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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND

HEALTH WELLNESS

1.0 Intended Learning Outcomes

a. Develop creative thinking skills in discussing the meaning, objectives, and
legal basis of Physical Education.
b. Determine the difference in development of Physical Education.
c. Promote the importance of each origin and meaning of Physical Education.

1.1. Introduction
1.2 Topics/Discussion (with Assessment/Activities)
1.2.1 Physical Education (To the Development and Adjustment of the individual)
Discussion:
The Father of Modern Physical Education that we
know of today was Freidrich Ludwig Jahn. Although
Jahn was highly political within Germany, his
contributions to Physical Education (mostly in
Gymnastics) as a discipline are still seen today.
Source: https://pixels.com/featured/friedrich-ludwig-jahn-prussian-mary-
evans-picture-library.html

What is Physical Education?

Physical Education (PE) is the interdisciplinary study of all areas of science
relating to the transmissions of physical knowledge and skills to an individual or a
group, the application of these skills, and their results.
 Physical Education is an important segment of general education which aims
to contribute to the total development of the learner through participation in
selected activities.
It provides opportunities to acquire lifelong skills that are essential to his
physical, mental, social, and emotional development.
It can also be viewed as a program of activities in a school curriculum
that involves:
Sports, games, dance, gymnastics, and recreational activities.
Great emphasis is placed on:
motor skills Recreation
Fitness Safety
Health

It is the Vital and Integral part of general education designed to promote the
optimum development of the individual physically, mentally, socially, and
emotionally through total body movement in the performance of properly
selected physical activities.

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 Physical Education is an integral part of the education program that is

designed to promote the total/optimum development of the individual
physically, socially, emotionally and mentally through total movement in the
performance of properly selected physical activities (Andin,2002).
Physical Education has undergone many vicissitudes and numerous changes
of path in the Philippine schools. There was a time when Physical Education
was considered as education of the physical, hence a muscular physique was
considered as a physical educated body. The activities then were termed as
“drill”, “physical training”, and “calisthenics”. The old concept of physical
education would, in all respect, mean today as strengthening the muscles.
The newer and modern perception of physical education is that it is
education through physical activities. In modern physical education idiom, it
is education through “movement”.Wunderlich (1967) describes of movement
as follows;
1. it provides sensory data.
2. it broadens the perspective horizon.
3. it stimulates function and structure of all body organs.
4. it is the means by which an individual learns about himself in relation to his
ambient environment.

1.2.2 Aspects of Physical Education

The primary aims of Physical Education vary historically, based on the needs
of the time and place.
The following objectives of Physical Education are viewed and stated in their
contribution to the outcomes of education and which justify the existence of physical
education in the curriculum.

Physical Development
Through carefully selected physical education activities, an individual who
participates actively will develop and maintain good health and a high level of
physical fitness. The acquisition of physical skills can motivate an individual to
participate further in physical activities: hence, the healthy growth and development
of each learner will be enhanced.

Social Development
Participation in Physical Education activities provides opportunities for the
acquiring and practicing of desirable social traits necessary for adjustment to happy
living and social life in general. Some worth-while traits are:
» Friendliness
» Cooperation
» Respect for the rights of others
» Good sportsmanship
» Good leadership and followership
» Honesty in group competition

Emotional Development
The informal nature of physical education offers ‘opportunities for the
development of expression and emotional traits needed for emotional mastery like:
» Self-confidence
» Self-control

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» Self-reliance
» Courage
» Determination
» Personal Discipline

Mental Development
Through participation in Physical Education activities, the individual
develops his mental capacities as he learns the mechanical principles of underlying
movement, as the learner acquires knowledge and understanding of rules and
strategies of games and sports as well as dance instructions, as he discovers ways of
improving his movements of gymnastics and dance, and ability to analyze and give
judgments.

Objectives of Physical Education;

1. Knowledge – it enhances critical thinking how activities are done according
to rules, regulations and strategies.
2. Physical Fitness – improve and maintain the workload of the individual
without staggering and undue fatigue after which have time or energy to meet some
more emergencies in life.
3. Social – to understand oneself; to get along with others for effective living.
4. Motor skills – it is the learning of the fundamental skills necessary for
participation in sports and games.
5. Aesthetics – relating or responsive to or appreciative of what is pleasurable
to the senses.
6. Nationalism – preservation of cultural heritage through revival of
indigenous games, dances and sports.
7. Conservation of Natural Environment – such as protection of forest and
aquatic resources.
Functions of Physical Education
Physical education performs three functions which are;
1. Biologic Function – refers to the enhancement of the individual’s growth
and development through body movement.
2. Integrative Function – refers to the personality integration achieved
through participation in properly selected physical activities.
3. Social Function – refers to the transmitting values and standards that are
consistent with the needs and ideals of the society.

