PAK STUDIES

PAPER 1
History Section
3

1
Regimes:
1. Jinnah + Initial Problems (1947 – 1946)
2. Liaquat Ali Khan (1948 – 1951)
3. Malik Ghulam Muhammad (1951 -1955)
4. Iskander Mirza (1955 – 1957)
5. Ayub Khan (1958 – 1969)
6. Yahya Khan (1969 – 1971)
7. Creation of Bengal
8. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971 - 1977)
9. Zia ul Haq (1977 – 1988)
10. Benazir Bhutto (1988 – 1990) + (1993 – 1996)
11. Nawaz Sharif (1990 – 1993) + (1997 – 1999)

International Relations:
>India
>USA
>Soviet Union/USSR/Russia
>China
>Afghanistan
>British
>Commonwealth
>UNO
>Bangladesh
>Iran
>Turkey
>Gulf States

2
Jinnah as Governor General + Initial Problems
Initial Problems:
>Radcliffe Award:
…. Many Muslim Majority areas (Gurdaspur, Ferozepur) were given to India
….This aggravated the refugee issue
….Led to Kashmir Dispute
…..Ferozepur led to Indus Water Dispute
>Geographical Problems
….Two parts, 1000 miles apart
….Hard to administer
….Differing cultures
….JINNAH TRIED TO FIX THIS THROUGH SPEECHES
….JINNAH INSISTED ON URDU AS NATIONAL LANGUAGE
>Political/Administrative Problems
….Poor Administration and Infrastructure
…. ^Civil Servants, Govt buildings, Furniture shortage
….JINNAH FLEW EXPERIENCED GOVT OFFICIALS TO KARACHI IN SPECIAL
TRAINS, PLANES.
….Constitution was not made
…. ^Framework for setting up constitution was delayed
…. ^Constituent Assembly members were dumb, wealthy, landlords.
….JINNAH WAS CHIEF EXECUTIVE, DIDN’T START WORK NOR OUTLINE THE TIME TO
ASSEMBLY.
>Economy
…..Pakistan lacked proper Industries
….Jute production was in East Pakistan, Mills went to India
….Suffered because of Canal Water Dispute
>Social
….5 nationalities/population groups
…. ^culturally different
….Most of Pakistan lacked educational Infrastructure
…. ^Plus a lack of Health Services
>Financial Asset division
….India refused to pay assets
….Pakistan was supposed to get 750m
…Got 200m, war started and India didn’t give.
…. ^Gandhi’s hunger strike made them give 500m more

3
>Military Asset Division
….Pakistan needed 4000 officers
…. ^Had only 2500. 500 British brought in
….No ordnance factories,
….^JINNAH MADE THEM SEND 60M FOR ORDINANCE FACTORIES
….Supplies sent to Pakistan were old, worn, damaged.

>Canal Water Dispute

,…April 1948 India stopped water supply to Pakistan,
….^Agrarian Economy threatened
….MAY 1948, TEMPORARY AGREEMENT TILL PAKISTAN GETS OTHER SOURCES BY
JINNAH
….^T e m p o r a r y agreement
>Refugee Issue
….Unfair Radcliffe award (Gurdaspur, Ferozepur)
….20m homeless, Different groups turned on each other
….Pakistan and India worked together in an attempt to evacuate and accommodate.
….JINNAH DECLARED HIMSELF “PROTECTOR GENERAL OF MINORITIES” SET UP
RELIEF FUND
….JINNAH SHIFTED CENTER TO LAHORE
…These weren’t accommodated properly. No houses, jobs etc
>Kashmir
….Muslim population wanted Pakistan, Hindu leader wanted India.
….Border uncertain
….Both laid claims, conflict and tension
….JINNAH WAS UNABLE TO SOLVE IT
….Hyderabad and Junagadh and similar problems.

OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS OF JINNAH:

>STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN IN 1948
….THUS ECONOMIC AND MONETARY POLICIES DEVELOPED
>CIVIL SERVICE RECOGNIZED, RULES DRAFTED
….INSISTED OFFICIALS TO WORK FOR NATION’S SAKE

4
Why was there a Refugee Issue?
>Muslims in wrong areas, Guraspur, Ferozepur were not fairly partitioned
>Muslims in India were subject to violence, large scale massacres by Hindus, Sikhs
>They were short of food, shelter due to new Govts.

Why did the Canal Water Dispute arise?

