Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), Vol.19 (3), Art. 250, pp.

1708 - 1714, 2019

online ISSN: 2247 - 806X; p-ISSN: 2247 – 8051; ISSN - L = 2247 - 8051 © JPES

Original Article

Psychological selection in game sports on the basketball example

RUSLANA SUSHKO1, NADIIA VYSOCHINA2, ANASTASIIA VOROBIOVA3, EDUARD DOROSHENKO4,
VIKTORIA PASTUHOVA3, FILIPPVYSOCHIN3
1
Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University
2
National Defence Universityof Ukraine named after Ivan Cherniakhovskyi
3
National University of Ukraine on Physical Education and Sport
4
Zaporizhia State Medical University, UKRAINE

Published online: September 30, 2019

((Accepted for publication: September 12, 2019)
DOI:10.7752/jpes.2019.03250

Abstract.
Purpose: to form an algorithm and to identify the criteria for psychological selection in basketball. Material
and Methods: In the research 144 athletes (gender – men; age – 16 years old) took part. Among them18were
selected as candidates for the Ukrainian cadet basketball teamusing methods for assessing individual technical
and tactical mastery (modified formula by M. Malikov) and psychological characteristics (assessment of the
level of psycho-physiological stress, self-esteem, leading sensory system, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire,
Bem Sex-Role Inventory).Results: For the first time, an integrated approach based on the assessment of the
technical and tactical skills of basketball players in combination with the psychological selection was used for
selectionthe candidates for the Ukrainian cadet team. From the 144 athletes, who participated in the Ukrainian
Championship, 36 players were selected based on the level of technical and tactical skills. According to the
results of the psychological tests main characteristics of basketball players were defended and recommendations
for coaches were given. As a result, 18 players, who were selected using psychological methods, had better
technical and tactical mastery. They took part in the training process for preparation for the main competitions of
the year (European Championship).Conclusions: According to the results of research, an algorithm of selection
including technical and tactical assessment andpsychological criteriahas has been formed to increase the
efficiency of the basketball players’ selection. Such type of mixed selection allows not just chose
perspectivecandidates for the national team, but also increase the effectiveness of training process through giving
practical recommendations for coaches about better positions of a player and psychological approaches in the
training process.
Keywords: psychological selection, basketball, technical, tactical, personality.

Introduction.
Among selection criteria in sports games are: morphological features, physical and functional qualities,
personality traits. As technical and tactical skills and physical parameters are wide-used in sport, as well
psychological factors are known, but rarely used for selection. Scientists all over the world are trying to find
ways for optimization the training process in order to increase the level of individual skills of athletes in team
sports (Mitova, Ivchenko, 2015; Vysochina, Bezmylov, 2015).
The searching prosses for ways to solve this complex task in the context of sport globalization turned to the
alternative ways, which are not connected mostly with improvingtraining methods (Kon, 2006; Doroshenko,
2013; Sushko, 2017; Polianychko et al, 2018). At the present stage of development of elite sport, the
psychological training of the athletes,as a system of psychological and pedagogical influences, is using to form
and improve personality traits and mental qualities, which will influence on the effectiveness of athletes’ training
and competitive activity(Craig, Baucum, 2006).
Since the current level of physical activity in Olympic and professional sports reaches its limits sports
psychologists point out the neediness of improving psychological preparedness with the help of emotional-
volitional and internal mental reserves of an athlete (Giulianotti, 2015; Spesyvykh, 2017; Vysochina et al.,
2018). The long-term researches experience in this field emphasizes the further possibility of improving the
results by using scientifically-based methods of psychological influence (Platonov, 2013, 2015).
The complexity and multifactorial nature of psychological preparation to competitions in sports games
necessitates the study of the athlete's individual personal characteristics, the dynamics of his mental processes at
all stages of long-term preparation and the improving of psychological correction programs taking into account
the current trends in training and competitive activity, as well as the specific of motor activity (Vysochina,
2017).
Thepurposeoftheworkto form an algorithm and identify the criteria for psychological selection in basketball.
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Corresponding Author: ANASTASIIA VOROBIOVA, E-mail: Anastasiia-99@bigmir.net
 RUSLANA SUSHKO, NADIIA VYSOCHINA, ANASTASIIA VOROBIOVA, EDUARD DOROSHENKO,
VIKTORIA PASTUHOVA, FILIPPVYSOCHIN
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Material and methods.
Participants.In the research 144 athletes (gender – men; age – 16 years old) took part. Among them 18 were
selected as candidates for the Ukrainian cadet basketball team U-16. Selection include two stages: assessment of
the results of the competitive activity and the level of individual technical and tactical mastery; psychological
selection.
Organization of research.
The study included three phases:
- the selection of 36 basketball players from 144 participants of the Ukrainian Championship on the basis of
technical and tactical mastery assessment;
- the selection of 18 athletes from 36 previously selected, taking into account the assessment of the
psychological characteristics of the players;
- formation of an algorithm for the selection of athletes for cadet national teams on the basis of an integrated
approach.
To assess the level of technical and tactical skills a modified formula (Malikov et al., 2005) was used. This
method of assessment has practical application (does not require the use of complex equipment and lengthy
preparation). Its advantageous are: a high level of accuracy and objectivity for the assessment of players' skills in
a particular game.
Method for assessing index of technical and tactical mastery (ІТТМ) include such stages:
- registration of the main indicators of technical and tactical actions;
- determining the time and effectiveness of players actions in comparison with total team indicators;
- mathematical calculation of the integral ITTM according to the formula:

