re 2 » 4 ce é. i & 9. Exercise 2 She said to her mother, “I will go to camping as you cannot detain me.” He said, “My father should visit me on Monday.” They said, “Our watchman fold us last weekend that there was a thief in the building.” ‘They say, “Our watchman told us last weekend that there was a thief in the building.” ‘They said, “We may not come to see that play.” ‘Atham said to his sister, “When I was coming home, I saw a kid crossing the road alone.” The teacher says to the students, “If you don’t submit the assignments, you will not be allowed to come in the class.” They. said, "Chemotherapy cures cancer.” Penny said, “When I decided to go, I would inform my parents.” 10- Michael said, “Can I go to my friend’s place?” ae They said, “Ali might get late.”12- She said, “Mothers love their kids.” Reporting Yes/No Questions and Answers ‘The teacher asked, “Did you attend that class?” ‘The teacher asked IFT had attended the class. ‘The teacher asked whether I had attended the class (or not). The student asked, “Can I go out?” and the teacher said, “No.” “The student asked if he could go out, and the teacher said (that) he could not. Joy asked, “Will you like to have dinner with me?” and I said, “Yes." Joy asked if | would like to have dinner with hhim, and J said I would. Tasked the teacher, "May in come in the class?” and she said, “No.” Tasked the teacher iff might come in the class, and she said I might not. Exercise 3 1. He asked, “Can you come over to my place?” 2- She asked, “Would you like to have a cup of tea?” 3. They asked, “Can we join your party?” and I said, “No.” 4- She asked, “Should I bring pizza?” and her friend said, “Yes.” 5+ He asked, “Is Mona coming to this party?” and I said, “No.” 6- They asked, “Have you submitted our assignments?” and I said, “Yes.” 7- They ask, “Have you been to Lahore?” and I said, “Yes.” 8 They asked, “Do you know about our plan?” and I said, “No.” 9- She asks, “May I speak?” 10-He asked, "Could you repeat the story?” and Maria said, “No.” 11- She asked, “Will you bring me an ice-cream?” and her friend said, “Yes.” 12- They asked, “Can you replace that table?" and I said, “No.” 13-My mother asked, “Is your friend coming this weekend?” and I said, “Yes.” 14- Their coach asked, “Will you play football on Saturday?” and they said, “Yes.” 15-He asked, “Can I join you and your friend?” and I said, “No.” | 16-She asks, “Should Adil and his friend be allowed to come?” and the organizer says, “No.” 17-They asked, “Did you tell us about our meting?" and their secretary said, “No.”PRACTICE aaah TEST Directions In this section will read several Epch passage is followed by tererel quasi, For each question choose the ond bas! orower From (Al, {8}, {C), ond (D). Then on your answer sheet fill n the space that torrespon othe llr yoy hove chosen, Yur anowert shoud be based Shifts stated or mphed in he possage. Read the following passage. ‘Some researchers distinguish primary emotions, which are ‘thought to he universal, from secondary emotions, which include variations and blends that are specific to cultures. ‘The primary ‘emotions are usually identified with fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, and disgust. Other psychologists doubt that surprise land disgust are true emotions; they also think that this list ‘omits universal emotions, such as love, hope, empathy, and pride, that are difficult measure physiologically. Example! 1, What is the main idea of the passage (A) Some emotions are difficalt to measure. (B) All emotions are universal (©) A distinction is made beeween primary and secondary emotions. (D) All emotions are primary. “The main idea of the passage is that some researchers make a distinction between primary and secondary emotions, Therefore, ‘you should choose answer (©), 86 PRACTICE TEST] 87 Example I 1. According to the passage, other psychologi emotions of surprise and disgust are (A) true emotions (@) aifficutt to measure © not true emotions (@) secondary emotions ‘The passage states that “other psychologists doubt that surprise and isgust are tue emotions.” Therefore, you should choose answer (C). think that the: QUESTIONS 1-11 Line Supemovas are the most powerful and spectacular oubursts known in nature, What is called a Type II supemova is duc to the collapse of a ‘massive sar, atleast eight times as massive as the sun, that has used up its ‘main nuclear fuel and produced a nickeliron core. When this core can no 5 longer support the pressure of the star's outer layers, it collapses to form ‘neutron star of immense density. Over 2,500 million tons of neutron star material could be packed into a matchbox. Mts temperature is around 100,000, million degrees centigrade. Multiudes of neutrons are produced In the collapsed star, which pass directly through the star into space, and 10 this release of neutrons causes the core to respond with a shock wave that moves outward, When it meets the material that is falling inward, the