INFINITIVE

AND
GERUND
English I
 INFINITIVE

Infinitive is a basic verb that has not undergone a

change in form, either due to a change in time (tenses)
or the addition of the letter suffix -s/es/ies".

This verb in some references is often referred to by the first

form of the verb which is abbreviated as "V1" For
example: see (see); bear (hear); look (see); go (go); to
smoke, to read, to speak, etc.
 TYPES OF INFINITIVE

In general, the types of infinitives (basic verbs) are

divided into 2 (two) kinds, namely:

1. Bare Infinitive/Infinitive without To

2. Infinitive with To (Infinitive verb followed to)

 1. BARE INFINITIVE

Bare Infinitive or Infinitive without To (infinitive verb

without to) is a basic verb that does not start with the
word to. These verbs are also called native verbs.

For example: see (see); hear (hear); look (see); go

(go); smoke (smoking), read (read), speak (talk), etc.
 BARE INFINITIVE
(INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO) FUNCTION
Based on the structure of English sentences, there are
several functions of Bare Infinitives that can be used,
namely:
a) After modal verbs, such as: can/could (can),
shall/should (will), will/would (will), may/might (may),
etc.
Example :
• She can speak Mandarin and Japanese.
• I will go to Ambon.
 BARE INFINITIVE
(INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO) FUNCTION
b) After certain groups of words, such as: watch
(watch), see (see), hear (hear), observe (observe),
feel (feel), please (please), listen (hear), etc.
Example of sentences :
• Please come here quickly.
• I saw the kittens run across the street.
If certain verbs above (watch, see, hear, observe, feel,
listen) are used in passive sentences, the to
infinitive/infinitive with to must be used.
Example :
• He was seen to leave his apartment.
• The building is felt to shake.
 BARE INFINITIVE
(INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO) FUNCTION
c) Preceded by the words had better, had rather and
would rather.
Example of sentences :
• You had better go to my house.
• They would rather stay at home.

d) Beginning with the words need and dare in negative

sentences and interrogative sentences.
Example sentences:
• I dare not tell it.
• They need not stay at your house.
 BARE INFINITIVE
(INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO) FUNCTION
e) After causative verbs, such as: have (menyuruh), get
(menyuruh), let (memperbolehkan), want
(menginginkan), help (membantu), etc.

Example :
• She let`s me go.
• He helps my brother bring the goods.
 2. TO INFINITIVE
To Infinitive is a basic verb that start with the word "to"
and usually function as nouns or regular verbs that can
be followed by objects.
This verb is often referred to as the Infinitive with To.

For example: to see (see); to hear (to hear); to look (to

see); to go (to go); to smoke, to read, to speak, etc.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
In its use in sentences, there are several functions of the
To Infinitive (infinitive with to) which are used or used as
follows:

a) Subject of Sentence

Example:
• To swim is a good exercise.
• To say is easy.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
b) Subjective Complement (Pelengkap Subjek)
In this case the to infinitive is often used together with to
be, such as: am, is, are, was, were, which serves to express
an order, desire or necessity.
Example :
• I am to clean my room now.
• He is to go right now.

c) Complement to Verb (Pelengkap terhadap Kata Kerja)

Example:
• Promise to see him at the cafeteria.
• She appears to be a clever woman.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
d) Objective Complement (pelengkap objek).
Example:
• I order you to leave my sister.
• He wants you to help him.

e) Object to Preposition (objek terhadap kata depan)

