Our Lady of Perpetual Help Academy

Poblacion, Linamon, Lanao del Norte

9201 Philippines

Approval Sheet
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the strand Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, this research is entitled Anti-
microbial Soap out of Lemongrass prepared and submitted by the following
students:
Ginebeb’s E. Balber
Queenie A. Caling
Christian Dave G. Cuarto
Clint Arthur C. Estares
Jade Franzis B. Manisan
Stephen A. Manlunas
Marnelli P. Paradela
Kenth D. Paragoso
Warren A. Pausanos
Melanie Rose S. Picardal
Crisjohn Rey S. Yano

Maria Roberta P. Lopoz

Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the strand: Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Panel of Critics

Jennifer V. Abelo
Chairman

Grace A. Villos Maria Socorro S. Lupina

Member Member

ii
 Chapter 1: Introduction

There are always changes in our surroundings. A thing is subject to

change with corresponding stages of development that goes with it. Even
simple thing is now evolving with observance of nature and had been
significant factor in the development of it.

For instance, Palmorosa essential oil (Cymbopogon martini v.motia)

is used as fumigation to control beetles like callosobrucnus chinesis and
tribolium castaneum.

In relation to this example, the conducted research study wanted to

develop a certain soap that would evolve not only working out for health
and surrounding but also the generation of an advance technology.
As a matter of fact, everything that created today would be based on
the knowledge obtained through our needs and our goal is to come up
something new and interesting one.

Upon searching for an interesting study, the researchers come up

with an idea with regards to the lemongrass to be conducted as a study.
For many years, lemongrass has been used as culinary flavoring in Asia.
The leaves of lemongrass are cooked with food, especially curries and its
stem is peeled that is available in the market.

Some fresh leaves crushed in water as used as hair wash. Besides

its traditional use, studies aimed to evaluate the biological components of
the essential oil of lemongrass to identify its usefulness. Through the
studies, it revealed a significant result of biological activities of the
essential oil. As the recent studies conducted on Cymbopogon Citratus,
also known as lemongrass is known for anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and
allelophatic activities.

1
 With regards to this research about lemongrass, the researchers are
interested to the essential oil of the lemongrass because of its beneficial
biological activities.

As per knowledge, essential oils are one of the main ingredients of

making soap and have been used for more than 5000 years for natural
remedies for various conditions.

Therefore, we wanted to use the essential oil of lemongrass in

making homemade soap to test the effectiveness of its biological
components and for the improvement of one’s health through the obtained
understanding and knowledge we acquire.

2
 Theoretical Framework

According to Frontier Medicine Soap Making, soap is a substance

that cleans off dirt when used in the presence of water. In its most
common forms, it will produce bubbles, feel slippery, and remove oils,
odors, and smudges from our skin. It leaves us feeling “clean” and often
smells nice. Taking that thought to the next level, we need to consider one
of our body’s main methods of keeping us healthy- our skin. It is our
largest (by surface area) defense. In fact, skin may be covered in millions
of bacteria (some beneficial) that will not cause us any harm because they
don’t gain entry to our bodies. The problems come when they get beyond
the surface. This can happen when we transfer germs to our noses or
mouths (or sometimes eyes) or into our digestive systems by way of
unclean hands. Secondarily, it can happen when they breach the outer
layer by way of cut or other injury. That’s why we need soap to break up
the oily dirt and other unwanted stuff and allows it to be rinsed away.
(Source: https://preppingtosurvive.com/2011/11/29/the-importance-of-
soap/ )

Renee Winship pinpointed on his article the first detergents were

introduce in 1916 wherein mineral slats in water combined with soaps to
create insoluble soaps curds. The function of soaps help deep clean and
sanitize. (Source: https://oureverydaylife.com/importance-of-a-soap-
detergent-12248889.html )

According to Tim Hodgson, soap provides two functions: it is

lubricant and may contain agent that disinfect and neutralize bacteria. The
lubricant in soap is what will cause dirt to be lifted or moved off the skin
with the help of water. (Source: https://www.qoura.com/Hygiene-How-
important-is-soap-to-handwashing )

3
 Conceptual Framework

According to Dr. Nivedita Dadu, Antibacterial soaps: These soaps

have an added antibacterial agent like triclosan or trichlocarbon. The pH is
in the range of 9 to 10, and these are available in liquid or solid bar forms.
Antibacterial soaps have gained special importance recently. They form
the first line of defense against micro- organisms and harmful agents.
However, excessive use of these soaps can cause dryness and irritation of
the skin. Most of the deodorant soaps contain antibacterial agents. Source:
http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/agenda/health/the-
importance--of-the-right-soap.html )

As we choose to conduct the study about anti-bacterial or

antimicrobial soap, we need to present a flow on how we will be getting the
research satisfaction.

This will be flow on how we will be getting the data needed and in
order to present the results.

Intrepet and
Making The Gather Giving of Presenting the
analyses of Conlusion
Soap Respondents Questionnaire Data Gathered
Data

First, we will make the soap. Next, we will be making a questionnaire

and gather the respondents. We will give the questionnaire to the
respondents’ right after we finished making our questionnaire. After that,
we will present the data gathered, analyze, and interpret. Lastly, we can
now draw a conclusion from the results.