result isa catastrophic explosion. Sometimes most of the star's material is blown aviay, leaving only 2 small, incredibly dense remnant that may be a neutron star or, in extreme cases, a black hole. 1s ‘A supernova is often more than 500 million times as luminous as the sun. A supemova remnant (SNR) may be detectable as a pulsar, an cxample of which is the Crab Nebula, known to be a remnant of the supernova observed in the year 1054. The 1987 supemova in the Large Cloud of Magelan had a low peak luminosity by supemova standards, only 20 about 250 milion times that of the sun. At its brightest the supernova shone as a star between magnitudes 2 and 3, even though it was 170,000 light-years away. “1, What isthe main topie of the passage? () The heat of supemovas (B) The formation and power of a supemova (© The role of shock waves in a supemova (@) The density of a neutron star88 2 3 TOEFL READING FLASH The word “it” in line 11 refers to (A) shock wave (B)_ neutron star (© core of the collapsed star (D) catastrophic explosion According to the passage, which of the following iS NOT true about the 1987 supernova? (A) It as located in the Lange Cloud of Magellan (B) It was 170,000 light years away (© ttshone asa star between magnitudes 3 and 4. () Ie had a low peak luminosity In line 16 the word “detectable” is closest in meaning 10 (assumed (known (© perceptible (D) audible Which of the following words can best be Substituted for “reninant” in line 172 (A) Characteristic (®) Rete (© specter () Remainder The author of this passage 18 most likely (A) a botanist, (B) an economist (©) a mathematician (D) an astronomer The word "Multitudes" in line 8 is closest in meaning to (A) magnitudes (8) roups (©) many (D) tem ‘The word “eatastrophic” in line 12 is closest in meaning to (A) violent (®) coloriut (© sciemitic () luminous ) PRACTICE TEST 1.09 19. What can be inferred from the passage about supernovas? (A) They only happen co pulsars (B) ‘The sun isa remnant of a supemova, (©) They occur when two stars collide. (D) ‘They sometimes result in a black hole 10. According 10 the passage, what marks the beginning of a supernova? (A) A star has grown too big. (B) A star is born. (©) The neutrons ofa star become very dense. (D) A massive star uses up its main nuctea fuel 11. Where in the passage does the author state what is left of a star after a supernova occurs? (a) Line 5 (B) Line 8 (©) Line 12 (@) Line 20 QUESTIONS 12-23 Une Horace Pippin, as an African-American soldier during Wosld War 1, was ‘wouncled in his right arm. He discovered, however, that by keeping his right weit steady with his left hand, he could paint and draw. Pippin was not trained, but his artistic sensitivity and intuitive feet for cwo- 5 dimensional design and the arrangement of color and patterns made him ‘one of the finest primitive artists America has produced Pippin did a series of paintings on the abolitionist jon Brown and lone of his war experiences, but he shied away from social issues for the ‘most part and achieved his greatest success with scenes of the people and 10 places of his hometown of West Chester, Pennsylvania. His Domino Players, featuring four women gathered around a wooden table ina simple kitchen setting, is an excellent example of his cural domestic scenes. 12, According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true bout primitive ar (A). Its two-dimensional (B) Colors and patterns are important (©) Antists do not have to be tained for it (D) Its used primarily for paincing portals. 13. Horace Pippin discovered he could paint and draw @) curing World War 1 GB) when he completed his anistic taining (© when someone reminded him of his artistic sensitivity (D) by holding his sight wrist steady with his left andre 15, 16. ” 18 19, 20. | TOEFL READING FLASH 5 where in the passage isthe name Of Pippin's hometown mentioned? (A) ine 6 (B) Line 10) (©) bine + (D) tine 9 de inferred from the passage (A) had a simple upbringing (8) was obsessed with the subject oF abolition (©) was devastated by his war experiences (D) wanted nothing 10 do with his past X Pippin The word “arcangement” in Hine 5 could best be replaced by which of the following? (A) Parpove (B) Fixtwe (©) Composition (D) Blend With which oF the following statements would the author probably (A) Horace Pippin was a poorly tetined, mediocre artis. (i) Primitive arti an excuse for lack oF training nd falent (© Horice Pippin mate a significant contribution to American ar. () orice Pippin placed too much emphasis on social Issues in his work ‘This passage would most i (A) Anthropology Deane CO Sociotogy (D) Ae history Ay be required reading in which course? The won “intuitive” in line 4 is closest ia meaning to wo Gs) arustic © intense (D) instinctive ‘The phrase “shied away from in line 8 is closest in meaning, @) posiponed (8) awoided © pained () Feared aL 22, 23. ) : PRACTICE TST “The word “gathered” inline 11 can best be replaced by (A) seated (B), seaterel (©) collected (D) domesticated ‘The word “rural in Hine 12 is closest in meaning to (A) primitive (B) urban (©) country (@) beautiful “The author includes the fact that Pippin was wounded (A). because violence was a major theme in his paintings (@) as an example of a rural domestic scene (©) to show that he succeeded in spite of a handicap {@) in order to classity him as a primitive artist QUESTIONS 24-33 ine 10 In the folklore of the Navajo people, it was said that frogs and toads fel from the sky when it rained, The phenomenon that gave tise to this belief Involved the spadefoot toad, which remains dormant beneath the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, avoiding the heat and drought for as long as eight or rine months. With the onset of summer thunderstorms, however, the toads respond to the vibrations of drumming raindrops and emerge, a8 if fallen from the sky with the rain, to begin their brief and frantic. mating “The male spadefoot sits in a muddy pool and fils the night with his calls, autempting to attract a female of the same species. Once a female joins him, she may lay as many as 1,000 eygs in the small poo! of life-sustaining rainwater, From that point i's a race against the elements for the young, who must hatch and mature wigh remarkable speed before the pool evaporates bencath the searing desert sun, As te pool grows ‘smaller and smaller, it becomes thick with tadpoles fighting for survival in the mud, threatened not only by'the loss of theie watery nest but also by devouring insects and animals. in as few as nine days after fertilization of the eggs, those lucky enough 10 survive develop through cach tadpole stage and finally emerge as ally formed toads. After gorging themselves 00 insects, the young toads, like their parents, burrow underground, where they will lie dormant awaiting the next summer's storms.2s, 26. 2 29. 30. __TOEFL READING FLASH Whit does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Navajo folklore G8) Weather im the Sonoran eset of Arizona (©) The habits of the spaetoot tod () The mating suas oF the mate spadefoor According tw) the passage, the spadefoot toad (A) is dormant for 35 long a8 nine months G ceproduces during winter rains (© eats leaves and prisses (D) develops very slowly Which of the fat Wf fs NOME tre of the spaefoot? (A) ‘They are active only three to four mnths a year (‘The female lays hee exes in pools of water. (© The searing desert sun is their only enemy (D) Many tadpoles die before they reach maturity 1 ean be concluded from the pasate Ut (A) spadefoor toads could exist for years without (B) the Navajo legends are based on acute observations (©) spadeioot coads age well aclapted to their environment {D) the chances of a tadpote's becoming an adult are very great ‘The author fs most ikely (A) otanse CB). droloise (©) chemist (D) geographer This passage is most likely followed by a passage on (A) weather patterns ip the Sonoran Desert (8) methods of reproduction among insects CO) dwellings of the Navajo people () other desert animas “The wort “frantic” in line 7 is closest in mi (a) eng (excited CO trogtke (D) dangerous aL 32 33. PRACTICE TEST 1 93 “ihe word “elements” in line 12 could best be replaced by (A) weather @) time (©) cavironment () thunderstorms he word “gorging’” in line 19 is closest in meaning 10 (A) nating B) digging (©) enjoying (D) devouring Where in the passage isthe geographic location that the spadefoot toads inhabit mentioned? (A) tine 1 @) Line 9 (© Une 3-4 (@) Line 16-17 QUESTIONS 34-41 Line 20 25 Contrary to the frantic pace of today’s economic environment, the origin, fof banking and capital markets in the United States was not an overnight phenomenon. The form of organization called 4 corporation developed very slowly in the states, Easly jointstock companies, in which each _member was responsible for the obligations of the mutual enterprise, were principally nonproSt corporations for religious worship, philanthropy, ‘education, or land companies. Commercial corporations didn't make theit appearance until the early to mid-1700s, with a Connecticut trading corporation, a Massachusetts wharf company, a number of fire insurance and water supply companies, and the United Company of Philadeiphi, which was orpanized (0 promote industry. By the late 1700s, particularly the period from 1785 to 1789, the corporate structure expanded when ‘numerous corporations were organized for building roads, canals, and bridges and for banking. "America’s frst private commercial bank, the Bank of North America, ‘was chartered by Congress on December 31, 1781. The Bank of New York and the Bank of Massachusetts followed in 1784, but all these banks were local and limited. In December 1791, national banking. originated with the first national bank, which opened its main office in Philadelphia. In 1816, the second national bank was chartered for twenty years. Meanwhile state banks began to proliferate throughout the country. “The late 1800s saw an emergence of investment banking houses that [promoted mergers in railroads, utilities, and factories and provided the ‘capital for expansion, Commercial banking also flourished, but afer a high rate of bank failures, the Federal Reserve System was established in 19134 ca . 