DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY, CUTTACK, 753001

NAAC “A”

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation report/Project Report/Research Report/Field

Study report entitled “” has been submitted by Sweta Kumar Ghadaiof PG Second year

Geography Honours, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, bearing Roll No. 21MAG035 as part of

the compulsory/optional project work for the paper (DSE-IV) under my supervision during

the period January 2022 to June 2022 (One Semester).

Further, this is certified that the report submitted by the candidate is a bonafide research work

carried out by the candidate at the department of Geography, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack

and it is not submitted elsewhere for award of any degree or diploma.

Supervisor
Mr. Chinmaya Malik
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Geography,
Ravenshaw University

This is certified that the Project work has been carried out at the Department of Geography,
Ravenshaw University, Cuttack.

HoD
Department of Geography
Ravenshaw University
 Declaration

I, Sweta Kumar Ghadai, hereby declare that this research dissertation has been composed
solely by myself entitled ‘’Trend and Pattern of migration in India with special reference to
Odisha ‘’ is an independent research work done by Mr. Sweta Kumar Ghadai under my
guidance and supervisions. The results of the research, presented by in this dissertation, have
not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or certificate of this
institution or other institute.

Chinmaya Mallik

Assistant Professor

Department of Geography

Ravenshaw University, Cuttack

 Acknowledgment
With many thanks to my supervisor Chinmaya Mallik, Assistant Professor, Department of
Geography, for his support and encouragement throughout this research project. Under his
guidance, this paper became easy and more understandable for me, without his guidance and
suggestions, the dissertation on Trend and Pattern of Migration in Odisha would not have
completed.

I would also like to thank to my classmate for supporting and helping me through this
process. I am appreciative to my entire classmate for their auspicious help and support.

Sweta Kumar Ghadai

Roll No: 21MAG035

Department of Geography
CONTENT
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
1.2 STUDY AREA
This paper covers Odisha with its districts, to provide a minor detail regarding the mobility of
people within the state or outside the state.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Migration is dynamic in nature and has both positive as well as negative outcomes in both
place of origin and destination. With proper understanding of migration pattern would
provide better understanding of mobility among people and helps in policy making regarding
the influx and loss of people.

1.4 OBJECTIVE
(A) To study the international, inter state and inter district migration in Odisha
(B) To study the reasons for migration in state level of Odisha and their duration of resident.
(C) To study the outcomes of migration

1.5 METHDOLOGY
(A) DATA: - The data are collected in census of India (government official website of
Ministry of Home Affairs).
(B) ANALYSIS: - Matrix used in this paper to analyze in, out, gross and net migration.
(a) In migration – Persons enumerated outside their place last residents.
(b) Out migration- Persons leave their place of last resident and enters into a new
destination. (Out migrants for last resident and in migrants for destination)
(c) Gross migration (sum of in and out migrants)- overall number of migrants between
place of last resident and place of enumeration. (Interaction can be known)
(d) Net migration (in-out migration) - If destination has high potential to sustain and
opportunities then the net migration would be more and vice versa.
(C) REPRESENTATION

(a) Graphs
(b) Arc Gis- 2007 software
 CHAPTER- 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA
 CHAPTER-3
ANALYSIS
Migration refers to movement of people from place of birth or last resident to a new place as
migrant. The mass mobility was observed first in Africa, when nomads migrated to a new
place due to territorial violence. Most of the social scientists believed that the evolution of
human started in Africa around 200000 before present. Modern view of mass migration states
that migration is not a current phenomenon rather than it stated before agricultural revolution
when people not settled in a particular place lived as nomads. But their movements were not
beyond their social boundary because of territorial violence (Zelinsky, Mobility transition).
During agricultural revolution around 10000 to 12000 before present, when people
plasticized agriculture after settling at a particular place (close to water bodies).Like all the
modern civilization after 5000 years B.C were directly engaged in trade and commerce and
established trade relations with the other. The second mass mobility of people was started
during industrial revolution, when modern machineries replaced human labor. During this
period mass mobility was started from rural areas to urban area of Europe for engage in
manufacturing activities. During that time, Indians were struggling for independence with
Britishers and caste, religious orthodox was flourished in Indian society. Because of that
reason, to cross sea or ocean it was against their religion and due to those reasons, mobility
among Indians was low as compared to the industrially developed countries of the world.
During the colonialization period, large scale migration was observed and Assam and West
Bengal was traditionally receiver of migrants from nearby areas, because of regular work
provided by tea garden of Assam and West Bengal played as administrative capital of India
and had dominance in trading of products to England through ships. Workers from the
adjoining areas of Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. Today it is found that the place
of receiver of migrants occupied by the southern states of India.

TREND AND PATTERN

Migration in India has been historically low because of prevalence of caste system, diversity
of language and culture, lack of education and predominance of agriculture (Kingsley Davis).
But with introduction of LPG reforms in Indian Economy that helped in the improvements of
education and transport facilities. With the rapid diversity of multi culture activities in urban
centers, the centers of such activities pull people from agricultural laborer of rural areas to
secondary and tertiary activities of urban areas.
In 2011 census, the total number of internal migrants based on place of last resident was
449.9 million which is around 37 per cent of total population. The number of migrants from
1971 to 2011 is 3 times greater and the proportion to total population was around 30 per cent
except 1991 as 27 per cent, because of unemployment and sluggish growth in Indian
economy. In between 1971 to 1981 census there was high proportion of international
migrants was enumerated and their proportion is gradually declining through decades. It is
strong believed that the international migrants to India are gradually declining except 1971,
because during this decade large number of refugees was came from Bangladesh after
partition of Pakistan.