4
 Statement of the Problem

Establishing the statement of the problem helps in determining the

efficiency of our conducted research. This study is aimed to seek the
following questions:

1. Demographic profile of the respondents (students in OLPHA).

a) Age
b) Gender

2. What will the first impression of our respondents with regards to our
soap?

3. What will be the reaction of our respondents with regards to soap (in
a week of testing) in:
o Treating Pimples
o Moisturizing the skin
o Both
o None of the above

4. Feedback of our respondents.

5. What will be the actions of the researchers if the soap is effective,

they will be:
o Conducting more possible experiment that might improve its
quality
o Produce a mass packaging for the soap (if possible)
o Advertising the soap leading to business (if possible)

6. What will be the actions of the researchers if there is/are side

effect/s with regards to the soap?
 5
Hypotheses

Lemongrass has many benefits for us. Its leaves and oil are used to
make medicine. Some people apply lemongrass, and its essential oil
directly to the skin for headache, stomachache, abdominal pain and
muscle pain. By inhalation, the essential oil of lemongrass is used as
aromatherapy for muscle pain.

We predicted that the making of soap will be difficult if we will be

using the hot process. The term hot process is the use of heat for making
soap in just a few minutes. However, we found out that the major downside
of this process is that above the average we will be getting failure if the
temperature is not constant. That is why, we predicted to use the cold
process in making our soap to avoid much expense if we will be failed in
doing the hot process.

Moreover, we expect that in dealing such chemicals needs

protective gears. That is why; we do buy the significant gears in conducting
our experiment such as eye protector, rubber gloves, lab gowns or aprons,
and masks.

We thoroughly conducted more researches in relation to our

conducted study. We found out that lemongrass soap is already
discovered and being mass produced.

In relation, the researchers predict that the soap they make has a
potential in treating pimples and moisturizes the skin.

Out of seven respondents we gathered for the testing of our soap,

may be, it will be on the average on the percentage that they will love our
soap.
 6
Significance of the study

This study lays a significant contribution in the society. We

conducted this study not just to prove that the soap we are making is
effective but we do have a big concern in the society with regards in
keeping their great personal hygiene and avoid skin diseases if possible.

Mostly teenagers suffer from unwanted dirt and oil that causes
pimples. Proper hygiene must be implemented to avoid this case.
However, most of the soaps nowadays have high chemical content that
affects our sensitive skin.

We need to seek assistance in experts to come up an advice to our

problems. However, it is an additional expense in consulting the experts
plus the medication itself.

That is why, we are just not concern in one’s hygiene and its
effectiveness but to come up a homemade soap for the mass for be able to
meet the standards of high and less cost of soap that you can make.

This study corresponds to the stages of development in other

researches that have developed. We wanted to take this opportunity we
have to evolve a much improvement to other earlier researches about
lemongrass soap.

Although it is already have proven, this researcher may have

potential in helping future researchers if they touch this kind of study and
experiment that will improve the existing knowledge with regards to the
lemongrass.

7
 Scope and Limitations

This study focuses on lemongrass. As we gather information through

textbooks and surfing the internet, we found out that the essential oil
coming from lemongrass is important in making our soap.

Moreover, we narrowed down the essential ingredients in making of

our soap such as the lye, essential oil of lemongrass, coconut oil and
rosemary powder.

Most commonly used oil in making soap is olive oil due to its
benefits in the skin. However, olive oil is too much expensive for the
making of our soap. We use coconut oil as an alternative because it is
cheaper and the benefits you can get are also justifiable.

In making of our essential oil, we scan some of the related studies of

how to get and extract the essential oil in the lemongrass.

With regards to our respondents, our group decided that we only

choose teenagers ranging 15 to 19 years old in using our soap. We
choose this age bracket because of the following reasons:
 The amount of soap we have produced is not enough to cater 11 to
20 respondents. As a result, we have minimized the maximum range
of age bracket (in respondents)
 The group believes that these ages mostly experience such
personal attention to themselves especially with their hygiene and
their skin.

The group wanted to determine if the past studies in relation to

lemongrass as a hand sanitizer and/or lemongrass as soap is effective in
one’s skin in such a way that it helps people see the difference of using
commercial soap in the market and in making a homemade soap.
 8

Definition of Terms

Advance
– To make progress.
Obtain
– To gain or get.
Significant
– Very important.
Prevalent
– Accepted, done, or happening often or over a large area at a
particular time: common or widespread.
Radicals
– A group of atoms bonded together that is considered an entity in
various kinds of reactions.
Beneficial
– Producing good or helpful results or effects: producing benefits.
Properties
– A special quality or characteristic of something.
Propose
– To plan or intend to do.
Moisturize
– To add moisture to (something, such as person’s skin).
Testing
– Requiring maximum effort or ability.
Interesting
– Attracting your attention and making you want to learn more about
something.
Effective
– producing a result that is wanted.
Process
– Series of actions that produce something or that lead to a
particular result.

Source: Merriam Webster Dictionary

 9

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature

Lemongrass is proven to be a wonder grass. It is widely used in

Asian countries. The part of this chapter will have brief explanation of the
Cymbopogon citratus, also known as, lemongrass as the main idea of the
conducted research study.

In Grolier’s Encyclopedia, Cymbopogon citratus is a genus of about

55 species of grasses, native to warm, temperate and tropical regions of
the Old World and the Oceania . It is a tall, perennial grass. Common
names include lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, citronella
grass, fever grass or Hierba Luisa amongst many others. Lemongrass is
widely used as an herb in Asian countries particularly Vietnam, Thailand,
Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and even in the Philippines. It has a
citrus flavour and can be dried, powdered or used fresh. The main
constituent of lemongrass oil is citral, which makes up around 80% of the
total. Lemongrass is widely used in teas, soaps and curries. It is also
suitable for poultry, fish and seafood. It is often used as a tea in African
and Latino American countries. Lemongrass in some cases has been used
as mild depressant for the central nervous system.

In Compton’s Encyclopedia, Citronella oil is one of the essential oils

obtained from the leaves and stems of different species of cymbopogon
one of which is Cymbopogon citratus or lemongrass. The oil is used
extensively as a source of perfumery chemicals such as citronellal,
citronellol and geraniol. These chemicals find extensive use in soap,
perfumery, cosmetic and flavoring industries throughout the world.

