Introduction to
Neurobiology
Neurobiology is the study of the nervous system, encompassing the
fascinating world of neurons, neuroglia, and their complex interactions.
It delves into the mechanisms underlying brain function, offering
insights into cognition, behavior, and neurological disorders.
by Jennima Paulsamy
The Neuron: Structure and
Function
The neuron, also known as a nerve cell, is the primary structural and functional unit of the nervous
system. It consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, and is responsible for transmitting electrical
and chemical signals. Neurons play a crucial role in processing and transmitting information
throughout the body.
This intricate network of neurons enables various cognitive and physiological functions, such as
sensory perception, motor coordination, and higher cognitive processes. Neurons communicate with
each other through synapses, forming complex neural circuits that underpin all aspects of human
experience and behavior.
Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons: Transmit signals from sensory organs to the
central nervous system.
Motor Neurons: Carry signals from the central nervous system to
muscles and glands.
Interneurons: Facilitate communication between sensory and
motor neurons in the central nervous system.
Action Potential and
Synaptic Transmission
1 Initiation of Action Potential
Depolarization triggers the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.
2 Propagation of Action Potential
Sodium influx causes adjacent sodium channels to open, propagating the
action potential.
3 Synaptic Transmission
Action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic
cleft.
Neurotransmitters and
receptors
Neurotransmitters Receptors
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers Receptors are specialized proteins located on
that transmit signals across a synapse. the surface of cells.
They play a crucial role in regulating various They bind to neurotransmitters, triggering a
physiological and cognitive processes. cellular response.
Neuroglia: types and functions
Types of Neuroglia
Neuroglia, also known as glial cells, include
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and
ependymal cells.
Astrocytes provide support and protection for
neurons, while oligodendrocytes create myelin
sheaths around axons.
Microglia act as the brain's immune system,
and ependymal cells line the cavities of the
brain and spinal cord.
Myelin and Saltatory
Conduction
Myelin Sheath Saltatory Conduction
An insulating layer that forms around nerves, The process where nerve impulses "leap" from
providing protection and speeding up signal one node of Ranvier to another, speeding up
transmission. transmission.
Neural circuits and networks
Neural Circuits
1 Interconnected neurons transmitting signals
2 Synaptic Connections
3 Network Formation
Plasticity and Learning
Neural Plasticity
1
Brain's ability to reorganize itself
Synaptic Plasticity
2
Changes in strength of synaptic connections
Experience-Dependent
3 Plasticity
Brain's ability to adapt based on experience
An illustration of a neuron with multiple dendrites receiving signals from other neurons, showcasing
the plasticity of neural connections and the process of learning through synaptic adaptation and
reorganization of neural circuits.
Neurological disorders and
treatments
Common Neurological Treatment Approaches
Disorders Therapies, medications, and surgeries are
Conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and used to manage neurological disorders.
epilepsy affect millions worldwide.
Challenges in Treatment Future of Neurological Care
Complexity and individual variability present Advancements in technology offer hope for
challenges in effective treatments. more targeted and efficient treatments.