>Mainly arose because of the partition of Ferozepur (Headworks problem)
>Argument over Water, India claimed Beas and Sutlej, Pakistan needed water.
>India promised not to interfere in the water supply and Pakistan could not cultivate

Why was the Military asset division a problem?:

….Pakistan needed 4000 officers
….^Had only 2500. 500 British brought in
….No ordnance factories,
….^Jinnah made them send 60m for ordinance factories
….India had 36:64 ratio. Supplies sent to Pakistan were late old, worn, damaged

Radcliffe award unfair?

…India got Ferozepur
…India got Gurdaspur
…India got Calcutta (surrounding areas were Muslim majority, Jinnah’s referendum was
denied)

LIAQAT ALI KHAN AS PRIME MINISTER

(1948 – 1951)
Successes
>Objectives Resolution introduced in constituent assembly
….Guaranteed Islamic State with Islamic laws, justice, basic human rights, religious
freedom.
….Accepted by basic principles committee thus start to constitution making was begun
>Objectives resolution appeased Ulemas with the Islamic references.
….Support for LAK’s government increased.
>The Resolution became the preamble of the 1956, 1962, 1973 constitutions.
….Still used today, importance can thus be judged.
>LAK gave surplus budgets to Pakistan
….Thus kept a strong economy in tough financial conditions
>Appointed Ayub Khan as CnC
….Sated demands of Pakistani CnC instead of General Gracy
5
>LAK signed the Liaqat-Nehru pact for the minority protection
….Thus helped fix minority issue

Failures
>Objectives resolution had no time frame for completion
….Thus it was not there when it was sorely needed (e.g: in 1956)
>First report of basic principles committee rejected
….Furthered East/West divide
….Constitution making delayed
>PROD introduced, gave power to dismiss people from office
….Meant to prevent corruption, but gave officials power to remove opponents
….Jinnah’s vision of democracy damaged

Why constitution making was delayed in 1950/Why basic principles committee criticized:
>Parity of seats between East and West criticized by East Pakistan
.…claimed they deserved higher seats
>It suggested Urdu as national language
.…Rejected by E.P, they wanted Bengali
>Stronger Central Govt criticized
.…Provincial leaders wanted provincial autonomy.

MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD AS GOVERNER

GENERAL
(1951 to 1955)
Was Finance Minister, took control after LAK’s assassination after persuading Khwaja
Nazimuddin.

Successes
>Introduced a 5 year and a 6 year plan for development. Development of Economic Sectors like
Agriculutre, Industry (e.g: EP Jute Mill, important as Jute was main export)
….Helped to Develop Pakistan economically
>Large reserves of N.Gas were discovered at Sui, Balochistan in 1952, this strengthened
Pakistan’s economy as now the fuel requirements of Pakistan’s industries could be met and
power sector requirements were easily fulfilled
>Managed to alleviate rioting due to food shortages by persuading the US to send a million
tons of Wheat.

6
Failures:
>Rioting happened due to shortage of food
….As well as due to Ahmedis present in the govt. Civil govt could not control these riots.
>Military Help was sought by MGM which opened the door for future martial laws.
>1952 Khawaja Nazimuddin presented the second report of the Basic Principle
Committee in Asembly.
….This said assembly would have East West seat parity, disliked by higher population of East
Pakistan.
….Stated Prime Minister of Pakistan must be a Muslim, angered Non Muslims as they could
no longer attain the highest Govt post.
….Constituent Assembly disliked Council of Ulemas who had Constitutional power to
amend and change laws. Thus undemocratic
>MGM dismissed KN from power despite his support. Undemocratic and unfair, shows his want
for power.
>in 1954, PRODA was reappealed by Bogra, annoyed MGMT. He retaliated by dissolving the
Assembly. The Constituent assembly’s dissolving was troublesome since constitution delayed.

ISKINDAR MIRZA AS GOVERNER

GENERAL/PRESIDENT
1955-1956, 1956-1958
Successes and Failures.
>Introduced “One Unit Scheme” which made all the separate provinces into one
province. Pakistan now had 2 provinces.
+Helped Constitutional Crisis of dividing seats between the two sides.
-EP demanded more seats because majority.
-Criticized by smaller units as smaller units felt that they’d be dominated by Punjab, the biggest
and most developed.
>Constitution of 1956 brought in, stated that Pakistan would be an Islamic state, Muslim
President
+Satisfied Ulemas who wanted a purely Islamic State
-Minorities disappointed and felt like second class citizens.
+Both Urdu and Bengali recognized as national language
>Communication and telecommunication projects started
+Karachi airport created, Railway and Telephone services improved. Thus Pakistan
modernized
>Political Actions:
7
-Dismissed 4 PM’s in 2 years,
-Brought in Ayub Khan when he feared East Pakistan politicians
….Abrogated his own constitution

Why the One Unit Scheme was introduced:

>People of the 4 procinves were loyal to their own local people and area, Mirza believed that
creating one province would unifty and increase patriotism.
>Government expenditure would ve reudeced since there would be only one provinceial govt.
>Constitution easier to agree upon.

