Energy & What is energy that it can be involved in
Chemistry of Life so many different activities?
⚫ Energy can be defined as the ability to
do work.
Energy: Forms and Changes
⚫ If an object or organism does work
(exerts a force over a distance to move
Nature of Energy
an object) the object or organism uses
- Energy is all around you! energy.
⚫ You can hear energy as sound.
Because of the direct connection between
⚫ You can see energy as light.
energy and work, energy is measured in
the same unit as work: joules (J).
⚫ And you can feel it as wind. In addition to using energy to do work,
objects gain energy because work is being
done on them.
You use energy when you:
⚫ hit a softball.
Forms of Energy
The five main forms of energy are:
⚫ lift your book bag.
⚫ Heat
⚫ compress a spring.
⚫ Chemical
⚫ Electromagnetic
Living organisms need energy for growth
and movement.
⚫ Nuclear
Energy is involved when: ⚫ Mechanical
⚫ a bird flies.
⚫ a bomb explodes.
Heat Energy
The internal motion of the atoms is
⚫ rain falls from the sky.
called heat energy, because moving
particles produce heat.
⚫ electricity flows in a wire. Heat energy can be produced by
friction.
Heat energy causes changes in The sun’s energy is produced from a
temperature and phase of any form of nuclear fusion reaction in which hydrogen
matter. nuclei fuse to form helium nuclei.
Nuclear energy is the most
concentrated form of energy.
Chemical Energy
Chemical Energy is required to bond
atoms together. Mechanical Energy
And when bonds are broken, energy is When work is done to an object, it
released. acquires energy. The energy it acquires is
known as mechanical energy.
Chemical Energy
Fuel and food are forms of stored
chemical energy. When you kick a football, you Give
mechanical energy to the football to make
it move.
Electromagnetic Energy
When you throw a balling ball, you give it
Power lines carry electromagnetic energy. When that bowling ball hits the
energy into your home in the form of pins, some of the energy is transferred to
electricity. the pins (transfer of momentum).
Light is a form of electromagnetic
energy.
Energy Conversion
Each color of light (Roy G Bv)
Energy can be changed from one form to
represents a different amount of
another. Changes in the form of energy
electromagnetic energy.
are called energy conversions.
Electromagnetic Energy is also carried
All forms of energy can be converted
by X-rays, radio waves, and laser light.
into other forms.
⚫ The sun’s energy through solar cells can
Nuclear Energy
be converted directly into electricity.
The nucleus of an atom is the source of
nuclear energy. ⚫ Green plants convert the sun’s energy
(electromagnetic) into starches and
When the nucleus splits (fission),
sugars (chemical energy).
nuclear energy is released in the form of
⚫ In an electric motor, electromagnetic
heat energy and light energy.
Nuclear energy is also released when energy is converted to mechanical energy.
nuclei collide at high speeds and join
⚫ In a battery, chemical energy is
(fuse).
converted into electromagnetic energy.
⚫ The mechanical energy of a waterfall is ⚫ Stored chemically in fuel, the nucleus of
converted to electrical energy in a atom, and in foods.
generator.
⚫ Or stored because of the work done on
In an automobile engine, fuel is burned
to convert chemical energy into heat it:
energy. The heat energy is then changed Stretching a rubber band.
into mechanical energy.
Winding a watch.
Pulling back on a bow’s arrow.
States of Energy
Lifting a brick high in the air.
The most common energy conversion is
the conversion between potential and
kinetic energy.
Energy Laws
1st Law: energy is neither created nor
All forms of energy can be in either of destroyed but it may be converted from
two states: one form to another.
⚫ Potential
2nd Law: In any spontaneous process
there is always an increase in the entropy
⚫ Kinetic
of the universe.
Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion.
The Law of Conservation of Energy
Potential Energy is stored energy.
Energy can be neither created nor
destroyed by ordinary means.
Kinetic Energy ⚫ It can only be converted from one form
The energy of motion is called kinetic to another.
⚫ If energy seems to disappear, then
energy.
The faster an object moves, the more
scientists look for it – leading to many
kinetic energy it has.
important discoveries.
The greater the mass of a moving
In 1905, Albert Einstein said that mass
object, the more kinetic energy it has.
and energy can be converted into each
Kinetic energy depends on both mass other.
and velocity.
He showed that if matter is destroyed,
energy is created, and if energy is
destroyed mass is created.
Potential Energy
E = MC ^2
Potential Energy is stored energy.
Matter Why is carbon so special?
⚫ It can form 4 bonds with other atoms.
• Anything that has mass and takes up
space!
It loves to COVALENTLY BOND!
⚫ It can form single, double, and triple
bonds.
There are 4 types of biomolecules in our
bodies
⚫ Carbohydrates
⚫ Lipids (fats)
⚫ Proteins
⚫ Nucleic acid (DNA)
These are large molecules (polymer)
Water that are made up of smaller building
blocks (monomers)
Water is a liquid at standard
temperature and pressure (25 degrees Polymers are made of monomers.
Celsius and 1 atm, for liquids).
Water is tasteless and odorless.
Water is transparent in the visible part
Carbohydrates
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Elements-C, H, O
Water can act as either an acid or a
base. Function: Main source of energy, gives
plants tough structure
Water is a universal solvent, dissolving
many substances found in nature. Examples: sugars and starches,
glycogen, sucrose, glucose, cellulose
Shape-rings connected
Biomolecules
Building Block- monosaccharide or simple
Molecules are either inorganic
sugars (glucose)
compounds or organic compounds
⚫ Organic-has carbon
Different types of carbohydrates
⚫ Inorganic-no carbon Based on size
⚫ Monosaccharide-one sugar ⚫ Why?
Glucose, galactose (found in milk), Elements-C, H, O
fructose (found in fruit)
Has the most energy but we can’t
⚫ Disaccharide-two sugars
consume tons of fat; part of membranes;
insulation
lactose Structure-long chain of carbons
⚫ Polysaccharide-many sugars
attached
Examples: cholesterol, wax, steroids,
Cellulose-makes plants have a rigid oils
structure
Building Block-fatty acids and glycerol
Glycogen-animal starch
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Proteins
Saturated-bad for you; causes
Elements: C, H, O, N, or S (sulfur) cholesterol problems, clogged arteries;
solid at room temperature; lard
Structure: look for N or S
Unsaturated-liquid at room
What do they do temperature; not as bad for you; olive oil,
⚫ Hemoglobin in your blood that carries
canola oil, peanut oil
Trans-fat-type of unsaturated; causes
oxygen
coronary heart disease
⚫ Muscles, tendons, hair
⚫ Defend body from microorganisms
Nucleic Acids
Tell your cells how to function
⚫ Control chemical reactions-enzymes Contains the genetic information
⚫ Carry out almost all of the body’s
DNA (deoxyribose sugar) and RNA
(ribose sugar)
everyday functions
Building blocks: nucleotides
Building block-amino acids
Elements: C, H, O, N, P
A protein’s shape is very important
You change the shape of a protein, you
change the function or lose the function
Lipids (Fats)
Not a polymer