1.2.3 Legal Basis of Physical Education of Teaching Physical Education in the

Philippines Setting
1901 - Physical exercise was one of the subjects introduced in the public schools and
Regular program of athletics was developed.
1920 - Physical education was made a required subjects in the curriculum of all
public schools.
1937 - Physical education was made curricular subject in the secondary school
curriculum.
1969 - The School of Physical Education and Sports Development Act of 1969. A
program of activities included among others;

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1. A program of Health education and nutrition

2. A program of physical fitness for all pupils
3. A program of competitive athletics
4. A program of intramurals and inter-unit athletic competition within
schools, districts, and provinces;
5. An annual athletic competitions within and among regions.
1982 - MAPE was introduced and the learning area involves music, arts, and
physical
Education.
LEGAL BASIS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Article 1 of the International Charter of Physical Education and Sports,
UNESCO, Paris, 1975 and Recommendation 1, Interdisciplinary Regional Meeting of
Experts on Physical Education, UNESCO, Brisbane Australia, 1982. States that:
“The practice of Physical Education and Sports is a fundamental right for
all...”
“And this right should not be treated as different in principle from the right
to adequate food, shelter, and medical care.”
Article XIV, section 19, 1986 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
* The State shall promote Physical Education and encourage sports programs,
league competitions, and amateur sports including training for international
competitions to foster self-discipline, teamwork, and excellence for the development
of 2 healthy and alert citizenry.”
*All educational institutions shall undertake regular sports activities
throughout the country and in cooperation with the athletic club and other sectors.”

VALUES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

The value of physical education activities is found in the resulting
development and adjustment of the individual. Engaging in any activity stimulates
in some degree the four types of development although different activities
emphasize different amounts. Regular’ exercise and physical activity are extremely
important and beneficial for long-term health and well-being.

Health Benefits of Exercise and Physical Activity

 Reduce the risk of premature death.
 Reduce the risk of developing and/or dying from heart disease.
 Reduce high blood pressure or the risk of developing high: blood pressure.
 Reduce high cholesterol or the risk of developing high cholesterol.
 Reduce the risk of developing colon cancer and breast cancer.
 Reduce the risk of developing diabetes.
 Reduce or maintain body weight or body fat.
 Build and maintain healthy muscles, bones, and joints. Reduce depression
and anxiety.
 Improve psychological well-being.
 Enhance work, recreation, and sports performance.

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UNIT 2 - PHYSICAL FITNESS

Physical fitness is one but one part of the total fitness that includes the
mental, emotional, and social aspects of the individual’s total well-being. Physical fitness
is
the result of the following factors;
1. good medical and dental care
2. proper nutrition
3. adequate rest and relaxation
4. regular physical activity and/or exercises.

Physical Fitness- is the ability to perform one’s daily task efficiently

without undue fatigue but with extra “reserve” in case of emergency.

Concepts of Physical Fitness:

1. Organic Vigor- refers to the soundness of the heart and lungs which
contributes to the ability to resist diseases.
2. Endurance – is the ability to sustain long-continued contractions where
the number of muscles groups are used; the capacity to bear or last long in a certain task
without undue fatigue.
3. Strength – is the capacity to sustain the application of force without
yielding or breaking; the capacity of the muscle to exert effort against a resistance.
4. Power – refers to ability of the muscle to release maximum force in a
shortest period of time.
5. Flexibility – is the quality of plasticity, which gives the ability to do a
wide range of movement.
6. Agility – is the ability of an individual to change direction or position in
space with quickness and lightness of movement.
7. Balance – is the ability to control organic equipment neuro-muscularly; a
state of equilibrium.
8. Speed – is the ability to make successive movements of the same kind in
the shortest period of time.

Components of Physical Fitness

I. Health-Related Fitness
It is a function of body’s adaptation to exercise. It could be developed and maintain
through the regular and proper exercise program. There are 5 components of Health –
Related Fitness as follows;
A. Muscular Strength – refers to the ability of the muscle to exert maximum effort in brief
duration. It may be developed through isotonic, isometric, or isokinetic contractions.

1. Isotonic Contraction are voluntary contractions in which muscles shorten and

lengthen alternately. The muscle contracts at varying speed against a resistance.
a. Concentric contraction- refers to muscles that shorten during exercise. There is
no movement that occurs and the length of the muscle remains unchanged.
b. Eccentric contraction – refers to the muscle that lengthens during an exercise.
Muscles exert force due to an outside resistance.