Why the One Unit Scheme was unpopular:

>E,P saw it as move to take away their majority, as now seats were equal
>Smaller units of WP saw it as a threat to their separate identities
….feared Punjab Domination
….Feared that their resources would be used by other provines.

Reasons for Martial Law in 1958:

>Rapid change in PM’s: Chundrigar, Suhrawari, Feroze Khan Noon.. Caused
Administrative problems, Ayub thus felt the need to step in.
>Iskindar Mirza’s desire to stay in power, he found that Suhrawardi had united the political
leaders of Punjab and Bengal against him he turned to the military so he could retain power.
>Ghulam had given himself the right to dismiss power after the case of the dissolving of the
constituent assembly in 1954, “As the situation demanded it”. This pave way for Ayub and
Iskindar’s martial law for the nation’s interest

Factors that delayed Constitution making 1947 – 1956:

>Refugee Problems
>Constitutuent Assembly members were landlords
>Objectives resolution had no time frame
>Basic Principles Committee first report rejected
>1952 report rejected
>1954 Crisis
>Also: Death of Jinnah + Death of LAK

8
 AYUB KHAN AS OVERLORD OF PAKISTAN
(1958 – 1969)
Reforms of Ayub:

Political:
>Introduced BD system (Union council < Sub District < District < Divisional), 80K in
number, half from east half from west.
+Excellent System as common people problems would be easily communicated
+Better position for Pakistan, as voting done for Ayub improved his position as leader, thus he
cold remove Martial Law
+Also good since now he could say he was democratic
>Constitution of 1962
-Renamed to “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”, failure since he came under pressure.
-President-al form of Govt, as he had executive, judicial/lawmaking powers –
“Democracy with Discipline”. Undemocratic, as these powers should be divided.
-If problems happened in the future, he would be blamed. Happened in 1968.
+This Constitution had certain measures to placate EP. Bengali and Urdu were both
accepted as national language.
+Cultural Rights were maintained, Sessions in Dhaka and E.P (speaker from diff)
-Parity of seats maintained.
Economic
>Agriculture: 1959 Land reforms and Green Revolution
+Land reforms of 1959 set a bar for lands, made larger farms into more efficient smaller farms
-Land reforms remained on paper bec landlords passed on land to relatives, tenants.
+Green revolution encouraged farmers to use modern methods, output increased, better
income, better economy
-Many tenants became jobless
-Mostly enjoyed by the rich, the poor were unable to reap its benefits
>Industrial: Oil Refinery, Growth Rate, 22 Families
+Established Oil Refinery in Karachi, Pakistan could now import crude oil instead of
refined oil
+Positive Economic Policies led to growth rate of 7% (best in Asia, 3x that of India)
-Only 22 families controlled most of the wealth, poor couldn’t benefit
-^most of these were of West Pakistan

9
Social
+With American aid first family planning problem was started, any decrease in
population growth can be attributed to him
-Ulemas opposed it, considered it Unislamic, so largely unsuccessful
+Family ordnances in 1961, all marriages, divorces now had to be registered. Husband needed
1st wife’s permission before further marriages. Women’s rights supported despite Ulema
opposition.
+Action taken against refugee problem, General Azam Khan was appointed as
Rehabilitation minister.
+Many schools, colleges etc were set u
+^Curriculum reorgaznied.

Foreign Policy
+Signed Indus Water Treaty under the UN
+RCD highway constructed b/w Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, improving relations and all
agreed to co operate in different sectors
+Tashkent Accord signed to send 1965 war in Russian City Tashkent, relations
improved with both as a result.

10
 YAYHA KHAN + SECOND PARTITION

Successes:
>Finished the One Unit Scheme which had been heavily criticized, broke Pakistan back into
separate provinces.
>Announced that seats would be proportionate to the population, pleased East Pakistan
>Organized First elections on basis of one man one vote, most fair elections in Pakistan History

Failures:
>Abrogated 1962 Constitution,
>Finished the BD system
>Postponed the first session of the newly elected assembly indefinitely. Didn’t let
Mujeeb take power despite the fact that he won the elections fairly.
>Took military action against EP, caused political unrest
>Ordered troops to surrender in the 1971 war.