where: ITTM – index of technical and tactical mastery in basketball, cu; Оg – points scored by the player,
amount; Ok – points scored by the team per game, amount; Zg– player's successful shots, amount; Zk– the total
amount of player'sshots, amount; t – player's time on the court, minutes; T –total playing time, minutes; AS –
assists, amount; RB –rebounds ball, amount; ST –steals, amount; BS –blocked shot, amount; FS – opponent's
fouls on player, amount; TTS –turnovers, amount; F–personal fouls, amount; 33,33; 1,4; 1,3; 1,2; 1; 0,5; -1; -1,2
– multiple regression equation coefficient.
Determination, evaluation and comparison of technical and tactical skills of players takes into account the
player's position(point guard, shooting guard, small forward, forward, power forward, center) and are evaluated
using a scale (table 1).

Table 1
Evaluation of ITTM depending on the playing position of basketball players
Level of technical and IТТМ value, cu
tactical mastery point guard, shootingguard, smallforward forward, powerforward, center
Low < 25,0 < 30,0
Below average 25,01 – 35,00 30,01 – 40,00
Average 35,01 – 45,00 40,01 – 50,00
Above average 45,01 – 55,00 50,01 – 60,00
High > 55,00 > 60,00

Example of practical application: Forward "A" scored 18 points in the game (team – 71 points).
He completed 12 shots, 6 of them were successful, played 29 minutes (total playing time – 40
minutes). In the asset – 4 assists, 4 rebounds, 2 steals, 0 block-shots, the opponents got 6 fouls,
when counteracting the player. In passive –2 personal fouls and 4 turnovers.
Based on the presented indicators, the ITTM is calculated according to the formula:

Taking into account the data from Table 1,level of technical and tactical mastery of player “A” – is above
average.
Forassessing the athletes’psychological state the following methods were used:
1. Assessment of the level of psycho-physiological stress allows to determine the degree of external
factors’influence on the psychological and physiological state of the athlete; to identify the features of his or her
individual reaction. The results of assessment help to find further directions for the correction of stress.
2. Eysenck Personality Questionnairefor the type of temperament determining(using a 24-point scale) allows
to identify the predominant type of temperament; assess the expression of individual mental qualities:
extraversion-introversion and neuroticism (emotional instability).
3. Test for determinationthe level of self-image assessesthe availability of basic personal qualities of an
athlete (achievement motivation, confidence, adaptability, self-defense)and based on the analysis of a complex
of indicators.
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4. Determination of the leading sensory system (visual, audial, kinesthetic) allows to determine the severity
and the ratio of the activity of the functioning of sensory systems in an athlete.
5. TheBem Sex-Role Inventoryfor the study of masculinity–femininity.
Statistical analysis. All indicators were calculated as absolute and relative (%) value.

Results.
The task of coaching staff of the Ukrainian cadet basketball team U-16 (head coach – I. Kharchenko,
assistant coach 1 – A. Kharchynskyi, assistant coach 2 – D. Shalamov) was to select and prepare for the
European Championship athletes, who have shown individual skills in the Ukrainian championship games. They
decided to test the psychological state of the candidates. Previously, the selection took into account only
technical and tactical indicators, physical fitness and the role of the player for the implementation of the planned
tactical schemes.
Often, the psychological correction is carried out with the selected players for the national team. But, for the
first time, with the support of the Ukrainian Basketball Federation they invited specialists, whose scientific
qualifications in psychology allows to determine main psychological parameters in basketball for selection the
candidates to the Ukrainian cadet basketball team. Their tasks were among the previously selected athletes
choose players, who have psychological resistant to expected loads, possess the necessary mental qualities to
work in the national team and are able to make situationally accurate decisions, to respond quickly to the coach’s
tasks. The conducted research has acquired particular importance in this direction.
Data abouttechnical and tactical indicatorswere collected during the competitive period.That made it possible
to assess objectively the level of preparedness of the players (144 athletes), who took part in the Ukrainian
Basketball Championship. The interpretation of the ITTM, taking into account the playing position (Sampaio et
al., 2006), made it possible to preselect 36 basketball players for further psychological examinations (table 2).
Mostly they had above average and some of them – high level of technical and tactical mastery. Two players had
average level of the ITTM.