Grolier’s Encyclopedia, pp.58-61.

Compton’s encyclopedia, Vol. 13, pp.22-23.
These studies can be seen at
http://handsanitizerlemongrassextract.blogspot.com/2008/08/viability-of-
lemongrass-cymbopogon.html
 10
Insights Learned from the Reviewed Related Literature

Lemongrass can be beneficial to us because it can be used as mild

depressant for the central nervous system. (Estares, C.)

It is beneficial because it is used in natural products like essential oil

formulas, handmade soap, spa products and natural skin care products.
(Manlunas, S.)

Essential oil from lemongrass helps to open pores in skin and helps
to relieve the congestion of the pores. (Cuarto, C.)
 11
Related Studies

Studies on regarding to lemongrass soap prove its effectiveness in

our skin. The crucial part in making the lemongrass soap is the process of
obtaining its essential oil due to the fact that its oil proves to be anti-
microbial or antifungal. In this part, there will be a brief review of some of
the studies in obtaining the lemongrass oil in part of producing lemongrass
soap and some of the studies on the effectiveness of the lemongrass soap.
The first part of a brief review talks about yielding an essential oil as
part of making the lemongrass soap.

A study was conducted by Chinnama N.P and Menon P.K.G on the

effect of pre-treatment of lemongrass by the way of chopping and wilting
before distillation. The study revealed that there is a significant increase in
oil yield due to chopping and wilting of the grass.
Chadrasekharan Nair K conducted a study on the effect of steam
under different pressures on the distillation of lemongrass. It is seen that
no significant difference in oil yield and citral percentage results in
extraction of the oil under different pressures.
A study on the antifungal action of lemongrass oil observed that the
essential oil from a mutant strain of Lemongrass (LM-81) possessed
remarkable antifungal activity.

Chinnamma N.P and Menon P.K.G. (1973), The Effect of Pre-

treatment of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf) on the Yield and
Citral Content of Oil. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala Vol. II, Part I,
p.27.
Chadrasekharan Nair K (1974), A Study on the Effect of Steam
Under Different Pressures on the Distillation of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
flexuosus). Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 12(2), p.214.
Handique A.K and Singh H.B (1990), Antifungal Action of
Lemongrass Oil on Some Soil- Borne Plant Pathogens, Indian Perfumer
34(3), pp.232-234.
These studies can be seen at
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50164/8/08_chapter
%202.pdf
 12
Lastly, this part will briefly review the effectiveness of lemongrass
soap in our skin.

An article written by Sonia Metha in stylecraze.com pinpointed the 9

Health Benefits of Lemongrass Soap. The article exposed that the main
ingredient of lemongrass is Citral, which is well known for its use in
perfumery. Lemongrass is anti-bacterial, anti-microbial and fungicidal. It is
also used in natural products like essential oil formulas, handmade soaps,
spa products and natural skin care products. The benefits pinpointed in the
article are the following:

1. Treats Pimples:
Lemongrass soap acts as an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent,
which means it is beneficial for pimple/acne prone skin. Use it regularly for
better results.

2. Beneficial For Skin:

Lemongrass acts like a toner, minimizing pores of the skin and
toning the tissues and muscles. It reduces wrinkles, so use the soap for a
toned and clear complexion.

3. Improves Hair Health:

Some soap bars are exclusively made for hair cleansing.
Lemongrass soap, when combined with various essential or carrier oils,
makes a perfect blend for the hair.

4. Relieves Stress:
Lemongrass has a calming effect

5. Can Help Prevent Insects:

Citronellal, one of the chemicals in lemongrass, is also a mild
insecticide. Though it cannot be relied upon to prevent dangerous
mosquito bites, it does prevent some insect bites.

6. For Animals:
Using lemongrass soap for animals particularly prevents ticks and
fleas.
 13
7. As A Hand Sanitizer:
Lemongrass contains anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties that
help kill bacteria.

8. Helps Reduce Cellulite:

Using lemongrass essential oil soap can help you minimize cellulite
bumps. Massage the soap well into the skin. Thereafter, brush the skin
gently using a body brush to finish with a final rinse.

9. Helps Prevent Body Odor:

Using lemongrass soap on a regular basis will help those who are
suffering from poor body odor and excessive sweating.

Stylecraze.” 9 Health Benefits of Lemongrass Soap”.

http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/benefits-of-lemongrass-soap/(October
3, 2017).
 14
Insights Learned from the Reviewed Related Studies

Lemongrass soap is very essential as an anti-bacterial because it

has a lot of benefits to us like it can eliminate odor, which is it can be good
subject for our experiment as making it into an antimicrobial soap. (Yano,
C.)

This soap aims to provide a safe health for all of the users. It helps
us to avoid disease and avoid weak health. It will also help nourishing the
dead skin of our body. (Balber, G.)

Through using lemon grass as soap, we may acquire the benefits

that Sonia Metha said on her article. (Caling, Q.)

The said study talk about the positive effects on our health and the it
also explain to is what are the material being use to do this experiment or
homemade soap. (Pausanos, W.)

Lemongrass soap helps to moisturize our skin and removes the bad
odor in our body. (Paragoso, K.)

Lemongrass soap can be a great help for us in hair cleansing.

(Paradela, M.)
 15
Chapter 3: Methodology

This part of the chapter covers the explicit details on how the
researcher organized and collected the given data. It include, the research
method, research environment, the respondent and sampling procedures,
data gathering, research instrument and their validity.

Research Method

This study is an example of quantitative research for it required a

complete analysis and explanation of our study, which the result it should
be precise.