Why Mujib gave his six points:

>To achieve Provincial autonomy sd he believed WP was dominating EP through the central
Govt, he thus wanted to achieve political rights
>Mujib wanted that taxes be collected by provinces and not the center, since he believed that
EP unfairly spend the revenue on the development of WP. Thus gave the points for the
economic independence of EP so they would not be exploited by WP.
>He believed that these points contained the main demands of EP (Provincial autonomy,
Minority rights, Separate currencies etc. Thus he made the points to gain support of EP in
the elections

Why there was a war in EP in 1971:

>Yayha delayed the National Assembly’s meetings after Awami League’s victory. EP felt
that they had been betrayed and so rebelled against Yayha’s govt to show their opposition to
his unjust acts.
>Yayha started a military action against EP to suppress their opposition. 1000s were killed.
They thus rebelled in order to liberate themselves from WP’s tyrannical government
>Mujib, their main leader was arrested by the army. They now believed that they were being
politically oppressed as well,. Thus rebelled to protect their rights.

11
 Reasons for the creation of Bangladesh:
Economic:
>Largest export, Jute was grown in EP, but most of the budget spending was on the border
disputes with India in WP. India had no such issues and were angry and felt deprived of
their own share in foreign trade
>During Ayub’s rule it was revealed that just 22 families controlled almost al of
Pakistan’s banking + industrial assets, these were almost all from WP.

Social:
>Diff between art, music, dress style of the West and East alienated both sides. The West
insulted Bengali dresses/dress styles. West went on to consider themselves culturally
superior.
>This was worsened by the language issue, since WP wanted urdu and even Jinnah insisted
on it whereas West made Bengali the national language in numerous constitutions.

Political/Military:
>President Yayha Khan started military action against EP to suppress their opposition. 1000’s
were killed, situation was aggravated and was made worse rather than end. It was obvious that
one unit was not possible, EP disliked rule from Islamabad. They announced Independence in a
broadcast
>YK postponed the first assembly session after 1970 elections. He feared the formulation of
Bangladesh, and EP felt that they had been betrayed the right to form a government. Awami
League won with a clear majority
>Demands of six points of Awami League were rejected by Aub in 1966 and leader Sheikh
Mujeeb was arrested, the biased nature of the government became clear to the EPakistanis.
>EP had been faced by continous flood, the Bangali govt didn’t get the relief in time and
attempts to rescue and help were half hearted. The locals thus felt neglected in 1970.
>Six points of Mujeeb were accepted, Bengalis looked forward to it being accepted as the
Govt
>Intervention by Indian troops in December 1971 resulted in loss of Pakistan in the 1971
war
>East Pakistan was angry with the many dismissed previous prime ministers by Iskindar Mirza
such as Suhrawardy.

12
 ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO
Domestic Policies:
>Changes in the Military >1973 Constitution >Agricultural Reforms
>Industrial Reforms >Educational Reforms >Health Reforms
>Administrative Reforms
Foreign Policy:
>1972 Simla Agreement >Visit to Soviet Union

Changes in the Military:

+Removed Important Military Officers from power, Brought in supporters and improved Rule. (Tikka Khan replaced
with Gul Hassan as Chief of Army Staff)
-Established Federal Security force (FSF), Misused by Him to ret rid of opponents, accused of murdering an
opponent and hanged.
Constitution:
+Approved, was democratic, strengthened his govt, no more criticism
+Islam Republic of Pakistan, approved by Ulemas. President and PM as Muslims. Jimmat E Islami
approved of it.
+Lower House (National Assembly) had seats equal to population, but Upper House (senate) had seats equal in
provinces. Thus helped minorities and stopped Punjabi Domination.
Agriculture:
-Land Reforms, halved Ayub’s Limits. Landlords understated it by transferring lands, thus it was not brought
in properly
-Tenant first right of purchase was given, but useless since tenants too poor.
Industries:
+Nationalized Industries leading to Economic Growth increasing, Inflation going down by 25%
-Lack of experts, qualified managers to run these since there was no education system to produce qualified
teachers
Education:
+Free Education was provided
-Administration was not in place to provide this. Child Labour tendencies meant that this was unlikely to succeed.
Literacy rate increased by a measly 1%.
Health Reforms:
+IFM was really high, Life Expectancy was really low, He reduced these through Rurl Health Cetners in villages as
well as Basic Health Units, which provided free health care
+All medicines had to be sold under medical names, cheaper and more affordable
-but also meant less investment by foreign companies and substandard medicines
Administration:
+Unified pay scales, removing unnecessary
-Reorganized CSF into numerous levels and let anyone join at any level without working their way up, but opponents
accused him of doing this to let him appoint his own people at positions he wanted.
Foreign Policy:
+Simla Agreement of 1971, Pakistani POW’s were returned
+Kashmir agreement, improved Indo-Pak relations and Pakistani Image
+Soviet Union visit in 1972, they agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan.