Example:
• He is about to go to New Zealand.
• They desire nothing but to succeed.
• I do nothing except sing.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
e) Adjective
There are several kinds of To Infinitive functions
as adjectives in English, as I mentioned below:
1. To Infinitive is interpreted passively, namely: to be in…,
or is interpreted as active to: for…
Example:
• He bought a magazine to read.
• I have a few words to say to you.
• This view is wonderful to see.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
2. Give adjective to the verb in the sense of purpose
(intention), cause or result.
Example:
• He came to see the ballet performance.
• I wept to see that accident.
• The man worked only to be defeated at least.
From some examples of sentences above, it can be said
that the infinitive function with to is an additional adverb
that explains the verb.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
3. Gives adjective to a noun in the sense of purpose or
intent.
Example:
• An apartment to let. (serves as an attribute)
• This apartment is to let. (functions as a predicate)
The function of the To Infinitive this time is to become an
attribute or predicate in an English sentence.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
4. Gives adjectives in terms of things or intentions.
Example:
• Slow to speak and quick to hear.
• Shy to sing and brave to dance.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
5. Exclamation form / exclamation.
Example of sentences :
• Foolish fellows! To suppose that he could be pardoned!
• To think that he has died!
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
6. To Infinitive is used together with the word too which
means: Too…. so not…..
Formula : Too + Adjective + To Infinitive
Example sentence:
• He is too sleepy to study in the afternoon.
• She is too shy to talk to you.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
7. To Infinitive is often used together with the word
enough which means: Enough …, for…
To Infinitive formula: “Adjective Adverb + Noun + To
Infinitive”
or: “Enough + Noun + To Infinitive”.
Example:
• He is old enough to understand this problem.
• They worked hard enough to build the building.
• I have enough sugar to make tea.
• She has enough room to sleep.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
8. Behind the question word, such as: when, where,
how, whom, whose, what and which.
Example of sentences :
• We don't know what to do.
• Jake doesn't know how to drive that car.
 TO INFINITIVE FUNCTIONS
9. Behind some verbs with sentence patterns.
Formula : Subject + Verb + Pronoun / Noun + To
Infinitive
Example:
• I want you to call me up tomorrow.
• He invited us to come to the barbecue tomorrow
afternoon.
10. Behind an adjective in a sentence.
Example of sentences:
• I am sorry to hear the bad news.
• They are glad to meet you here.
 TYPES OF TO INFINITIVE
In addition to the types of Infinitives, we can also divide
the To Infinitives into four types, namely:
• Present To Infinitive
• Continuous To Infinitive To Infinitive
• Perfect To Infinitive
• Passive To Infinitive
 A. PRESENT TO INFINITIVE
To make a sentence in the Present To Infinitive form, add
a word in front of the word "to".
Example of sentences :
• I decided not to go to the tennis court.
• She told me not to close the window.
• It is right not to help others.
The word not in the form of the To Infinitive is not the
same as the word not in the form of a negative
sentence.
Example sentences To Infinitive :
• It is better not to go.
• Tell her not to come.
• She asked me not to wait.

Example of a Negative To Infinitive sentence :

• It isn't better to go.
• Don't tell me to come.
• She didn't ask me to wait.
 B. CONTINUOUS TO
INFINITIVE
There are 2 (two) types of Continuous To Infinitive,
namely: Present Continuous To Infinitive and Perfect
Continuous To Infinitive.
1. Present Continuous To Infinitive.
The Present Continuous To Infinitive is the To Infinitive
form which indicates that an event or action has
occurred and is still ongoing.
Example :
• The man seems to be recovering from his illness.
• The boy is likely to be waiting for you at the school.
2. Perfect Continuous To Infinitive.
The Perfect Continuous To Infinitive form is the To
Infinitive form which indicates that an event or action
has been completed.
Example :
• He suspects us to have been quarreling.
• We are happy to have been working with you.
 C. PERFECT TO INFINITIVE
Perfect To Infinitive is a form of To Infinitive which
indicates that an event or action stated by the To
Infinitive occurs or is carried out earlier than the event or
action stated by the Finite Verb (limited verb).
Example of sentences :
• I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
• She seems to have heard about it.
 D. PASSIVE TO INFINITIVE
The form of Passive To Infinitive can be divided into 2
(two) types, namely: Simple Passive To Infinitive and
Perfect Passive To Infinitive.
1. Simple Passive To Infinitive.
Simple Passive To Infinitive Formula: To + be + Verb-3
Example:
• He doesn't think that there is anything to be said.
• She should be punished for being rude.
2. Perfect Passive To Infinitive.
Formula: To + Have + Been + Verb-3
Example Sentences:
• This book is said to have been translated into many
languages.
• This work ought to have been finished when our boss
arrived.
 CONCLUSION OF
INFINITIVE
Understanding Infinitives is a basic verb that has not
changed its form, either due to a change in time or the
addition of the letter suffix -s/es/ies.
In general , the types of infinitives are divided into 2
types , namely Bare Infinitive and Infinitive with
To. Because it has two different types of Infinitives, it
results in the use and function of the infinitives of the two
types being not the same .
GERUND
The gerund has the same form as the present participle ,
and they are both part of the verb.
 DEFINITION OF GERUND