Moreover, this study is also an example of experimental research

study since the researchers use experiment to create a Lemongrass Soap,
from its essential oil as the main ingredient.

The researchers also use scientific method to establish a cause –

effect relationship towards on the respondent which also happens as a
laboratory study.

The study describes and explains the results of the study as a basis
of the effectiveness of the lemongrass soap. Its purpose is to determine
the health benefits of this soap.
 16
Research Design

Introduction
Researchers wanted to test the effectiveness of the lemongrass as
soap and obtain significant information that might be added for future
researches. Doing so, different types of research design will be presented
on this chapter to help potential future researchers.

Experimental Research

This study strikes a deep thought if our homemade soap out of

lemongrass will be effective in treating such bacteria. However, this study
was just a duplication of the different studies conducted about the
lemongrass (as its essential oil and as soap). According to an article
written by Sonia Metha, the main ingredient of lemongrass is Citral, which
is well-known for its anti-bacterial.

In relation, researchers wanted to conduct an experiment by making

soap out of lemongrass. Researchers gathered sufficient data on how to
make soap as a first step of our study. The next action to be done is to
know how to extract the essential oil of the lemongrass as our main
ingredient of our soap. Once the steps are done, researchers can now
clarify the inquiries and solidify the significant results.

Exploratory Research

Aside of conducting an experiment, researchers wanted to gather

and obtain more knowledge about making soap. Soap cleanses away dirt
and oil in our body yet we cannot make a homemade soap.

Moreover, we wanted to explore ourselves in getting to know the

important ingredients in soap-making which we can share to the people
who wanted to know.
 17
Research Environment

Introduction

Researchers use two places in ensuring the output of the conducted

research. First, the leader of the group conducted the testing of making the
soap and extraction of the essential oil of the lemongrass at home. Once
the leader had the experiment right, he can now introduce it to the
members of the group to guide them on what will be the precise action to
do.

Research Locale

The testing of experiment is done at Purok 12 Zone 4 Fuentes Iligan

City at the residence of Jade Franzis B. Manisan. The group decided that
the leader will conduct first the experiment to limit or to avoid the unwanted
mistakes that might happen during the final testing and experiment in
soap-making. The leader also measured already the amount of ingredients
involve in soap-making to minimize the time consumption. Once it is
already done, the leader of the group oriented first the members on how to
deal with the experiment such as: wearing of protective gears while
conducting research to avoid accidents that might happen, handling the
materials and equipment properly with care, and carefully understand the
procedures.

The final testing of the experiment was conducted in Our Lady of

Perpetual Help Academy, Poblacion Linamon Lanao del Norte where the
making of lemongrass soap happened. The school is not too small but it
can accommodate what we need in our research. The school laboratory
had enough accessible facilities to provide our needs in crafting the
lemongrass soap. The school is headed by our school principal, Miss Ma.
Roberta P. Lopoz.
 18

Respondents and Sampling Procedures

Sampling Procedures

The study used stratified sampling in determining the sample of this

study. Here are the procedures:

1. The population we used came from the Our Lady of Perpetual Help
Academy School. We decided that we need selected teenager
students ranging 15 to 19 years old in the school for the testing of
our soap.

2. We choose this age bracket since the researchers have the

knowledge that within this age bracket, the teens now perceive the
value of personal hygiene within themselves. Aside of perceiving the
value of personal hygiene, they are also concern in choosing the
right soap they wanted.

Respondents

We foresee that most of the respondents that we will be approaching

are doubtful enough in using our soap in the face. We wanted that our
respondents will be using the soap in their face but few enough disagree to
us. For solving the situation we faced, we came up with a solution that we
let our respondents to choose any parts of the body they wanted to use
with our soap.

We randomly choose students ranging this age bracket since we

cannot decide the minds of the respondents because others will not risk
themselves in using our soap. However, there are respondents that are
interested to cooperate with us for the testing of the soap. We are grateful
that even if the numbers of respondents are against our odds we have
already slightly enough respondents to present with.
 19
Data Gathering Procedures

One of the purposes of the conducted research is to identify the

participant’s emotion, feelings and opinions in using our soap.

We did not do personal interview instead we do focus on letting our

participants to use the soap for a week to have a direct and personal
contact with regards to the soap and their first impression of the soap after
a first try of it. Here are the procedures:

1. We eliminated random questions coming from our group discussion

and selected those that are significant enough for our study.

2. We solidify these questions through searching more qualified data in

books and in the internet.

3. We decided that we let our respondents use our soap to comply the
exposure of conducted study.

4. We provide questionnaire for them to answer.

As far as the data collection tools were concerned, the conduction

of the research involved the use of the semi-structured questionnaire
which was used as guide for us researcher.

Some certain questions were preferred in order for the researcher to

attain the satisfaction of the research objective. Moreover, we
communicate with them for further knowledge and concern we can get for
possible enhancement of our conducted research study.
 20
Research Instruments and Their Validity

Acquiring data is complex when there are no research instruments.

For be able to acquire data, first we conducted an experiment with regards
to the making of our soap. Below are the list of ingredients, protective
gears, and the materials and equipment we use.
Measured Ingredients Materials Protective
Gears
Coconut oil 467.5 mL Weighing Whisk Eye protector
scale
Lye 68.5 mL Pyrex Pitcher Beaker Rubber
(250 mL) gloves
Water 180 mL Aluminum Molder Masks
Basin
Essential Oil 10 mL Spatula Measuring Apron
spoons
Rosemary 25 mL tablespoons Paper
powder
Table 1: List of ingredients, protective gears, and the materials and
equipment.