Table 1: Size of Internal and International Migrants Based on Place of Last Residence, India, 1971-2011
(in million) excluding Jammu and Kashmir and Assam

Census Total Internal migrants % Internal International % International

Population Migrants Migrants Migrants to
total population
1971 548.1 159.6 29.1 8.1 1.48
1981 659.3 200.5 30.4 6 0.91
1991 8143.3 220.7 27.1 5.9 0.07
2001 991.8 300.9 30.3 5 0.50
2011 1210.0 449.9 37.2 5.8 0.48
Source: Census of India

Table 2 represent the proportion of male and female in internal migration. The proportion of
life time migrants is gradually increasing one decade to another. For example, if we take
duration of resident, it is found that the proportion of the duration above 10 years is gradually
increasing. In 1981 there was 8.5 persons migrated (male) for less than 1 years of duration
and is decreased to 4.5 (2001) and 5.3 (2011), but duration of above 20 years is gradually
increasing, that was 20.9 per cent (male) and increased to 23.3 (1991) to 24.1 (2011). The
main reason is that the persons who enumerated 1971 for less than 1 year and got settled
permanently. Similar situation is also applicable among female, because in India the main
reason for migration among female is for marriage and the proportion of the duration is
gradually increased with one census to census. Similar situation is also applicable to Odisha
that given is table 3.
Table 2: Percentage Distribution of Internal Migrants by Sex and Duration of Residence at the Place of
the Enumeration, 1981 to 2011

1981 1991 2001 2011

Duration
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Less than 1 year 8.5 3.7 5 2.2 4.5 2.1 5.3 3.2
1 to 4 26.1 17 21.5 15.3 18 13.9 14.6 13.8
5 to 9 16.6 14.7 15.3 14.9 13.2 13.6 12.6 13.6
10 to 19 20.9 23.6 20.6 24.8 18 23.9 17.8 22.2
Above 20 20.9 37.2 23.3 36.4 20 36.4 24.1 35.2
Duration Not Stated 6.7 3.6 14.1 6.3 26.1 9.9 15.7 11.4
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 4: Percentage Distribution of Internal Migrants by Sex and Duration of Residence at the Place of
the Enumeration, 1991 to 2011 in Odisha

2001 2011
Duration 1991
Male Female Male Female Male Female
less than 1 year 6.8 3.9 4.5 2.1 10.5 6.3
1 to 4 24.4 18.9 17.8 13.9 27.6 20.1
5 to 9 16.6 16.2 13.0 13.6 18.5 16.2
10 to 19 21.6 24.6 17.9 23.8 18.4 21.6
Above 20 23.0 30.1 21.3 36.7 18.6 29.8
Duration Not Stated 7.6 6.1 25.6 9.9 6.4 6.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100 100 100 100
Source: Census of India

MALE VS FEMALE MIGRATION

In India, short distance migration is dominated by women. The following table 5 depicts the
sex ratio (Males per 1000 females) that, in both intra and inter districts migration is
dominated by women. But after 2001 onwards this trend is gradually decreasing through
time. Like in 1971 census per every 1000 female migrants there was only 336 male migrants
but it increased to 426 in 2011. In India, international mobility among women is low from till
now except 2011 census, when significant mobility was observed. But in India, it is observed
that women primarily migrate due to marriage and with household that sometimes not
produce economic output. In case of Odisha, both short distance (Intra district and Inter state)
and long distance (inter state and international) women dominate the migration pattern. In
intra district migration pattern, per every 1000 female migrants there was only 218 male
migrants and in international migration pattern, per every 1000 female migrants there was
only 618 male migrants (that given in table 6). At national level short distance migration
dominates by women and long-distance migration dominates by males. On the other hand, in
Odisha both long distance and short distance migration is dominated by women.

Table 5: Sex-Ratio of Migrants by Migration Types, 1971-2011 (Males per 1000 Females)

Migrants Type 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Intra District 336 312 281 323 426
Inter District 604 530 456 481 450
Inter State 1059 914 802 865 785
International Migrants 1151 1143 1073 1085 839
All Migrants 473 430 383 422 472

Table 6 Sex Ratio by Migration Types, 1991-2011 (Males per 1000 Females), Odisha

Migrant Type 1991 2001 2011

Intra District 218 345 345
Inter District 583 428 428
Source:
Inter stateCensus of India 651 646 646
International Migrants 618 682 682
All Migrants 294 378 378
Source: Census of India

Table 7 Sex- Ratio by Rural and Urban Streams, 1971 – 2011 (Males per 1000 females)

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Streams
Intra State
Rural- Rural 285 246 214 116 202
Rural -Urban 920 849 784 750 724
Urban -Rural 600 542 481 506 601
Urban -Urban 913 819 716 783 815

Inter State
Rural-Rural 592 476 393 391 331
Rural-urban 1719 1478 1278 1392 1216
Urban-Rural 1074 920 708 747 611
Urban-Urban 1189 1025 912 923 842
Source: Census of India
Table 8: Sex-Ratio by Rural and Urban streams, 1991-2011 (Males per 1000 Females), Odisha

Intra state 1991 2001 2011

Rural-Rural 180 754 158

Rural-Urban 906 739 2353
Urban-Urban 1010 873 2146
Urban-Rural 480 1246 2708

Inter state
Rural-Rural 367 287 287
rural-Urban 1097 988 2012
Urban-Urban 909 855 2170
Urban-Rural 909 1246 1803
Source: Census of India

