How are you going to illustrate these ways in your own classroom?
Limit your response to 100-150 words per question.

a. Hold and communicate high behavioral expectations for your learners and
yourself?
Teachers should set high behavioral expectations to his learners and to
himself. Having a high behavioral expectation doesn’t mean the teacher became too
strict to the extent where the students feel no freedom at all. Having a good
relationship with the students is very important because it will affect their motivation
in learning. Believing in what the students can do and they should always strive to
achieve their best. Teachers should be the model of high behavioral expectations
and teach the students about growth mindset, focusing on effort not excellent,
expressing unconditional positive regards, and setting achievable and realistic task.

b. Establish clear rules and procedures and instruct learners on how to follow them.
Give primary-level learners a great deal of instruction, practice, and reminding.
Classroom rules and procedures is important to have an organized
classroom. To establish clear rules and procedure for my learners, I will let them be
involved in making the rules and procedures for the classroom as well as the
consequences when they failed to follow the rules set by them. I will post it inside
the classroom for them to be constantly reminded about it.
MODULE 3:
Creating and Engaging Physical
and Virtual Learning

Required Task 3: Quiz True or False.


Write TRUE if the statement used positive discipline, or FALSE if it did not.
Scenario Answers Feedback

1. At the very first day of the school year, True Teacher must value the importance of a
Teacher Joy enforces classroom rules well-organized classroom. An organized
promptly, consistently, and equitably. classroom means the students are
disciplined. Discipline is part of what the
students need to learn in school. On the
first day of school, the students must
know what are expected from them.
2. Ma’am Carol believes that it is a waste of False Teacher must continuously develop
time to devote time in teaching self- learners self-monitoring skills as it is part
monitoring skills. of their growth and development.
3. Teacher Michael ensures that he maintains True This ensures that the students have a
instructional pace of his lesson for the day learning continuity. This will help them
and makes smooth transitions between remember the lesson.
activities.
4. Monitor classroom activities and give True Feedbacks helps the students to
learners feedback and reinforcement understand what the things are they still
regarding their behavior. must learn and improve. Teachers must
give their feedback in positive way.
Teachers must avoid any actions that
may lead to discouragement from the
students.
5. Evelyn makes sure that there would be one False It is never a goal of a good teacher to
item in her quizzes that would be very discriminate students. Teachers should
difficult for learners to answer in order to value fairness in class and have a realistic
discriminate the very good learners from the assessment.
rest.
Session 2: Positive Relationships
Key Topic 1: Building Positive Relationships with Learners

Required Task 2: Checklist


What practices should be done by teachers to build good relationships with
learners? Put a check (/) next to the statements that reflects good practice and an
“X” mark if otherwise.
Statements Answers Feedback
1. Interacting respectfully and sensitively X Every student deserves to be
are only important to elementary school respected.
learners.
2. Treating the learners kindly and / When students are treated
respectfully in the classroom is enough to kindly and respectfully, they
bolster academic achievement. will be motivated to learn.
3. Taking no notice of relationships / In the classroom, the teacher
during the teaching and learning process should learn to treat fairly all
students.
4. Awareness of explicit and implicit / Being aware of the explicit and
messages given to learners is important. implicit messages given to the
students promotes a good
relationship with the students.
5. Modelling behavior to learners, / Teachers can influence the
whether intentional or unintentional, is learner’s behavior and outlook
important. in life. They must serve as a
good role model to guide the
learners.

Key Topic 2: Maintaining Trust and Fairness in the


Classroom
Required Task 3: Reflection
List down the routines you set for your classroom both as an adviser and a
subject teacher and ask a colleague to share his/ her own rules he/she has in his/her
own class.
My Classroom Routine as an My Routines I Set as a The Routines my Colleagues
Adviser Subject Teacher Set in Class
 Greet my students.  Greet my students.  Greet the students.
 Prayer  Prayer  Prayer
 Checking of attendance  Checking of  Checking of
 Have a short attendance attendance.
conversation with them  Have a short  Review
like how are they feeling conversation with  Giving a quick
today. them like how are energizer.
 Give a quick energizer to they feeling today.  Start the class
awaken the mood.  Give a quick discussion.
 Remind the house rules energizer to awaken
and their duties and the mood.
responsibilities.  Remind the house
 Start the class rules and their
discussion. duties and
responsibilities.
 Start the class
discussion.

Required Task 4: Oath of Promoting Trust and Fairness (Output for


Portfolio)
Accomplish the oath below and write three tasks you intend to do that will help you
promote trust and fairness in your own classroom.

OATH OF PROMOTING TRUST AND FAIRNESS


I, GLADYS L. SAMUTYA, a newly hired teacher, do solemnly swear to abide by the
following tasks on promoting trust and fairness to my learners:

a. I will promote a gender sensitive and safe environment for my students.


b. I will promote inclusive education, free from all forms of bias.
c. I will impose nondiscriminatory rules that give equal opportunity to my
students.

GLADYS L. SAMUTYA
(Signature over Printed Name)
Required Task 5: Agree or Disagree
Read each statement and identify if you agree or disagree with it. Share your
thoughts on the next column.
Statements Answer
1. We should tell our learners how we expect AGREE
everyone to behave in class (our learners
and ourselves) and discuss these
expectations regularly.
2. We must inform our school’s AGREE
administrators, other teachers, and parents
about our classroom rules, so they can help
to monitor them and to avoid conflicting
expectations.
3. The rules we develop with our learners AGREE
must be applied consistently with no
favoritism.
4. We must constantly be aware of what is AGREE
going on in and outside of our classrooms,
and our monitoring must be subtle and
preventative
5. We cannot get angry or lose self-control, AGREE
but be role models for good behavior, and
follow the rules.
6. When discipline is necessary, it focuses on AGREE
the learner’s behavior, not the learner. The
learner’s dignity is maintained.
7. We need to encourage learners to monitor AGREE
their own behavior, such as by keeping
diaries. They also need to monitor each
other’s behavior with respect.
8. In teaching, we should not use ambiguous AGREE
or vague terms. Activities should be
sequenced clearly and with as few
interruptions as possible.

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