Moreover, we provide letter for the respondents for an approval. We

also make a questionnaire for them to answer. Questions in the
questionnaire are related to the conducted study and these are the
following:
1. What is your first impression of our soap after a first try?
2. After using our soap for a week, is our soap really effective in:
o Treating pimples
o Moisturizing skin
o Both
o None of the above
3. What is your feedback in our soap?
o Satisfied
o Not
4. Is our soap has side effect/s on your skin?
o Yes
 o No

21
Procedures in Making the Lemongrass Soap

Extraction of Essential oil of the Lemongrass

The first step in making our lemongrass soap is to extract first the
essential oil of the lemongrass. We conduct the extraction of the essential
oil of the lemongrass at Jade Franzis B. Manisan’s residence. Here are the
steps in extraction:

1. We prepare the materials and ingredients needed.

2. We pounded the lemongrass using the mortar and pestle.

 22

3. We chopped the lemongrass excluding its leaves.

4. We prepare the coconut oil to be heated in fire using stove.

5. Once it gets hot, we put the chopped lemongrass in.

 23
6. We carefully stir and wait until it becomes golden brown.

7. When the lemongrass becomes golden brown, we turned the heat

off and prepare the strainer.

8. We use strainer in pouring the essential oil from the Pyrex pitcher to
avoid unnecessary chopped lemongrass to pass through. We put
the essential oil in a small jar and set it aside at a room temperature
for a week.
 24
Preparing the Materials, Equipment, and the Ingredients

The group decided that the leader will be the one that will prepare
the materials, equipment, and the ingredients. The leader also measured
the ingredients already to eliminate the time consumption in the making of
the soap. Here are the steps in preparing the ingredients to be measured:

1. Prepare all the things needed.

2. Start in measuring the lye. In dealing with lye, you need to wear eye
protector and a pair of rubber gloves for safety purposes.
 25
3. Next, measure the amount of coconut oil needed in the experiment.

4. Lastly, measure the amount of distilled water needed.

 26
Making of the Lemongrass Soap

Finally, the group makes the soap. Here are the steps on how we
did it:

1. Pour the measured distilled water on a mixing bowl to make a lye

solution.

2. Make sure to pour the lye on the water, not the water on the lye, stir.

3. Let the mixture cools down first because the lye rises its temperature
upon mixing with water.
 27
4. The next step is to prepare the coconut oil and pour it into another
mixing bowl.

5. Pour the lye mixture into the bowl of coconut oil.

6. Stir and mix the mixture until the desired texture is achieved. Put the
rosemary powder and mix thoroughly. Prepare the molder and
gently pour into the molder. Set aside the product and wait for three
to four weeks for it to cure and ready to use.
 28
Statistical Treatment

Introduction

This part shows the statistical treatment we use to present the data
gathered on our survey and will be presented to the next part of the
chapter.

Here is our statistical treatment:

 We will present the answers of our respondents in question no.1 in a

sentence form.

 We will be using bar graphs in presenting the demographic profile.

 We will present in pie graphs the answers of the respondents in

question numbers 2, 3, and 4.
 29

Chapter 4: Presentation, Analyses, and Interpretation of Data

Presentation of Data

After researchers gathered the data needed for the study, it is time
to reveal what are the answers of our respondents. There are 14
respondents involve for the testing of the soap. In the first place,
researchers need to have solutions to the stated problems they imposed.

We will present the demographic profile of the respondents.

Table 1 Age of Respondents

Age (in years) Frequency Percentage (%)
14-16 6 42.86
17-19 8 57.14
Total 14 100

60Figure 1: Age of Respondents

50

40

30 Frequency
Percentage
20 Column1

10

0
14-16
17-19

Figure 1 portrays the age of respondents ranging 14 to 19 years old.

This reflects that ages 17 to 19 years old has the highest number of
respondents.
 30
Table 2 Gender of Respondents
Gender Frequency Percentage (%)
Male 7 50
Female 7 50
Total 14 100

50

45

40

35

30
Frequency
25 Percentage
Column2
20

15

10

0
Male Female

Figure 2: Gender of Respondents

Figure 2 portrays the gender of respondents. This reflects that male

and female have equal number.

The next part, we will present the answers of our respondents in our
questionnaire.

First, we will be presenting the question number 1 in our

questionnaire and it goes like this, “What was your first impression after a
first try?” Here are the answers of our respondents below.

a) Name: Agustin Zaldy B. Jamen

Age: 18
Gender: Male
 31
Answer: Zaldy said that his first impression to our soap after a first
try was odorless.

b) Name: Michelle S. Cajes

Age: 16
Gender: Female
Answer: Michelle said that her first impression to our soap after a
first try was effective.

c) Name: Kent Vincent T. Mantiza

Age: 18
Gender: Male
Answer: Kent said that he feels refresh just like the other soap that
he has already tried.

d) Name: Christine Rose P. Samar

Age: 16
Gender: Female
Answer: Michelle said that she felt and smells the lemongrass
(extract) that is mixed in the product.

e) Name: Christian Dave G. Cuarto

Age: 17
Gender: Male
Answer: Christian said that he feels refreshing.

f) Name: Dianna Therese R. Borja

Age: 17
Gender: Female
Answer: Dianna said that our soap was good.

g) Name: Chrisjohn Rey S. Yano

Age: 17
Gender: Male
Answer: Chrisjohn said that he feels cleaner than before.
 32
h) Name: Trisha Jean B. Manisan
Age: 15
Gender: Female
Answer: Trisha said that she feels refresh.

i) Name: Melanie Rose S. Picardal

Age: 18
Gender: Female
Answer: Melanie said that her first impression to our soap after a first
try is that the soap was good.

j) Name: Danielle D. Coronel

Age: 15
Gender: Female
Answer: Danielle said that she feels blooming and her oily face
lessens.

k) Name: Jade Franzis B. Manisan

Age: 18
Gender: Male
Answer: Jade said that he smells the fragrance of the lemongrass
extract.

l) Name: Clint Arthur C. Estares

Age: 19
Gender: Male
Answer: Clint said that the soap was really good after he first tried it.

m) Name: Shaina Maxine I. Baguio

Age: 15
Gender: Female
Answer: Maxine said that she feels refreshing after using it.

n) Name: Kent Harold A. Genon

Age: 15
Gender: Male
Answer: Kent said that our soap was really great.
 33
Second, we will present the answers of the respondents with
regards to the question number 2 in our questionnaire.
“After using our soap for a week, is our soap really effective in:
o Treating pimples
o Moisturizing skin
o Both
o None of the above
Below shows a pie graph of the answer of the respondents in the
question number 2.