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2. Isometric Contraction are another type of contractions in which the muscles are
contracted against an immovable resistance. The exercise provides maximum contraction of
muscle; however, there is no observed movement during the exercise.
3. Isokenetic Contraction are similar to isotonic contraction but the muscles are
exposed to fixed machines with variable degrees of resistance. Through the range of
movement, resistance is equal to the force applied.

B. Muscular Endurance- refers to the ability of the muscle to endure a sub maximal effort
for a prolonged period of time. Performing a strength exercise such push-up over a long
period of time or performing the same exercise for many continuous repetitions is a
demonsrtration of muscular endurance.

C. Cardiovascular Endurance -refers to the ability of the heart, blood vessel, and the lungs
to adapt to physical exertion for a prolonged duration.

Activities that develop cardiovascular endurance;

1. prolonged brisk walking
2. prolonged jogging
3. stationary bicycling
4. prolonged skipping rope
5. playing basketball
6. continuous swimming
7. rowing
8. aerobic dancing
9. hiking
10. playing football

D. Flexibility - Is the ability of the muscles and joints to go through a full range motion.
Flexibility reduces the risk of injury, enhances performance and prevents muscle soreness.
It is achieved through stretching designed to lengthen or elongate soft tissue structures and
thereby increase the range of motion.

E. Body Composition- refers to the proportion of lean body mass to fat body mass. It
stresses one’s relative fatness or leanness in relation to height.
Somatotyping or body typing is a system of classifying an individual according to the
shape of the body. It was developed by Sheldon during the 1940’s and 1950’s, he with noted
that the physique of the body may be categorized into three distinct types;
1. An Ectomorph body type is characterized as lean and small body build with
greater surface area to mass ratio. Bone size is relatively small with slender limbs and low
of muscle mass.
2. A Mesomorph body type has a relative predominance of muscles. The bones are
usually large and heavy with massive limbs, thus contributing to greater weight than the
ectomorphic body type.
3. An Ectomorph body type is characterized by a relative predominance of soft
roundness and larger digestive viscera. There is a greater percent of body fat when
compared to lean body mass

II. Skill/Performance Related Fitness

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It refers to the quality of one’s movement skill. It includes 5 general components

namely;
1. Balance- is the ability to maintain equilibrium in relation to changes in body position.
Balance can be categorized into static and dynamic balance. Static balance is the ability to
maintain equilibrium in a fixed position such standing on one foot or on a balance beam.
Dynamic balance is the ability to maintain one’s equilibrium while the body is in motion.
Walking on a balance beam is one example of this type of balance.

2. Coordination- is the harmonious working relationship between the skeletal muscle and
nerves in one aspect of movement. Hand-eye coordination is demonstrated in certain sport
skills such as catching, passing, dribbling or volleying a ball.

3. Agility- is the ability of an individual to quickly shift or change direction of the body
from one point to another.

4. Speed- is the ability to perform a task or move from one point to another in the shortest
possible time. It is also the time spent finishing of completing a performance after the initial
movement has been made.

5. Power- is the ability to perform one maximum effort in a short period of time. It is a
product of both strength and speed as seen in many sport activities such as track and field
and weightlifting.

1.3 References
Tulio, D. D. (2012). Physical Education 1 for College. National Book Store,
Philippines
Pineda, M. D., et. al. (2016). Health Optimizing Physical Education. Jimczyville
Publications
CHED Memorandum Order (CMO0No. 74,76,78 and 80 series of 2017
Did Prehistoric Women Hunt? New Research Suggests So. (n.d.).
https://theconversation.com/did-prehistoric-women-hunt-new-
research-suggests-so-149477
Traditional Fishing Techniques Around the World. (n.d.).
https://fishingbooker.com/blog/traditional-fishing-techniques-around-
the-world/
Riley Vickery: Health Care History. (n.d.).
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/riley-vickery-health-care-history
Ancient Olympic Events. (n.d.).
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/sports.html
Ancient Civilizations of India and China. (n.d.).
https://www.slideshare.net/HST130mcc/ancient-civilizations-of-india-
and-china
https://pixels.com/featured/friedrich-ludwig-jahn-prussian-mary-
evans-picture-library.html
Olympic Rings. (n.d.).
https://www.verite.org/assessing-the-london-olympics/olympic-rings-
on-white/

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1.4 Acknowledgement
The images, tables, figures, and information contained in this module were
taken from the references cited above.

C. M. D. Hamo-ay