13
Why Bhutto came to power:
>Army had been defeated by India and was at a low ebb, Yayha (Martial Law
Administrator and and president had been disgraced. The army was at a low ebb. Bhutto
took the opportunity to seek power.
>E.P had been lost, and became Bangladesh. Yayha and army were blamed. Bhutto decided to
take advantage of this and force Zia down and attempt to shape Pakistan.
>His program of reforms: Food, Clothing and Shelter was attractive and appealed to the
electorate. Thus he won a majority in W.P in the national assembly in 1970 elections.
Thus it was his democratic right.

Why Bhutto fell from power:

>Bhutto rigged the elections of 1977, which was apparent with PPP’s “shocking” landslide
victory. In some areas, the results were announced even before the votes were counted.
This effected his credibility and sowed the seeds for his decline.
>Greatly angered the opposition alliance, the PNA which began large scale strikes and
demonstrations in all parts of Pakistan. This instability gave Zia, the Chief of army staff a
reason to take over by imposing Martial Law which ended Bhutto’s government.
>The economic policies angered the populace. (nationalization, land reforms) and began
to work against his rule.

Why Bhutto was executed:

>When Zia released Bhutto, he tried to reassert his political power by gaining the support of
the people. This was a threat to the rule of Zia.
>Moreover Bhutto, along with 3 others was accused of murdering a political opponent by
sending the FSF. The trial took place, lasted for 2 years, found Bhutto guilty.
>Bhutto had threatened Zia that he would charge him for tampering with the constitution, Zia
feared punishment under article 6 of the constitution. Thus got Bhutto executed.

14
 ZIA UL HAQ

Islamization:
>Hudood Ordinances:
…Different Islamic Punishments for different things, cutting of hair, lashing for adultery
+Reduced Crime Rate rapidly, pleased the Ulema.
-Partially Implemented (Amputation) or implanted wrong (4 witnesses)
>Federal Shariat Court:
…To give decisions in light of Quranic Laws and Hadis.
+Satisfied Muslim circles who believed Zia tried to make Islamic Judiciary.
>Zakat Ordinances:
…Deducted from the savings of bank accounts of every Pakistani on 1st Ramzan.
-Shiaa side claimed it was Unislamic because Involuntary, they disliked it and sectarian
divisions began.
+Implemented a pillar of Islam, helped poor Muslims
>Islamiat & Pakistan Studies compulsory:
+Shows his commitment to Islamization for future generations
-Course was unbalanced and crappy. overburdened, they learnt it only to pass.
….20 extra marks for Hafiz in FSC, MBPS, Matric.
+Good incentive
–Bad for Non Muslims
>Arabic Course in the media and universities.
+Also taught Quran in Arabic
>”Sanctity of Ramadan” preserved
+Helped ensure fasting, Special Transmissions increased Islamyness.
Economic:
>Denationalized Industries.
+Reduced burden on government, since they became sick Industries
+Offered them to private sector, increasing Industry growth
>Promised no further nationalization + Fair compensation if it did
+More foreign investors
>Remittances sent from Pakistanis Abroad who went due to his policies.
+Around 3 – 4 billion earned, helped F.E
+Economic Growth was above 6% highest in the world.
Changes in Judiciary:
>Introduced Military Courts, even though he had promised to make judiciary impartial, but tightened grip on it as
well as the provincial constitutional order (PCO). Which made judges take an oath and weren’t allowed to take a
decision against Zia’s govt.
>Established Islamic Parliament “Majlis e Shoora”. Only advisory, no real power. Parliament supported it and
increased his support.
Political Reforms:
>8th amendment in the constitution of 1973
+Gave president extensive powers, he could dismiss the PM + Cabinet, could dismiss assembly. Government of
Junejo was a mere puppet, many PM’s were dismissed for “lame reasons” thus strengthened his rule.
-Presidents misused this power too often in future and dismissed the elected governments: Benazir in 1990,
Nawazu in 1993. Thus, political instability increased by this amendments.

