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Writing and Language Test

3 5 M I N U T E S, 4 4 QU E ST IONS

Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you
will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For
other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in
sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by
one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising
and editing decisions.

Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will
direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole.

After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively
improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the
conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option.
Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the
passage as it is.
...................................................................................................................................

Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. 1

A) NO CHANGE
For the Love of Coffee B) they introduced coffee
C) their introduction of coffee
Ever since 1 introducing coffee to Italy several
D) coffee was introduced
centuries ago, it has been a ubiquitous part of Italian
culture. 2 However, coffee is so central to Italian
2
culture that one cannot visit any city or town in Italy A) NO CHANGE
without seeing several coffeehouses (called caffetterie in B) In fact,
C) Even so,
D) Despite this history,

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Italian). Such coffeehouses have existed since 1640, when 3

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the first was established in Venice, and 3 it has since A) NO CHANGE
B) it will
become a part of Italy’s national identity. It is not
C) they have
uncommon in Italy for people to make two to three trips
D) they had
a day to their favorite caffetteria, and often people are so
selective about their coffee that they will frequent only 4
one establishment. But it is not simply the coffee that A) NO CHANGE
B) who loves
creates such enthusiasm for coffeehouses among those
C) who love
4 which love them; the social aspect of the caffetteria
D) whom love
may play nearly as great a role as the coffee itself.

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Each caffetteria functions as a social hub in its 5

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neighborhood, and the way in which most patrons A) NO CHANGE
B) contributes
consume their coffee 5 contribute to this fact. Few
C) contributing
caffetteria patrons sit at tables, since most coffeehouses in
D) which contributes
Italy charge a premium for table service, 6 although
sometimes it’s worth the cost to be able to sit and rest. 6
Nor can patrons take their drinks elsewhere: to-go cups Which choice gives an example that most clearly
supports the statement made earlier in the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) a fee that can amount to three to four times as
much as the price per drink.
C) which can come as a surprise to tourists who are
not forewarned.
D) which simply means being waited on at your
table.

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7

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are not available at typical coffeehouses. 7 Instead,
most regular patrons of a caffetteria drink their coffee Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
standing. They do this, often shoulder-to-shoulder, at a
A) Instead, most regular patrons of a caffetteria
counter or bar. Normally, those drinking their coffee at a drink their coffee standing, often
shoulder-to-shoulder, at a counter or bar.
bar will also chat with each other and the person making
B) Instead, most regular patrons of a
coffee behind the bar. This practice, which combines caffetteria drink their coffee, often standing
shoulder-to-shoulder, which they do at a
social interaction with coffee drinking, is the most counter or bar.
popular way to enjoy a cup of coffee in Italy. C) Instead, most regular patrons of a caffetteria
drink their coffee; they do it often standing
shoulder-to-shoulder at a counter or bar.
D) Most regular patrons of a caffetteria drink their
coffee shoulder-to-shoulder at a counter or bar,
standing there instead.

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8 Indeed, many Italian coffee enthusiasts agree

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8
that there is only one 9 correct way to make coffee: this Which choice best introduces the paragraph?
involves filtering water through freshly ground coffee A) Coffee consumption does not necessarily have to
take place in a caffetteria; espresso-based drinks
beans at specific temperatures and pressures, which can also be made in the home.
produces the concentrated form of coffee known as B) In Italy, the fervor for the coffee-drinking
experience extends beyond the drinking of coffee
espresso. This type of coffee is drunk in Italy in several to the making of it and the timing of its
consumption.
C) There are as many different ways to make coffee
in Italy as there are coffee drinkers, and there is
little agreement about which way is best.
D) Not all Italians share in this enthusiasm for
coffee, of course.

9
A) NO CHANGE
B) correct and proper
C) properly correct
D) appropriate and correct

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forms, either unadulterated or with varying amounts of 10

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milk, and each form has a different name. An espresso A) NO CHANGE
B) is a cappuccino, for example:
mixed with frothed and steamed milk 10 is a
C) is, a cappuccino for example—
cappuccino: for example, while an espresso with just a
D) is a cappuccino, for example,
dollop of steamed milk on top is a caffè macchiato. There
are also respected traditions about when these different 11
coffee drinks should be consumed: while cappuccino is a At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following sentence.
popular morning drink, espresso, either plain or diluted
These espresso-based coffee drinks have become
with water, is usually the drink of choice for coffee increasingly popular in the United States over
the past several decades.
drinkers in Italy in the afternoon and evening. 11
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it adds force to the writer’s
argument about the popularity of coffeehouses
in Italy.
B) Yes, because it elaborates on the statement in the
previous sentence about different types of
drinks.
C) No, because it suggests that coffee drinking is
not as popular in Italy as the writer claims it is.
D) No, because it digresses from the main topic of
how coffee is regarded in Italy.

