Presentaion-7
What Is IoT?
IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such as appliances and
vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and
exchange data. This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices,
creating opportunities for more efficient and automated systems.
IoT stands for "Internet of Things." It refers to a network of interconnected physical devices, vehicles, buildings,
and other objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to collect and exchange data
over the internet. These devices can range from simple household appliances like thermostats and light bulbs to
more complex systems like industrial machinery and smart cities infrastructure.
Key Features:
• Connectivity
• Sensors and Actuators
• Data Collection and Analysis
• Interoperability
• Remote Monitoring and Control
• Real-time Communication
• Scalability
• Location Awareness
• Energy Efficiency
• Security and Privacy
• User Interaction
• Predictive Maintenance
1. Connectivity: Devices being interconnected through the internet, allowing communication and data exchange.
2. Sensors and Actuators: Devices equipped to sense and gather data from the environment and perform actions based
on that data.
3. Data Collection and Analysis: Gathering and processing of data from devices for insights and informed decision-
making.
4. Interoperability: Devices from different manufacturers can work together seamlessly due to standardized
communication protocols.
5. Remote Monitoring and Control: The ability to observe and manage devices and processes from a distance.
6. Real-time Communication: Data sharing and responses happening immediately or nearly instantly.
7. Scalability: Easy expansion of IoT networks from small to large numbers of devices without major architectural
changes.
8. Location Awareness: Devices having knowledge of their geographic position for tracking and location-based services.
9. Energy Efficiency: Devices designed to optimize power consumption, often incorporating energy-saving mechanisms.
10.Security and Privacy: Ensuring data protection, access control, and safeguarding against cyber threats.
11.User Interaction: Enabling users to engage with IoT devices through various interfaces like apps or voice assistants.
12.Predictive Maintenance: Anticipating maintenance needs by analyzing data patterns, reducing downtime and costs.
What Do you mean by components of IoT?
Components of IoT means the fundamental parts or elements that
collectively make up the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. These
components are the building blocks that enable the functionality,
communication, and capabilities of IoT systems. Each component plays
a crucial role in creating a network of interconnected devices that can
gather, process, and exchange data over the internet. These
components include devices themselves, connectivity technologies,
data processing methods, communication protocols, and more.
Main components used in IoT:
• Low-power embedded systems: Less battery consumption, high
performance are the inverse factors that play a significant role during
the design of electronic systems.
• Sensors: Sensors are the major part of any IoT application. It is a
physical device that measures and detects certain physical quantities
and converts it into signal which can be provided as an input to
processing or control unit for analysis purpose.
Different types of Sensors:
• Temperature Sensors
• Image Sensors
• Gyro Sensors
• Obstacle Sensors
• RF Sensor
• IR Sensor
• MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor
• LDR Sensor
• Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
Temperature Sensors
• Temperature sensors in IoT
devices measure and provide
data on the ambient
temperature of the
surrounding environment.
Image Sensors
Image sensors work by converting incoming
light into electrical signals. They consist of an
array of photosensitive elements called
pixels. Each pixel detects the intensity of light
that falls on it and generates an electrical
signal proportional to the light's intensity.
These signals are then converted into digital
data by analog-to-digital converters. The
resulting data forms an image that
represents the visual scene. Various types of
image sensors, such as CCD (Charge-Coupled
Device) and CMOS (Complementary Metal-
Oxide-Semiconductor), utilize different
mechanisms to capture and convert light,
catering to a wide range of applications like
photography, surveillance, and IoT devices.
Gyro Sensors
A gyro sensor, also known as a gyroscope, functions to
measure and detect angular velocity or rotational
motion in objects. It operates based on the principle of
angular momentum conservation. Gyro sensors
typically consist of a spinning mass or rotor that
maintains its orientation regardless of changes in the
orientation of the device. When the device experiences
rotation, the gyroscopic effect causes the rotor to move
in response, and the resulting motion is sensed and
translated into angular velocity data. This information is
utilized in applications such as navigation systems,
stabilization of drones and cameras, and motion-based
gaming, enabling accurate tracking and measurement
of rotational movements.
Obstacle Sensors Obstacle sensors, also known as
proximity sensors or obstacle
detection sensors, are devices used to
detect the presence of objects or
obstacles within a certain range. They
work by emitting signals (such as
infrared or ultrasonic waves) and
measuring the time it takes for the
signal to bounce back after hitting an
object. The sensor then uses this
information to determine the distance
between itself and the object.
Obstacle sensors are commonly used
in IoT devices and robotics for collision
avoidance, automatic door opening
systems, parking assistance, and more,
enhancing safety and convenience in
various applications.
Others Sensors
Obstacle Sensors: Obstacle sensors detect objects or barriers in their proximity, aiding in collision
avoidance and automated systems, enhancing safety and convenience.
RF Sensor (Radio Frequency Sensor): RF sensors analyze radio frequency signals to identify nearby
objects or movements, commonly used in motion detection, security systems, and IoT applications.
IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor): IR sensors emit and detect infrared radiation to detect the presence of
objects, enabling proximity sensing, remote control systems, and object detection in various devices.
MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor: These gas sensors monitor specific gases in the environment, providing early
detection of gas leaks, air quality assessment, and safety enhancement in areas like homes and industrial
settings.
LDR Sensor (Light Dependent Resistor Sensor): LDR sensors change their resistance based on
ambient light levels, making them useful for automatic lighting control, outdoor lighting, and energy-
efficient applications.
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor: Ultrasonic distance sensors emit ultrasonic waves and measure the time
taken for the waves to bounce back after hitting an object. This data helps in precise distance
measurement, object detection, and navigation in IoT devices and robotics.
Low-Power Embedded System Sensors:
•Definition: Low-power embedded systems are computing Definition: Sensors are devices that detect physical properties (like
devices that are designed to operate with minimal energy temperature, pressure, light, etc.) from the environment and
consumption. convert them into electrical signals.
•Focus: The primary focus of low-power embedded systems is Focus: Sensors are specialized devices designed specifically for
on the overall system design, including both hardware and sensing physical phenomena and converting them into
software, to ensure efficient energy usage while performing measurable or usable data.
specific tasks.
•Components: These systems comprise a combination of Components: Sensors consist of sensing elements, signal
microcontrollers or microprocessors, memory, peripherals, conditioning circuitry, and sometimes microcontrollers for
and interfaces, along with energy-efficient power calibration and communication.
management components.
•Usage: Low-power embedded systems are used for a variety Usage: Sensors are used primarily for collecting data from the
of applications beyond just sensing, including processing, environment and providing input to other systems, which can
decision-making, communication, and control include embedded systems.
•Examples: Wearable devices, IoT gateways, medical implants, Examples: Temperature sensors, humidity sensors, motion
smart appliances, and industrial automation systems. sensors, gas sensors, light sensors, and pressure sensors.
Research:
• Analyze the scope of IoT in Nepal and Governments policy and steps
in implementation of IoT