Respondents' Answer in Question no.2

8%

15% 31%
Treating Pimples
Moisturizing Skin
Both
None of the above

46%

Figure 3: Respondents’ Answer in Question no. 2

To clarify, there are 14 respondents in total.

 The number of respondents who answered that our soap is effective
in moisturizing skin is 6 out of 14 respondents which it garners 46 %.
 The number of respondents who answered that our soap is effective
in treating pimples is 5 out of 14 respondents which it garners 31 %.
 The number of respondents who answered that our soap is effective
in treating pimples and moisturizing skin is 2 out of 14 respondents
which it garners 15%.
 The number of respondents who answered that our soap is
ineffective is 1 out of 14 respondents which it garners 8%.
 34
Third, we will present the question number 3 in our questionnaire.
“What is your feedback in our soap?”
o Satisfied
o Not
Below is a pie graph of the answer of the respondents in question
number 3.

Respondents' Answer in Question no.3

7%

Satisfied
Not

93%

Figure 4: Respondent’s Answer in Question no. 3

 There are 13 out of 14 respondents who are satisfied to our soap.

 Only 1 is not satisfied.

Therefore, we perceive that the respondents like our soap in

general. Although there was a respondent who does not satisfied in our
soap, we will present his thoughts about why he was not satisfied on our
soap in the next part of this chapter.
 35
Fourth, we will present the last question in our questionnaire.
“Is our soap has side effect/s on your skin?”
o Yes
o No
Below is a pie graph of the answer of our respondents in question
number 4.
Figure 5: Respondent’s Answer to Question no. 4
Respondents' Answer to Question no.4
7%

Yes
No

93%

 There are 13 out of 14 respondents who answered that our soap

has/have no side effect/s in their skin.
 Only 1 answered yes.

Therefore, researchers are amazed that there were no side effects in

the soap in general. Although there was a respondent who had
experienced the side effect/s, we will be presenting her thoughts about
why it occurs on the next part of this chapter.

36
 Photos of the Respondents
(Before and After)

Photos of Crisjohn Rey S. Yano

Before After

Photos of Clint Arthur C. Estares

Before After

Photos of Danielle D. Coronel

Before After

37
Photos of Jade Franzis B. Manisan
Before After

Photos of Kent Vincent T. Mantiza

Before After

Photos of Melanie Rose S. Picardal

Before After

38
Photos of Christine Rose P. Samar
Before After

Photos of Christan Dave G. Cuarto

Before After

Photos of Trisha Jean B. Manisan

Before After

39
Photos of Agustin Zaldy B. Jamen
Before After

Photos of Shaina Maxine I. Baguio

Before After

Photos of Michelle S. Cajes

Before After

40
 Analyses and Interpretation of Data

This part of the chapter shows the analyses and interpretation of the
data that is being presented on the previous part to determine the positive
and negative side of our research study.

To start with, we will interpret the first question stated. The first
impression of respondents with regards to our soap was really satisfying
for us researchers. Most of the respondents answered that our soap was
really good, feels refreshing, and felt and smell the fragrance of our soap.
Although there was a respondent named, Agustin Zaldy B. Jamen said that
our soap was odorless; we think that it is not a hindrance for us since he
stated what his thought in our soap is.

Second, we will analyze the answer of the respondents with regards

to the second question. The highest number of respondents in the results
is that our soap is effective in moisturizing skin which it garners 46 %. This
signifies that our soap was a contender for moisturizing the skin. Next in
the rank is the number of respondents who answered that our soap is
effective in treating pimples which it garners 31 %. The number of
respondents who answered that our soap is effective in treating pimples
and moisturizing skin is the next in the line which it garners 15%. The last
will be the number of respondents who answered that our soap is
ineffective which it garners 8%.

We can conclude that our soap is an antimicrobial soap.

Antimicrobial means that it kills possible bacteria in one’s body. If you are
confuse that the highest in the rank was to be able to moisturize one’s
skin, it is also a way of eliminating bacteria. There is a reason why the skin
is not moisturized. Possible reason is that your skin is dry. Dryness of skin
causes two reasons: first is that is lacks vitamins needed in order to
revitalize your skin, and second is that there might be bacteria or germ that
causes it to dry.

41
 In addition, we wanted to completely solidify our conducted research
study by pinpointing the second in the ranking of the answers of the
respondents in question number 2, treating pimples. Pimples or acne
occurs due to the presence of bacteria. Treating Pimples has 31% of the
population and it garners a great percentage. This clearly signifies that our
soap is capable in treating pimples.

Overall, if we will sum up the respondents who answered that our

soap is capable in moisturizing skin and the respondents who answered
that our soap is capable of treating pimples, it would garner 77% of the
population which it is clearly proves that our soap was an antimicrobial
soap.