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Questions 12-22 are based on the following passage 12

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and supplementary material.
A) NO CHANGE
B) Arctic, a
A Study in Arctic Migration C) Arctic; a
Each year, many species of shorebirds migrate from D) Arctic; which is a

locations in the Southern Hemisphere to their breeding

grounds in the 12 Arctic. A journey of thousands of 13
A) NO CHANGE
kilometers that requires frequent stops to fuel up. The
B) year, the shorebirds never fail
risk of death is significant, and the Arctic is an C) year, yet the shorebirds never fail
inhospitable region for most of the 13 year, yet the D) year; yet the shorebirds never failing
shorebirds never failing to make their annual pilgrimage.
Come spring, the Arctic becomes a suitable habitat, 14
A) NO CHANGE
providing many benefits: an abundant supply of food,
B) Arctic, regardless of latitude
permanent daylight, ample nesting space, fewer C) Arctic, regardless of latitude,
pathogens, and fewer predators to invade the nests of D) Arctic: regardless of latitude,
these ground-dwelling birds. These benefits are found in
all regions of the 14 Arctic regardless of latitude yet 15
A) NO CHANGE
some shorebirds continue on to the high Arctic. If these
B) mortality if they keep going.
birds are simply looking for open space and enough food C) mortality and death.
to eat, then why not end their long journey in the low D) mortality.
Arctic? Continuing on to the north requires more fuel
and carries an even greater risk of 15 mortality if the
birds continue on. The most likely reason certain
shorebirds head to the high Arctic is to escape their
predators.

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[1] A four-year study by a team of Canadian 16

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scientists, headed by student Laura McKinnon of the A) NO CHANGE
B) provides
Université du Québec, 16 provide evidence in support of
C) are providing
this hypothesis. [2] The scientists created artificial nests
D) have provided
that resembled a typical shorebird’s nest. [3] Then each
year, during the shorebirds’ breeding season, forty of the 17
nests were placed in each of seven locations that ranged A) NO CHANGE
B) quail eggs,
in latitude from the low Arctic to the high Arctic.
C) quail eggs’,
[4] Each nest had been baited with four 17 quail egg’s,
D) quails eggs,
which are similar in size and shape to a shorebird’s eggs.
[5] The scientists returned to the nests many times over 18
nine days to check how many eggs remained in the nests. To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5
should be placed
[6] A nest was said to have survived if, at the end of the
A) where it is now.
nine days, it contained at least one undisturbed quail egg. B) after sentence 1.
18 C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 6.

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Nest Survival by Site 19

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100
A) NO CHANGE
80 B) sites
(percent of initial)
Surviving nests

C) sites, however,
60
D) sites, in addition,
40

20 20
Which choice makes the writer’s description of data
0 represented in the figure most accurate?
0 2 4 6 8 10
Day A) NO CHANGE
B) numbers of predators invading the nests
82°N 73°N decreased
63°N 53°N
C) percent of surviving nests decreased
Adapted from L. McKinnon et al., “Lower Predation Risk for Migratory D) percent of surviving nests increased
Birds at High Latitudes.” ©2010 by American Association for the
Advancement of Science.

21
The figure shows the results for the nesting 19 sites,
Which choice makes the writer’s description of data
furthermore, at four of the seven locations, averaged over represented in the figure most accurate?
the four years of the study. The 20 number of predators A) NO CHANGE
B) surviving nests was smaller
invading the nests increased over time at each location.
C) surviving nests remained the same
This result confirmed that predators were present at the D) eggs was much lower
researchers’ chosen locations. The researchers found that
the percent of 21 surviving nests was greater at locations
having higher latitudes. For example, on day 9,
approximately 55 percent of nests were found to have
survived at the 82°N location compared to approximately
10 percent of nest survival at the 63°N location. This

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study provides the first known quantifiable evidence for 22

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the previously unanswered question of why shorebirds Which choice most effectively combines the
underlined sentences?
continue on to the high Arctic. 22 The shorebirds risk
A) Although the shorebirds risk their own survival
their own survival by flying farther. Their offspring have by flying farther, their offspring have a better
chance of survival because fewer predators
a better chance of survival because fewer predators invade the nests.
invade the nests. B) The shorebirds risk their own survival because
they fly farther; in addition, their offspring have
a better chance of survival because fewer
predators invade the nests.
C) Flying farther and risking their own survival is
what the shorebirds do, and this gives their
offspring a better chance of survival because
fewer predators invade the nests.
D) The shorebirds’ offspring have a better chance of
survival, fewer predators invade their nests, and
they risk their own survival by flying farther.