REASONS FOR MIGRATION

The questions on reasons for migration was added 1981. The pattern adopted in 1991 to 2011
census remained same as in 1981 except that in 2001 and 2011 census rural urban status of
place of birth was not collected and the category of ‘Natural Calamities’ as one of the reasons
was excluded and a new reason ‘Moved after birth’ added in 2001 Census after it was felt that
a large number of mothers moved to either their natal residence and or to a place with better
medical facility for delivery. Whereas women are not treated migrants when they accompany
their parent to their place of normal residence. Through technically, this is migration, the
place of birth being different from the place of enumeration for the children born; it was
useful to separate this from other categories (R. Ram Bhagat et all). Table 9 represents the
reasons for migrants by last residence with the duration of last residence of 0-9 years. The
main reasons for male migrants are for work and employment (10 per cent or 14.6 million)
and whereas marriage was most important reason for female migration (40 per cent or 58.8
million). The reason of work and employment for males was gradually decreased to 10 per
cent from previous census (2001 as 37.3 per cent). Works and employment as reason among
female migrants increased in 2001 (3.2 per cent) census and it again decreased to 2.1 per
cent.
Table 9: Reasons for Migration with Duration 0-9 years, India, 2011

Reasons for Person (in

migration Persons Male Female %) Male Female
Total Migrants 141 47.7 94 100 33.5 66.5
Work/Employment 17.9 14.6 3 12.6 10.5 2.1
Business 1.2 0.9 3 0.9 0.6 0.2
Education 3.9 2.1 1.6 2.8 1.6 1.1
Marriage 58.2 1.5 55.8 41.1 1.0 40.1
Moved After Birth 12.7 6.4 6.1 9.0 4.7 4.3
Moved With
Household 30.5 12.7 16.7 21.5 9.0 12.5
Others 17.2 8.9 8.6 12.1 6.0 6.1
Source: Census of India

PATTERN OF MIGRATION

Table 10 presents overall migration In, Out Migration and Net migration. In 2011 about
146145967 Male and 309641654 Female migrants from different states and UTs of India.
Females are more migratory than male, this may because out of total migrants among female,
about 205839698 migrants are left their place of last residence because of marriage, which is
around 66 percentages. The sex ratio of migration indicates the dominance of female
migration over male migration in different streams of migration in 2011 (but urban to rural
migration is dominated by males over females). Similarly out of total migrants about
(15421793) 4226426 are males and 11195367 in Odisha which indicate the dominance of
female migrants over female migrants and the female migrants are two times greater than the
male counter parts. About 72 percentages of the females are moving for marriage as reasons
of their movement.

IN MIGRATION

The number of in migrants from different State and UTs of India are high in Maharashtra,
NCT of Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Prades and Rajathan is high. The
administrative capital of Delhi, Chandigarh and the business capital Mumbai are important
centers for in-migration. Maharashtra received more males than females. Other important states
attracting in-migration are Punjab, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andra Pradesh etc.
Economically these states are in better position than many other states. Compared to the males,
females make much less moves for employment in all the states.

OUT MIGRATION

Out migration refers to place of destination of migrants. The out migrants have both positive
and negative outcomes. In 2011 census data indicate, inter state migration is high in the states
of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and West
Bengal. High out migration from this state indicate high out flow of out migrants to different
states. The numbers of the migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar to different states is
increasing over times.
 Source: Ram. B Bhagat

Net migration rates, states of India, 2011

NET MIGRATION
 Jammu & Himachal NCT of Uttar Arunachal
Kashmir Pradesh Punjab Chandigarh Uttarakhand Haryana Delhi Rajasthan Pradesh Bihar Sikkim Pradesh Nagaland Manipur
Jammu & Kashmir 0 8609 43938 611 3180 5987 5269 6079 20190 13200 109 105 97 227
Himachal Pradesh 15565 0 130851 11136 22740 35750 18467 8652 66005 37600 844 1052 172 220
Punjab 70299 214213 0 149591 55392 545584 45310 202166 649557 352537 330 405 569 774
Chandigarh 5997 60254 148481 0 31164 93037 20889 9446 179574 50703 70 99 84 623
Uttarakhand 9268 24089 45667 2850 0 33899 52002 18410 890663 76116 612 1232 729 926
Haryana 17700 60586 538328 71890 77179 0 468298 611160 1113535 390937 325 387 487 601
NCT of Delhi 40146 79272 247966 8328 294704 666331 0 315238 2854297 1106629 995 1404 1921 6164
Rajasthan 19100 11325 213308 1961 23233 533963 83134 0 585982 134402 327 369 789 753
Uttar Pradesh 33008 21072 142235 6028 393540 230740 566210 284056 0 1072739 476 931 868 1260
Bihar 15594 8883 7994 404 1144 3902 23412 8358 319887 0 368 395 797 326
Sikkim 974 431 319 36 359 661 481 675 2280 13282 0 515 225 732
Arunachal Pradesh 369 305 395 11 450 527 311 1498 6054 18811 234 0 1218 1465
Nagaland 375 309 470 42 751 442 10 2480 4076 17539 145 900 0 14093
Manipur 218 136 102 11 81 110 652 706 853 2983 288 114 1589 0
Mizoram 113 34 106 8 142 83 188 104 477 1404 43 195 541 12241
Tripura 328 88 108 14 141 116 250 495 1518 12063 18 337 751 613
Meghalaya 601 294 986 49 1191 494 2 1901 3098 14112 145 1024 1752 6336
Assam 3831 1827 3617 258 1194 3225 3040 27778 35441 147742 1077 19486 23707 12203
West Bengal 5846 2911 18154 869 3599 11259 15815 57668 238819 1103757 11537 2322 3170 2651
Jharkhand 1677 1345 10387 244 1396 3729 7643 10240 107724 1336048 125 185 198 372
Odisha 8277 1042 6832 291 931 5206 8006 12203 33063 119231 143 581 486 334
Chhattisgarh 8321 2567 17217 310 2509 12807 9266 21188 168385 143216 68 166 136 81
Madhya Pradesh 12100 5894 31895 695 12253 19224 28597 500481 1090881 125836 210 305 278 566
Gujarat 4883 3761 27549 1603 11938 32206 28596 747445 929411 361010 122 233 313 531
Daman & Diu 57 96 165 37 405 159 438 4584 27657 28202 0 5 5 12
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 45 104 291 29 707 304 612 6830 28719 20848 0 10 4 30
Maharashtra 25774 15721 73951 3576 42968 48673 86131 570233 2754706 568667 551 790 1401 2824
Andhra Pradesh 6583 1757 6861 1110 2306 6220 16907 72554 49889 48120 189 239 331 1369
Karnataka 9326 6763 11819 2124 5177 12511 35162 150359 92495 86083 1615 2300 1325 4897
Goa 761 403 797 100 658 953 2503 4830 20136 8334 31 22 91 268
Lakshadweep 6 0 6 1 2 5 26 8 11 12 0 4 0 0
Kerala 4293 743 3402 423 790 2228 15303 8893 12203 9904 196 738 1104 608
Tamil Nadu 7221 898 6082 922 1040 5172 12139 88474 27985 29277 231 481 558 1595
Puducherry 163 36 169 30 51 130 802 1267 907 680 22 19 14 36
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 100 55 429 53 255 278 437 257 3114 1779 13 18 24 20
Dadra Andaman
Dama & &
Mizor Tripur Meghalay West Jharkhan Chhattisga Madhya n& Nagar Maharashtr Andhra Karnatak Lakshadwe Tamil Puducher Nicobar
am a a Assam Bengal d Odisha rh Pradesh Gujarat Diu Haveli a Pradesh a Goa ep Kerala Nadu ry Islands
57 173 139 1906 10164 2210 2233 9949 7599 1237 6 17 4722 2085 1313 116 264 1485 1842 18 51
77 131 197 2134 5897 10645 3295 5008 6509 1578 31 8 5752 1933 1538 111 102 775 668 14 47
311 385 507 11925 46958 19950 11717 8403 32869 10436 6 17 32781 7789 4470 435 600 5910 5540 310 253
47 73 183 2166 6951 3023 1600 1123 3730 2082 10 7 4999 1528 1514 94 19 1016 3223 32 125
Table: 10 state wise In, Out and Net Migration, Odisha, 2011
Table: 10 state wise In, Out and Net Migration, 2011(in lakh).