15
Foreign Policy:
>In 1979, Russians invaded Afghanistan
+Agreed to help the U.S. Lots of imports of economy, military, it was the summit of PAK US relations
+Improved relations with Pakistan as they gave shelter to 3 million refugees who fled to Pakistan to escape the
war.

Why Zia was unpopular:

>Afghan Mircale led to drugginess and guns and crime rate.
>NWFP had to bear Afghan Refugees, Balochistan was annoyed. Thus disunity in
support.
>End of Afghan Mircale meant no financial aid meant unable to care for refugees.

Why was Junejo dismissed by Zia in 1988:

>Junejo called an all party conferences as this meant Civil Government was acting
independently
>Junejo did an inquiry into the “Ojhri camp” incident, with intention to blame those
involved. Meant Zia could be punished as Army Staff chief.
>Said Junejo’s govt was not promoting Islamic practices, and was corrupt.
Why Zia introduced Islamisation:
>Bhutto had introduced some socialist measures e.g: nationalization of Industries etc. Since
there is no room for religion in socialism, Zia introduced these reforms to prove that He was a
better leader than Bhutto as he worked according to Pakistan’s Islamic Ideology.
>Zia was aware that many Islamic Political Parties e.g: Jamat e Islami were influential in both
Civil Service and the army. Therefore he introduced Islamic Measures to strengthen his rule by
gaining their support.
>When the Russians invaded Afghanistan in 1979, Zia decided to fight against the “Pagan”
communists. However, he needed support of Muslim countries for his “Jihad” in Afghanistan.
Therefore he introduced Islamic Reforms to prove that he was a pure Islam leader of a Muslim
Country.

16
Benazir Bhutto Rule 1988–1990 and 1993–1996:
Successes:
>Restored Political System and democracy In Pakistan by ending ban on trade and student
unions during Zia’s time. Released Political Prisoners. Thus provided freedom of speech and
restored political and democracy system in Pakistan.
>Set up first woman bank for females. Created job opportunities for females and helped protect
their rights in a very male dominated society.
>Started Integrated Research Programme on missile development in Pakistan. First military
satellite “Badr-1” with the help of the Chinese. Thus provided missile system and satellite
surveillance to Pakistan Army, thus successful.
>She hosted the 4th SAARC conference in 1988 in Islamabad. All member countries attended,
as well as Rajiv Gandhi (Indian Prime Minister). Thus improved relations with India and
created census on major issues like narcotics/drugs.

Failures:
>Problems of unemployment, inflation, poor health and education increased. She had
originally made promises to stop the spread of these but ultimately failed in doing anything.
Thus the people were disillusioned the Pakistani People who stopped supporting her.
>Serious Conflict with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on appointment issue. The president
had discretionary powers to appoint armed forces chiefs and judges of superior court, but
Benazir wanted to appoint these herself. This refusal by president created tension between
both and weakened political system in Pakistan.
>Confrontation with Nawaz Sharif, who was heading the opposition alliance (IJI Islami Jamuri
Itihad). They made the government in Punjab and he became Chief Minister. Political opposition
increased so much that they both wanted to remove each other from power, this confrontational
path against opposing parties further weakened Benazir’s political system.
>She faced Corruption on nepotism a charge, her husband (Zardari) was accused of corruption,
bribery, blackmailing and kickbacks. Her mother was appointed as the senior Minister with a
portfolio, and her father in law was chairman of the parliamentary public accounts committee.
These charges badly affected her reputation and opposition exploited these charges against her to
eventually remove her from.

17
Why did Benazir fall from office in 1990?
>She faced Corruption on nepotism a charge, her husband (Zardari) was accused of corruption,
bribery, blackmailing and kickbacks. Her mother was appointed as the senior Minister with a
portfolio, and her father in law was chairman of the parliamentary public accounts committee.
These charges badly affected her reputation and opposition exploited these charges against her
and thus justified Ghulam Ishaq’s dismissal of her.
>Serious Conflict with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on appointment issue. The president
had discretionary powers to appoint armed forces chiefs and judges of superior court, but
Benazir wanted to appoint these herself. This refusal by president created tension between
both he dismissed her to retain his own powers.
>In 1988 PPP was able to get a majority but could not form its own govt. It made the govt center
In Sindh Province with MQM but this coalation started to crumble on issues, such as the
promotion of Sindhi language and people. This led to serious violence where people died (Pacca
Qila). Shealso faced policy of confrontation from Nawaz Shrif, who was chief minister of
Punjab and opposed her rule fiercely. The spread of violence and killing disabled Sindh (largest
trade/industrial hub), and fierce non co operation from Punjab justified president’s dismissal of
her.