Table 2
Indicators of the ITTM level of preselectedcandidates for the Ukrainian national basketball team, taking into
account the playing position (n=36)
Playingposition
Level of technical
point guard, shootingguard, smallforward forward, powerforward, center
and tactical mastery
number of players % number of players %
Low 0 0 0 0
Below average 0 0 0 0
Average 0 0 2 5,56
Above average 15 41,67 12 33,33
High 6 16,67 1 2,78

To select the best from the preselected players (n=36) psychological methods were used. But firstly, the task
was to choose the most informative parameters for basketball players.
Today scientists agree that the psychophysiological characteristics of the stress manifestation are directly
connected with the athlete’s emotional state influence on his well-being and the functioning of the body’s
functional systems. At the same time, long-term exposure to stress factors can lead to the chronic stress
formation and, consequently, to decreasing physical and mental efficiency, which determines the performance of
an athlete.
An assessment of the level of psychophysiological stress allowed us to determine the degree of external
factors’ influence on the psychological and physiological state of athletes and to identify the features of their
individual reaction. As a result, it allows us to choose the further approaches for the correction of stress.
According to the results of the study:2 players (5,56 %) hadlow levelof psychological and physiological stress
(reflects the stability of the nervous system to external factors); 14 (38,89 %) – average level of psychological
and physiological stress; 10 (27,78 %) – the average level of psychological and physiological stress with minor
signs of anxiety (when the need to be noticedby and impatience lead to certain emotional problems, or increased
self-insistence causes uncontrollable reactions of physiological stress – heart palpitations, tremors, excessive
sweating, etc.); 4 (11,11 %)– average level of psychological and physiological stress with increased anxiety (a
reaction to criticism and causeless anxiety, against the background of a high level of emotional reactions); 8
(22,22 %) – high level of psychological and average level of physiological stress (irritability is expressed,
reaction to critical comments and unreasonable anxiety is aggravated).
Mostly basketball players had normal indicators of stress. This characteristic does not require correction,
since a high level of psychological stress with an average level of physiological stress may be the result of the
age-related psychological characteristics of athletes (typical for adolescence), and drastic changes in the
hormonal level.
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As forresults of the survey of the temperament type, among preselected basketball players were: sanguine
persons (the nervous system is strong, mobile, balanced)– 13 people (36,11 %); melancholic (the nervous system
is weak, which reflects the high sensitivity and susceptibility of the psyche to external factors; to work “in
conjunction” with a representatives of a strong type of temperament is recommended)– 11 people (30,56 %);
choleric persons (the nervous system is strong, mobile and unbalanced)– 7 people (19,44 %);phlegmatic (the
nervous system is strong, inert and balanced) – 5 people (13,89 %).
The Hans Eysenck’s test allowed us to determine the predominance of extraversion by 19 players (52,78 %);
introversion – 14 (38,89 %); introversion and extraversion were equally expressed by 3 players (8,33 %). At the
same time, the predominance of emotional stability was observed in 18 athletes (50,00 %), and emotional
instability (neuroticism) was also observed in 18 athletes (50,00 %).
Extraversion is manifested in a friendly, talkative and energetic behavior, characterized by concentration on
external objects, while introversion is manifested in a more closed and solitary, oriented to internal psychological
activity.Extraversion and introversion are considered as a single measurement space, because high indicators of
one characteristic imply low indicators of another.
Such a distribution of indicators of the temperament type gives grounds to assert that in team sports
(particular, in basketball) an extraversion factor, which is associated with mental and, as a result, physical
activity and mobility of athletes, occupies an important place, but emotional stability have not significant
influence.
The Bem Sex-Role Inventory test “Masculinity-femininity” (BSRI, 1974) is used to diagnose psychological
gender and determine the degree of androgyny, masculinity and femininity of the personality. Gender indicators
of the examined athletes (a maximum score – 20 points) were divided into four categories:
- the prevalence of pronounced masculinity (a significant predominance of male qualities) – 20 athletes
(55,56 %) with an amplitude of 15-20 points;
- the prevalence of pronounced femininity (female character traits) – 13 athletes (36,11 %)– 15-18 points;
- there are signs of androgyny (male and female qualities are equally pronouncedwith a masculinity-
femininity index ranging from -1 to 1) with high rates (14-20 points)of masculinity and femininity –
13 athletes (36,11 %);
- there are signs of androgyny (male and female qualities are equally pronouncedwith an index of
masculinity-femininity in the range from -1 to 1), when femininity and masculinity are poorly expressed
(10-13 points)– 9 athletes (25,00 %).
Analysis of indicators of gender characteristics of basketball players shows that mostly athletes have a high
level of masculinity. At the same time, out of 36 basketball players, 22 persons show signs of androgyny, which
is an indirect indicator of extraversion (orientation to the outside world), since the emotional reactions of athletes
with this type of mental organization are wellpronounced. This suggests that high indicators of gender
characteristics, combined with androgyny, are the model characteristics of basketball representatives in this age
group among young men.
The sensory system is responsible for the perception of signals of various modalities from the surrounding or
internal environment. Determining the leading representative system (audial, visual, kinesthetic) made it possible
to develop an optimal coaching position for presenting information for effective work with players. According to
the prevailing sensory system, the athletes were divided into three groups:kinesthetic (reflects the dominance of
perception of sensations)– 22 athletes (61,11 %); visual (the predominant perception of visual images)– 8
athletes (22,22 %); auditory (the predominant perception of speech and other sounds)– 6 athletes (16,67 %).
Predominent for the basketball players is kinesthetic perception, which is expressed in well-developed tactile
sensitivity (feeling of the ball, feeling of partner or rival) and space-time orientation (perception of the size of the
court, time limit for performing technical and tatistic actions with taking into account the features of the tempo
rhythm, tactical location of the players on the court).
The overall results of the self-esteem of the basic personal qualities of candidates for the cadet national team
(achievement motivation, confidence, adaptability, self-defense) are presented in table 3.