Out
State /Uts In Migrants Out Migrants Net migrants In Migration Net Migration
Migration
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 0.81 0.21 0.6 246 1244 998
Andhra Pradesh 15.92 20.3 -4.3 122491 185872 63381
Arunachal Pradesh 1.36 0.37 0.9 581 1613 1032
Assam 4.96 6.6 -16 4732 5153 421
Bihar 11.12 74.54 -63.4 119231 6014 113217
Chandigarh 6.34 2.66 3.6 291 1600 1,309
Chhattisgarh 12.68 6.94 5.7 129371 242404 113033
Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1.36 0.17 1.1 75 4,339 4264
Daman & Diu 1.24 0.19 1 11 4,590 4579
Goa 2.7 1.06 1.6 400 4389 3989
Gujarat 39.16 15.72 23.3 24420 176072 151652
Haryana 36.26 23.16 13.1 5206 16280 11074
Himachal Pradesh 3.96 5.36 -1.4 1042 3295 2253
Jammu & Kashmir 1.55 3.29 -1.7 8277 2233 6044
Jharkhand 21.96 17.05 4.9 167377 126320 41057
Karnataka 32.48 25.03 7.4 4829 64032 59203
Kerala 6.54 12.91 -6.3 4,763 12223 7460
Lakshadweep 0.06 0.16 -0.09 232 23 209
Madhya Pradesh 27.44 29.79 -2.3516 12725 24038 11313
Maharashtra 90.87 30.68 60.1 14902 114411 99509
Manipur 0.2 0.76 -0.5 334 87 247
Meghalaya 1.08 0.7 -0.03 275 525 250
Mizoram O.41 0.3 -0.01 52 65 13
Nagaland 1.08 0.46 0.6 486 1,236 750
NCT of Delhi 63.3 15.56 47.7 8006 41,162 33156
Odisha 8.55 12.71 -4.1603 o 0 0
Puducherry 3.4 2.89 0.51133 149 1,753 1604
Punjab 24.88 17.41 7.47422 6832 11,717 4885
Rajasthan 26.04 37.57 -11.524 12203 12,991 788
Sikkim 0.61 0.21 0.39704 143 602 459
Tamil Nadu 16.51 19.85 -3.3439 6256 22,863 16607
Tripura 0.87 0.86 0.01516 465 303 162
Uttar Pradesh 40.62 123.2 -82.577 33063 35269 2206
Uttarakhand 12.51 9.94 2.57005 931 4,224 3293
West Bengal 23.81 24.06 -0.2448 164699 142179 22520
Source: Census of India
Fig 1: Major Net Migration Flow (duration 0-9 years) in India, 2001
IN-MIGRATION

3.1 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

The international migrants are those who relocate them from one country and reside in
another country. In relation to international migration process there are cause arise that are
voluntary migration and involuntary or forced migration. Voluntary migration starts with
people who are forced to leave their country or a region within their country because of
some sort of conflict and environmental disasters such as flood, drought and famine etc.
involuntary migrants also referred to political migrants because it links with refugees and
government might be the cause of their movement. During the partition of India, large scale
mobility between India and East or West Pakistan was observed.