Third, we will interpret the third question. Over 13 out of 14

respondents who answered that they are satisfied to our soap. This means
that the respondents have a good feedback to our soap simply because
they find it beneficial for them. To the person who does not satisfied in our
soap, Kent Vincent T. Mantiza, we have approached him already and he
gives his concern. He said that he found that there were no changes occur
in his face. He added that he has pimples after a week of using.

Researchers analyze this problem and have theories: first is that

maybe the relationship between the soap and the pimples is not effective
after a week of using. Researchers guess that maybe it needs 2 to 3
weeks for him for be able to see the changes that might occur. Second,
researchers guess that there might be a possible occurrence of another
batch of pimples. Researchers attain this thought because of everyday
activities, it could be cause of stress or it could be some sort of bacteria
present.

42
 Lastly, we will interpret the fourth question. There are 13 out of 14
respondents who answered that our soap has/have no side effect/s in their
skin. This means that we successfully made our soap with minimal side
effect/s in the skin. However, we cannot escape the fact that there are
people who have sensitive skin that is why our respondent named,
Christine Rose P. Samar had a side effect on her and that is she
experiences the redness of her skin. We had no clue how it happened but
we talk to her and she said that she only experience it on the first two days
of using it. However, she said that after of that past days, her skin became
moisturize.

Researchers guess that Christine’s skin needs an adjustment when

it comes to the type of soap she will be using. This means that when she
uses our soap her skin may have the possibility in adjusting with the
chemicals present in our soap. However, her skin manages to adopt it and
it moisturizes. We are happy that the side effect does not last for long.

To sum up, we find our research study meets the average success
even though there are lapses. Now, we will be answering the fourth and
fifth stated problem in the statement of the problem. Researchers decide to
conduct more possible experiment that might improve the quality of the
soap. We should be precise in every experiment that we will be doing in
order to gain a better result.

To the last stated problem, we will be listing the possible side effects
that the respondents experience. In this case, we can identify the possible
disadvantages of our soap that needs to be eliminated. If the situation
became worse, it is our responsibility to pay and to consult to the nearest
clinical establishment.

43
Chapter 5: Summary, Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary

Researchers are interested to the lemongrass. They wanted to

study also the essential oil of the lemongrass because of its beneficial
biological activities. The study entitled “Antimicrobial Soap out of
Lemongrass” is designed to test the validity of our Lemongrass Soap.

The study was conducted with 14 respondents at Our Lady of

Perpetual Help Academy, Linamon Lanao del Norte. The main purpose of
this paper was to determine the profile our respondents in terms of using
the soap if it has a health benefits as soap and sanitizer that is homemade
but had a good quality.

The tip of the lemongrass was cut into pieces and we extracted it
until we obtain the essential oil this essential oil had Biological activities
that make the soap more effective and improves one’s health to prevent
bacterial growth in the body.

With this idea, we came up that we should apply the essential oil of
lemongrass in our soap to acquire Antimicrobial soap out of lemongrass.

44
 Findings

Introduction

The part of this chapter presents a summary of the findings we get.

We only pinpointed those that are significant to be presented.

In relation to what we have analyzed and interpret, we find out that:

 Lemongrass soap is proven to be effective as an antimicrobial.

 After a week of using, the respondents seem to have beneficial

changes in them.

 Majority of the respondents rated the soap very good for they say
that it can eliminate pimples, moisturizes the skin, or both.

 Only 1 out of 14 respondents does not satisfy with our soap.

 Only 1 out of 14 respondents experience side effect.

45
 Conclusion

Researchers are indeed honored to conduct this kind of study. This

study helps individuals in getting further knowledge that the lemongrass
can be made as soap.

People can say that it is just not only for culinary purposes especially
in our country here in the Philippines. It is rare for us to know that
lemongrass can be made as soap.

Moreover, the conducted study was successful because the

revelation of the results coming from our respondents strikes a good
impact to us researchers. With this, researchers achieve their satisfaction
on the conducted research study.

The study serves as guideline to other researchers who will get in

touch in studying soap. With this study, they are guided on what they will
do since the procedures in making the soap and extraction of the essential
oil are cited in this research study.

We do not forget that we need to conduct more possible experiment

in the soap. Researchers know that there is a slightly negative result. Even
though this negative impact is minimal, we wanted to correct it in order to
gain a better outcome.

46
 Recommendations

Base on the Findings and Conclusion derived from the study, the
researchers hereby recommend the following to the future researchers.

1. There must be a huge amount of study and experiment towards on

this research to develop the effectiveness of lemongrass soap and
to be a better product.

2. The school must give enough time to conduct this research so that
we can establish an explicit result about the pros and cons of this
soap and also to accomplish more experiment.

3. We are highly recommending that this soap will be produced in the

local market as a consumer product.

4. The researchers are highly advised instead of using the lemongrass

to produce soap and more exact why not to use also Aloe Vera soap
for it produces more essential oil.

5. More laboratory facility will going to provide in manufacturing the

soap, this laboratory will help in experimentation to test the anti-
bacterial soap out of lemongrass so that we can come up to support
our conclusion appropriate.

47
 Bibliography

Blogger.“Viability of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Ciratus )Extract as

HandSanitizer”.http://handsanitizerlemongrassextract.blogspot.com/
2008/08/viability-of-lemongrass-cymbopogon.html(August 24, 2008)

Chinnamma N.P and Menon P.K.G. (1973), The Effect of Pre-

treatment of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf) on the Yield and
Citral Content of Oil. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala Vol. II, Part I,
p.27.

Chadrasekharan Nair K (1974), A Study on the Effect of Steam

Under Different Pressures on the Distillation of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
flexuosus). Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 12(2), p.214.

Handique A.K and Singh H.B (1990), Antifungal Action of

Lemongrass Oil on Some Soil- Borne Plant Pathogens, Indian Perfumer
34(3), pp.232-234.