Table 3
Self-esteem of the personal qualities of basketball players (n = 36)
Personality assessment, %
Basic personality traits
missing presented on the average level presented
Achievement motivation 2,78 16,67 80,56
Confidence 16,67 36,11 47,22
Adaptability 11,11 0,00 88,89
Self-defense 2,78 0,00 97,22

The low level of self-esteem of confidence by athletes attracts attention. This is due to the fact that most of
the basketball players, who participate in the study, haven’t yet demonstrated high sports results. At the same

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time, increasing confidence is one of the key areas of psychological correction in sport (Vysochina, 2010),
which must be taken into account in the program of psychological support for these athletes.
The generalization of the results of studies of the psychological state of athletes led to the following
conclusions:
- stress indicators for most basketball players are within the normal range, which does not require
correction. The presence of a high level of psychological stress on the background of the average physiological
level is the result of the age-specific psychological characteristics of athletes associated with changes in the
hormonal level during adolescence;
- according to the analisis of the type of temperament in basketball an extraversion factor plays an
important role;at the same time, neuroticism (emotional stability) does not have a significant impact on the
process of sports training;
- one of the model psychological characteristics of basketball players in this age category are high
indicators of gender characteristics (masculinity and femininity), combined with androgyny;
- basketball players have the most pronounced priority influence of kinesthetic perception, which manifests
itself in well-developed sensations of tactile sensitivity and space-time orientation;
- the main direction of psychological correction, taking into account the analysis, can be considered to
increasing the level of confidence of athletes, which is carried out by influencing their self-image and reducing
anxiety and the formation of psychological stability. It is also necessary to use means of psychological influence,
contributing to the development of self-control and self-regulation.
A preliminary survey showed that players had no previous experience to work with psychologists and had not
been involved into psycho correction process using special programs.

The results of the psychological tests and assessment of the level of technical and tactical skills significantly
influenced on the opinion of the coaching staff to the selection of athletes to participate in training sessions.
Based on the results of research 18 athletes were selected for training camps.For selected 18 players were
developed an individual programs to improve technical and tactical actions, taking into accont their
psychological features. The aim of the profram is increasing the effectiveness of athletes’ implementation in the
competitive process.
Re-registration of ITTM after 2-weeks camp is presented in the table 4.Basketball players selected by
psychological indicators in the training process used recommendations not only about increasing the level of
technical and tactical skills, but also were trained taking into account the recommendations of
psychologists.They significantly improved the level of ITTM. So, the number of players of point guard, shooting
guard, small forward playing position with a high level of ITTM was increased on 22,22%, and forward, power
forward, center position–on 13,89%.
Table 4
Indicators of the ITTM level of selected players for the Ukrainian national basketball team, taking into account
the playing position (n=18)
Playingposition
Level of technical
point guard, shootingguard, smallforward forward, powerforward, center
and tactical mastery
number of players % number of players %
Low 0 0 0 0
Below average 0 0 0 0
Average 0 0 0 0
Above average 3 16,67 5 27,78
High 7 38,89 3 16,67