SL NO STATE 2001 2011 SL NO STATES/UTS 2001 2011

1 JAMM AND KASHMIR 1,044 8,277 19 WEST BENGAL 140860 164699
2 HIMANCHAL PRADESH 731 1,042 20 JHADKHAND 137859 167377
3 PUNJAB 6409 6832 21 ODISHA 0 0
4 CHANDIGARH 625 291 22 CHATTISGARH 95521 129371
5 UTTRANCHAL 924 931 23 MADHYA PRADESH 10523 12725
 6 HARYANA 4999 5206 24 GUJARAT 10339 24420
7 DELHI 4000 8006 25 DAMAN AND DIU 23 11
DADRA AND NAGAR
8 RAJASTHAN 10651 12203 26 HAVELI 15 75
9 UTTAR PRADESH 25801 33063 27 MAHARASTRA 7447 14902
10 BIHAR 78105 119231 28 ANDRA PRADESH 108240 122491
11 SIKKIM 92 143 29 KARNATAKA 2155 4829
12 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 271 581 30 GOA 223 400
13 NAGALAND 192 486 31 LAKSHADWEEP 0 232
14 MANIPUR 263 334 32 KERALA 6568 4763
15 MIZORAM 36 52 33 TAMIL NADU 5078 6256
16 TRIPURA 363 465 34 PONDICHERY 94 149
17 MEGHALAYA 188 275 35 ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR 188 246
18 ASSAM 2973 4732 TOTAL 803660 855096

IN MIGRANTS TO ODISHA

FEW STATES SUCH AS UTTAR PRADESH, BIHAR, WEST BENGAL, CHHATISGARH,ANDRA

PRADESH CAME TO ODISHA AT HIGH NUMBER

STATES/ UNION STATES/ UNION

SL NO TERRITORIES 1991 2001 2011 SL NO TERRITORIES 1991 2001 2011
1 ANDAMAN & NICOBAR 911 1,297 1,244 19 LAKSHWDEEP 1 12 23
2 ANDRA PRADESH 95156 105459 185,872 20 MADHYA PRADESH 188151 16330 24038
3 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 1427 1564 1,613 21 MAHARASTRA 26430 91170 114411
4 ASSAM 8700 2312 5153 22 MANIPUR 90 1519 87
5 BIHAR 74700 5,838 6014 23 MEGHALAYA 327 117 525
6 CHANDIGARH 653 1,548 1600 24 MIZORAM 48 136 65
7 CHATTISGARH 242404 25 NAGALAND 687 443 1,236
8 DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI 69 1928 4339 26 ODISHA 0 0 0
9 DAMAN AND DIU 32 2073 4590 27 PONDICHERRY 276 1057 1753
10 DELHI 13931 4000 41,162 28 PUNJAB 5470 9912 11717
11 GOA 400 2,148 4,389 29 RAJASTHAN 5820 9,666 12,991
12 GUJARAT 36337 115,316 176,072 30 SIKKIM 89 270 602
13 HARYANA 3453 10,593 16,280 31 TAMIL NADU 3350 6,231 22,863
14 HIMANCHAL PRADESH 2061 3,669 3,295 32 TRAIPURA 375 1,057 303
15 JAMMU AND KASHMIR _ 4,348 2,233 33 UTTAR PRADESH 11580 1,297 35,269
16 JHADKHAND 126,320 34 UTTRAKHAND _ _ 4,224
17 KARNATAKA 4420 16,379 64,032 35 WEST BENGAL 134621 158,486 142,179
18 KERALA 1940 4,007 12,223 TOTAL 621505 580,182 1,271,121

OUT MIGRANTS

STATES/ UNION TERRITORIES 1991 2001 2011

Andhra Pradesh 95156 105,459 185,872
Arunachal Pradesh 1427 1564 1,613
Assam 8700 2,312 5,153
Bihar 74700 5,838 6,014
Gao 400 2,148 4,389
Gujarat 36337 115,316 176,072
Haryana 3453 10,593 16,280
Himachal Pradesh 2061 3,669 3,295
Karnataka 4420 16,379 64,032
Kerala 1940 4,007 12,223
Madhya Pradesh 188151 16,330 24,038
Maharashtra 26430 91,170 114,411
Manipur 90 1,519 87
Meghalaya 327 117 525
Mizoram 48 136 65
Nagaland 687 443 1,236
Orissa 0 0 0
Punjab 5470 9,912 11,717
Rajasthan 5820 9,666 12,991
Sikkim 89 270 602
Tamil Nadu 3350 6,231 22,863
Tripura 375 1,057 303
 Uttar Pradesh 11580 1,297 35,269
West Bengal 134621 158,486 142,179
Andaman And Nicobar Islands 911 1,297 1,244
Chandigarh 653 1,548 1,600
Dadra And Nagar Haveli 69 1,928 4,339
Daman And Diu 32 2,073 4,590
Delhi 13931 4000 41,162
Lakshadweep 1 12 23
Pondicherry 276 1,057 1,753
jamu andKashmir _ 4,348 2,233
Uttarakhand _ _ 4,224
Chhattisgarh 242,404
Jharkhand 126,320

OUT MIGRANTS TO ODISHA

HERE I SHALLA TAKING THE FEW STATES FOR MAJOR MIGRANTS CONTRIBUTES

1.4 INTERAL MIGRATION

The internal migration includes migration of people within a national boundary. it may
include migration from state to another state, district to district or within the district. Highly
developed state attracts more migrants from distant parts of the country. The migration
pattern is not stationery rather than it varies from time to time and migration is also some
instance affected by development. The highly developed ares have high pulling power as
compared to least developed areas. For example, during the British colonial period, most of
the laborers brought from the Chotanagpur plateau for working in Assam tea garden. But
the currents trends show that there is a shift of migrants towards southern parts of India
which is most favorable destination for migrants from north and east. Most of the scholars
concluded that during 19 and mid nineteen century, Indian people were less mobile than
other parts of the world. In some instances, it can be acceptable because of dominance of
caste and spiritual beliefs in Indian society. During 1961 to 1991 interstate (lifetime)
inmigrants was high in developed states such as Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
and Punjab etc. because this state is increasingly invested in public sector that attracting
workers from other states.