Stylecraze.“9 Health Benefits of Lemongrass Soap”.

http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/benefits-of-lemongrass-soap/(October
3, 2017).

PreparingToSurive. “The Importance of Soap”.

https://preppingtosurvive.com/2011/11/29/the-importance-of-soap/
(November 29, 2011).

Our everyday life. “Importance of a Soap Detergent”.

https://oureverydaylife.com/importance-of-a-soap-detergent-
12248889.html (September 28, 2017).

48
 Appendix

A. Letter for Respondents

Good Day!

Our group proposed a study entitled, “Antimicrobial Soap out of

Lemongrass”, we would like to choose you as our respondent in garnering
justifications and data with regards to our conducted research study. For
clarification, this research study will cover people who have pimples and/or
they wanted their skin to be moisturized.

We choose you as our respondent because you are qualified in our age
bracket ranging 15 to 19 years old. This letter serves as an agreement in
testing our soap by using it for one week. We would like you to capture a
photo of you before using the soap and for the last day of the week after
using it (if you will agree in using it).

Your cooperation is highly needed for the plans of the group for the
improvement of past studies, testing the effectiveness of the soap, for the
society and for overall success of our conducted study.

Thank You and God Bless!

Signature over Printed Name

49
 B. Questionnaire

Name:
Age:
Gender:

1. What is your first impression of our soap after a first try?

2. After using our soap for a week, is our soap really effective in:

o Treating pimples
o Moisturizing skin
o Both
o None of the above

3. What is your feedback in our soap?

o Satisfied
o Not

4. Is our soap has side effect/s on your skin?

o Yes
o No

If yes, please write in the blank the side effect/s:

 50
Table of Contents

Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
 Table of Contents
Chapter I
Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 3
Conceptual Framework 4
Statement of the Problem 5
Hypotheses 6
Significance of the Study 7
Scope and Limitations 8
Definition of Terms 9
Chapter II
Related Literature 10
Insights Learned from the Reviewed
Related Literature 11
Related Studies 12
Insights Learned from the Reviewed
Related Studies 15
Chapter III
Research Method 16
Research Design 17
Research Environment 18
Respondent and Sampling Procedures 19
Data Gathering Procedures 20
Research Instruments and their Validity 21
Procedures in Making the Lemongrass Soap 22
Statistical Treatment 29
Chapter IV
Presentation of Data 30
Photos of Respondents 37
Analyses and Interpretation of Data 41

Chapter V
Summary 44
Findings 45
Conclusion 46

Recommendations 47
Bibliography 48
Letter for the Respondents 49
Questionnaire 50
Curriculum Vitae 51
Antimicrobial Soap Out of Lemongrass

A Research Paper to be presented to

Ms. Ma. Roberta P. Lopoz.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the strand Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, this research is entitled Anti-
microbial Soap out of Lemongrass prepared and submitted by the following
students:

Ginebeb’s E. Balber
Queenie A. Caling
Christian Dave G. Cuarto
Clint Arthur C. Estares
Jade Franzis B. Manisan
Stephen A. Manlunas
Marnelli P. Paradela
Kenth D. Paragoso
Warren A. Pausanos
Melanie Rose S. Picardal
Crisjohn Rey S. Yano
 Antimicrobial Soap Out of Lemongrass

A Research Paper to be presented to

Ms. Ma. Roberta P. Lopoz.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the strand Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, this research is entitled Anti-
microbial Soap out of Lemongrass prepared and submitted by the following
students:

Ginebeb’s E. Balber
Queenie A. Caling
Christian Dave G. Cuarto
Clint Arthur C. Estares
Jade Franzis B. Manisan
Stephen A. Manlunas
Marnelli P. Paradela
Kenth D. Paragoso
Warren A. Pausanos
Melanie Rose S. Picardal
Crisjohn Rey S. Yano
 i
Dedication

First of all I dedicate this research to God Almighty for His unending
support in making this research and the source of our inspiration, courage
and knowledge.

Our family who is always there for us to assist and to guide with all
of their heart and we would like to say thank you for being generous in
their support towards on us for all the advises and feedback and thank you
for believing us even sometimes we don’t believe in our self to finish this
research, you have been an outstanding inspiration to us this work is for all
of you.

To all of our friends, we are grateful to have you for always behind
our back to push us to do our best and accomplished this task.

Co-researcher your efforts and sacrifices had become a great

helpful in this work, we are lucky to have you, facilitating the challenges
that we encounter experience it makes us stronger, eager to accomplish
and attain this work.

For our research adviser and in our Panel of Critics, thank you for
giving the time in amending our research an aiding our error, with your
help we are able to present our work with our honor and pride to attain this.
We appreciate all your efforts in to lift us on doing this work.
iii
 Acknowledgement

The success of this research undertaking is attributed to the

following:

Ms. Maria Roberta P. Lopoz, research adviser whose intellectual

suggestions and insightful comments had made this researches a piece of
scholarly work;

Ms. Grace A. Villos, Mrs. Jennifer V. Abelo, and Mrs. Maria Socorro
S. Lupina, panel member of critics whose kindness and patience in
critiquing the paper had served as pure motivation and enthusiasm:

To all beloved parents whose financial and moral support and

encouragement together with siblings’ inspiration had brought this paper to
completion.

The respondent who has precious cooperation had made this study
a scientific work, without all of you this research won’t work and success.

Classmates and friend, The Science Technology Engineering and

Mathematics (STEM) Batch 2017-2018 whose valuable supports and care
had serve as strong foundation of perseverance and strength in making
this research:

Most of all, Almighty God Whose Divine Provision and Wisdom had
sustained this work from start to finish, to him belong all glory, honor and
praise!

iv