A gerund is a form of a verb that is added with the letter -

ing and functions as a noun or a verb.
The difference between the gerund and the present
participle is that the gerund is a kind of noun, but the
present participle is a kind of adjective that has a
medium meaning.
Therefore, although similar or the same in form, the two
are very different in nature.
Example of sentences:
Painting is my hobby.
I don't like smoking.
 TYPES OF GERUND
There are three kinds of gerunds, the types of gerunds are
as I mentioned below:
1.Subject of sentence
2.Subjective complement
3.Objective complement
 1. SUBJECT OF SENTENCE
Example of sentences:
Smoking is not good for our health.
Singing is my hobby.
Playing sports is necessary to keep our body healthy.
 SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
Example of sentences:
His hobby is reading.
My favorite sport is ice skating.
Your chief delight is riding.
 OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT
Example of sentences:
He enjoys hunting.
She likes shopping.
 USE OF GERUND
Based on the function we can divide the use
of gerunds which means as nouns ( nouns ) can be used
as follows:
1. As a compound word ( compound nouns )
or modifier (words that determine the nature)
The use of gerunds as compound words ( compound
nouns ) or modifiers (words that determine properties)
which is placed in front of nouns ( nouns ) has the
function of giving properties that mean a tool or place
(something used).
For example, as in the table below:

Gerund Meaning
swimming pool swimming pool
Reading book reading books
dining table swimwear
Swimming suit swimwear
dining table dining table
shopping bag shopping bag
living rooms sitting room
• Example of sentences:
• This swimming pool is wide.
• There is no shopping bag.
• Please put the glass on the dining table.
 GERUND AS HEAD (WORD OR
SENTENCE THAT IS LOCATED AS
DESCRIBED)
Gerund Meaning
Problem solving solution to problem
negative thinking negative thoughts
General meeting general meeting
Swimming suit swimwear
Stamp collecting stamp collection
Test preparing test preparation
 USED AFTER THE WORD
“NO”
The gerund behind the word "no" has a function to form
a short sentence that states a prohibition or warning.
The use of the gerund after the word "no" in writing is
always marked with an exclamation point (!).
Formula: No + Gerunds
Example of sentences:
No parking!
No smoking!
No speaking!
 G ERUND BEHIND A POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVE OR POSSESSIVE
NOUN
Example:
Yuanita's cooking is very delicious.
His speaking is not relevant to the fact.
 USED IN EXPRESSIONS
Example of sentences:
Seeing is believing.
Hugging is loving.
 AFTER PREPOSITION

The use of the gerund after preposition is like the formula

and example sentences in the list below:

1. Verb + Preposition + Gerund

Example: He thinks of studying abroad.
Denny gave up smoking before breakfast.

2. Adjective + Preposition + Gerund

Example: The boy is afraid of falling from the tree.
Aren't you ashamed of being so cruel?
3. Noun + Preposition + Gerund
Example: You have no reason for leaving so early.
I don't like the idea of spending much money.

4. Preposition + Gerund
Example: He goes out without saying anything.
They went home after eating.
 GERUND AFTER CERTAIN
VERBS
Certain verbs that use the following gerund are: admit,
delay, resist, advice, deny, keep, recall, risk, mention,
stop, avoid, enjoy, mind, miss, regret, tolerate, finish,
forget, consider , practice, consider, remember,
understand, complete, suggest, and so on.
Example of sentences:
They enjoy playing scrabble.
I don't stop speaking.
He postponed making a decision.
 USED AS AN
ADVERB/ADDITIONAL
( APPOSITIVE ) IN A SENTENCE
Example of sentences:
His hobby, diving, makes his body strong.
You have a bad habit, drinking alcohol.
That difficult work, sawing hard wood, makes him
exhausted.
 GERUND AFTER A CERTAIN
GROUP OF WORDS (PHRASES)
Certain phrases Meaning
It's no use There is no point
It's no good There is no point
Would you mind do you mind
There's no harm in nothing to lose
Have the pleasure of very delighted