1.4.1 INTER STATE

SL LESS NOT
NO 2001 TOTAL THAN 1 1 TO 4 5 TO 9 10 TO 19 ABOVE 20 STATED
1 ANDRA PRADESH 108,240 2,974 17,433 15,330 24,502 40,254 7,747
2 BIHAR 78,105 2,415 14,046 12,089 19,425 24,346 5,784
3 CHATTISGARH 95,521 4,564 12,494 12,246 21,017 39,648 5,552
4 GUJARAT 10,339 3,044 1,627 976 1,194 2,550 948
5 JHADKHAND 137,859 4,583 22,906 19,327 32,549 50,964 7,530
6 RAJASTHAN 10,651 420 1,620 1,185 2,180 4,408 838
7 UTTAR PRADESH 25,801 986 5,300 3,583 5,467 8,342 2,123
8 WEST BENGAL 140,860 4,255 21,913 18,772 29,507 59,297 7,116

LESS THAN 1 YEAR ABOVE 10 YEARS

WORKS/ WORKS/
EMPLOYMEN BUSINES EDUCATIO EMPLOYMEN EDUCATIO BUSINES
STATE T S N T N S
ANDRA PRADESH 798 201 41 10,877 125 7,149
BIHAR 922 92 87 11,005 148 914
CHHATISGARH 1,644 158 55 3,073 23 4,691
JAHDKHAND 1,817 172 177 13,948 197 1,655
MADHYA PRADSEH 1,644 78 55 741 6 2,092
RAJASTHAN 80 64 12 708 19 5,730
UTTAR PRADSEH 276 353 31 3,727 33 2,550
WEST BENGAL 1,226 37 152 10,711 161 279

STATE SL NO DISTRICT 2001 2011

1 RANGAREDDY 12730 9520

2 SRIKAKULAM 32556 19076

ANDRA PRADESH 3 VISHAKAPATNAM 18372 51912

4 VAZIANAGARAM 12819 22331

5 MEDAK 6495 40295

6 GUMLA 9399 1494

JHARKHAND 7 PASCHIM SINGHBHUM 25227 31896

8 PURBI SINGHBHUM 29958 47866

9 BARDHAMANA 15,001 11,253

 WEST BENGAL 10 NTFP 22,658 20,748

11 MEDINIPUR 44,864 _

12 KOLKATA 32,989 24,639

13 RAIGARRH 28,659 38,297

14 DURG 23,832 25,267

CHATTISGARH 15 RAIPUR 44,863 69,075

16 MAHASAMUD 20,010 34,654

BASTAR 21,538 32,149

In 2001, Odisha (according to the data) was good destination for migrants from West Bengal,
Andra Pradesh, and Jharkhand etc. The migrants who came during the past most of them
got settled for more than 20 years. Besides the marriages as the reason for migration, most
of the migrants come for work and employment, business and for pursuing higher
education. Most of the migrants who comes from different states, most of them are for
marriage, work and employment and after getting better income and send remittance to
their family and after some years they stated migrating with households and started living in
that place.

In 2001 most of the migrants were came to Odisha from 8 states (that showing in the above
table). Out of those states, highest numbers of migrants were coming from West Bengal
followed by Jharkhand and Andra Pradesh. Besides the marriage as the main reason, most of
the migrants also came for work and employment, business. Migrants who had come for
such reasons, they got settled in the bordering districts of Odisha for more than 10 years. It
is interesting note that the migrants who came for getting education in the city, they got
reside within Odisha for 1 to 5 years. For example, from West Bengal about 1529 students
were came for getting higher education for 1 to 5 years.
 Uttar West Andhra
SL NO 2011 Pradesh Bihar Bengal Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Pradesh
1 ANUGUL 1,689 3,598 2,409 3,175 950 1,056
2 BALANGIR 652 1,503 827 683 3,724 1,634
3 BALESWAR 1,070 2,088 41,477 930 170 759
4 BARGARH 440 1,972 672 1,000 24,653 2,674
5 Baudh 31 111 112 46 38 60
6 Bhadrak 311 665 8,456 220 42 565
7 Cuttack 2,179 5,910 9,989 2,128 423 3,699
8 Debagarh 115 536 95 1,813 78 19
9 Dhenkanal 374 967 885 836 202 264
10 Gajapati 47 140 835 85 97 20,493
11 Ganjam 1,237 1,632 5,402 807 1,041 21,968
Jagatsinghapu
12 r 583 1,046 6,048 409 78 2,965
13 Jajapur 592 2,190 3,749 1,529 193 739
14 Jharsuguda 4,039 15,216 4,070 6,947 14,232 1,010
15 Kalahandi 316 745 434 455 6,665 1,705
16 Kandhamal 86 183 215 71 64 230
17 Kendrapara 229 228 11,118 104 76 509
18 Kendujhar 2,179 8,819 3,600 28,870 549 335
19 Khordha 3,639 9,963 15,819 6,078 1,134 10,774
20 Koraput 724 1,384 1,188 668 4,104 15,959
21 Malkangiri 333 149 1,543 30 7,689 4,554
22 Mayurbhanj 554 4,175 21,358 39,128 104 347
23 Nabarangapur 355 935 1,081 329 23,840 1,967
24 Nayagarh 140 126 422 35 30 153
25 Nuapada 423 387 212 161 18,653 492
26 Puri 316 546 3,234 240 152 2,245
27 Rayagada 1,019 1,038 725 300 528 20,110
28 Sambalpur 2,245 9,083 3,019 7,611 3,689 1,577
29 Subarnapur 67 357 183 430 419 345
30 Sundargarh 7,079 43,539 15,522 62,259 15,754 3,284

The states such as Uttar Pradesh, west Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Andra
Pradesh and Gujarat has contributed maximum numbers of migration to Odisha in 2011
census. The numbers of migrants to Odisha had not uniformly distributed rather that the
migrants preferred to specific districts of Odisha such as Ganjam, Jharsuguda, Keonjhar,
Khordha, Sundergarh and Baleshwar etc.