Among 18 selected athletes 10 players joined the Ukrainian cadet team, which played in the FIBA U16
European Championship Division B. The team played 8 games, scored 5 wins over teams from Belgium (76:71),
Hungary (73:59), Denmark (64:96), Bulgaria (78:56), Cyprus (46:67), and lost three times to teams from Greece
(78:63), Poland (59:57) and the Netherlands (48:55). It is indicative that the effectiveness of competitive activity
in the attack significantly influences on the sports results of the Ukrainian national team, because all the games
in which the team scored more than 65 points were won.
The results of the research are significant for the near future, since more than 70 % of the players of the
national cadet team of Ukraine continue to perform in the following age categories of national teams (junior,
youth) and about 45% have experience of recruiting to the national team of the country.
For clarity, for specialists we structured the algorithm of selection in basketball (fig. 1).

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ALGORITHMOF SELECTION

Registration of technical and DATA COLLECTION Psychological diagnostics

tactical indicators

Calculation of the ITTM, taking PROCESSING AND

INTERPRETATION OF Identification of the most
into account the game position significant psychological
RESULTS
characteristics

DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL INDICATORS

AND RESULTS OF COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY

SELECTION THE MOST PERSPECTIVECANDIDATS AMOUNG PLAYERS

IMPLEMENTATION INTO THE TRAINING PROCESS THE COMPLEX PRACTICAL

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 1 – The algorithm of psychological selection in sport games

Discussion.
The effectiveness of competitive activity of basketball players is determined by the indicators of technical
and tactical skills, which influence on the result (Doroshenko et al., 2015).But current trends in scientific
researches indicate the need for additional parameters for selection, such as psychological.Ability of athletes to
adapt to psychological and physical stress significantly influence on team result (Kozina et al., 2015). According
to the authors, who study the problems of psychological preparation in sports (Kostiukevich, 2012; Vysochina,
Vorobiova, 2017; Mitova, Ivchenko, 2018), taking into account the results of assessment of the athlete’s
psychological state is important and necessary.At the same time personal psychological characteristics should
not be considered as essential in making decision about selecting players for the national team. Taking into
account psychological features allows to find understanding between players and coaches in national teams, who
have limited training time, the difficulties of social adaptation of the leaders in the national team, and the
intensity of the competitive struggle and responsibility for the outcome of the match (Kutovaia, 2007).
For the first time, the data about the psychological state of candidates for the Ukrainian cadet basketball team
were obtained. The opinions of qualified specialists were confirmed on the significant impact of psychological
readiness on the athletic performance, and the importance of conducting surveys of the psychological state of
players of national teams for obtaining promising, current and operational information.
The generalization of the results of the research allowed us to form an algorithm of selection, taking into
account the psychological characteristics of athletes for optimization of the training process.It can be used as a
basis for scientific and methodological support to increase the efficiency of competitive activity of athletes in
team sports.

Conclusions.
1. As a result of the study, criteria for psychological selection in basketball (and can be adopted to an other
kinds of sport games) were formulated:
- the predominance of the extraversion factor (orientation to the outside world);
- high level of masculinity and femininity;
- priority of kinesthetic perception.
These criteria should be taken into account as model psychological characteristics of representatives of team
sports for developing programs.
2. As a result of the study, we have formed an algorithm for the selection ingame sports, which include
technical, tactical and psychological evaluation.Algorithm made it possible to distribute rationally the process
and time of specialists; more accurately and comprehensively accomplish the tasks of the training process;
identify the relationship between psychological and technical-tactical preparation; compare the dynamics of
mental functions of athletes and the results of competitive activities to increase its effectiveness; and as a result –
find the most prospective candidates for the national team and reserve.
3. Analysis of the results of research confirmed the need for preliminary testing of psychological
preparedness before starting training in national teams.The initial data (type of temperament, leading
representative system, gender characteristics, self-image, level of psycho-physiological stress) affectonthe
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perception of the coach’s tasks, the degree and the speed of psychomotor reactions, and, as a result, the
effectiveness of competitive activity.
Prospects for further research: introduction of the developed selection algorithm into the system of
psychological support of the training process in team sports.
Conflict of interest. Authors declare no conflicts of interests.

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