Why did Benazir fall from office for a second time in 1996?
>Benazir succeeded Zulfikar, but had a feud with Nusrat Bhutto who wanted Mir Murtaza as
head of PPP and successor as PM on his return from long exile in 1993. He put up fierce
opposition against her govt and against Asif Ali Zardari. He was killed in 1996 near his house
by Sindh Police, this high profile murder/lawlessness justified Farooq Ahmed Leghari’s actions
of dismissing her govt.
>Nawaz Sharif of PMLN gave her fierce opposition. He along with mir Murtaza Bhutto
organized opposition against her, and the started the “Train march” from Karachi to Peshawar
in 1994-1995. Nawaz was able to gather much attention, and targeted the poor economic
performance of Benazir’s govt and Zardari’s corruption. He also organized labour and
industrial strikes in 1994. This spread of violence and killing in major city under these strikes
made her arrest her opposition leaders, this made her politically weak and unpopular and led
to Legari dismissing her,.
>She clashed with the Superior courts and their judges. In 1996, the Supreme Court and 4
provincial high courts ordered the sacking of 24 judges appointed by her govt. The Supreme
Court further ordered the federal government to appoint judges on permanent basis rather than
on an acting basis and also to take seniority of judges into account with their appointments.
This dismissal created a political crisis as two highest pillars of state were in a dispute thus
making the whole political system weaker and invited criticism, lending strength to her
opposition.
18
 NAWAZ SHARIF
Successes:
>Started national reconstruction programme to develop industries, reversing the effects of Z.A
Bhutto’s nationalization policy. Pore than 50 industrial units and two banks and PTCL were
privatized.
…The burden on the national treasury was removed and the confidence of private sector
was restored.
>Initiated Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power Project + Gawadar Mini port on Makran coast.. This
hydropower project could produce 1450MW. Stimulated the economy with the help of large
scale projects.
>Constructed the motorway beween Islamabad and Lahore, first motorway in South Asia.
This facilitated Industries and reduced burden on existing road network and improved
transport sector.
>Addressed important federal issues, the water apportionment accord (solved 4 province water
distribution problem) award of National finance commission. (settled issue of revenue
distribution). Thus stopped dispute at Federal level between provinces and center that were long
lasting.
>Introduced 13th amendment. Repealed 8th amendment, which had given unfair powers to the
president to dismiss Prime Ministers, cabinet, assemblies. Had been used to dismiss 4 PMs. It
brought back the original shape of the 1973 constitution, and provided political stability to
Pakistan.

Failures:
>Co operative societies were state owned and accepted by deposits from members and provided
them with loans for business. But this failed due to mismanagement and funds went to Sharif’s
family. Savings of the poor were wasted and Nawazu’s reputation was damaged.
>Shariat Bill was passed in 1991 to make Quran and Sunnah the law but there was little done to
enforce the law. The bill was criticized by political opponents because of Islam’s increased role
in the govt, and no concrete measures were taken to enforce the laws so religious parties
opposed it. The opposition was a major failure.
>Conflicted with President Ishaq Khan in 1993, as he wanted to appeal the 8th amendment which
reduced president’s powers and wanted to appoint his own army chief but Ishaq placed General
Abdul Waheed Kakar before he could. Thus tension and clashes between these and foundation
weakened of govt. It became a major cause of ending Nawaz’s rule and thus a failure.
>General Jahangir Karamt was dismissed by Nawaz due to his suggestions being
considered military intervention. The dismissal of this 4 star general damaged civil
military relationship and paved the way for a military coup.

19
Why Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993:
>The Prime Minister failed to transport the Yellow cab scheme in which taxi drivers would get
soft loans and installments. This was a failures because people didn’t return the installments,
causing a major economic crisis to the governments and invited much criticism from the
opposition. Became a major reason for his 1993 dismissal.
>State owned co operative societies accepted deposits from members and game them laons in
time of need, but this was exploited by Nawazu and his family gained the money of the people.
His reputation began to fall and he was dismissed because of this.
>Conflicted with President Ishaq Khan in 1993, as he wanted to appeal the 8th amendment which
reduced president’s powers and wanted to appoint his own army chief but Ishaq placed General
Abdul Waheed Kakar before he could. Thus tension and clashes between these and foundation
weakened of govt. It became a major cause of ending Nawaz’s rule and thus a failure.