TOTAL
Uttar West Andhra OVERALL
2011 DISTRICT Pradesh Bihar Bengal Jharkhand Chhattisgarh Pradesh MIGRANTS
SL NO BALESWAR 1,070 2,088 41,477 930 170 759 266,325
1 GANJAM 1,237 1,632 5,402 807 1,041 21,968 812,835
2 JHARSUGUDA 4,039 15,216 4,070 6,947 14,232 1,010 590,355
3 KENDUJHAR 2,179 8,819 3,600 28,870 549 335 876,743
4 KHORDA 3,639 9,963 15,819 6,078 1,134 10,774 733,506
5 MAYURBHANJ 554 4,175 21,358 39,128 104 347 1,155,564
6 SUNDARGARH 7,079 43,539 15,522 62,259 15,754 3,284 1,337,233
Migration is more active in area of having common boundary. Such as, the district
Sundargarh shares its boundary with the Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand and the influx of
migrants is high because this region plays as social and political linkages between the place
of origin and destination. Similar case study can also be applicable to areas that have
common district boundary with other state. In the same way the district Mayurbhanj shares
its boundary with Jharkhand and West Bengal, so most of the migrants were came from
Jharkhand and West Bengal as their last residents who enumerated in Mayurbhanj. There
was a wide range of variation is reasons for migration. For example, the marriage as reason
for migration was high as compared to other reasons for migration. But marriage as reason is
not economically important. On the other hand, most of the migrants who were came from
the surrounding states for work and employment are gradually living in the border districts
for more than 10 years. For example, in Sundergarh most of the migrants were from
Jharkhand and migrants who were arrived for work and employment, most of them are
gradually living in the place of enumeration or Sundergarh.