Example of sentences:
• I can't help liking the girl.
• There is no harm in trying.
• It's no use crying like baby.
 USED TO EXPRESS CERTAIN
EXPRESSIONS (IDIOMATIC
EXPRESSIONS)
• The use of gerunds to express certain expressions ( idiomatic
expressions ) is to show reaction activities.
• Use the gerund formula to express idiomatic
expressions: Go + Gerund .
Example words:
Idiomatic Expression Meaning
Go swimming Go swimming
Go hunting Go hunting
Go running Go to exercise
Go climbing go hiking
Example of sentences:
• Let's go climbing next week.
• Do you go swimming with her?
• She wants to go jogging in the morning.
 GERUND FORM
• There are 2 (two) types of gerund forms , namely:
• The Perfect Gerund (Perfect Tense Gerund)
• The Passive Gerund
 1. THE PERFECT GERUND
• There are 2 (two) kinds of gerund perfect tenses , namely:
• Present tense. For example: learning, (learning), walking (walking),
reading (reading), driving (driving).
• Perfect Tense. For example: having learned (already learned),
having read (already reading), having written (already writing),
having walked (already walking).
• The Perfect Gerunds form is usually used to express an event that
occurs before other events that follow it.
 1. THE PERFECT GERUND
• Example of sentences:
• He regrets not having taken my advice.
• I don't remember having ever promised you that.
• She denied having been questioned by the police.
 2. THE PASSIVE GERUND
• There are 2 (two) forms of passive gerund , namely:
1. Presents. For example: being written (written), being asked, (asked),
being eaten (eaten).
2. Perfect. For example: having been written (already written), having
been asked (already asked), having been eaten (already eaten).
 2. THE PASSIVE GERUND
• Example of sentences:
• I remember being taken to Australia when I was small.
• Most children enjoy being taken to the zoo.
• She denied having been questioned by the police.
The passive gerund form is usually used after verbs, such as: want
(want), need (need), deserve (deserved), require (need), etc.
 2. THE PASSIVE GERUND
• Example of sentences:
• This car wants repairing.
• My teaching method needs improving.
• This problem requires studying with great.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN
GERUNDS AND VERBAL NOUNS
• Verbal Noun is a gerund that is uttered, the similarity between
Verbal Noun and Gerund is that they both have the same form,
namely: Verb + ing.
• The difference between Gerund and Verbal Noun, namely:
• Gerund:
1. Does not have a plural form (plural) and in front of the gerund is not
given an article (article).
2. Has the nature of the verb, for example, has its own object, has a
change in the form of time (Tense), and has a passive form, and so
on.
• Gerund sentence example:
• She likes reading.
• I am interested in planning the new building.

Verbal Nouns:
1. Has a plural form (plural) and can be given an article (article) or an
adjective (adjective) in front of it.
2. Does not have a verb nature.
• Examples of Verbal Nouns:
• The reading of this short story took three days.
• The work needs careful planning.

Basically, Gerunds are similar to abstract nouns and have the same
meaning as Abstract Nouns (abstract nouns) or like Noun Infinitives,
although they are not the same in form.
• Look at the sentence forms below:
• Gerund : Sleeping is necessary to health.
• Abstract Noun : Sleep is necessary to health.
• Noun-Infinitive : to sleep is necessary to health.
• The three example sentences above have the meaning: Sleep is
important for health.
 VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
OR INFINITIVES

There are certain verbs that can be followed by gerunds or

infinitives, which do not have a different meaning or have a different
meaning.
As follows:
There is no difference in meaning between Gerunds and Infinitives.
Examples of words and sentences as in the table below:
Verb Example Gerund Infinitive Example
begin It started raining. It began to rain.
start I started working. I started to work.
Has a different meaning between Gerunds (the activity has been
done) and the Infinitive (the activity has not been done).
Examples of words and sentences as in the table below:
Verb Example Gerund Infinitive Example
Ani forgets Ani forgets to lock
forget
locking her car. her car.
I'll never regret
I'll never regret to
regret telling you the
tell you the story.
story.