36. a. 38. TOEFL READING FLASH to comeet deticiencies in existing banking. legisition 0 state levels The Federal Reserve Act set ranking pational and Toundation for modern where in the pas companies” (A) Lines 4-7 (8) Lines 10- CO) Lines 15-16 (D) Lines 20-24 Which of the following. is NOT true about the origin of banking in the United States? (A) The fest private commercial bank was chustered by Congress in ret 5) “The care banks were limited in seope (©) Banking developed supa sn the United States (D) “the Hes’ national bank wis located in Philadelphia, xe does the hor define joint stock According 1 the passage, when dil commercial comp the United States? (A) fer 1800 (B) Before the 16008 (©) Around 1750 () In 791 wh (A) How mergers provided the eapital for expansion of ealroads, utilities, and fietories (B) ‘The establishment of the Federal Reserve System (©) How conmercial corporations developed from nonprofit comps (D) ‘The origin and development of banks and comporations does the passage mainly disewss? “The swords “all ese banks io fine 17 refer to (A) private commercial banks (G8) ational banks (©) investment banking houses (D) nonprosit corporations Where in the passage does the author's focus move from coxporations to banks? A) tines 8) ine 15 © Line 20 (D) tine 25, 40. Which of the following could be used to replace the word "phenom enon” in line 37 (A) Factor (®) Occurrence © Development () Examination 41. In line 24, the word “capital” is closest in meaning (AY bullding materials (B) lange city a © financial resources (D) corporate structure QUESTIONS 42-50 Line ‘The invention of the electric telegraph gave birth to the communications Industry. Akhough Samuel I. Morse succeeded in making the invention Useful in 1837, it was not until 1843 that the first telegraph Hine of “consequence was constructed. By 1860 more than 50,000 miles of lines 5 connected people east of the Rockies. The following year, San Francisco was added to the network The national telegraph network fortified the ties between East and ‘West and contributed to the rapid expansion of the railroads by providing, fan efficient means to monitor schedules and routes. Furthermore, the 10 extension of the telegraph, combined with the invention of the steamalriven rotary printing press by Richard M. Hoe in 1846, revolutionized the world of journalism. Where the business of news saathering ad been dependent upon the mail and on handoperated presses, the telegraph expanded the amount of information a newspaper 15. could supply and allowed for more timely reporting. The establishment of the Associated Press asa central wire service in 1846 marked the advent of ‘new era in journalism, 42, ye main topic of the passage Is @) the history of journalism (B) the origin of the national telegraph (©) how the telegraph network contributed to the expansion of railroads (D) the contributions and development of the telegraph network 43. According to the passage, how did the telegraph eniance the business fof news gathering? (@) By adding San Francisco to the network GB) By allowing for more timely reporting (©. By expanding the railroads i (D) By monitoring schedvles and routes for the raileoads%6 4 46. 7. 48, 50. TOEFL READING FLASH The aunhiors main purpose in this passage is neention oF the (A) compare the invention of the telegraph with the steantdriven rary press (B)_ propose new sways to develop the communications industry 4G) shiny how the electric telegraph affected the communications industey AD) esitcize Sanwel th Mrs The word “Rockies” in tine 5 refers 10 (A) a telexraph company (B) the West Const (©) a mountain range (D) A puivoxed company Te can be inferred from the passage that (@)_Stmuct Morse ddl not make a significant contribution to the communications indasty (B)_ Mone’s invention did ot immediately achieve ity fall potential (© the extension ot the tele whan () Journalists have the Associated Press (@ dank for the bisth of the ‘communications industry the word “revolutionized” in fine 12 Is closest in meaning to (a) destrosed (4) revaived (€) gathered (D) teansiormed According to the passage, which of the Following fs NOT true about the {growth of the communications industry? (A) Mone invented the telegraph in 1837 (1) Peuple could use the telegraph in San Francisco in 1861 (©) “The telcuraph lead to the invention of the rotary printing press (D) ‘The teicaraph helped conneet the entire nation ‘he word *athering” in Hine 13 refers wo ©) people €8) information (©) obigers (D) substances This passe would mest likely be found in a Us. history book (8) ook vi teins (©) science tesuhook €D) computer magazine