The highest numbers of migrants were observed in Sambalpur followed by Cuttack and
Koraput and lowest numbers of migrants was observed in Phulbani and Kendujhar but this
trend changed with the emergence of new districts such as Khordha and Jajpur during 2001
census and Cuttack recorded highest number of migrants in the same decade. During 2011
census, Ganjam recorded highest migrants followed by Khordha, Deogarh and Cuttack. The
international migrants are remained high in Malkangiri from 2001 to 2011 and during 1991 it
was a part of Koraput district which was remained high in terms of international migrants’
numbers.
 INTER
INTER
INTRA INTER INTER INTRA INTER NATION
SL NO DISTRICT NATION INTER STATE
DISTRICT DISTRICT STATE DISTRICT DISTRICT MIGRANT
MIGRANTS
S
1 Anugul 71.16 24.28 4.49 0.06 74.82 21.76 3.18 0.24
2 Balangir 80.32 17.76 1.89 0.03 79.33 18.46 1.97 0.24
3 Baleshwar 79.93 12.85 7.16 0.07 77.14 15.6 6.95 0.31
4 Bargarh 70.38 21.42 8.15 0.05 72.43 19.98 7.17 0.42
5 Baudh 72.69 26.84 0.47 0.01 71.49 27.89 0.41 0.21
6 Bhadrak 80.96 16.26 2.71 0.07 77.99 18.86 2.67 0.48
7 Cuttack 59.92 35.59 4.36 0.12 63.9 32.51 3.3 0.3
8 Debagarh 61.68 31.76 6.53 0.02 68.8 28.78 2.23 0.2
9 Dhenkanal 76.86 21.98 1.14 0.03 75.88 22.59 1.19 0.33
10 Gajapati 71.32 14.34 13.81 0.53 77.4 11.25 10.95 0.39
11 Ganjam 91.79 5.18 2.99 0.04 88.36 6.93 4.29 0.42
Jagatsinghapu
12 74.2 21.13 4.44 0.23 73.91 22.55 3.13 0.41
r
13 Jajapur 77.66 20.64 1.66 0.04 74.59 23.18 1.95 0.28
14 Jharsuguda 41.73 38.34 19.04 0.9 47.62 33.19 18.61 0.58
15 Kalahandi 82.5 15.09 2.38 0.03 82.82 14.32 2.46 0.39
16 Kandhamal 79.21 20.35 0.42 0.01 82.22 17.05 0.52 0.2
17 Kendrapara 80.59 14.49 4.36 0.57 79.12 16.9 3.36 0.63
18 Kendujhar 75.02 17.89 6.99 0.1 70.63 21.16 7.96 0.25
19 Khordha 38.83 55.06 5.82 0.29 45.76 48.38 5.47 0.39
20 Koraput 72.52 20.89 6.34 0.25 74.98 19.11 5.43 0.48
21 Malkangiri 56.01 20.58 7.06 16.35 70.51 15.45 7.49 6.55
22 Mayurbhanj 80.85 11.32 7.77 0.07 80.31 11.79 7.71 0.18
23 Nabarangapur 72.32 16.57 8.22 2.89 78.21 12.87 7.09 1.83
24 Nayagarh 82.84 16.79 0.36 0.01 78.21 20.77 0.65 0.37
25 Nuapada 70.7 17.97 11.31 0.02 73.03 17.05 9.69 0.23
26 Puri 80.51 17.6 1.84 0.05 75.32 22.74 1.6 0.34
27 Rayagada 73.5 17.64 8.78 0.09 78.94 14.08 6.78 0.2
28 Sambalpur 58.18 34.66 7.01 0.15 60.06 32.7 6.91 0.33
29 Sonapur 63.88 35.09 1.01 0.02 64.46 34.32 1.03 0.2
30 Sundargarh 52.27 26.22 21.29 0.22 57.11 23.07 19.41 0.41
 Jamm Himac
u& hal Uttar
Kash Prade Punj Chandig Uttranc Harya Del Rajast Prade Biha Assa
mir sh ab arh hal na hi han sh r m
2,04
Bargarh 19 9 118 16 6 381 55 327 480 9 46
Jharsugud 8,75
a 15 82 306 42 41 178 76 398 3,408 7 108
5,27
Sambalpur 18 50 480 25 36 321 179 571 1,229 7 172
Debagarh 3 0 21 1 2 30 6 19 110 460 8
Sundargar 1,99 32,0
h 111 175 8 112 252 1,209 443 1,435 7,189 40 460
4,39
Kendujhar 10 49 384 11 36 87 61 271 1,470 9 50
Mayurbhan 2,52
j 13 3 133 8 21 43 70 605 459 7 39
1,37
Baleshwar 55 16 172 9 44 93 157 461 901 5 108
Bhadrak 7 14 45 2 12 62 35 310 173 322 17
Kendrapar
a 14 7 55 11 2 76 275 82 141 161 63
Jagatsingh
apur 33 26 183 2 52 42 103 126 599 995 70
4,06
Cuttack 52 37 494 57 38 376 383 2,185 1,572 3 304
Jajapur 4 21 143 7 4 36 50 348 309 999 25
Dhenkanal 17 10 51 16 2 40 71 171 298 474 61
2,92
Anugul 51 53 303 12 34 206 178 400 1,390 9 179
Nayagarh 81 3 11 4 0 19 10 87 59 78 7
1,2 5,00
Khordha 178 90 623 93 142 437 99 965 2,161 4 548
Puri 18 7 28 4 5 39 64 84 187 326 50
Ganjam 247 23 254 53 51 169 147 354 723 908 135
Gajapati 6 6 11 0 3 5 12 23 42 45 113
Kandhamal 13 8 7 2 0 3 18 24 48 107 41
Baudh 0
West 0 5 0 3 7 1 41 147 97 6
Sonapur Benga
0 Jharkhan
2 1Chhattisgar
0 Madhya
0 Gujara
24 Maharashtr
4 34 Andhra
41 Karnatak
231 5 Keral Tamil
l d h Pradesh t a Pradesh a a Nadu
Balangir 16 13 80 14 15 269 41 230 496 971 121
Nuapada
Bargarh 3
765 6
1,107 50 22,4615 7
636 118
289 14 156 128 229
5,506 289 62 15 96 129
Kalahandi 12 3 168 5 10 316 81 236 333 587 47
Rayagada 5 4 64 8 14 63 56 86 509 580 28
Nabaranga
pur 13 6 28 61 10 183 25 212 247 800 39
1,15
Koraput 26 4 169 21 52 128 71 288 610 9 82
Malkangiri 4 4 24 24 30 39 15 150 241 96 26
Jharsuguda 3,375 5,203 7,804 1,115 302 400 953 56 304 118
Sambalpur 2,205 6,304 2,519 601 650 360 1,451 87 282 217
Debagarh 93 4,785 30 12 21 11 14 1 3 16

Sundargarh 16,130 52,560 11,273 1,533 1,121 866 4,078 252 1,587 610
Kendujhar 2,586 20,838 345 143 190 87 222 73 140 76

Mayurbhanj 15,869 28,634 124 234 148 158 220 43 74 45

Baleshwar 32,280 801 54 141 299 250 618 43 133 143
Bhadrak 7,016 137 33 102 155 52 544 20 24 65

Kendrapara 13,611 203 79 111 210 108 203 36 31 22

Jagatsinghapu
r 6,705 772 320 180 180 203 3,404 91 226 203
Cuttack 9,520 2,517 1,192 425 775 535 5,174 160 489 320
Jajapur 2,580 1,628 76 85 108 68 464 43 68 74
Dhenkanal 647 563 404 95 37 82 176 18 36 112
Anugul 2,927 4,156 778 490 308 318 942 138 397 347
Nayagarh 273 69 29 25 16 17 76 5 19 38
Khordha 12,751 3,935 1,114 657 902 1,595 11,052 383 916 776
Puri 2,163 205 70 72 92 69 4,073 26 58 36
Ganjam 2,913 786 865 361 3,449 671 14,914 105 377 267
Gajapati 440 97 111 40 10 75 16,440 28 24 52

Kandhamal 129 92 35 32 23 28 166 1 55 27

Baudh 53 21 22 13 3 26 22 0 12 17
Sonapur 113 291 169 47 59 7 423 10 7 26
Balangir 654 493 1,768 320 248 304 1,026 47 128 187
Nuapada 150 126 14,756 267 184 204 190 24 51 47
Kalahandi 314 363 4,008 485 206 220 1,569 70 120 108
Rayagada 403 206 447 209 101 102 17,694 31 179 173

Nabarangapur 1,596 315 17,230 630 48 110 1,812 87 52 273

Koraput 1,383 589 2,754 337 203 232 12,604 176 582 432
Malkangiri 1,216 63 4,651 1,125 2 133 2,210 39 98 122