Why did Musharraf come to power in 1999/Nawz fall from power in 1999?
>Plane conspiracy became an immediate reason for his dismissal as when the Musharraf was
returning from an official tour to Sri Lanka his plan was not allowed to land. In this time, he
replaced Musharraf with the then ISI chief Zaiuddin Butt. But corps commanders didn’t accept it
and took over Karachi airport and Prime Minister, and PTV. This humiliating practice angered
the top part of the army and they retaliated to dislodge Nawazu.
>Military started covert operation with the help of local fighters and captures heights of Kargil
and Drass region in india. Nawaz blamed Musharraf for this, and accused military of hiding this
from him. International pressure forced him to withdraw. The withdrawel from US pressure and
army blame created serious differences between civil and govt. and the army leading to a
military coup.
>General Jahangir Karamt was dismissed by Nawaz due to his suggestions being
considered military intervention. The dismissal of this 4 star general damaged civil
military relationship and paved the way for a military coup.

20
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS:

With USSR:
>Economic Support + Neutral Stance over Kashmir by Russia 1961 – 1963
>Helped concluding peace between Pakistan and India after 1965 war
>Bhutto visited in 1972 and established steel mill in 1973
-Liaqat Rejected Invitation in 1950
-Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO 1954 – 1955
-U2 Incident 1960
-Role of Russia in Indo-Pak war 1971

WITH USA:
>Visit to US by LAK 1950
>Joining CENTO and SEATO 1954-55
>Role of Pakistan during Afghan Wars 1979
>Visit of Benazir in 1994
-US support to India during Sino-Indian war 1962
-Arms Embarg over Pakistan during 1965 wr
-Nuclear test in 1998 by Nawazu
-Attack on US embassy in Islamabad in 1979

WITH BRITAIN/COMMONWEALTH:
>Economic Help extended
>Financial + Political head during the Afghan Crisis
>Role of UK during 1965 Indo-Pak war
-Britain preference of India in early years
-Britain recognizing Bangladesh as a separate nation
-Britain invasion of Suez Canal
-Cancellation of membership of commonwealth during military regimes

WITH AFGHANISTAN:
>Jinnah removed old British Military post on Durand line
>Neutral Stance by Afghanistan during 1965 Indo Pak war
>Help of Pakistan in Afghan Jihad
-Opposition of Pakistan joining UN
-Issue of Pakhtunistan
-Attack on Pakistan Embassy 1955
-Talibanization promoted

21
WITH CHINA:
-Civil War of China
-Indo Pak War of 1971
>Sino Pak Frontier/Boundary Agreement of 1963
>Pakistan supported entry of China in UN in 1964
>China’s help in 1965 war
>Construction of Karakoram Highway
>Interest of China in building other important projects in Pakistan

Why Pakistan Joined SEATO in 1972:

>SEATO made in 1954 with the purpose of preventing communism gaining ground in South
East Asia, Pakistan joined to receive support (Military and Political) against India. But in 1971
war, they did not provide help thus it lost its appeal.
>Pakistan joined it in 1955, an year after it was formed because govt of Pakistan faced
opposition within Pakistan despite its foreign minister having signed it. The uncertenties arose at
the very outset, which brought doubts between America and Pakistan thus weakened
>US intervened in Veitnam, early 1970’s member countries had begun to withdraw. Neither
Pakistan nor France supported the US intervention and both nations were pulling away in the
early 1970’s but Pakistan formally left in 1973. So with the end of the Vietnam war, the reason
for its very existence disappeared. Thus disbanded.

Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999?

>Job oppurtinities in England for workers both skilled and unskilled especially after WW2.
Many Muslim immigrants unhappy with their state migrated seeking better jobs and lives.
>Construction of Mangla Dam in the 1960’s. It had large area and several valleys were
submerged. Inhabitants were given money, they had money and thus decided to settle there for
better life.
>The British nationality Act of 1948 used the terms “commonwealth citizen” and “British
Subject” interchangeably. They saw immigration controls as unnecessary and divisive.
>The commonwealth Immigration act of 1962 introduced a voucher scheme which gave
Pakistanis in Britain the opportunity to arrange jobs and vouchers for friends and family to
move here. Thus immigration was extremely easy and the people were welcomed.

22