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Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage. 23

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A) NO CHANGE
Teaching the World to Swing B) emulate
C) adhere to
In 1924, when jazz trumpeter Louis Armstrong
D) cohere with
rehearsed with Fletcher Henderson’s band for the first
time, he shocked Henderson by refusing to 23 bond
24
with the score as written and playing notes at whatever A) NO CHANGE
volume he wanted. The other band members, who were B) improvisations they
used to playing standard dance music in meticulous, C) improvisations; they
D) improvisations, they
predictable arrangements, purportedly responded to
Armstrong’s untraditional methods with skepticism and
25
derision. Over a short time, though, Armstrong won over A) NO CHANGE
Henderson and the band with his undeniably brilliant B) Armstrong-performed solos
musical talent. C) by Armstrong
D) Armstrong solos
As band members grew to admire Armstrong’s
masterful 24 improvisations. They in turn began to
26
experiment with incorporating improvised solos of their
At this point, the writer is considering adding the
own. In one of the earliest recordings of Armstrong following sentence.

playing with Henderson’s band, the band mainly follows With these stunning solos, Armstrong became a
sensation with the patrons of local dance halls.
the standard written arrangement of a dance song. The
Should the writer make this addition here?
exceptions are a couple of short solos—not only A) Yes, because it sets up the quotation in the
following sentence.
25 Armstrong’s performances but also by saxophonist
B) Yes, because it explains why Armstrong was
Coleman Hawkins. Not long afterward, the group’s style skilled at improvisation.
transformed dramatically. A 1925 recording of C) No, because it merely repeats an idea stated
earlier in the paragraph.
“Sugarfoot Stomp” by Henderson’s band features an
D) No, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph.
extended solo by Armstrong, his trumpet blazing out
against the saxophone backup. 26 Band member
Howard Scott recalls a particular night at the Roseland
Ballroom: “My goodness, people stopped dancing to
come around and listen to him. . . . The next night you
couldn’t get into the place.”

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27 In addition to incorporating solos into its 27

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performances, the band evolved in other ways. The writer wants a transition that makes a
connection to the main topic of the previous
Henderson had been working with musician and paragraph. Which choice best accomplishes this
composer Don Redman to develop arrangements of goal?
A) NO CHANGE
songs that used a call-and-response 28 structure.
B) Thanks to the enthusiastic patrons of
According to jazz historians Gary Giddins and Scott New York City dance halls,
DeVeaux, Redman acknowledged that he had, in fact, C) In addition to performing music arranged by
Don Redman,
29 adjusted and altered the structure of his musical D) Despite their reputation as a somewhat
arrangements in part to accommodate Armstrong’s conservative dance orchestra,

distinct style. Giddins and DeVeaux describe the result as

28
The writer is considering revising the underlined
portion to the following.
structure that, for example, featured a melody
played by the saxophone section followed by an
answer from the trumpet section.
Should the writer make this revision?
A) Yes, because it mentions the musical instrument
that was associated with Armstrong.
B) Yes, because it clarifies a term used to describe
Redman’s arrangements.
C) No, because it interrupts the discussion of
Redman’s arrangements with irrelevant
information.
D) No, because it diverges from the paragraph’s
point about Henderson.

