Course Code: PHA 006L
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Name: _________________________________________________________________ Group number: _____
Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________
Lesson Title: Primary Literature Materials:
Lesson Objectives: By the end of this activity, you should be • See materials in each
able to experiment
1. Describe the primary literature References:
2. Identify the different primary resources available • Drug Information: A Guide
3. Evaluate the scientific literature available for Pharmacists, Malone et
al.,
Pre-Laboratory Introduction
Pharmacists are being asked daily to provide responses to numerous drug information requests for
a variety of people. It is tempting just to select the easiest, most familiar resources to find information;
however, by doing that there is the possibility of missing new resources or limiting the comprehensiveness
of the information found.
Laboratory Discussion
Given the rapid rate at which medical information is increasing and the amount of available
technology to organize and locate this information, it is easy to become overwhelmed by the volume of
data available. However, as pharmacists develop a better understanding of where to access information,
provision of drug information will occur more quickly. As technological advances continue, which may
change the face of physical pharmacy dispensing and compounding, the need for information retrieval
and interpretation will continue to grow.
Pharmacists must not, however, be satisfied with merely identifying sources for drug information.
Understanding where to access information is only the first step in the provision of quality drug
information. Information must be interpreted and evaluated to become knowledge, as is described in
other chapters. It is this unique knowledge that will enable practitioners to optimize patient care.
Primary Literature / Resources
Primary literature consists of clinical research studies and reports, both published
and unpublished. Not all literature published in a journal is classified as primary literature,
for example, review articles or editorials are not primary literature. There are several types
of publications considered primary, including controlled trials, cohort studies, case
series, and case reports.
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Benefits/Advantage Limitations/Disadvantage
Provide access to detailed information about a topic Misleading conclusions based on only one trial or
study without the context of another research
Ability to personally assess the validity and Requires skilled researcher to evaluate the
applicability of study results references
More recent as compared to tertiary or secondary More time consuming in evaluating references
resources
Advantages of the use of primary literature include access to detailed information about a topic and the
ability to personally assess the utility and validity of study results. Additionally, primary literature tends to be more
recent than tertiary or secondary literature. However, there are several disadvantages of using primary literature
alone. These disadvantages include misleading conclusions based on only one trial without the context of other
research, the need to have good skills in medical literature evaluation, and the time needed to evaluate the large
volume of literature available.
Due to the rapidly increasing number of specialty journals being published, it is difficult to determine which
journals are essential in a pharmacy practice setting. The list below provides a listing of core holdings for a
college of pharmacy assembled by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. While this list may be
more extensive than what is required in many practice settings, it does provide a core listing of journals. Each
practice setting will require slightly different primary literature based on the specific areas that are of greatest
importance to that facility.
Selected Primary Literatures Sources
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Laboratory Activity Sheet #3
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Activity # 3
Identification of Different Primary Sources of Drug Literature
A. Identification: Identify the primary sources (Journal Article) being described here. Write your
answers at the space provided.
Put your Answers
Here!
1. Focuses on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs
2. It has new information about the treatment of cardiovascular disease
3. Addresses a variety of practice areas, including drug delivery systems,
biomaterials and polymers, and implications of human genome on drug
therapies
4. It involves technology related to disseminating drug information
5. Involves scholarship and advancement of pharmacy education
6. Information regarding the use of antimicrobial agents
7. Focus on new drug therapies and patient counseling as it relates to
community pharmacy
8. Emphasis on drug delivery, drug formulation, pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, and drug disposition
9. Provides information on new drug therapies and drugs of choice for
disease management
10. Safe, effective, and economical use of drugs
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B. Consider which primary resources might be appropriate for the following drug information
requests. Note: You can put multiple answers, containing primary resources in a specific item.
Put your Answers
Here!
A. The doctor asks the pharmacist during their casual talk about latest
treatments of cardiovascular diseases like angina.
B. A physician is seeking information about the use of chondroitin in the
management of osteoarthritis. He sees many patients in his practice and is
seeking information about efficacy, safety, and appropriate dosing of this
product.
C. A pharmacist wants to know what current investigational drugs are being
used to treat Huntington’s disease.
D. The dean of the College of Pharmacy in a certain school wants to know the
latest advancements in the aspect of pharmaceutical education
E. The doctor wants to ask how to manage the side effects of Norfloxacin during
therapy against urinary tract infection
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C. Evaluation: Focusing on the following criteria given to you, kindly evaluate the following article
“A Randomized Clinical Trial comparing the efficacy of Ibuprofen and Paracetamol in the
control of Orthodontic pain”. You can read the article on the last page of this LAS.
ELEMENTS EVALUATION CRITERIA AND RESPONSE
1. Was the article published in a reputable, peer reviewed journal?
Evaluation:
OVERALL 2. What was the source of financial support for the study? Can the funding source
ASSESSMENT bias the study?
Evaluation:
1. Was the title brief and catches attention of the readers interested in the topic?
Evaluation:
2. Was it unbiased?
TITLE/ Evaluation:
ABSTRACT
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3. Did the abstract provide a clear overview of the purpose, methods, results and
conclusions of the study?
Evaluation:
1. Did the authors provide sufficient background information to demonstrate the
rationale for the study? Was it free from biases?
Evaluation:
2. Were the study objectives clearly identified?
Evaluation:
INTRODUCTION
3. Did they demonstrate that the study was important and ethical?
Evaluation:
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1. Was an appropriate study design used to answer the question?
Evaluation:
2. Was subject recruitment described? If so, how were subjects recruited? Was the
method appropriate?
Evaluation:
METHODS
3. Was IRB approval obtained?
Evaluation:
4. Was subject informed consent obtained?
Evaluation:
1. Are the data presented in an appropriate, understandable format?
Evaluation:
RESULTS/
CONCLUSIONS/
REFERENCES
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2. Would this article change clinical practice or a recommendation that you would give
to a patient or health-care professional?
Evaluation:
3. Were appropriate references used? Are references timely and reputable?
Evaluation:
This criterion will be used as basis for giving of points to your evaluation
8 - 10 POINTS 5 - 7 POINTS 3 - 4 POINTS 0 - 2 POINTS
CRITERIA
Expert Proficient Apprentice Novice
Evaluated the literature in Evaluated the Demonstrated Showed weak
an excellent concept in a clear numerous understanding of
understanding of the and organized inaccuracies on the the entire
Understood the entire concept of the manner showing understanding of the concept of the
literature question, research question, considerable entire concept if the research
design, results and design, results, and understanding of the literature but has also literature.
conclusion of the study conclusion of the entire literature showed connection on
literature. The output the research
showed comprehensive questions, design,
and well explained results and conclusion
evaluation of the drug
literature
Analyzed the Correct, accurate and Showed proper Most parts were No analysis
appropriateness of the complete analysis of all association of the simply critique but not given
design process for the methodology relevance of the well relevant
data collection and questions and relate methodological considerations in the
analysis appropriate to appropriately the entire process in study
a specific research designed process to the connection to the
question and the conclusion of the study results and
interpretation of conclusion of the
findings study
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