29
A) NO CHANGE
B) adjusted and changed
C) adjusted, through reworking,
D) adjusted

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music 30
30 that, “began to take on a commanding 30

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directness and sharper rhythmic gait.” A) NO CHANGE
B) that—
Armstrong left Henderson’s band in 1925. His
C) that
influence, 31
31 for instance, is discernible in the band’s
D) that:
later recordings. The collaboration between Armstrong
and Henderson had put into motion a significant stylistic 31
A) NO CHANGE
B) therefore,
C) likewise,
D) however,

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shift in jazz music: the polished sound of dance-hall 32

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music had given 32 away to the prominent solo features A) NO CHANGE
B) way to
and call-and-response 33 arrangements, that would
C) in to
become hallmarks of the 1930s swing era music.
D) away for

33
A) NO CHANGE
B) arrangements, which
C) arrangements, these
D) arrangements that

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Questions 34-44 are based on the following passage. 34

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To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 3
Cleveland Rocks (for Artists) should be placed
A) where it is now.
[1] It used to be that a move to a metropolis such as
B) after sentence 1.
New York City was an inevitable step for aspiring artists. C) after sentence 4.
[2] Back when geography was everything, an artist had to D) after sentence 6.
get her painting, song, poem, or dance in front of as large
an audience as possible. [3] To some degree, these tales 35
A) NO CHANGE
may have been true. [4] That was much easier in a city
B) artists
with a teeming population. [5] Geographical proximity C) one
helped artists meet other artists, be inspired by them, and D) you
compete with them. [6] Stories of talented, ambitious
young people getting by on “pluck and luck” in the big 36
A) NO CHANGE
city were commonplace. [7] These days, however, they
B) however,
are more fiction than fact. 34
C) consequently,
Today the United States economy is much less D) for instance,
forgiving. Once 35 an artist could make a living as a
temporary office worker or a waiter, leaving plenty of
time to practice your art. In many of the nation’s largest
cities, 36 therefore, this life is no longer possible. There
are very few cheap, empty lofts waiting to be transformed
with an attitude and a paintbrush. Real estate prices have
skyrocketed, and survival, for all but the luckiest few, has

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become more difficult. In many large cities, affordable 37

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theaters, jazz cafes, and art galleries are being replaced by Which choice most effectively sets up the list of
examples that follows in the sentence and completes
37 other places, including expensive restaurants, couture the contrast introduced earlier in the sentence?
boutiques, and exclusive nightclubs, so there are fewer A) NO CHANGE
and fewer opportunities for the artist just starting out. B) locations where artists are unlikely to spend
money:
When business leaders in New York, for example, go C) upscale venues such as
38 so far as to declare the city a “luxury brand,” they are D) attractive options such as
not appealing to potential customers who struggle to
survive as artists. 38
A) NO CHANGE
B) too far
C) farther
D) DELETE the underlined portion.

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One exception to this trend 39 is Cleveland, Ohio; a 39

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great place for young artists. Once a center for A) NO CHANGE
B) is: Cleveland, Ohio, a
manufacturing, Cleveland still boasts a well-maintained
C) is Cleveland, Ohio—a
infrastructure though many factories and jobs have
D) is Cleveland, Ohio (a
moved overseas. The city is working hard to attract
artists. In 2013 it hosted a “Welcome to Cleveland” 40
weekend, providing a steep discount for hotels, paying A) NO CHANGE
B) the possibility of a potential move to Cleveland.
fully for ground transportation, and offering an array of
C) what it would be like to move there.
meals and free cultural events to artists who were willing
D) moving there.
to visit the city and consider 40 moving to Cleveland.
Perhaps the real sign of welcome is Cleveland’s artist 41
housing plan: homes will be sold to qualifying artists at A) NO CHANGE
prices similar to 41 an economy car. Cleveland may be B) that of an economy car.
C) an economy car’s.
doing the most to attract the creative class, but many
D) those of economy cars.

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other smaller cities, including Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; 42

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Corvallis, Oregon; and Burlington, Vermont, are A) NO CHANGE
B) they’re
following 42 its lead. 43
C) it’s
If you’re an artist trying to reach an audience, move
D) their
to a place where you can live well and where you are
needed. Don’t 44 undermine smaller cities such as 43
Cleveland as you search for your place of inspiration. At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following sentence.
In many cases, communities that are arts friendly
are bicycle friendly too.
Should the writer add this sentence here?
A) Yes, because it adds support to the writer’s stated
claim that Cleveland is a great place for artists to
live.
B) Yes, because it helps define the lifestyle priorities
of those to whom the writer refers as the
“creative class.”
C) No, because it adds a loosely related detail that
the writer doesn’t connect to the claims made in
the paragraph.
D) No, because it should be placed instead in the
passage’s final paragraph to support the claim
that artists can live well in smaller cities.

44
A) NO CHANGE
B) discount
C) blow off
D) give the cold shoulder to

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

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